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Detecting microscopic aspects of Late Pleistocene to Early/Mid Holocene lithic technology in Island Southeast Asia: Perspectives from North and Central Sulawesi Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Mr. Riczar Fuentes aus Sara, Iloilo, Philippines Tübingen 2019 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 16.01.2020 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Nicholas Conard 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Alfred Pawlik Detecting microscopic aspects of Late Pleistocene to Early/Mid Holocene lithic technology in Island Southeast Asia: perspectives from North and Central Sulawesi Submitted by: Riczar B. Fuentes, M.A. Ph.D. Candidate Abteilung für Frühgeschichte und Quartärökologie Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Faculty of Science Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Submitted to: Prof. Nicholas J. Conard, Ph.D. Adviser Abteilung für Frühgeschichte und Quartärökologie Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Faculty of Science Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Alfred F. Pawlik Co-adviser Department of Sociology and Anthropology Ateneo de Manila University 1 Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 3 2. Summary ............................................................................................................ 4 3. General introduction ......................................................................................... 7 A. Late Pleistocene modern human migrations towards Wallacea .................... 7 B. Informal expedient lithic technology in ISEA ................................................. 9 C. Use-wear analysis and typology dilemma ................................................... 10 4. Objectives and expected output of the thesis/ doctoral research .............. 14 5. List of publications .......................................................................................... 15 A. Accepted papers ......................................................................................... 15 B. Submitted manuscripts ............................................................................... 15 C. Manuscripts ready for submission............................................................... 15 D. Manuscripts being prepared (abstracts) ...................................................... 15 6. Results and discussion................................................................................... 16 A. Typology dilemma in ISEA – cases from the Philippines ............................ 16 B. Traceology of lithic assemblage from Leang Sarru, North Sulawesi ........... 17 C. Stone tool functions at Topogaro Caves, Central Sulawesi ........................ 21 D. An experimental database for North and Central Sulawesi ......................... 23 E. Current techniques in use-wear and potential for future research .............. 24 F. Micro-traces and lithic traditions in ISEA – a conclusion ............................. 26 7. References ....................................................................................................... 29 8. Appendices ...................................................................................................... 40 A. Accepted papers………………………………………………………….………40 B. Submitted manuscripts………………………………………………………..…74 C. Manuscripts ready for submission…………………………………………….118 D. Manuscripts being prepared (abstracts)…………………………………..…202 2 1. Acknowledgments The researcher is grateful to the Leang Sarru and Topogaro excavation teams and previous work done by Rintaro Ono, Santoso Sogoendho, and Daud Tanudirjo. Special thanks to the previous and current staff and personnel of BALAR Manado who assisted me with logistics and administration processes in Indonesia – Drs. Joko Siswanto, Drs. Bonny Tooy, Drs. Greis Rantung, and Drs. Wuri Handoko. And to our Indonesian research counterpart, Harry Octavianus Sofian and to the Director of AKENAS, Drs. I Made Geria, for allowing us to conduct research in Indonesia. This project would not have been possible without the continued support of our Indonesian counterparts especially the Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional (ARKENAS, National Archaeology Research Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia), Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Utara (Manado, Indonesia), Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia (RISTEK, Indonesia Ministry of Research and Technology), Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya (BPCB, Institute for Preservation of Cultural Heritage), Talaud Islands Regency Tourism Office, and the local offices of North and Central Sulawesi. The researcher is grateful for the full Ph.D. funding from the Lisa Maskell PhD Fellowships of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. Special thanks to the program coordinators Jens Christian Schneider and Jana Frey. The project was also funded by the Cultural History of Palaeo-Asia and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst Scholarship and Support Program (DAAD STIBET) Ph.D. Completion Grant. Access to equipment were through these institutions - Lithic Studies Laboratory, Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines; National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines; Senckenberg Centre for Palaeoenvironment (SHEP), Department of Geosciences, Paleogeology Biogeology and the Department of Palaeoanthropology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. The researcher benefitted from the helpful editors and reviewers of the manuscripts resulting from this project. The researcher would like to thank the staff of the Research Centre "The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans" (ROCEEH) of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities for providing the workspace during the duration of this study and for coordinating with the laboratories. To Prof. Dr. Miriam Haidle, for her guidance as coordinator/ adviser during the duration of my Ph.D. life. Prof. Dr. Alfred Pawlik, I am privileged to be trained by him in use-wear analysis. And to Prof. Dr. Nicholas Conard, for providing a good working and research environment. To colleagues, for the intellectual discussions. To friends and family, thank you for your support. 3 2. Summary Late Pleistocene lithic assemblages from North (Leang Sarru) and Central Sulawesi (Topogaro) were subjected to multi-stage use-wear analysis. This study provides new perspectives on seemingly simple flaked tools from Island Southeast Asia (ISEA). The results indicate the production of specialised organic-based technologies and varying technological developments on different locations c. 35kya. Analysis of stone tools from Leang Sarru have micro traces indicating intensive plant working while animal bone processing was more evident in Topogaro. Furthermore, evidence of composite tool technology using amorphous flakes as hafted implements, plant processing (polish and plant residues), and deliberate tool modification to create concave notched working edges indicate a complexity that is in contrast to previous assessments of stone tool technology as being undeveloped and stagnant. Current perspectives on amorphous expedient technologies should be reassessed, particularly since microscopic use-wear analysis clearly shows the potential to address issues on the lithic technology in ISEA that might have been missed by techno-typological approach, such as multi-functionality and variability of tool use. This research complements previous studies on amorphous flake tools, provides new significant results from a functional perspective, and scrutinises established but poorly substantiated concepts such as ‘unchanging technology’, ‘bamboo technology’, and ‘smash-and-grab’ strategy in the framework of a more encompassing traceological identification of prehistoric activities. 4 Zusammenfassung Diese Forschungsarbeit stellt die erste mehrstufige Gebrauchsspurenanalyse von Steingeräteinventaren aus zwei Fundstellen aus Nord- und Mittel-Sulawesi dar, Leang Sarru und Topogaro. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden dabei mit bereits durchgeführten Studien von Inventaren von den nördlich von Sulawesi gelegenen Philippinen verglichen. Diese Dissertation eröffnet neue Perspektiven hinsichtlich der scheinbar einfachen und unentwickelten Steingeräte, die typisch für die Inselregion Südostasiens (ISEA) sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche technologische Entwicklungen innerhalb der Region ab ca. 35.000 Jahre vor heute. Die Steinwerkzeuge mit Gebrauchsspuren aus Leang Sarru weisen überwiegend Spuren intensiver Pflanzenbearbeitung auf. Demgegenüber war in Topogaro die Verarbeitung von Tierknochen, vermutlich zur Herstellung von Werkzeugen und Geräten, stärker ausgeprägt. Beiden Standorten gemeinsam ist das Vorhandensein deutlicher Hinweise auf Technologien, die auf organischen Materialien basierten. Darüber hinaus fanden sich Hinweise auf Kompositgeräte, wobei einfache amorphe Abschläge als Werkzeuge in Schäftungen eingesetzt wurden, sowie eine ausgeprägte Verarbeitung pflanzlicher Materialien, insbesondere phytolithenreicher Gräser (Mikropolituren und Pflanzenresiduen). Dies und die systematische Anfertigung gekerbter Arbeitskanten lassen eine
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