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Download/Open CARLOS ROBERTO GASPAR TEIXEIRA DATA FAMA: O DESEMPENHO DOS ATLETAS OLÍMPICOS NAS REDES SOCIAIS DIGITAIS. Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Comunicação Social pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Roberto Tietzmann PORTO ALEGRE 2017 CARLOS ROBERTO GASPAR TEIXEIRA DATA FAMA: O DESEMPENHO DOS ATLETAS OLÍMPICOS NAS REDES SOCIAIS DIGITAIS Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Comunicação Social pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Aprovada em 8 de dezembro de 2017. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________ Orientador: Professor Dr. Roberto Tietzmann _____________________________________ Professor Dr. André Fagundes Pase _____________________________________ Professor Dr. Nelson Todt AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço aos meus pais, familiares e a minha namorada e companheira, Caroline Araujo, por sempre acreditarem em mim e me apoiarem em todos os momentos. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Roberto Tietzmann, pela confiança no meu trabalho e empenho incansável em me ajudar e colaborar com ideias. Assim como agradeço aos professores André Pase e Nelson Todt, membros da banca, por todas as contribuições que possibilitaram a evolução e a conclusão desse trabalho. Aos colegas, amigos e demais professores do PPGCOM e grupos de pesquisa de que participo, que fizeram parte dessa caminhada e também auxiliaram de alguma maneira na realização dessa pesquisa. RESUMO Esta dissertação buscou analisar de que forma a evolução e o desenvolvimento do número de seguidores nos perfis dos atletas olímpicos nas redes sociais, Facebook, Twitter e Instagram, foi influenciada pelas suas participações e desempenhos nos Jogos Rio 2016. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia própria, baseada na teoria fundamentada, tendo como proposta uma análise gráfica e estatística da evolução dos seguidores nas redes sociais de oito atletas olímpicos, divididos entre medalhistas de ouro, prata e bronze, além de não vencedores. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi desenvolvida uma discussão teórica que permitiu estabelecer algumas inferências, fundamentadas nos dados e em conceitos explorados por outros autores. Ao final de todas as análises, foi possível perceber que a participação e o desempenho dos atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 teve impacto no crescimento de suas redes sociais. Entretanto, foi constatada a existência de outros fatores influentes, além da presença e sucesso nos jogos, como aspectos econômicos, midiáticos, estéticos e até mesmo de estruturação dos sites de redes sociais analisados. O Instagram foi a plataforma que apresentou maior potencial de crescimento, o que reforçou a significância do caráter visual e estético que a prática esportiva denota. Percebeu-se que os Jogos Olímpicos, meios de comunicação de massa, mídias sociais digitais e atletas se relacionam de modo tão peculiar e intenso que podem ser observados e analisados como um sistema único retroalimentado, onde a construção de uma imagem no ambiente digital por parte do atleta, dentro desse contexto, se caracteriza como um ativo importante para o desenvolvimento de sua carreira. Palavras-chave: Comunicação; redes sociais; Jogos Olímpicos, atletas. ABSTRACT This research has sought to analyze how the evolution and the development of the number of followers in the Olympic athletes’ profiles in the social media Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, was influenced by their participation and performance in Rio 2016. For this purpose, was developed a methodology based on the grounded theory, having as proposal a graphical and statistical analysis of the evolution of the followers in the social media of eight Olympic athletes, divided among gold, silver and bronze medalists, besides not medalists. From the results obtained, was developed a theoretical discussion that has allowed to establish some inferences based on the data and concepts explored by other authors. After all the analyzes it was possible to perceive that the participation and performance of the athletes in Rio 2016 had a significant impact on the growth of their social media. However, it was verified the existence of other influential factors besides the presence and success in the Olympic Games, such as economic, mediatic, aesthetic aspects and even the structure of social media platforms analyzed. Instagram was the platform that presented the greatest growth potential, which reinforced the significance of the visual and aesthetic character that sports practice denotes. It has been realized that the Olympic Games, mass media networks, digital social media and athletes are related in such a peculiar and intense way that they can be observed and analyzed as a unique system, where the construction of an image in the digital environment by every athlete characterizes itself as an important asset for the development of their career. Keywords: Communication, social media; Olympic Games, athletes. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 - Personalização de página no Orkut ....................................................................... 42 Figura 2 - Infográfico Redes Sociais Digitais x Jogos Olímpicos Londres 2012 .................. 44 Figura 3 - Protestos dos atletas contra a regra 40 nas redes sociais #WeDemandChange ..... 49 Gráfico 1 - Volume de buscas no Google 2012 ....................................................................... 62 Gráfico 2 - Volume de buscas no Google 2016 ....................................................................... 63 Figura 4 - Convergência das mídias ao longo dos Jogos Olímpicos ...................................... 67 Figura 5 - Resumo evolução histórica, cultural e midiática dos Jogos Olímpicos ................. 68 Gráfico 3 - Valores de direitos comerciais dos Jogos Olímpicos (em milhões). ..................... 71 Figura 6 - Capa da Revista Time com Michael Johnson ........................................................ 86 Figura 7 - Nick Symmonds divulgando o espaço no braço para tatuagem – Londres 2012 .. 90 Figura 8 - Nick Symmonds postagens nas redes sociais em 2016 ......................................... 91 Figura 9 - Neto e o “Medalhaço” da Seleção Olímpica ......................................................... 93 Figura 10 - Twitter Trending Topics 2009 ............................................................................. 102 Figura 11 - Estrutura metodológica da pesquisa .................................................................... 113 Figura 12 - Atletas e redes coletadas ...................................................................................... 117 Gráfico 4 - Crescimento absoluto do número de seguidores por rede social ......................... 123 Gráfico 5 - Crescimento número de seguidores por rede social próximo aos Jogos Rio 2016 .................................................................................................... 125 Gráfico 6 - Crescimento percentual médio diário dos seguidores por rede social ................. 126 Gráfico 7 - Crescimento percentual dos seguidores dos perfis oficiais no Facebook ............ 127 Gráfico 8 - Crescimento percentual dos seguidores dos perfis oficiais no Instagram ........... 129 Figura 13 - Exemplo de ferramenta que remove seguidores fantasmas ................................. 131 Gráfico 9 - Crescimento percentual dos seguidores dos perfis oficiais no Twitter ............... 132 Gráfico 10 - Crescimentos máximos e mínimos .................................................................... 133 Gráfico 11 - Quantidade de seguidores nas redes .................................................................. 134 Figura 14 - Arthur Nory e o prêmio de atleta mais buscado no Google em 2016 ................. 164 Figura 15 - A presença da beleza estética (corpo e movimentos) no Instagram dos atletas .. 167 Figura 16 - Postagens de agradecimentos no Instagram ........................................................ 169 Figura 17 - Intersecções das relações conceituais e teóricas .................................................. 170 Figura 18 - Modelo de busca de notícias no Google .............................................................. 177 Figura 19 - Modelo de busca no Google Trends .................................................................... 178 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Datas de introdução dos eventos ........................................................................... 27 Tabela 2 - Histórico dos resultados de marketing nas últimas edições dos Jogos Olímpicos 73 Tabela 3 - Estimativas de patrocínio, venda e receita: Michael Jordan x Lebron James ....... 85 Tabela 4 - Somatório dos seguidores dos perfis oficiais no Facebook, Instagram e Twitter . 92 Tabela 5 - Amostra final ....................................................................................................... 118 Tabela 6 - Contagem total das variáveis complementares .................................................... 141 Tabela 7 - Estatística descritiva básica ................................................................................. 142 Tabela 8 - Matriz de Correlação de Pearson para o conjunto de variáveis ........................... 144 Tabela 9 - Parâmetros estimados para o modelo de regressão do crescimento das redes .... 147 Tabela 10 - Parâmetros estimados para o modelo de regressão da posição ........................... 149 Tabela 11 - Parâmetros estimados para o modelo de regressão das interações nas redes ...... 150 Tabela
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