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XVI Ciclo Dottorato Di Ricerca in Scienze Della Terra Per Il Territorio

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XVI Ciclo Dottorato Di Ricerca in Scienze Della Terra Per Il Territorio Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” XVI Ciclo Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze della Terra per il Territorio L’eruzione dell’Ignimbrite Campana (c. 40 ka BP), oscillazioni climatiche sub-orbitali e i cambiamenti bioculturali dell’OIS 3 europeo Tesi di Dottorato Autore Biagio Giaccio Tutor Co-tutor prof. Francesco Fedele prof. Giovanni Orsi dott. Andrea Sposato INDICE Short version – THE CAMPANIAN IGNIMBRITE ERUPTION (C. 40 KA BP), OIS 3 SUB-ORBITAL CLIMATIC OSCILLATIONS AND THE EUROPEAN LATE PLEISTOCENE BIOCULTURAL CHANGES…………………………... 5 Riassunto…………………………………………………………………… 25 1. INTRODUZIONE E CONTESTO DELLA RICERCA 1.1. UN APPROCCIO GEOARCHEOLOGICO ALLO STUDIO DEI MUTAMENTI BIOCULTURALI DEL PLEISTOCENE RECENTE EUROPEO………………………………………..... 27 1.2. ARTICOLAZIONE ED OBBIETTIVI DELLA RICERCA…… 29 1.3. MATERAIALI E METODI…………………………………. 31 2. I SOGGETTI DELLA RICERCA: QUADRO GENERALE E REVISIONE CRITICA DELLE CONOSCENZE 2.1. L’IGNIMBRITE CAMPANA: CARATTERI LITOLOGICO- PETROLOGICI, DINAMICA ERUTTIVA ED ETÀ………… 32 2.1.1. Origine e localizzazione dell’evento eruttivo: opinioni a confronto 2.1.2. Litostratigrafia 2.1.3. Petrologia e dinamica eruttiva 2.1.4. Età 2.2. VARIABILITÀ E STRUTTURA DEL CLIMA DELL’ULTIMO GLACIALE……………………………………………………. 45 2.3. I MUTAMENTI BIOCULTURALI DEL PLEISTOCENE RECENTE EUROPEO………………………………………… 52 3. POTENZIALE IMPATTO CLIMATICO DELL’IC E BASE DATI PER LA VALUTAZIONE DEI SUI EFFETTI SUGLI ECOSISTEMI UMANI 3.1. IL SISTEMA INTERATTIVO VULCANISMO-CLIMA………. 56 3.2. DISPERSIONE E VOLUMI DEI PRODOTTI DELL’IC……….. 61 3.2.1. Depositi ignimbritici 3.2.2. Ceneri distali e fall pliniano 3.2.3. Volume totale 3.3. STIMA DELLA QUANTITÀ DI ZOLFO EMESSO…………..... 74 3.4. LA POSIZIONE STRATIGRAFICA DELL’IGNIMBRITE CAMPANA…………………………………………………….. 76 3.4.1. Problemi cronometrici e di correlazione nell’ambito dell’OIS 3 3.4.2. Sequenze paleolitiche Serino Grotta di Castelcivita Kostenki Temanata Cave Paglicci 3.4.3. Sequenze paleoclimatiche 3.4.4. Record paleomagnetici e degli elementi cosmogenici 2 Escursione geomagnetica di Laschamp e picco di 10Be Fluttuazione del radiocarbonio 3.4.5. Carota groenlandese GISP2 e nuova stima dell’età dell’IC 3.5. L’IMPATTO CLIMATICO DELL’IC: EFFETTI ATMOSFERICI DIRETTI E POTENZIALI PERTURBAZIONI A LUNGO TERMINE…………………………………………... 105 4. IL FATTORE “IC-HE4”: VERSO UNO SCENARIO PALEOECOLOGICO DEI MUTAMENTI BIOCULTURALI DEL PLEISTOCENE RECENTE EUROPEO 4.1. L’IC COME MARKER UNICO PER LA VALUTAZIONE DELL’ETÀ, RITMO E CONTESTO PALEOCLIMATICO DEL PASSAGGIO PALEOLITICO MEDIO/PALEOLITICO SUPERIORE…………………………………………………… 114 4.1.1. Introduzione 4.1.2. La sequenza di Castelcivita Litostratigrafia Stratigrafia culturale Il record paleoambientale dei micromammiferi Correlazione con la carota GISP2 ed il record di Monticchio Oscillazioni climatiche dell’OIS 3 e il passaggio PM/PS 4.1.3. L’IC e l’anomalia del radiocarbonio: scale temporali e modelli del passaggio PM/PS a confronto Contesto della problematica Cambiamenti climatici e processi bioculturali del OIS 3 europeo Origine e diffusione del Paleolitico superiore Tempo, ritmo e contesto climatico del cambiamento PM/PS 4.2. L’EVENTO “IC-HE4” COME FATTORE DI ACCELERAZIONE E CATALIZZAZIONE DEI MUTAMENTI BIOCULTURALI DEL PLEISTOCENE RECENTE EUROPEO 141 Bibliografia…………………………………………………………... 148 3 Al fraterno amico Francesco Allocca (1967-2003) Ringraziamenti I dati, i risultati e le idee contenute in questo studio sono maturate in un contesto di ricerca a forte connotazione interdisciplinare che ha visto il coinvolgimento ed i contributi di numerosi ricercatori e studiosi operanti in vari campi delle Scienze della Terra e dell’Archeologia. A tal riguardo, di estrema rilevanza è stato il contributo di Francesco Fedele, la cui indipendenza intellettuale e l’acuto spirito critico nei confronti di certe posizioni polarizzate e dominanti nel panorama della ricerca archeologica, hanno permesso di interpretare i dati in chiave originale e di argomentare conclusioni decisamente innovative. Fondamentali sono stati anche i contributi di Carlo Barbante, Simone Bozzato, Michael Carroll, Lucia Civetta, Cesare Corselli, Emanuele Di Canzio, Irka Hajdas, Roberto Isaia, Giovanni Orsi, Marco Peresani, Speranza Principato, Mario Rolfo e Bruno Scaillet con i quali ho condiviso opinioni e dati presentati in diversi articoli e convegni nazionali e internazionali. Desidero infine ringraziare Nicolas Canard, Paolo Gambassini, John Grattan, John Hoffecker, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Jan Mangerud, Michael Rampino, Alan Robock, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Lucia Sarti, Andrei Sinitsyn e Giuliana Tocco per gli inviti ai convegni, l’accesso ai siti, lo scambio di opinioni, articoli e materiali, alcuni dei quali fondamentali per questo studio, nonché Marcello Serracino per il supporto tecnico alla microsonda elettronica. 4 Short version1 THE CAMPANIAN IGNIMBRITE ERUPTION (C. 40 KA B.P.), OIS 3 SUB-ORBITAL CLIMATIC OSCILLATIONS AND THE EUROPEAN LATE PLEISTOCENE BIOCULTURAL CHANGES 1. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT The climate of the Last Glacial is known to have been highly unstable and much more sensitive to feedback mechanisms than the Holocene one (e.g. Ganopolski and Rahmstorf, 2001). However, our present knowledge of the volcanism-climate system sensitivity is mostly based on volcanic perturbations of modern climate alone, an obviously limited approach, in that the operation modes and the sensitivity of the Last Glacial volcanism-climate system could have been significantly different from those of the present (Zielinski, 2000). A further limitation is inherent in the moderate magnitude of the Holocene eruptions compared to some very large Late Pleistocene events. This has led to controversy about how the volcanism-climate system was operating during the Last Glacial, and about its effects on human ecosystems, particularly concerning the largest volcanic events known, such as the mega-eruption of Toba (Sumatra, c.74,000-71,000 yr B.P.; Oppenheimer, 2002; Rampino and Self, 1992, 1993; Zielinski, 2000). Extensive deposits of about 40,000 yr B.P. formally named the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) have been recognized as the product of the largest volcanic eruption in the Greater Mediterranean during the past 200,000 years (Barberi et al., 1978), but until now no systematic studies on its impact on climate and human ecosystems have been carried out. This study endeavours to show for the first time, not only that the CI eruption had a significant impact on climate, but also how this catastrophic event, together with other evironmental factors, calls for a reconsideration of the processes and rhythms involved within the “ Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition”, which took place in western Eurasia just round the CI age. There are two dimensions to this so-called transition and its inherent problems. The first is biological, as made explicit by the mention of Neandertals, one kind of skeletal anatomy (formal taxonomic names will be avoided). In this domain a change is admitted from Neandertal to ‘modern’ human anatomy based on the supposed contrast between the two, a subject of continuing investigation and controversy (see Ahern et al., 2004; Trinkaus et al., 2003a, 2003b; Zilhão and Trinkaus 2003; Sládek et al., 2000, for up-to-date anatomical accounts). The other dimension is cultural and has to do with modifications in the making and utilisation of artifacts. In this field, the perceived change is still phrased as the transition between the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic, a notional framework last formalised by H. Breuil (1912). The present debate encompasses the nature, timing and underlying causes of both. The controversy is still mainly revolved around continuity or discontinuity (‘replacement’), the two main, polarised models by which the European Late Pleistocene shift has so far been generally understood (e.g. Klein and Edgar, 2002, Mellars, 2004, on one side; and Wolpoff et al., 2001, Clark 2002, on the other side; cfr. van Andel and Davies, 2003, for a major attempt at an objective approach, and such comments as Gowlett 2001 and Balter 2004). The replacement scenario collects at present many consensus (e.g. Hublin, 1990; Bar-Yosef, 1998; Stringer and Gamble, 1993; Mellars, 1999; Kozłowski and Otte, 2000; Bocquet-Appel and Demars, 2000), but substantial rethinking of pre-existing information, as well as new findings, provide compelling evidence for a less simplistic scenario, patently multivariate and possibly mosaic in nature. Distancing themselves from polarised opinion, several authors have consistently argued that artifacts, skeletal remains and even genetics show intriguing variation – if not continuities – between the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic, and between Neandertals and more modern-looking humans (e.g. INQUA 2003; Trinkaus et al., 2003; Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2003; Brantingham et al., 2004; Ahern et al., 2004; Conard et al., 2004; Conard in press). 1 Data, material and hypotheses presented in this study have been partially already treated in the papers by Fedele et al. (2003), Fedele and Giaccio (in press), Fedele et al. (in press) and Giaccio et al. (in press). Together to the present Doctoral Thesis, they should be regarded as primary bibliographic sources. 5 Against this background, the contribution of the CI research project is twofold, chronological and ecological. Concerning chronology, no environmental factor is better suited to correlate regionally disparate episodes than a major volcanic event. The CI provides unequalled means to correlate stratigraphic sequences
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