SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2014-2015

HI 355F: A Military Revolution? War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800

30 Credits : 11 Weeks

20TPLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY20T:

The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen Organisation page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any School regulation or procedure.

You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Course Coordinator: Professor Robert Frost. Office hours: Thursdays 11:00- 12:30 and by appointment. Room CA 112. Telephone number: 01224-272453.

E-mail: [email protected] Discipline Administration: Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown

5 50-52 College Bounds 201 - Room CBLG01 4 201

| 01224 272199/272454

-

[email protected]

Course Document

1

TIMETABLE

Please refer to the online timetable on 29TU MyAberdeenU29T Students can view the University Calendar at

29TUhttp://www.abdn.ac.uk/students/13891.phpU29T

COURSE DESCRIPTION This course looks at the development of warfare in early modern Europe in the light of the theory, first proposed by Micheal Roberts, that Europe in this period saw a military revolution that had profound effects not just on the way wars were fought, but on European state formation and social development. It analyses the views of supporters and opponents of the theory, the technological changes seen in warfare in this period, and examines the conduct of war at the tactical and strategic levels, before going on to consider the changing culture of war and its impact on state and society. The course will cover a range of military conflicts across the whole continent of Europe, and will also consider the impact of European warfare outside Europe in the first great age of European imperial expansion.

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES • To secure a firm understanding of the nature and significance of war in the development of early modern Europe • To give students detailed and critical insight into the central problems and issues of the Military Revolution theory • To enhance and develop presentational skills through a fornal presentation. • To provide an understanding of the main developments in warfare in the early modern period. • To encourage the development of a critical understanding of the major scholarly debates about military change and its impact in early modern Europe, and of the impact of European military change on the wider world. • To equip students with the means to analyse critically the connections between military developments and social, cultural and political change in the period. • To use the example of military history to develop an understanding of the problem of continuity versus change in historical processes.

5 201 - 4 201 |

- Course Document

2

SEMINAR PROGRAMME Week 1: 19 January: Introduction to the Course; Organisation of Presentations. 22 January Michael Roberts and the Military Revolution. Week 2: READING WEEK: NO CLASSES. Week 3: START OF PRESENTATIONS. 2 February: Military Technology: the coming of gunpowder (1) the battlefield. 5 February: Military Technology: the coming of gunpowder (2) siege warfare. Week 4: 9 February: Military Technology: (3) warfare at sea. 12 February: Military Organisation (1) Raising an army. Week 5: 16 February: Military Organisation (2) Supplying an army 19 February: Military Society & Military Institutions. Week 6: 23 February: War and the State (1):Spain. 26 Febraury: War and the State (2): France. Week 7: 2 March: War and the State (3): the military state: Sweden & Denmark. 5 March: War and the State (4): the military state: Brandenburg- Prussia. Week 8: 9 March: Russia and the Military Revolution. 12 March: War and the State: consensual systems (1) The Dutch Republic. Week 9: 16 March: War and the State: consensual systems (2) Poland-Lithuania. 19 March: The British State and the Military Revolution. Week 10: 23 March: Celtic Warfare (the Scottish Highlands & Ireland).

26 March: Non-State Military Organisations: Cossacks, Uzkoks, Bandits 5 & Privateers. 201 - 4 Essays to be handed in BY NOON ON THURSDAY 26 MARCH 201 |

- Week 11: 30 March: The Military Revolution and the Wider World. 2 April: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Week 12: 27 April: Revision (1) Course Document 30 April: Revision (2) Was there a Military Revolution? (Class Debate).

3

READING LIST General Texts These three books provide introductions to the themes to be explored in the course, and should acquaint themselves with their main arguments. Copies can be bought at Waterstones. Parker, Geoffrey, The Military Revolution, Military Innovation and the Rise of nd the West 1500-1800 (2P P edition, Cambridge, 1996) Rogers, Clifford, ed., The Military Revolution Debate. Readings in the Transformation of Early Modern Europe (1995) Frost, Robert I. The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721 (2000). All students should prepare for the week’s class by reading texts designated as essential. Some suggestions for further reading are also provided as an introduction to each theme for those writing essays and giving presentations. A fuller bibliography is posted on MyAberdeen. Week 1: Essential Roberts, M.: ‘The Military Revolution, 1550-1660’ in: Rogers, , ed., The Military Revolution Debate. (also in Roberts’s Essays in Swedish History). Read also the essays by Parrott & Parker. Additional Reading Read also the essays by Parker and Parrott in Rogers, The Military Revolution Debate. Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Introduction Eltis, D.: The Military Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (1995). Downing, B.M.: The Military Revolution and political change in early modern Europe. Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (1990) Introduction and conclusion. Arnold, T.F.: ‘War in sixteenth-century Europe: revolution and renaissance’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Week 2: Read at least ONE of the following

5 Hall, B. & De Vries, K.: ‘The “Military Revolution” revisited’ Technology and 201

- Culture (1990) 4 Parker, G.: The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659.(1972) 201

| Introduction

- Showalter, D.E.: ‘Caste, skill and training. The evolution of cohesion in European armies from the Middle Ages to the sixteenth century’ The Journal of Military History 57 (1993) Lynn, J.A.: ‘The trace italienne and the growth of armies: the French case’ in Rogers, C. (ed.) The Military Revolution Debate Course Document

4

Arnold, T.F.: ‘Fortifications and the Military Revolution: the Gonzaga experience 1530-1630’ in Rogers, C. (ed.) The Military Revolution Debate Parrott, D.: ‘The utility of fortifications in early modern Europe: Italian princes and the citadels, 1540-1640’ War in History 7 (2000) Week 3: Warfare at Sea Essential Reading Parker, Military Revolution, chapter three. Additional Reading Rogers, N. Essays in Naval History, from Medieval to Modern (2009) Harding, R.: ‘Naval warfare 1453-1815’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Glete, J.: Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2001) Glete, J.: Navies and Nations. Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500-1860 2 vols (1993) Military Organisation: Raising an Army Essential Reading Wilson, P.H., ‘The German “soldier trade” of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a reassessment’ International History Review 18 (1996) Additional Reading Kiernan, V.G.: ‘Foreign mercenaries and absolute monarchy’ in Aston, T. (ed) Crisis in Europe (1965) Redlich, F.: The German Military Enterpriser and his Workforce, 13th to 17th Centuries 2 vols.(1964-5) Dow, J.: Ruthven’s Army in Sweden and Esthonia (1965) Worthington, D.: Scots in Habsburg Service, 1618-1648 (2004) Ingrao, C.W.: The Hessian Mercenary State Ideas, Instiutions and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 (1987) Wilson, P.H.: ‘Social militarization in eighteenth-century Germany’ German History 18 (2000) Wilson, P.H.: War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677-1793 (1995) Week 4:

Supplying an Army & Military Institutions 5 Essential Readng 201 - 4 Lynn, J.A.: ‘How war fed war: the tax of violence and Contributions during the 201

| Grand Siècle’ Journal of Modern History 65 (1993)

- Additional Reading Parrott, David, The Business of War. Military Enterprise and Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2012). Christianson, P.: ‘Arguments on billeting and Martial Law in the Parliament of 1628’ Historical Journal 37 (1994) Course Document

5

Redlich, F.: ‘Contributions in the Thirty Years War’ Economic History Review 12 (1959-60) Parker, G. ‘The etiquette of atrocity: the laws of war in early modern Europe’, in Parker, Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe, (2002), chapter 6. Donagan, B.: ‘Codes and conduct in the English Civil War’ Past and Present 118 (1988) Lynn, J.A. (ed.): Tools of War. Ideas and Institutions of Warfare (1990) Lynn, J.A. (ed.): Feeding Mars: Logistics in western warfare from the Middle Ages to the present (1993) Week 5: War and the State (1): Spain: Imperial Overstretch? Essential Reading Stradling, R.A.: ‘Catastrophe and recovery: the defeat of Spain 1639-1643’ History 64 (1979) Additional Reading Parker, G.: The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road (1973) Parker, G.: The Grand Strategy of Philip II (1998) Stradling, R.A.: Europe and the Decline of Spain (1981) Thompson, I.A.A.: War and Government in Habsburg Spain 1560-1620 (1976) War and the State (2) France Essential Reading Parrott, D.: ‘French military organisation in the 1630s: the failure of Richelieu’s ministry’ Seventeenth-Century French Studies 9 (1987). Parrott, D. Richelieu’s Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624- 1642 (2001) (see review on

29TUhttp://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/277U29T ) Rowlands, G.: The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV (2002) Lynn, J.A.: ‘Forging the western army in seventeenth-century France’ in: Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Jones, C.: ‘The Military Revolution and the professionalisation of the French army under the Ancien Régime’ in Duffy, M. (ed.): The Military Revolution and the State (1981); reprinted in Rogers, C.J. (ed): The Military Revolution Debate (1995)

Week 6:

5 War and the State (3) the military state: Sweden & Denmark 201 - 4 Essential Reading 201 | Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Warfare and society in the Baltic 1500-1800’ in Black, J. - (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Additional Reading Frost, R.I. The Northern Wars (2000). Chapters 5, 8 & Conclusion Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Absolute monarchy in Denmark, change and continuity’

Course Document Scandinavian Journal of History 12 (1987)

6

Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Social change and military revolution in early modern Europe’ Historical Journal (1983) Jespersen, L.: ‘The Machtstaat in seventeenth-century Denmark’ Scandinavian Journal of History 10 (1985) Lind, G.: ‘Military and absolutism: the army officers of Denmark-Norway as a social group and political factor, 1660-1848’ Scandinavian Journal of History 12 (1987) Lindegren, J.: ‘The Swedish military state, 1560-1720’ Scandinavian Journal of History 10 (1985) Ladewig-Petersen, E. & Jespersen, K.J.V.: ‘Two revolutions in early modern Denmark’ in Kouri, E.I. & Scott, T. (eds) Politics and Society in Reformation Europe (1987) Roberts, M. (ed.) Sweden’s Age of Greatness 1632–1718 (1973) War and the State (4): the military state: Brandenburg-Prussia Essential Reading Frost, R.I. The Northern Wars. (Chapter on Brandenburg-Prussia). Schulze, H., ‘The Prussian military state, 1763–1806’ in Dwyer, P. ed. The Rise of Prussia 1700 –1830 (2000),. 201–19. Additional Reading Friedrich, K. Brandenburg-Prussia 1466–1815: the Rise of a Composite State (2011) Chapters by Scott & Showalter in Dwyer, Rise of Prussia Melton, E.: ‘The Prussian Junkers, 1600-1786’ in Scott, H.M. (ed.) The European Nobilities in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries vol. 2 (1995) MacKay, D.: The Great Elector (2000) nd Duffy, C.: The Army of Frederick the Great (2P P edition, 1996) Showalter, D.E.: The Wars of Frederick the Great (1996) Week 7: Russia and the Military Revolution Essential Reading Poe, M.: ‘The consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: a comparative perspective’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 38 (1996) Additional Reading

5 Frost, R.I.: The Northern Wars 201 - Davies, B.L.: ‘The development of Russian military power 1453-1815’ in 4 Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) 201 | Dunning, C., Smith, N.S. ‘Was early modern Russia a fiscal-military state?’ - Russian History 33 (2006), 19–44. Hellie, R. ‘Warfare, changing military technology and the evolution of Muscovite society’ in Lynn, J.A. (ed.) Tools of War. Ideas and Institutions of Warfare (1990) Dixon, S.: The Modernisation of Russia 1676-1815 (1999)

Course Document Fuller, W.C.: Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914 (1992)

7

Hellie, R.: Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (1971) Smith, D.L.: ‘Muscovite logistics, 1492-1598’ Slavonic and East European Review 71 (1993) War and consensual systems (1) The Dutch Republic Essential Reading Price, J.L.: ‘A state dedicated to war? The Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century’ in: Ayton, A. & Price, J.L. (eds): The Medieval Military Revolution (1995) Additional Reading Glete, J.: War and the State in Early Modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal Military States, 1500-1660 (2002) Hoeven, M. van der (ed.): Exercise of Arms. Warfare in the Netherlands (1568-1648) (1997) Tracy, J.D.: A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands. Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland 1515-1565 (1985) Week 8: War and consensual systems (2): Poland-Lithuania Essential Reading Frost, R.I.: The Northern Wars chapters 3 & 9. The British State and the Military Revolution Essential Reading. Braddick, M.J.: ‘An English military revolution?’ Historical Journal, 36, (1993) Additional Reading Eltis, D.: The Military Revolution in sixteenth-century Europe (1998) Chapter 5 Fissel, M.C. (ed.): War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650 (1991) Furgol, E.: ‘Scotland turned Sweden: the Scottish Covenanters and the Military Revolution’ in Morrill, J. (ed.) The The Scottish National Covenant in its British Context 1638-1651 (1990) Gentles, I.: ‘The choosing of the officers for the New Model Army’ Historical Research 67 (1994) Kishlansky, M.: ‘The case of the army truly stated: the creation of the New Model Army’ Past and Present 81 (1978) Kishlansky, M.: ‘The Army and the Levellers: the roads to Putney’ Historical

5 Journal 22 (1979). 201 - Week 9: 4

201 Celtic Warfare (the Scottish Highlands & Ireland) |

- Essential Reading Hill, J.M.: ‘Gaelic Warfare 1453-1815’ in Black, J. (ed.) European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Hill, J.M.: ‘The distinctiveness of Gaelic Warfare, 1400-1750’, European History Quarterly, 22, (1992), pp.323-4

Course Document Additional Reading

8

Lenihan, P. (ed.): Conquest and Resistance: War in seventeenth-century Ireland (2001) O’Domnhaill, S. ‘Warfare in sixteenth-century Ireland’ Irish Historical Studies 5 (1946-7) Hayes-McCoy, G.A.: ‘Strategy and tactics in Irish warfare, 1593-1601’ Irish Historical Studies 2 (1940-1) Loeber, R. & Parker, G. ‘The Military Revolution in seventeenth-century Ireland’ in Ohlmeyer, J.H. (ed.): Independence to Occupation: Ireland 1641-1660 (1994); Parker, G. Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe (2002) Henry, G.: The Irish Military Community in Spanish Flanders, 1568-1621 (1992) Bartlett, T. & Jeffrey, K. (eds): A Military History of Ireland (1996) Macinnes, A.I.: ‘Repression and conciliation: the Highland dimension, 1660- 1688’ Scottish Historical Review 65 (1986) Stevenson, D.: Alasdair MacColla and the Highland Problem in the seventeenth century (1980) Wormald, J.: ‘Bloodfeud, kindred and government in early modern Scotland’ Past and Present 87 (1980) Hybrid War and Non-State Military Organisations: Cossacks, Uzkoks, Bandits & Privateers Essential Reading Lee, W. E., ‘Keeping the Irish Down and the Spanish Out: English Strategies of Submission in Ireland, 1594–1603,’ in Murray, W. and Mansoor, P. Hybrid Warfare. Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present (2012), Additional Reading James D. Kiras, ’Terrorism and Irregular Warfare,’ in John Baylis, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen and Colin S. Gray, eds. Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002),. Simon Pepper, ’Aspects of operational art: communications, cannon, and small war,’ in Frank Tallett and D. J. B. Trim, eds., European Warfare 1350–1750 (2010), 181–202 Longworth, P.: The Cossacks (1969) Fisher, A.W.: The Russian Annexation of the Ukraine, 1772-1783 (1970) Subtelny, O.: Mazepists. Ukrainian Separatism in the early eighteenth century (1981)

5 Witzenrath, C. Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598-1725 (2007)

201 Rothenberg, G.E.: The Austrian Military Border in Croatia 1522-1747 (1960) - 4 Murdoch, Steve, The Terror of the Seas? Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–

201 1713. (2010), chapter 3. |

- Week 10: READING WEEK. NO CLASSES.

Course Document

9

Week 11: The Military Revolution and the Wider World Essential Reading Parker, The Military Revolution, chapter 4 Additional Reading Ágostan, G.: ‘Ottoman warfare in Europe, 1453-1826’ in Black, J. (ed.): European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Ágoston, G.: Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (2005) Murphey, R.: Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700 (1999) Kunt, M.I.: The Sultan’s Servants: the Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550-1650 (1983) Parry, V.J. & Yapp, M.E. : War, Technology and Society in the Middle East (1975) Ralston, D.B.: Importing the European Army. The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the extra-European World, 1600-1914 (1990) The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Essential Reading Knox, M.: ‘Mass politics and nationalism as military revolution. The French Revolution and after.’ in Knox, M. & Williamson, M. (eds): The Dynamics of Military Revolution (2001) Additional Reading Black, J. ‘Revolutionary and Napoleonic warfare’ in Black, J. (ed.) European Warfare 1453-1815 (1999) Black, J.: European Warfare 1660-1815 (1994) Blanning, T.C.W.: The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802 (1996) Esdaile, C.: The French Wars, 1792-1815 (2001) Esdaile, C.: The Wars of Napoleon (1995) Cobb, R.: The People’s Armies (1987) Rothenberg, G.E.: Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792-1814 (1982) Scott, S.F.: The Response of the Royal Army to the French Revolution (1978)

ASSESSMENT

•

5 One written examination: three questions (60%); • One 3,000-word essay (30%) 201 -

4 • One presentation (10%) (5% mark of course coordinator, 5% marked

201 by peer assessment) |

- Resit: One three-question examination (100%)

Course Document

10

Feedback on all assessment should be timely and normally provided within a maximum of three working weeks (excluding vacation periods) following the deadline for submission of the assessment.

29TUClick to view the University Level Descriptors (ANNEX A).U29T

29TUClick to view the University Assessment Scale Band Descriptors (ANNEX B).U29T

ESSAYS The course requires the preparation of one 3,000-word essay, the title of which is to be chosen in consultation with the course co-ordinator. All written work should adhere to the stipulated word limit. It should include quotations and footnotes. Students should note that they will be penalised for work which is either too long or too short.

PRESENTATIONS Presentations should be 10–12 minutes in length. They are intended as an introduction to the problems to be discussed, not a descriptive account of the topic. Students may—but do not have to—use PowerPoint. Presentations are an assessed part of the course, and will be given at the start of each class. Students should inform the course co-ordinator in advance if they are unable to give their presentations for any reason. In such a case, the class may be rearranged for Reading Week.

ASSESSMENT DEADLINE Essays to be handed in by NOON on THURSDAY 26 MARCH 2015

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS

The Department requires UTWOU hard and UONEU electronic copy of all assignments, as follows:

UHard CopiesU: Two hard copies together with an Assessment cover sheet, typed and double spaced – this copy should have your ID number CLEARLY written on the cover sheet, with

5 NO name and NO signature but EVERYTHING ELSE filled 201 - 4 in – and should be delivered to the History Department 201 |

-

[UDrop-off boxes located in CB008, 50-52 College

BoundsU].

UElectronic CopyU: One copy submitted through Turnitin via 29TUMyAberdeenU29T. Course Document

11

EXAMINATION The examination will be structured as in previous years, and students should consult past papers for guidance. General exam guidance will be given in the Student Handbook.)Past exam papers can be viewed at

29TUhttp://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning-and-teaching/for-students/exam-

papers/U29T.

5 201 - 4 201 |

- Course Document

12