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Romeyn De Hooghe's Hieroglyphica Enlightened Religion Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History General Editor Han van Ruler (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Founded by Arjo Vanderjagt Editorial Board C.S. Celenza (Georgetown University, Washington DC) M. Colish (Yale University, New Haven) J.I. Israel (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) A. Koba (University of Tokyo) M. Mugnai (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa) W. Otten (University of Chicago) VOLUME 297 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsih Enlightened Religion From Confessional Churches to Polite Piety in the Dutch Republic Edited by Joke Spaans Jetze Touber LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This work is part of the research programme Faultline 1700: Early Enlightenment Conversations on Religion and the State, with project number PR-09-23, which has been financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Cover illustration: Excerpt from Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection. The central figure, Reformed Faith, represents the ongoing development of the churches of the Reformation towards the original Christian simplicity. She acknowledges her dependence on divine grace, and receives God’s blessing in return. In her lap rests the hat of freedom, representing freedom of the conscience, while she tramples the papal regalia. Behind her De Hooghe etched modest ministers, elders and deacons, and in front of her venerable figures representing the Synod of Dordrecht and the States of Holland as the ultimate protectors of the faith and guarantors of the unity of the Church. The full image can be found as figure 8.6 on page 254. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2018055810 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0920-8607 ISBN 978-90-04-29892-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-38939-7 (e-book) Copyright 2019 by the Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Illustrations vii About the Authors x Introduction Enlightened Religion: From Confessional Churches to Polite Piety in the Dutch Republic 1 Joke Spaans and Jetze Touber PART 1 Trends 1 From Religion in the Singular to Religions in the Plural: 1700, a Faultline in the Conceptual History of Religion 21 Henri Krop 2 Tracing the Human Past: The Art of Writing Between Human Ingenuity and Divine Agency in Early Modern World History 60 Jetze Touber 3 Colonies of Concord: Religious Escapism and Experimentation in Dutch Overseas Expansion, ca. 1650–1700 104 Arthur Weststeijn 4 Negotiating Ideas: The Communicative Constitution of Pietist Theology within the Lutheran Church 131 Martin Gierl 5 The Collegie der Sçavanten: A Seventeenth-Century Cartesian Scholarly Society in Utrecht 156 Albert Gootjes vi Contents part 2 Individuals 6 “Let no citizen be treated as lesser, because of his confession”: Religious Tolerance and Civility in De Hooghe’s Spiegel van Staat (1706–7) 185 Frank Daudeij 7 The Power of Custom and the Question of Religious Toleration in the Works of Marcus Zuerius Boxhorn (1612–1653): An Investigation into the Sources of the Transformation of Religion around 1700 212 Jaap Nieuwstraten 8 Romeyn de Hooghe’s Hieroglyphica: An Ambivalent Lexicographical History of Religion 233 Trudelien van ’t Hof 9 Popularizing Radical Ideas in the Dutch Art World of the Early Eighteenth Century: Willem Goeree (1635–1711) and Arnold Houbraken (1660–1719) 270 Jonathan Israel 10 Bayle’s Skepticism Revisited 292 Wiep van Bunge 11 Between the Catechism and the Microscope: The World of Johannes Duijkerius 316 Joke Spaans 12 Warning against the Pietists: The World of Wilhelmus à Brakel 346 Fred van Lieburg Index 371 Illustrations 2.1 Palmyrene inscription, reproduced in a manuscript copy of the travel report written by the English discoverers of the ruins of Palmyra. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 C 3 71 2.2 Palmyrene inscription, published in the Philosophical Transactions. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, call nr. KW 368 B 72 2.3 Ancient Chinese inscription, inscribed on a metal disc, reproduced in an engraving sent by Gijsbert Cuper to a correspondent in Rome. Rome, Biblioteca Angelica, MS 359 73 2.4 Sample of cuneiform, reproduced in print in Pietro della Valle, Viaggi, 3 vols. (Rome, 1650–1658), 3. Google Books 76 2.5 Cuneiform inscriptions in Persepolis, reproduced by Cornelis de Bruyn in his Reizen (Delft, 1698). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, call nr KOG OG 1 77 2.6 Sample of cuneiform, copied in ink by Cornelis de Bruijn for Gijsbert Cuper. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 19 78 2.7 A statue of the reclining Buddha, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71a 79 2.8 Various statues of the Buddha, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71c 80 2.9 Various statues of the Buddha, including a Buddha sitting on the naga-throne, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71d 81 2.10 Part of the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71g 81 2.11 Sinhalese inscription, reproduced in manuscript by Willem Konijn, 1713. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 90c 82 2.12 Palmyrene inscription, reproduced in ink by Jacobus Rhenferd, with corresponding characters in the Syrian Estrangulum-script and the common Hebrew Quadrata, and a Latin word-by-word translation. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 84 2.13 Draft of a letter of Gijsbert Cuper to Mathurin Veyssière de La Croze, reporting Rhenferd’s word-by-word translation of the Palmyrene inscription. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 H 18 85 2.14 Semitic alphabets, tabulated by Jacobus Rhenferd. The second column has the Palmyrene alphabet. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 90 2.15 Sephardic and Ashkenazi variants of the Hebrew Quadrata, in a manuscript note of Jacobus Rhenferd. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 95 viii Illustrations 2.16 Syrian stele, found in Rome, with an inscription at the bottom in both the Greek and Palmyrene scripts. Rome, Capitoline Museum, NCE2406 97 2.17 Syrian stele, reproduced in Jacob Spon, Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis (Lyon, 1685), based on Janus Gruterus, Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani, 2 vols. (Heidelberg, 1602–3). The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, call nr. KW 392 C13 98 2.18 Palmyrene inscription on the Syrian stele, reproduced in engraving by the Utrecht printer Frans Halma, copy of Gijsbert Cuper. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 99 6.1 The power of the State defending both Lady Liberty and True Religion, detail from the frontispiece for vol. 2, chapter 1, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Spiegel van Staat des Vereenigde Nederlands 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1706–1707). Leiden University Library, call nr. 1153 C 48 186 6.2 The States of Holland defending the Reformed Church by endorsing the Synod of Dordrecht, detail from plate 59, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 197 6.3 ‘De kerckelijcke lijck-statie van den seer devoten domine Johannes van de Velde [The Ecclesiastical Funeral Cortege of the very pious minister Johannes van de Velde].’ Satirical print on the political and ecclesiastical pretensions of the Voetian faction in the Reformed Church. Designer, engraver and publisher not indicated, probably by De Hooghe. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, cat. nr. RP-P-1944–3050 199 8.1 Rakende de Naam en Eerste Gang van de Hieroglyphica of Beeldspraak-Konst in het algemeen [On the Meaning of the term Hieroglyphics and the emergence of the Art in general], plate 2, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 243 8.2 Van de Voorbeschikking en het Noodlot [On Predestination and Fate], plate 5, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 247 8.3 Eeuwige Voorzienigheid [Eternal Providence], detail B from plate 5, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 248 8.4 Van de Vrede van Gods Kerk [On the Peace of God’s Church], plate 35, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 251 8.5 De Vreede van Gods Kerk [The Peace of God’s Church] and Haar vlugge en werkelijke Zuster, de Vryheyd, om de H. Verborgenheden te doorzoeken [Her quick and active sister Freedom to inquire into the Holy Mysteries], details A and B of plate 35. Private collection 252 8.6 Van de Gereformeerde Godsdienst [On the Reformed Religion], plate 61, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 254 Illustrations ix 8.7 The National Synod of Dordrecht, detail F from plate 61 255 8.8 Van de Goede en Kwaade Goden [Of good and evil gods], plate 28, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735).
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