The 18Th and 19Th Century Cree Landscape of West Central Saskatchewan: Implications for Archaeology

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The 18Th and 19Th Century Cree Landscape of West Central Saskatchewan: Implications for Archaeology The 18th and 19th Century Cree Landscape ofWest Central Saskatchewan: Implications for Archaeology A Thesis Submitted to the Collegt~ of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofMaster ofArts in the Departn:J.ent ofArchaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Wade Leslie Dargin © Copyright Wade Dargin, December 2004. All rights reserved. Permission to Use The author has agreed that the Libraries ofthe University ofSaskatchewan shall make this thesis freely available for inspection. It is also agreed that permission for extensive copying ofthis thesis for scholarly purposes in any manner, in whole or in part, may be granted by the professors who supervised the work, or, in their absence, by the Head ofthe Department or the Dean ofthe College in which this thesis work was undertaken. It is understood that any copying or publication or use ofthis thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without the written permission ofthe author. It is further understood that due recognition shall be given to the author and to the University ofSaskatchewan in any use ofmaterial in this thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use ofmaterial in this thesis, in whole or in part, should be addressed to: Head ofthe Department ofArchaeology 55 Campus Drive University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5Bl 1 ABSTRACT The eighteenth and nineteenth century Crees ofwest central Saskatchewan are the focus ofthis thesis. This research has involved obtaining infonnation relating to the cultural landscape ofthese Crees for the period encompassed by the study. An examination ofone aspect ofthis cultural landscape, the named landscape, has been the primary aim ofthis research. Infonnation regarding the named landscape ofthese Crees was obtained from relevant historic documents and ethnographic research. A number ofhistoric documents have been consulted in this study. In particular, much use has been made ofthe journal accounts ofHudson's Bay Company traders who travelled to the study region in the mid 1700s. Ethnographic fieldwork was undertaken with elders from several ofthe study region's Cree communities who provided infonnation on the traditional named landscape. The relationship that existed historically between the Crees ofwest central Saskatchewan and their landscape is the subject ofthis thesis. How this infonnation relates to archaeological interpretations in the study region has also been considered. Guiding this research has been an approach which considers the cultural landscape as representing a socially construed space. An examination ofnamed localities from the study area indicates that the named landscape ofthe region's Crees did not significantly change over the course ofthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This suggests that the relationship ofthese Crees to their landscape, how they conceptualized, structured and organized this environment, also remained largely unchanged throughout this period. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my thesis advisor, Dr. David Meyer, whose support and guidance throughout this project have been considerable, I extend my gratitude. I would also like to thank the other members ofmy thesis committee, Dr. Margaret Kennedy and Dr. Ian Dyck for the interest they have shown in this project and for their support. My appreciation to the Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation and the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society (SAS) for their financial support. A special thank you to Judy Bear ofthe Sweetgrass Band who organized interviews with Sweetgrass elders and acted as interpreter for these meetings. I would also like to thank Judy and family for the hospitality they showed to me during my fieldwork at Sweetgrass. Thank you to the Sweetgrass Band for making the board room ofthe clinic available for meetings and for providing meals and honourariums. Thank you to Donald Favel and Erik Tootoosis ofthe Poundmaker Band and Onion Lake resident Leo Paul for their assistance in introducing me to elders from their respective communities. Many thanks to Dale Russell for all the help and for obtaining for me access to the Hudson's Bay Company archival material used in this thesis. Thank you to the Hudson's Bay Company archives at the Public Archives of Manitoba for making this material available. To my family, as always, thank you for the support. Finally, to the elders ofthe Sweetgrass, Poundmaker and Onion Lake bands, who participated in this project, I offer my deepest gratitude. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pennission to Use Abstract 11 Acknowledgements 111 Table ofContents IV List ofFigures and Tables VI Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Theoretical Approach 3 1.3 The Landscape Approach in Archaeology 4 1.4 Research Approach and Objectives 8 1.5 Study Area 11 1.6 First Nation Reserves ofthe Study Area 19 1.7 Fieldwork 23 1.8 Conclusion 28 Chapter Two: Eighteenth Century Cree Groups ofWest Central Saskatchewan 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 The Pegogamaw and Keskatchewan Cree 34 2.2.1 The Keskatchewan Cree 36 2.2.2 The Pegogamaw Cree 40 2.2.3 Sociopolitical Organization 42 2.3 Conclusion 46 Chapter Three: Eighteenth Century Named Landscape 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 The Hudson's Bay Company Inland Travellers 48 3.2.1 The Journals 50 3.2.2 Anthony Henday: 1754-55 51 3.2.3 Joseph Smith: 1763-64 and William Pink: 1766-67,1767-68, 1768-69 56 3.2.4 William Pink: 1769-70 and Matthew Cocking: 1772-73 65 IV 3.3 Conclusion 71 Chapter Four: Nineteenth Century Cree Groups ofWest Central Saskatchewan 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 The 1781-82 Smallpox Epidemic 74 4.3 The Plains Cree 77 4.3.1 Sociopolitical Organization 79 4.3.2 The Plains Cree ofWest Central Saskatchewan 81 4.4 Conclusion 82 Chapter Five: Nineteenth Century Named Landscape 84 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Nineteenth Century Historic Documents 85 5.2.1 Alexander Henry the Younger: 1808-1810 85 5.2.2 The Palliser Expedition: 1857-1860 90 5.3 The Traditional Named Landscape 96 5.4 The Traditional Cultural Landscape and the Archaeological Record 108 5.5 Conclusion 112 Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusions 113 6.1 Summary 113 6.2 Conclusions 114 References Cited 117 Appendix A: Concepts ofSpace in Science 124 A.I Introduction 124 A.2 Space and Material Environment 124 A.3 Social Space 128 AA Conclusion 131 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map showing the study region 12 Figure 1.2: Map showing the topography ofthe study region 15 Figure 1.3: Map showing the locations ofearly reserves in the study region 20 Figure 2.1: Map showing the approximate locations ofnamed 18th century Cree groups in the study region 36 Figure 3.1: Map showing the locations ofidentifiable named localities recorded by William Pink in 1767-68 and 1768-69 63 Figure 3.2: Map showing the locations ofidentifiable named localities recorded by William Pink in 1769-70 and Matthew Cocking in 1772-73 71 Figure 5.1: Map showing the locations ofidentifiable named localities from the FortVermilion journal 87 Figure 5.2: Map showing the locations ofidentifiable named localities recorded by the Palliser Expedition 91 Figure 5.3: Map showing the locations oftraditional named localities in the southern portion ofthe study area 98 Figure 5.4: Map showing the locations oftraditional named localities in the northern portion ofthe study area 99 LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1: Table showing summary ofCree named localities in the study area 108 VI CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This thesis examines the historic relationship between the Crees ofwest central Saskatchewan and their landscape. The research that I have undertaken has been orientated towards a study ofCree place names from west central Saskatchewan and adjacent eastern Alberta with the aim ofusing this information to provide insight into some aspects ofCree spatial organization in this region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This study is based on information obtained from ethnographic fieldwork and historic documents. Fieldwork was conducted with elders ofthe Sweetgrass, Poundmaker and Onion Lake reserves who provided information on Cree place names in the study area. As well, historical documents from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have been examined for references to named Cree localities. In this regard, extensive use has been made ofjournal accounts left by Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) inland travellers who visited the region in the mid and late 1700s. How this information relates to archaeological interpretations in the study region is also discussed. The Plains Cree societies ofnineteenth century west central Saskatchewan and their predecessors, the Pegogamaw and Keskatchewan-Beaver Cree, are the focus ofthis study. These Crees, like other Cree groups, ""occupied a well structured named 1 landscape...one whoselocations were variably imbued with meaning and significance, and which called forth varying emotional responses" (Meyer 2001 :7). For the Plains Cree of the Battleford area these locations figured prominently in cultural life. As Sweetgrass elder Augustine Paskimen (personal communication, May 2002) remarked: I learnt from my grandparents. They taught me by storytelling. Every part ofthis area was referred to in Cree terms. The lakes, creeks, rivers and hills had Cree names. My grandparents and others in their age group talked about these areas when they told stories. Locations were important to aboriginal peoples for many reasons: some were places where notable events had occurred, some marked camp sites or hunting areas, and some were spiritual in nature (Correll 1976:176). Almost always such locations were associated with recognizable geographic landforms. Traditionally, the Cree related to these places through storytelling. This oral history was a record ofhuman involvement, in all its complexity, with the landscape. This created a social landscape, one that functioned as a repository for much cultural knowledge. Learning about this landscape was the primary means by which the individual came to understand self, culture, and the world (Tilley 1996:173).
Recommended publications
  • APPENDIX 4-A Stakeholder and Aboriginal Organizations Record Of
    S TAR-ORION S OUTH D IAMOND P ROJECT E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT A SSESSMENT APPENDIX 4-A Stakeholder and Aboriginal Organizations Record of Contacts SX03733 – Section 4.0 Table 4-A.1 RECORDS OF CONTACT: GOVERNMENT CONTACTS (November 1, 2008 – November 30, 2010) Event Type Event Date Stakeholders Team Members Details Phone Call 19-Nov-08 Town of Choiceland, DDAC Julia Ewing Call to JE to tell her that the SUMA conference was going on at the exact same time as Shores proposed open houses and 90% of elected leadership would be away attending the conference in Saskatoon. Meeting 9-Dec-08 Economic Development Manager, City of Eric Cline; Julia Ewing Meeting at City Hall in Prince Albert. Prince Albert; Economic Development Coordinator, City of Prince Albert Meeting 11-Dec-08 Canadian Environmental Assessment Eric Cline; Julia Ewing; Meeting at Shore Gold Offices - Agency Ethan Richardson Review community engagement and Development Project Administrator, Ministry other EIA approaches with CEA and of Environment; MOE Director, Ministry of Environment; Senior Operational Officer, Natural Resources Canada; Environmental Project Officer, Ministry of Environment Letter sent 19-Jan-09 Acting Deputy Minister, Energy and Julia Ewing Invitation to Open House Resources, Government of Saskatchewan Letter sent 19-Jan-09 Deputy Minister, First Nations Métis Eric Cline Invitation to Open Houses Relations, Government of Saskatchewan Letter sent 19-Jan-09 Executive Director, First Nations Métis Eric Cline Invitation to Open Houses Relations Government of Saskatchewan Letter sent 19-Jan-09 Senior Consultation Advisor, Aboriginal Eric Cline Invitation to Open Houses Consultation, First Nations Métis Relations Government of Saskatchewan Phone Call 21-Jan-09 Canadian Environmental Assessment Eric Cline; Julia Ewing; Discuss with Feds and Prov, Shore's Agency; Ethan Richardson; Terri involvement in the consultation Development Project Administrator, Ministry Uhrich process for the EIA.
    [Show full text]
  • South Saskatchewan River Watershed Authority Watershed Stewards Inc
    Saskatchewan South Saskatchewan River Watershed Authority Watershed Stewards Inc. Table of Contents 1. Comments from Participants 1 1.1 A message from your Watershed Advisory Committees 1 2. Watershed Protection and You 2 2.1 One Step in the Multi-Barrier Approach to Drinking Water Protection 2 2.2 Secondary Benefits of Protecting Source Water: Quality and Quantity 3 3. South Saskatchewan River Watershed 4 4. Watershed Planning Methodology 5 5. Interests and Issues 6 6. Planning Objectives and Recommendations 7 6.1 Watershed Education 7 6.2 Providing Safe Drinking Water to Watershed Residents 8 6.3 Groundwater Threats and Protection 10 6.4 Gravel Pits 12 6.5 Acreage Development 13 6.6 Landfills (Waste Disposal Sites) 14 6.7 Oil and Gas Exploration, Development, Pipelines and Storage 17 6.8 Effluent Releases 18 6.9 Lake Diefenbaker Water Levels and the Operation of Gardiner Dam 20 6.10 Watershed Development 22 6.11 Water Conservation 23 6.12 Stormwater Discharge 23 6.13 Water Quality from Alberta 25 6.14 Agriculture Activities 26 6.15 Fish Migration and Habitat 27 6.16 Role of Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Saskatchewan 28 6.17 Wetland Conservation 29 6.18 Opimihaw Creek Flooding 31 6.19 Federal Lands 32 7. Implementation Strategy 33 8. Measuring Plan Success - The Yearly Report Card 35 9. Conclusion 36 10. Appendices 37 Courtesy of Ducks Unlimited Canada 1. Comments from Participants 1.1 A message from your Watershed Advisory Committees North “Safe drinking water and a good supply of water are important to ALL citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta NAWMP Partnership 2015-2016 PROGRESS REVIEW APRIL 2015  MARCH 2016 CONTENTS
    Alberta NAWMP Partnership 2015-2016 PROGRESS REVIEW APRIL 2015 MARCH 2016 CONTENTS Preface: Agent for Change, Adaptor to Change 1 NAWMP in Alberta 2 Who is Alberta NAWMP? 3 Alberta NAWMP Partnership Committees, 2015-16 3 In the Heart of a Waterfowl Haven 4 First-hand Experiences to Nurture Wetland Partnerships 5 A Collaborative Education Network 6 Advancing an Innovative Idea 7 What’s Driving Duck Community Patterns? 8 Committee Reports, 2015-16 9 Board of Directors 9 Management Committee 9 Communications Committee 9 Policy Support Committee 9 Contributions to NAWMP in Alberta, 2015-16 and 1986-2016 10 Activity Expenditures and Habitat Accomplishments, 2015-16 and 1986-2016 12 Cooperators 13 ALBERTA NAWMP PARTNERSHIP PREFACE: AGENT FOR CHANGE, ADAPTOR TO CHANGE The North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP) has We explore a policy-support initiative with a new twist in Advancing turned 30! During the past three decades, NAWMP has contributed an Innovative Idea. Whereas most of Alberta NAWMP’s policy- to impressive progress for wetlands both here in Alberta and related projects involve identified system needs, this project seeks across the continent. Most importantly, it has helped shift society’s to develop an idea – regional wetland management objectives – for perspectives on wetlands – what were once considered wastelands practical use. are now recognized as essential components of healthy landscapes In What’s Driving Duck Community Patterns?, we introduce a study that sustain ecological and economic benefits to society. funded in part by Alberta NAWMP. This research aims to better Looking at Alberta NAWMP’s achievements over those 30 years, I understand what might be driving the changing trends in waterfowl think one of our greatest strengths is our adaptiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rose Collection of Moccasins in the Canadian Museum of Civilization : Transitional Woodland/Grassl and Footwear
    THE ROSE COLLECTION OF MOCCASINS IN THE CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION : TRANSITIONAL WOODLAND/GRASSL AND FOOTWEAR David Sager 3636 Denburn Place Mississauga, Ontario Canada, L4X 2R2 Abstract/Resume Many specialists assign the attribution of "Plains Cree" or "Plains Ojibway" to material culture from parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In fact, only a small part of this area was Grasslands. Several bands of Cree and Ojibway (Saulteaux) became permanent residents of the Grasslands bor- ders when Reserves were established in the 19th century. They rapidly absorbed aspects of Plains material culture, a process started earlier farther west. This paper examines one such case as revealed by footwear. Beaucoup de spécialistes attribuent aux Plains Cree ou aux Plains Ojibway des objets matériels de culture des régions du Manitoba ou de la Saskatch- ewan. En fait, il n'y a qu'une petite partie de cette région ait été prairie. Plusieurs bandes de Cree et d'Ojibway (Saulteaux) sont devenus habitants permanents des limites de la prairie quand les réserves ont été établies au XIXe siècle. Ils ont rapidement absorbé des aspects de la culture matérielle des prairies, un processus qu'on a commencé plus tôt plus loin à l'ouest. Cet article examine un tel cas comme il est révélé par des chaussures. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XIV, 2(1 994):273-304. 274 David Sager The Rose Moccasin Collection: Problems in Attribution This paper focuses on a unique group of eight pair of moccasins from southern Saskatchewan made in the mid 1880s. They were collected by Robert Jeans Rose between 1883 and 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • Antler Lake State of the Watershed Report
    Antler Lake State of the Watershed Report October 2019 i Antler Lake State of the Watershed Report North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance 202 –9440 49th Street NW Edmonton, AB T6B 2M9 (587) 525‐6820 Email: [email protected] http://www.nswa.ab.ca The NSWA gratefully acknowledges operational funding support received from the Government of Alberta and many municipal partners. The North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance (NSWA) is a non‐profit society whose purpose is to protect and improve water quality and ecosystem functioning in the North Saskatchewan River watershed in Alberta. The organization is guided by a Board of Directors composed of member organizations from within the watershed. It is the designated Watershed Planning and Advisory Council (WPAC) for the North Saskatchewan River under the Government of Alberta’s Water for Life Strategy. This report was prepared by Michelle Gordy, Ph.D., David Trew, B.Sc., Denika Piggott B.Sc., Breda Muldoon, M.Sc., and J. Leah Kongsrude, M.Sc. of the North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance. Cover photo credit: Kate Caldwell Suggested Citation: North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance (NSWA), 2019. Antler Lake State of the Watershed Report. Prepared for the Antler Lake Stewardship Committee (ALSC) Antler Lake State of the Watershed Report Executive Summary The Antler Lake Stewardship Committee (ALSC) formed in 2015 to address issues related to lake health. Residents at the lake expressed concerns about deteriorating water quality, blue‐green algal (cyanobacteria1) blooms, proliferation of aquatic vegetation, and low lake levels. In 2016, the Antler Lake Stewardship Committee approached the North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance (NSWA) to prepare a State of the Watershed report.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution Fidler in Context
    TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgements vii introduction Fidler in Context 1 first journal From York Factory to Buckingham House 43 second journal From Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains 95 notes to the first journal 151 notes to the second journal 241 sources and references 321 index 351 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION FIDLER IN CONTEXT In July 1792 Peter Fidler, a young surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Company, set out from York Factory to the company’s new outpost high on the North Saskatchewan River. He spent the winter of 1792‐93 with a group of Piikani hunting buffalo in the foothills SW of Calgary. These were remarkable journeys. The river brigade travelled more than 2000 km in 80 days, hauling heavy loads, moving upstream almost all the way. With the Piikani, Fidler witnessed hunts at sites that archaeologists have since studied intensively. On both trips his assignment was to map the fur-trade route from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Fidler kept two journals, one for the river trip and one for his circuit with the Piikani. The freshness and immediacy of these journals are a great part of their appeal. They are filled with descriptions of regional landscapes, hunting and trading, Native and fur-trade cultures, all of them reflecting a young man’s sense of adventure as he crossed the continent. But there is noth- ing naive or spontaneous about these remarks. The journals are transcripts of his route survey, the first stages of a map to be sent to the company’s head office in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Thistle Indian-Trader.Pdf
    THE UNIVERS]TY OF MANITOBA INDIAN--TRADER RELATIONS: AN ETHNOH]STORY OF WESTERN WOODS CREE.-HUDSONIS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO 1840 A thesis subnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirenents for the degree of Master of Art s in the Indívidual Tnterdisciplinary Programne (Anthropology, History, Educat i on) by Paul Clifford Thistle .Tu 1v 19 8 3 INDIAN--TRADDR REI-ATIONS: AN ETHNOII ISTORY 0F I¡]ESTERN WOODS CREE--HUDSONTS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO I84O by PauI Cl ifford Thistle A tlìesis submitted to the Faculty of G¡aduate Studies ol the University of Manitobâ in partial fulfillment of the requirenìer.ìts of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS @ 1983 Pe¡missjon has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilnr this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITy MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other- wise reproduced without the autho¡'s w¡ittelr perurissiotr. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT vl1 CHAPTER I ]NTRODUCT ION 1 The Prob 1em 1 Purpose 3 Scope 4 S igni ficance 5 Method 11 The o ry T4 (i) Ethnic/Race Relations Theory 16 (ii) Ethnicity Theory 19 (iii) Culture Change and Acculturat i on Theory 22 Sumrnary Discussion 26 II ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE RELATION z8 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial
    182-199 120820 11/1/04 2:57 PM Page 182 Chapter 13 The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial It is the summer of 1885. The small courtroom The case against Riel is being heard by in Regina is jammed with reporters and curi- Judge Hugh Richardson and a jury of six ous spectators. Louis Riel is on trial. He is English-speaking men. The tiny courtroom is charged with treason for leading an armed sweltering in the heat of a prairie summer. For rebellion against the Queen and her Canadian days, Riel’s lawyers argue that he is insane government. If he is found guilty, the punish- and cannot tell right from wrong. Then it is ment could be death by hanging. Riel’s turn to speak. The photograph shows What has happened over the past 15 years Riel in the witness box telling his story. What to bring Louis Riel to this moment? This is the will he say in his own defence? Will the jury same Louis Riel who led the Red River decide he is innocent or guilty? All Canada is Resistance in 1869-70. This is the Riel who waiting to hear what the outcome of the trial was called the “Father of Manitoba.” He is will be! back in Canada. Reflecting/Predicting 1. Why do you think Louis Riel is back in Canada after fleeing to the United States following the Red River Resistance in 1870? 2. What do you think could have happened to bring Louis Riel to this trial? 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Resources
    Relationship with the Land - Resources This map shows one year’s travels of a clan of Amsskaapipikani in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Courtesy of Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Place Names on the Map: 1. Itsiputsimaup – Battle Coulee 2. Katoyissksi – Sweet Grass 3. Aiiyimmikoi – Cypress Hills 4. Pakoki Lake – Pakowki 5. Akaiiniskio – Manyberries 6. Einiotoka’nisi – Buffalo-Bull’s Head 7. Ihkitsitapiksi – Seven Persons 8. Aiiykimmikuyiu – Cypress Hills 9. Nokomis’s – Long Lakes 10. Matokeks oma’nistamoai otsitskiiitapiau – Women’s Society Left their Lodge Pole 11. A’ykomonoasiu – Green Lake 12. A’isinaiypi – Writing on Stone 13. A’kekoksistakskuyi – Women’s Point 14. Ponakiksi – Cut Bank Creek Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Blackfoot camps were composed of members of an extended family and other people who may have joined the clan. The arrangement of the tipis was not strictly defined in these camps, although all of them faced east. This allowed the morning prayers to travel towards the rising sun, helping it to come above the horizon for another day. Relationship with the Land – Seasonal Round Unit Resource Glenbow Museum Relationship with the Land - Resources Definition of the term – “Seasonal Round” The Blackfoot tribes had an enormous land base they inhabited. Within this territory they had areas where they would travel well over 500 miles during a yearly cycle to hunt, gather and renew religious commitments. Being knowledgeable of their environment and respectful of their gifts from the creator they would carefully select locations or places to travel to in a lifetime.
    [Show full text]
  • Saskatchewan Intraprovincial Miles
    GREYHOUND CANADA PASSENGER FARE TARIFF AND SALES MANUAL GREYHOUND CANADA TRANSPORTATION ULC. SASKATCHEWAN INTRA-PROVINCIAL MILES The miles shown in Section 9 are to be used in connection with the Mileage Fare Tables in Section 6 of this Manual. If through miles between origin and destination are not published, miles will be constructed via the route traveled, using miles in Section 9. Section 9 is divided into 8 sections as follows: Section 9 Inter-Provincial Mileage Section 9ab Alberta Intra-Provincial Mileage Section 9bc British Columbia Intra-Provincial Mileage Section 9mb Manitoba Intra-Provincial Mileage Section9on Ontario Intra-Provincial Mileage Section 9pq Quebec Intra-Provincial Mileage Section 9sk Saskatchewan Intra-Provincial Mileage Section 9yt Yukon Territory Intra-Provincial Mileage NOTE: Always quote and sell the lowest applicable fare to the passenger. Please check Section 7 - PROMOTIONAL FARES and Section 8 – CITY SPECIFIC REDUCED FARES first, for any promotional or reduced fares in effect that might result in a lower fare for the passenger. If there are none, then determine the miles and apply miles to the appropriate fare table. Tuesday, July 02, 2013 Page 9sk.1 of 29 GREYHOUND CANADA PASSENGER FARE TARIFF AND SALES MANUAL GREYHOUND CANADA TRANSPORTATION ULC. SASKATCHEWAN INTRA-PROVINCIAL MILES City Prv Miles City Prv Miles City Prv Miles BETWEEN ABBEY SK AND BETWEEN ALIDA SK AND BETWEEN ANEROID SK AND LANCER SK 8 STORTHOAKS SK 10 EASTEND SK 82 SHACKLETON SK 8 BETWEEN ALLAN SK AND HAZENMORE SK 8 SWIFT CURRENT SK 62 BETHUNE
    [Show full text]
  • Saskatchewan Regional Newcomer Gateways
    Saskatchewan Regional Newcomer Gateways Updated September 2011 Meadow Lake Big River Candle Lake St. Walburg Spiritwood Prince Nipawin Lloydminster wo Albert Carrot River Lashburn Shellbrook Birch Hills Maidstone L Melfort Hudson Bay Blaine Lake Kinistino Cut Knife North Duck ef Lake Wakaw Tisdale Unity Battleford Rosthern Cudworth Naicam Macklin Macklin Wilkie Humboldt Kelvington BiggarB Asquith Saskatoonn Watson Wadena N LuselandL Delisle Preeceville Allan Lanigan Foam Lake Dundurn Wynyard Canora Watrous Kindersley Rosetown Outlook Davidson Alsask Ituna Yorkton Legend Elrose Southey Cupar Regional FortAppelle Qu’Appelle Melville Newcomer Lumsden Esterhazy Indian Head Gateways Swift oo Herbert Caronport a Current Grenfell Communities Pense Regina Served Gull Lake Moose Moosomin Milestone Kipling (not all listed) Gravelbourg Jaw Maple Creek Wawota Routes Ponteix Weyburn Shaunavon Assiniboia Radwille Carlyle Oxbow Coronachc Regway Estevan Southeast Regional College 255 Spruce Drive Estevan Estevan SK S4A 2V6 Phone: (306) 637-4920 Southeast Newcomer Services Fax: (306) 634-8060 Email: [email protected] Website: www.southeastnewcomer.com Alameda Gainsborough Minton Alida Gladmar North Portal Antler Glen Ewen North Weyburn Arcola Goodwater Oungre Beaubier Griffin Oxbow Bellegarde Halbrite Radville Benson Hazelwood Redvers Bienfait Heward Roche Percee Cannington Lake Kennedy Storthoaks Carievale Kenosee Lake Stoughton Carlyle Kipling Torquay Carnduff Kisbey Tribune Coalfields Lake Alma Trossachs Creelman Lampman Walpole Estevan
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Mobilization in the Beaver Hills Biosphere, Alberta, Canada
    land Article Knowledge Mobilization in the Beaver Hills Biosphere, Alberta, Canada Clara-Jane Blye 1,*, Elizabeth A. Halpenny 1, Glen T. Hvenegaard 2 and Dee Patriquin 3 1 Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H9, Canada; [email protected] 2 Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, Camrose, AB T4V2R3, Canada; [email protected] 3 Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T4V 2R3, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 29 October 2020; Published: 31 October 2020 Abstract: This study explores how knowledge was and is mobilized to advance the objectives of the Beaver Hills Biosphere Reserve, located in Alberta, Canada. Established in 2016, a 12-year collaborative effort worked to establish the biosphere reserve and achieve formal UNESCO designation. Subsequent efforts to grow the newly established biosphere reserve have accelerated in recent years. Our study documented how different types of knowledge were accessed, created, curated, and shared between partners during these two time periods. Focus group interviews were conducted with 14 participants, who are affiliated with Beaver Hills Biosphere Reserve partner organizations, and revealed the following findings: (1) not all knowledge is equally valued or understood; (2) partnerships are highly valued, and were essential to successful knowledge mobilization, but were stronger among individuals rather than organizations; (3) fear of the loss of autonomy and potential complications due to the establishment of a biosphere reserve slowed the exchange of information and engagement by some regional actors; and (4) knowledge mobilization is and was impeded by staff and agency capacity, finances, and time scarcity.
    [Show full text]