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The Enlightenment Revisited: Sources & Interpretations. Learning Activities DOCUMENT RESUME ED 406 276 SO 027 048 AUTHOR Donato, Clorinda; And Others TITLE The Enlightenment Revisited: Sources & Interpretations. Learning Activities. INSTITUTION California State Univ., Long Beach. SPONS AGENCY National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 121p.; This publication resulted from a 1992 summer institute at California State University, Long Beach. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher)(052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Eighteenth Century Literature; *European History; Foreign Countries; *French Literature; Literary History; Neoclassicism; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Teaching Guides; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Age of Enlightenment; France ABSTRACT This resource book provides 26 learning activities with background materials for teaching about the Enlightenment. Topics include:(1) "What Was the Enlightenment?";(2) "An Introduction to the Philosophes";(3) "Was the Enlightenment a Revolt Against Rationalism?";(4) "Were the Philosophes Democrats? A Comparison of the 'Enlightened' Ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau on Democracy and Equality";(5) "What is the Significance of the Term Enlightenment in the Context of the 18th Century?";(6) "Were the Philosophes Atheists?"; (7) "How was French Society Portrayed in the 'Encyclopedie?'";(8) "Were the Philosophes True Philosophers, or Illogical Extremists?"; (9) "Did the French Philosophes Inspire the French Revolution?"; (10) "The Salon' as a Center for Enlightenment in the 18th Century"; (11) "Reader's Theater on the Salon'"; (12) "How Important Were the Periodicals and Coffeehouses to the Enlightenment?"; (13) "How Did the Enlightenment Account for the Existence of Evil Governed by a Benevolent God?";(14) "How Did the Enlightenment View the Role of Women?"; (15) "Were the Enlightened Despots Enlightened?"; (16) "What Were Montesquieu's Views on Government?"; (17) "What Are the Democratic and Totalitarian Implications in Jean Jacques Rousseau's 'The Social Contract and Discourses?"; (18) "What Influence Did the Enlightenment Have on Citizen Rights for Men and Women during the French Revolution?"; (19) "Is There a Relationship between Enlightenment Ideals and Architecture?"; (20) "What Enlightenment Themes Were Reflected in Eighteenth Century Poetic Form?";(21) "How Did the 'Salon' Serve as a Forum for Political Ideas?"; (22) "Did the European Enlightenment Influence the American Revolution?"; (23) "How Did the Philosophes of the Enlightenment Address the Issue of Slavery?";(24) "How Did Immanuel Kant Influence Ralph Waldo Emerson?"; (25) "Can Thomas Jefferson Be Considered a Product of the Enlightenment?"; and (26) "Was There a Russian Enlightenment?" (EH) Learning Activities for The Enlightenment evisited PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY \oy E:vat'S TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. (0' Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1992 Summer Institute at California State University, Long Beach Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities BEST COPY AVAILABLE Enlightenment Revisited Learning Activities for The Entightment *visite& Sources & Interpretations Clorinda Donato, Ph.D. Content Specialist Donald Schwartz, Ph.D. William Weber, Ph.D. Project Co-Directors 1992 Summer Institute at California State University, Long Beach Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities Learning Activities for ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This resource book is the result of a 1992 summer institute at California State University, Long Beach, "The Enlightenment Revisitied: Sources and Interpretations," funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The summer program was conducted for secondary school teachers across the nation. Professors William Weber of California State University, Long Beach, served as Project Co-director and content specialist; Professor Clorinda Donato, from California State University, Long Beach, served as content specialist; and Professor Donald Schwartz of California State University, Long Beach served as Project Co-director and administrator. We are indebted to Jennifer Forster for her clerical assistance and editorial contribution, and to Sharon Olson, whose technical skills was essential to the production ofthis document. The learning activities contained in this resource book reflect the creativity and scholarship of the twenty-eight teachers who attended the institute. PARTICIPANTS IN THE INSTITUTE NAME DISCIPLINE SCHOOL CITY, STATE Jean Bell Social Studies Ocean City H.S. Ocean City, NJ Lolene Blake Social Studies Longmeadow H.S. Longmeadow, MA Lloyd Bromberg Social Studies N.Y.C. Bd. of Ed. N.Y.C., NY Richard Celio Social Studies Enfield H.S. Enfield, CT Evelyn Coppola Social Studies Marked Tree H.S. Marked Tree, AR Michael Crivello English Lewisville H.S. Lewisville, TX Carolyn Crowley Humanities Grants Pass H.S. Grants Pass, OR Pasquale De Vito Social Studies Horace Mann Bronx, NY David Dore Social Studies Westwood H.S. Westwood, MA Rolf-Peter Frey English Bolsa Grande H.S. Garden Grove, CA Flora Lee Ganz ler Social Studies Rancho Cotate H.S. Rohnert Park, CA George Giatrakis Social Studies Enrico Fermi H.S. Enfield, CT Roger Gold Social Studies Wilmington J.H.S. Wilmington, CA Trinidad Gomis Social Studies Shelton H.S. Shelton, CT Christine Gonzalez English/Reading Dundalk H.S. Dundalk, MD Ronald Kelly French Cape Fear Academy Wilmington, NC Keith Keyser Social Studies Marple Newtown H.S. Newton Square, PA Janet Lipson Art/History Long Beach Poly H.S. Long Beach, CA Sharon Moran Social Studies South Windsor H.S. South Windsor, CT Laurie Nash Social Studies Albuqueque Academy Albuquerque, NM Jane Pearl History/Literature Monte Vista M.S. Tracy, CA Edward Pinsky Social Studies William H. Taft H.S. Bronx, NY Eliot Scher Social Studies White Plains H.S. White Plains, NY Gerald Schofield Social Studies Cherokee H.S. Marlton, NJ John Shedd Social Studies Oak Ridge H.S. Oak Ridge, TN Majorie Thomas Social Studies Monrovia H.S. Monrovia, CA Clare Tilton Social Studies Monacan H.S. Richmond, VA Edward Wheeler English The Williams School New London, CT Page ii Enlightenment Revisited TABLE OF CONTENTS Learning Page Activity 1 What was the Enlightenment? 1 2 An introduction to the philosophes 6 3 Was the Enlightenment a revolt against rationalism? 12 4 Were the philosophes democrats? A comparison of the "enlightened" ideas of 15 Voltaire and Rousseau on democracy and equality. 5 What is the significance of the term Enlightenment in the context of the 18th 18 century? 6 Were the philosophes atheists? 20 7 How was French society portrayed in the Encyclopedie? 23 8 Were the philosophes true philosophers, or illogical extremists? 26 9 Did the French philosophes inspire the French Revolution? 32 10 The Salon as a center for Enlightenment in the 18th century 35 11 Reader's Theater on the Salon 55 12 How important were the periodicals and coffeehouses to the Enlightenment? 59 13 How did the Enlightenment account for the existence of evil governed by a 62 benevolent God? 14 How did the Enlightenment view the role of women? 68 15 Were the Enlightened despots enlightened? 74 16 What were Montesquieu's views on government? 77 17 What are the democratic and totalitarian implications in Jean Jacques Rousseau's 79 The Social Contract and Discourses? 18 What influence did the Enlightenment have on citizen rights for men and women 82 during the French Revolution? 19 Is there a relationship between Enlightenment ideals and architecture? 85 20 What Enlightenment themes were reflected in eighteenth century poetic form? 90 21 How did the Salon serve as a forum for political ideas? 96 22 Did the European Enlightenment influence the Ainerican Revolution? 101 23 How did the philosophes of the Enlightenment address the issue of slavery? 105 24 How did Immanuel Kant influence Ralph Waldo Emerson? 107 25 Can Thomas Jefferson be considered a product of the Enlightenment? 110 26 Was there a Russian Enlightenment? 113 Page iii 5 Enlightenment Revisited LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 TOPIC: What was the Enlightenment? BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Many historians refer to 18th century western civilization as an "Age of Enlightenment." The German philosopher Immanuel Kant described the Enlightenment as "man's emergence from his nonage" (intellec- tual immaturity when a person is afraid to use his/her intelligence to think things through logically without the guidance of authority). Kant offered as the motto of the Enlightenment "Sapere aude" "Dare to know." The Enlightenment philosophes, the 18th century intellectuals, passionately embraced "Dare to know," openly disdained organized Christianity as the major cause of Europe's long nonage, and espoused scientific inquiry about the natural world as a means to unfetter mens' minds from the chains of superstition and ignorance. They looked to other civilizations such as the Chinese for examples of societies with enlightened governments free from theological control. The philosophes passionately believed in freedom: freedom to reason, freedom from blind cruelty and arbitrary treatment from despotic governments, freedom of speech and the press, freedom to live one's life
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