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The Development of Free Public Schools in Texas. 41P DOCUMOIT RESUME 4D 126 615 BA 008 558 AUTHOR Holleman, I. Thomas, Jr. TITLE The Development of Free Public Schools inTexas. PUB DATE [13] NOTE 41p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal legibility of original document EDRS PRICE NF-S0.83 Plus Postage. BC Not Available fromEDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Educational Finance; *Educational History; Elementary Secondary Education; Historical Reviews; Property Taxes; *Public Education; public School Systems; School Funds; State Aid; State Boards of Education; *State Government; *State Legislation; State School District Relationship , IDENTIFIERS *Texas ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the historical foundationsfor the financing and maintenance of Texas'present day school system. This review traces the'history ofTexas public education from the seventeenth century through 1949 when threemajor s9fOol reorganization laws were enacted by thestate legiilature.'The earliest schools in Texaswere associated with the Spanish missions and were-intended to educate (and control)'the Indians. Education suffered under the Mexican regime, which failedto provide fonds for schools. The Republic of Texas setup a public school system based on: land grants to counties. This funding approachwas later employed when Texas entered the Union, and continued untilthe Civil War brought havoc to public education. However, afterReconstruction, the ( 1875 state constitution provided fora perpetual school fund based on property and poll taxes as wellas for a state board of education. Independent school districts emerged. Finally in1949, the state legislature mandated that 12years of schooling for all children are mandatory and gave the state board of educationHmorepdwer. (DS) *******41414141************************41414141**4141414141***444141*****************- Documents Acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * * materials not available from othersources. 'ERIC makes every effort * * to*.btain the best copy available. Nevertheless,items of marginal * * reptoducibility are often encountered and thisaffects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductionsERIC'makes available * .* via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDES).EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the originaldocument. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original. 44141**10014444444444444*4141******i*44414141***4411011***********44.44444******#44 7"...1S OE MeNT OF NEI.T.4 EDUCATION &VI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO DUCED EC1LY AS RECE1vEQ FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR 01:n.41004S STATED DC NOT NECESSARILY REFIRE SENT OFFICIAL NTIONt, INSTITUTE OF EDuCT,ON P05 ON OR POLICY I '111, BE DEVELOPMENT OF FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN TEXAS - bye I. Thomas Holleman, Jr. 9 - P 1.; 7 2 ,/ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EDUCATION UNDER THE SPANISH REGIME 1 The Emphasis upon Education The Policy towards Education Missions in Texas II. SCHOOLS DURING THE MEXICAN ERA, 1821-1836 4 r. 'huts as a Mexican State' 1 meitCan Policy and Legislation Concerning Education. Politioal, Social, Economic, and Educational ConditiOns Animosities between Anglo-Americans and Mexicans III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THErCIVIL WAR, 1836-1861 . 14 , , ? Texas as an 'Independent Nation .. Formulation of Constitutions and Educational Laws Financing of Schools -$ , 0 Page IV. THE EFFECT OF THE CIVIL WAR AND ITS'AFTERMATH ON PUBLIC SCHOOL DEVELOAAT, I861-1875 25 The Decline of Schools. jorsulation of aonstitutionsand Educational Laws The Rule of the Radials V. THEESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRESENT DAB SCHOOL SYSTEM, 1875-1949 30 The Conititutignof1875 Formulation of Mbern Educational Laws BIBLIOGRAPHY..... 36 1 4 4 The Deve1O2:,lonz. of 71:(2 Public Schools in Texas: A /!-::;szorlcal Approach I. Education Under the Spanish-Regime 6 Among the early seeds of civilizationthat were sown by the Spaniards in the New World,' therewas none so important as education. At thi; time in the early history of Texas, there was perhapsno nation in the world that outranked Spain in the level of her eduCationalinstitu- tions and her national zeal for tkachingand learning. Naturally, with the comiref the 'Spaniardsto Texas, the , . early conquistadores andthe peiests that accompanied them did not lack the educationalzeal that was then character- isti of their nation. This zeal was transferredto Texas soil, The conquistadores utilized educationfor the pur- pose of controlling the Indians. J At the same,time, the prie t , who were mainly of the Jesuit andFranciscan order -, use education for theenlightenment and indoctri-- natioof the Indians in the Christian faith. Early in 1503 the Spanish policy toward the,educa- ,-- tion o'the Indians was established. Indians were to be establ shed-in villages andgiven land on which they were to remain permanently. The Indians were pliaced under 1/ \ control of a protector who in, turn provideda choolhouse' 5 2 in wuLch the childrencould be taught reading,writing, and thc: Christian doctxines. Suppressing native ceremonies, the protector made theIndians conform to the Christian form of marriage and alsoencouraged intermarriage of the Spaniards with the Indians. This Spanish policy of Indian control is k :-ownas the encomiendas system. The brutal fact is.that this systemwas characterized by compulsory labor for the Indianswhich was in somecases little more than slavery. Also thenatives were mercilessly regimented 4. into the task of being 'civilized.'1 The earliest known' attempt to civilize Texaswas made by the Jesuits in 1582 when they established missionsat El Paso for converting and educating the Indians.2 This effort was unsuccessful: The first mission to be establishedin Texas with any token ofsuccess was the Mission'of San Franciico,de .los'Tejas. It was founded in 1690 in what isnow present day Houstbn County, a few mileswest of the Neches River and aboUt_21 miles from presentday Crockett. Hostile , Indians, epidemics, lnd drottth forcedthe Franciscans to 1 C. E. Evans, The Stor N. of Texas Sob (,Austin: -42"...e Steck Company, 195).,pp. 10-ii. ? '.. J. J. Lane, iiistory of Education-141 lte*A qWashington: Government PrintingOffice, 1903), .P..15., P, wp 3 it on Octo-,Yer 23, 1693. -One'of its origi:Ial bells now on display in the Texas Room_of Carroll Library on t.no Baylor University Campus. 9 Between 1720 anal 1746 missions were established in Qentral Texas"by other Franciscan padres from Mexico. Sec. :fissions established by the French remainedin opera- tiL,n 1812 when they were suppressed by .Spain and the Indians adhering"to them were dispersed.4 a The period of ,_100 yeayeais from the ,establishment of the first mission in 1393 unt4eat of the last one at Refugio in 1791,saw Ai te foundingof 27 missions.5 Early Franciscan missionaries ofteh builta school ;Jeslc...c each church, reduced native languages to writing, helped the Indians-to learn reading and writing. 4 Pet-ro de Gante, the first educator of'the New World, estab- , lishbd the first school for Indian children at Texcoco in 6 1523, and.one in Mexico'City in 1529. The first school. on Texas soil other than mission or parish in origin was 3 Evans, op. cit., p. 13. 4 Lane,. p. 15. 5 Imans, p. 11% 6 bid., p. 15. it 7 at Laredo in 1763. Several of the old missions standas a Monument to,th' deditatibn of the early.' pares. 0. -II. Schools during the Mexican Era, 1821.1836 Texas; Spanish territory formore, than two centu- ries, became a Mexica state In 1821. The Mexican Revolu- . tion had begun in 1810. The Mexican people at once set /1' a...pout to form a gederal Republicpatterned after the newly created government of the United States. Under the new , Government, Texas was Joined to Coahuila, lyingsouth of the 'Rio Grande, forming oneenormous state with the capital' t Saltillo. Texas-Coahuila was just one of 19 states. Texas was partition 'into three''departments' which wdre named Bexar, Brazos, -ndNacogdoches. The capitals of these'departments were cat d respectively at San Antonio, San 2elipe de Austin, and.Nacogdoches. The government of the state was plated under the chargeof a congress, but local affairs were"to be handled by thedepartments.8, 7. Cole, R. Kink, "TheIfisdogyof Basic Education for Illiterates in Texas" (unpublished Master'sdissertation, Department of Education, Baylor University,1966), p. 1. 8 ,Frederick Eby; The De",o mqnt of. Educationin Texas (New York: The MacMillanom ny, 1925), p. 65. - 5 r the Federa;Constitution of Mexicoprovided for military and naval training andfor higher education, especially along the lines ofnatural and political 9 sciences. 'The Constitution furtherprovided for: 1) The ,establishme t Of primary schoolsin all towns; 2) teaching of ,readi r, riting, counting, and catechism ofthe state religion and of politicalrights and obligations; 3) the establishment of secondary schoolsof arts and sciences, A) the formulation by.congress of 'a uniform plan to regulate public instruction. 10Unfortunately these ideals Were not to be carriedout because the responsibilitywas shifted to the states. The states had no eduationalfund so they shifted, the load to the localgover ent or the 'ayuntamientos whowere incapable of carrying out sucha responsibility. The result was inadequate schools. The Roman Catholic. religion' -, adopted as the official relig- 'ionOf Mexico and the exercise of.another Was strictly forbidden. The emphasisonreligi.Orialidthe total lack of rel ious f eedomwas to seriously retard the growth of s nools. Ibid.,
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