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Thistle Indian-Trader.Pdf THE UNIVERS]TY OF MANITOBA INDIAN--TRADER RELATIONS: AN ETHNOH]STORY OF WESTERN WOODS CREE.-HUDSONIS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO 1840 A thesis subnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirenents for the degree of Master of Art s in the Indívidual Tnterdisciplinary Programne (Anthropology, History, Educat i on) by Paul Clifford Thistle .Tu 1v 19 8 3 INDIAN--TRADDR REI-ATIONS: AN ETHNOII ISTORY 0F I¡]ESTERN WOODS CREE--HUDSONTS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO I84O by PauI Cl ifford Thistle A tlìesis submitted to the Faculty of G¡aduate Studies ol the University of Manitobâ in partial fulfillment of the requirenìer.ìts of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS @ 1983 Pe¡missjon has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilnr this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITy MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other- wise reproduced without the autho¡'s w¡ittelr perurissiotr. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT vl1 CHAPTER I ]NTRODUCT ION 1 The Prob 1em 1 Purpose 3 Scope 4 S igni ficance 5 Method 11 The o ry T4 (i) Ethnic/Race Relations Theory 16 (ii) Ethnicity Theory 19 (iii) Culture Change and Acculturat i on Theory 22 Sumrnary Discussion 26 II ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE RELATION z8 Introduction . 28 Cree Prehi s t ory 29 Cree Ethnography 38 (i) Band Organisation . 39 (ii) Cree Social OTganisation 42 European Ethnography 50 (i) The French 53 (ii) The English 61 (iii) The Scots 65 (iv) The 0rcadians 67 Surnmary Discussion . 70 III EARLY CONTACT 77 Introduction, 7T Protohistoric Cont act /4 11 Historic Contact 75 (i) Early Fur Trade Contact, 1611-1694 75 (ii) The Lrrench Interlude, L694 -17 t4 o¿ (iii) Contact Re-established with the English, L7T4-I756 98 (iv) Direct Contact Inland, t756-1774 r04 Surnrnary Discussion 120 (i) Contact 120 (ii) Culture Change t23 (iii) Directed Culture Change ? r33 ( iv) Cree Dependence ? 141 (v) Conc 1us ion 1s3 TV RELATIONS IN THE COMPETITIVE TRADE ERA 155 Tntroduction . , 155 The Founding of Curnberland House, 1,774-L775 156 Continued Developnent of European Dependence , 1775-I796 166 ( I The Basquiau Cre e L70 (i i Snallpox Epidenic, 1781 -I782. 1.7 s (ii i Competition and Ðisruption, t7 I6 - L82l 180 Intensified Competition , 17 96 -I9ZL 192 Surnmary Discussion 206 RELATIONS UNDER M0N0P0LY, 1821-1840 27L Surnmary Di scus s ion 233 VI CONCLUS IONS 235 ENDNOTES 25r REFERENCES CITED 256 S s 256 Primary ource .,t,7 Published Works :r 1.I ILLUSTRATI ONS Figure 1. Generalised Time Framework for The Pas and Grand Rapids 35 2 Chronology of Contact -- Western Woods Cree (Cunberland House / The Pas ) 72 Map 1. Study Area -- Physical 31" 1V ACKNOWLI]DGEMENTS It is difficult to begin acknowledging all of the assistance and influences experienced by this writer in preparation for writing this study, I sha11, therefore, cite only a fertr of the nost recent and valued contrib- utions to ny efforts. I can only hope that the resulting study reflects in sone sma1l hray the high quality of these inputs. 0f course, however, I alone am responsible for any and all of the shortconings, First thank yous are due to the nernbers of ny advisory committee, Professors D. H. Styneist, J, Friesen and D. B. Sealey, who guided ne relatively painlessly through the interdisciplinary processes and who allowed me the ac aderni c latitude I desired. I rnust also express rny gratitude to Katherine Pettipas, not only for her prior work in the area, but for her initial encouragenent to fo1low thd interdisciplinary route, as well as for her continuing interest and support. I also gratefully acknowledge the Hudson's Bay CoÌnpany for perniss j,on to consult their archives and to use quota- tions from these invaluable sources in this study. Special thanks also go to the staff of the Hundsonrs Bay Company Archives, Winnipeg (and indeed to the library staff at the University of Manitoba) for their consistently quick, cheer- ful , courteous and highly professional services, In addition, I wish to thank the University of Man- itoba for providing a Graduate Fellowship which enabled rne to finance the research for this study, Finally, I Ìnust acknowledge the gern of the orig- inal idea for this study which ca¡ne about in one particular conversation with two friends in The Pas, Edwin Jebb and Gerri Stowman. For the inspiration provided, the effort involved in the production of this study is dedicated to rny former students in The Pas, especially to Brian Ballantyne, Rosina Cjook and Robert Cowley, who deserved nuch rnore fro¡n a teacher than I was able to provide at the tine. My deepest thanks to all, V1 ABSTRACT In an attenpt to provide an historical and cultural context for conternporary interethnic relations, this study exanines the early interaction between the Western Woods Cree and Hudsonts Bay Conpany traders fron first contact until 1840, The ethnohistorical method used to analyse docurnents fron the Hudsonrs Bay Company Archives reveals that rela- tions up to the end of the period under consideration were syrnbiotic, not ones characterised by migrant superordina- tion, The findings dernonstrate that, contrary to the widely held interpretation of Indian dependence on the fuT trade, the Western Woods Cree were able to maintai.n contTol over the relationship and to avoid being inextricably integrated into the mercantilist econornic systen. The Western Woods Cree continued, throughout the period, to withdraw fron the systern at wíll and to irnpose their own conditions on their participation. The explanation for the loss of the Creesr dorninant position to the European migrants Írust cone from events after the close of this study in 1840, VI.L I CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Found Poern/Grafitti white trash got no class fucken ind.ian same to you white ass Collaborating Authors Unknown, The Pas 1978 The Problern The above epigraph is not as spurious as it first night appear. Anthropologist C. F. Blake (1981) insists that the "archaeology of grafitti" can provide significant insight into the status of interethnic relations. The sentinents expressed above are indeed clear indications of the present attitudes underlying Indian/Euro-Canadian relations in The Pas. Evidence for fundamental conflict is not always confined to washroom walls however. For documentation of Indian,/non-fndian relations in Canadar w€ need only consult John Porter's (1965) The Vertical Mosaic Harry B. Hawthorne's (1967) A Survey of the Cgntemrrorary Indians of Canada or DIANDTs (Canada: 1981) recent Indian Conditions: A Survey to see that Indians as an ethnic category continue to be relegated to the lowest socioeconomic ranks in society. Despite the z recent contentions of social scientists R. J. Ponting and R. Gibbins (1980:67ff) and James Frideïes (1978) for instance that attitudes anong Canadians toward Native people are arneliorating, the índications are not all positive. Evidence marshalled by educators G. McDiarnid and G. Pratt (1971); the findings of anthropologists D. H. Styneist (1975) and P. D. Elias (1975) in settings such as Sioux Lookout and Churchill; as well as the non-Indian attitudes revealed in the Kenora pamph let Bended Elbow (Jacobson 1975?) point to continuing problerns of interethnic prejudice and discrim- ination which reinforce the socioeconomic deprivation ex- perienced by nost Native peoples in Canada. Although pre- judice al-one cannot explain socía1 inequality (Forbes 1982: 57), basic attitudes are significant contributors to inter- ethníc conflict nanifested in contemporary class structure (A1lport 1979:15) . Functionalists and positivists to the contrary, nany historians and social scientists alike take it as axiomatic that in order to understand contemporary social structure and ethnic relations a knowledge of their historical evolu- tíon is necessary (cf.Dobyns 1978: 103; Brislin 1981: 177).1 In the context of this study, it nust therefore be asked, Can the litigation between The Pas Band and the town of The Pas concerning school taxes on band-owned trailer court property be understood wíthout a knowledge of the contentious shifting of reserve land in 1910 from the present t ol^¡n site to land tracross the river"? Can this issue be understood without knowing the detaí1s of reserve allocation and treaty negotiations in 1875--1876; or the previous settlenent pat- teTns? Can the strong resistance anong town businessmen to the developrnent of a large shopping nal1 rracross the river" on the reserve; the 1978 protest over mígratory bird hunting Ìights; the continuing controversy surrounding the use of the Saskeran wildlife area; the 1912 conflict con- cerning the ceding of land for the railway right of way; or the continuing dissatísfaction of Indian Band rnembers with DIAND administratiorr2 b" explained in isolation f rorn the above sequence? Can any of these ïelations be clarified without understanding, anong other things, the influence of rnissionary activity anong the Cree of the area since 1840 (cf,K. Pettipas 7972; R. McKay 1983), or indeed about the prior Indian/non-Indian relations in the fur trade? Very sinply, the basic contention of this study is that we cannot understand these historíc and continuing relations without first comprehending the patterns of ini- tial contact and adjustnent; without first establi.shing an historical and a cultural context for these contenporary socioecononic relations, Purpose The central purpose of this study therefore arises out of the problern of horq to begin to explüin contempolary Indian/non- Indian relations in The Pas.
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