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Home , 1937 Soviet Top League, 1972 European Super Cup, 1986 European Super Cup, 1992 in Russian football, 1995 in Russian football, Andriy Biba

University of Pristina, Faculty of FIEP – History of and Physical Education in Physical Education and Sport Leposaviæ Section

Book: IN EUROPE

Editors: Petar D. Pavlovic (Republic of Srpska) Nenad Zivanovic () Branislav Antala () Kristina M. Pantelic Babic, (Republic of Srpska)

Publishers: University of Pristina, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Leposavic FIEP Europe - History of Physical Education and Sport Section

For publishers: Veroljub Stankovic Nenad Zivanovic

2 Reviewers: Branislav Antala (Slovakia) Nenad Zivanovic (Serbia) Sladjana Mijatovic (Serbia) Nicolae Ochiana () Veroljub Stankovic (Serbia) Violeta Siljak (Serbia)

Prepress: Kristina M. Pantelic Babic

Book-jacket: Anton Lednicky

Circulation:

Printed by:

ISBN

NOTE: No part of this publication be reproduced without the prior permission of the authors.

3 Authors:

Balint Gheorghe (Romania)

Dejan Milenkovic (Serbia)

Elizaveta Alekseevna Bogacheva ()

Emeljanovas Arūnas ()

Fedor Ivanovich Sobyanin (Russia)

Ferman Konukman ()

Giyasettin Demirhan (Turkey)

Igor Alekseevich Ruckoy (Russia)

Javier Arranz Albó ()

Kristina M. Pantelic Babic (Republic of Srpska)

Majauskienė Daiva (Lithuania)

Petar D. Pavlovic (Republic of Srpska)

Sergii Ivashchenko ()

Zamfir George Marius (Romania)

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...... 6

FROM THE RISE OF FOOTBALL IN LITHUANIA TO THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LITHUANIAN FOOTBALL SELECTION IN THE OF ...... 7

BEGINNINGS OF FOOTBALL IN ...... 20

THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN ROMANIA BETWEEN 1899 AND 1960 ...... 36

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ...... 60

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN SERBIA - SINCE THE KINGDOM TO REPUBLIC (1896 - 2016) ...... 71

1902 CORONATION CUP - BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN REAL AND FC - A STUDY HEMEROGRAPHIC ...... 97

HISTORY OF ...... 114

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ...... 125

5 FOREWORD

During one session of FIEP’s Section for history of Physical Education and held in Nis (Serbia) in 2014 originated the idea and initiative for writing of History of Sports and Physical Education in European countries. By exchange of views with present colleagues, the idea was accepted. After consent of FIEP Europe’s President Mr. Branislav Antala (Slovakia) regarding this matter, during the following Section’s session the Commission for leading this idea into realization was formed. Elected members of this Commission were: Nenad Zivanovic, Petar D. Pavlovic, Branislav Antala and Kristina M. Pantelic Babic. At the same session was decided to start with writing of History of Physical Education. With the work of stated Commission members, National Delegates and Assistant of National Delegate of FIEP Europe, as also other associates from most European countries, edition about beginnings of development of Physical Education in European countries was successfully published in 2015. Due to the fact that first part of the project was very successful, the idea continues also in the following 2016 with same Commission and with edition about history of FOOTBALL IN EUROPE. For this publication 8 manuscripts were received and they all successfully passed review process. Papers are sorted alphabetically by countries which participated in this edition. We thank all authors for being a part of this interesting project and hope to continue our cooperation for edition in 2017.

Kind regards, EDITORS

6 LITHUANIA

FROM THE RISE OF FOOTBALL IN LITHUANIA TO THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LITHUANIAN FOOTBALL SELECTION IN THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF PARIS

Daiva Majauskienė, Faculty of Sport Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania Arūnas Emeljanovas Faculty of Sport Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania

Correspondence Daiva Majauskiene [email protected] Phone: +37037302626

Introduction

People started playing football in Lithuania in the beginning of the XX century. However, the development of football in Lithuania like other branches of sport was interrupted by World War One. As it was over, Lithuania declared its independence in 1918. Lithuania started developing its physical culture and sport system on the basis of the experience of other countries. The Lithuanians, who had spread around the world, came back to Lithuania and became the biggest enthusiasts of the development of sport. They developed various branches of sport and sport games in Lithuania. Although the attitude of most Lithuanians towards sport was negative, the Section of Shooters started functioning in spring 1919, the Lithuanian Union of Sport was established and the first public performances of sportspeople took place (History of Lithuanian Physical Culture and Sport, 1996). Goal – to analyze the development of football in Lithuania from the fountainheads to the participation of the Lithuanian selection in the Olympic Games of Paris.

7

Fountainheads of football

People started playing football in Lithuania in the beginning of the XX century. V. Petrauskas established the sport association “Aras“ in 1907. „We wrote the statute of a sport organization from Mintauja, edited it for the adaptation of the life conditions in Kaunas and submitted to Governor Veriovkin for the approval (...) the first sport organization, which was accessible to everybody, rose in Kaunas with big difficulties“ (Petrauskas, 1933). The organization united 258 members and cultivated weightlifting, track-and-field athletics, wrestling, and football. It organized two football teams in Kaunas: Geltonasis Erelis and Mėlynasis Erelis (Poviliūnas, 2010). V. Petrauskas wrote about the rise of football in his memories (1933): “We played sports successfully and attained 1911 when football developed in all big cities briskly. We also organized two teams: yellow and blue ones. The participants trained intensely. In the middle of July 1911 we became brave and invited the players from Vilnius to Kaunas. The first public match was impressive: a large crowd gathered and had a very negative influence on our players. The men were unused to showing themselves in public, chafed, distressed and were even more unsuccessful. We lost to the players from Vilnius 10:5“ (Petrauskas, 1933). 3 clubs – „Sakalas“, „Antakalnis“ and „Žvėrynas“ played football in Vilnius at that time. Vilnius Football League was established on the initiative of A. A. Konas, chairman of the association “Sakalas”. Soon “In 1913 the Germans organized an Olympiad in the East-Prussian region and invited the from Kaunas. There were a few thousands of spectators. The match resulted in 2:2, but one goal was uncounted for the Lithuanians...“ (Petronis, 1933). The development of football in Lithuania was interrupted by World War One. In spite of a complicated political and economic situation in Lithuania after World War One, football revived again in 1919. However, the years 1919, 1920 were still an epoch of random matches. There was no special place for doing sports or playing football and according to S. Garbačiauskas „Football and track-and- field athletics championships or even international football matches

8 were organized illegally, on a strange pasture (...) There was much trouble with carrying football goals and tools from Vytautas Park, setting them and bringing back to the park after matches (...) Sometimes there were matches on Saturdays and Sundays. Nobody wanted to bring the goals back to Vytautas Park after the Saturday event and they were left in the Oak-Wood on the meadow. There were no goals on Sunday; they may have been stolen by the pasture lessees and used for fuel“. (Narbutas, 88). Moreover, “when playing football, there were difficulties both with a lack of playgrounds and money” (Narbutas, 115). The first football match was played in 1919. The team of the Lithuanian Union of Sport (LSS) (the first sport organization of the independent Lithuania established in Kaunas in May 1919) and the team of the aviation officers met in Vytautas Park. LSS won the match 4:2. There were also a few matches in 1920. In relation with an instable political situation, there were more matches in 1921 and 1922. Even several tens of matches were organized in 1921. The truth is that the participating teams were weak both their composition and education. The number of teams with different names increased in 1921: civil officers, schools, clubs and unions. However, all these teams did not have any interrelations, played each separately and had even several matches against each other. Matches were not organized in 1921, no championships were organized and the matches were just actual. LFLS and the International team can be noticed among all these matches (or the team of diplomats). The team of diplomats consisted of: R. Lasič (Serbian), Palmquist (Finnish), Sala (Italian), V.D.Leoff (Dutch), Usquiano (Spanish), Powel and Mende (English), Borch (Dane), Lelek (Czech) and Butin (French); the team of LFLS consisted of: Klečka, Rimša, Garbačiauskas, V.Dineika, Vasiliauskas, Kulvietis, Stakniūnas, Juozapaitis, Nausas, Stonis, Fersteris (Narbutas, 104). The spectators paid much attention to the match, especially to its result: “It was the first time when thousands of spectators came to the Oak-Wood and watched the match actively (…). The Lithuanian society was happy and spoke about this match for a long time because it was said “the Lithuanians won the whole world ” (Narbutas, 103).

9 Although football became more popular in Lithuania, the attitude of even the sport organizer K. Dineika towards this game was negative. “Football (kojasvydis) is a non-aesthetical game that does not pleasure any spectators or participants with a good taste. A cruel way of fight also affects the character. Moreover, a constant danger of injuries is not the best feature of football. Conclusively, all drawbacks of cycling are characteristic to football. Stoop and unnecessary fattening of legs with expanded blood vessels – it is an undesirable result of football. Besides, football is a too intensive game to have a good effect on health. Just insufficient self- appreciation, superficial absent-mindedness and a reprehensible wish of adventures can push us to football or another similar game”(Narbutas, 114). LFLS achieved the best results of all actual matches in 1919-1921 as it only had one loss and about fifteen victories in this period (Garbačiauskas, 1922). To unofficial knowledge, pilot Steponas Darius, who was a propagator of football, brought the first rules in English to our country (Mieliulis, 2013). It was written in the press of that time that there were a few books of rules in German in Kaunas because they rose in much earlier. One of the first Lithuanian football referees of the German origin, Valetris Demkė, brought a few books and gave them to the Lithuanian Union of Sport. Steponas Garbačiauskas, one of the best Lithuanian football players and of that time and establisher of the Lithuanian Football League (LFL), started translating the rules into Lithuanian and the “Official Rules of Football” saw the light in spring 1923. They were a certain revolution in the Lithuanian football. The teams, their players and, of course, referees, had to observe the rules strictly. The first book of rules consisted of just 20 pages. Later the “Official Rules of Football” were supplemented and additional editions were issued. The Lithuanian Sport League and the Division of Football, which was later named committee, were established on the 22nd of March 1922. The organization of football championships started in the same year. There was an announcement in the press of that time: “The Lithuanian football championship starts soon, so all the football teams, which would like to participate in the above-

10 mentioned championship, should enrol at the Division of Football of the Lithuanian Sport League and send the full name and composition of the team, its reserve, indications of its form, sign, colour etc. (Garbačiauskas, 1922). The first international football match in Lithuania took place in June 1922 between the best Latvian team YMCA and the best Lithuanian team LFLS. This match showed the Lithuanians were more interested in football (Kamuolys, 1922).

Picture1: Match of Latvian team YMCA with Lithuanian team LFLS

LFLS went to Riga in September, played against LSB and won the match 1:0. The goal was kicked by St. Garbačiauskas. The Estonian football team TJK came to Kaunas in October and played two matches. On the first day, it won LFLS 7:1 and met Kaunas selection on the second day; the result of this match was 0:0 (Narbutas, 1978). The first football championship took place in Kaunas in 1922 and later it was organized regularly every year. The rules of

11 organization of football championships were explained in the press (Notifications of the Lithuanian Sport League, 1922): 1. Matches are played among the league members every year; 2. Each team plays against another team twice every year. 3. First – in the first (spring) circle. 4. Second – in the second (autumn) circle. 5. Each team gets two points for a victory. 6. If the final result of the match between the teams is a draw, each team gets one point. 7. The lost team gets zero points. 8. The team that gets most points after two circles becomes winner of the Lithuanian football championship of the year when it won the first prize. 9. The team that gets fewer points than the winner wins the second prize. 10. The team that gets fewer points than the second one wins the third prize etc. 11. The teams with the same number of points must play the final match to obtain a difference in points. 12. Each player can participate just in one club per year. An interest in the championship was big, but not all teams were able to participate in the championship because some of them lacked clothes. 10 teams participated in the championship of 1922: Team I of Kaunas Club LFLS, Team II of Kaunas Club LFLS, Team of Šančiai Division of LFLS, Lithuanian Union of Shooters, the Separate Battalion of Baltgudžiai, Company of Clerks of Central Institutions, Avicija, “Makabi” and Polish Gymnasium. Most teams left the championship before time due to bad order of the championship and disagreements between the participants and the Football Committee. All the teams, which had enrolled, were allowed to participate in the championship without grouping them according to the strength. The team of the Lithuanian Union of Physical Education got 12 points and was the first one to win the laurels of champions. The teams were divided into three groups according to the strength in the championship of 1923: IA, IB, II (table 1) (Garbačiauskas, 1923). Four teams of Kaunas were included in the first group: LFLS, “Kovas”, KSK and “Makabi”. But “Makabi”

12 excluded its team from this group in the first circle and referred it to play in the second group. The team of LFLS won the championship again, KSK was the second one and “Kovas” – the third one.

Results of group IA No. Team Played Won Draw Lost Points Ratio of goals 1. LFLS 4 2 1 1 5 7:3 2. KSK 4 2 1 1 5 9:7 3. Kovas 5 1 2 2 4 6:8 Results of group IB No. Team Played Won Draw Lost Points Ratio of goals 1. Vytis 7 5 0 2 10 15:12 2. LFLS 7 3 2 2 8 13:9 3. KSK 7 1 4 2 6 8:13 4. Makabi 7 2 1 4 5 9:11 5. Kovas 4 1 1 2 3 8:8 Results of teams of group II No. Team Played Won Draw Lost Points Ratio of goals 1. Kovas 2 2 0 0 4 9:2 2. LFLS 2 1 0 1 2 7:2 3. Makabi 2 0 0 2 0 1:14

Table 1: Grouping of teams in the championship and results of matches in 1923

We can draw a conclusion from these results that the mastery of teams of group IA was similar as the difference in points was minimal between the teams. According to S. Garbačiauskas, the football level can be increased (1923) „we can improve our football sport just by means of the abundance of matches. In matches, the provincial units would watch and take over better ways of playing

13 from the football players of Klaipeda and Kaunas and the latter ones – from abroad“. Football became more and more popular among the inhabitants of Lithuania in 1923: “The football sport obtained big sympathy among our young people. Football is the favourite sport of young people. It was not organized or managed from above; it naturalized in a short period and has been spreading without restraint. There are groups of pupils, young people or children in Kaunas and in every village; they kick a real leather or a ball made of rags or paper or even a simple gum ball” (Garbačiauskas, 1923). However, it became clear soon that the Football Committee of LSL was unable to solve arising problems, so a decision was made to establish the Football League. The Football Committee convoked a congress of football cultivating sport organizations in Kaunas on the 25th of November 1923. The congress decided to establish the highest Lithuanian football institution – “Lithuanian Football League”. This organization takes care of the organization and popularization of football in Lithuania. In June 1923, the Football Committee of the Lithuanian Sport League became a member of the Federation Internationale de (FIFA). The first international match was also played in Kaunas in the same month, but the Lithuanians were not successful and they lost to the Estonian selection 0:5. It should be noted that pupils also played football. The pupils of Kaunas Further Commercial School and Team II of “Kovas” played the first friendly match on the playground of the fifth regiment in Aukštoji Panemunė in spring 1924 (Razma, 1924). The football championship was organized just by the Lithuanian Football League established that year. By 1924, just the teams of Kaunas had participated in the championships as other towns were just creating their teams. Klaipėda participated in the championship of 1924. “Kovas” (Kaunas) - “Sportverein” (Klaipėda) played in the final match of the Lithuanian championship. “Kovas” won the championship.

14

Picture 2: Team “Kovas” (Kaunas)

The statute of the Lithuanian Football League was registered in February 1924 and signed by prof. Žemaitis, dr. J. Alekna, K. Vileišis, St. Garbačiauskas, V. Krukas, K. Blažys (Narbutas, 1978). There was a congress of representatives of the clubs with football teams of Kaunas Region in Kaunas in March and the heads of Kaunas Region were elected: chairman Steponas Darius, members: V. Balčiūnas, S. Razma, Garbačiauskas, E. Fersteris, Šulginas. The first congress of the Lithuanian Football League took place in Kaunas on the 6th of April and the representatives of Klaipėda Region participated in it, too. It became clear in the congress that LFL had been re-registered in FIFA, the Lithuanian team had been enrolled for the competitions of Olympiad VIII in Paris and the list of players was announced: Darius- captain I, Deringas-captain II, Gvildys, Krigeris, Čepėnas, Juozapaitis, Bartuška, Razma, Žilevičius, Garbačiauskas, Gecas, spares: Humfeldas, Krukas, Hardingsonas, Sabaliauskas, Janušauskas, Balčiūnas, Mikučiauskas, Aranavičius, Gelermanas, Barstaitis, Strazdas (Dito, 1924). S. Garbačiauskas was appointed representative for the relations with FIFA in Paris and represented Lithuania at the international football congress in Paris. „Now we will come back without prizes... but everyone will take as much energy, power and knowledge for further work that the

15 Lithuanian flag will wave in the tower of victories in Amsterdam in 1928“ (Sport Desk, 1924). The football regions were organized at the congress of the League and the football championship schedule was compiled for that year. The enrolment of the Lithuanian football team in the Olympiad was announced in French newspapers and St. Garbačiauskas was assigned to lot for the Lithuanian team. The first central committee of the Lithuanian Football League was also elected during the congress: chairman - S. Darius, members: St. Garbačiauskas, E. Feresteris, S. Razma, J. Kremeris (Razma, 1924). A course for football referees was organized in Kaunas on the 11th of April 1924. A decision was made that the referees, who would not complete the course and get diplomas of referees, would not be able to referee any football matches. Thirty people from different unions and clubs enrolled in the first course. Demke, Vasiliauskas etc. gave the course and it lasted from the 2nd of April to the 18th of April (Courses of Football Referees, 1924). The following referees completed the course and obtained the first category: Demkė, Šulginas, Fersteris, Vasiliauskas, Balčiūnas; the second category was obtained by Baltuška, Stašinskas, Kondratas, Petrušis, Jesaitis, Markevičius, Račūnas, Aranauskas, Gurvičius, Epelšteinas (Onside, 1924). It was planned to form the “College of Football Referees” from these referees in order to compile a statute and help the Lithuanian Football League to work. The above- mentioned college had to change the rules of football in Lithuania, solve disagreements between players and referees, organize courses etc. There were articles about the organization of football trainings in the press (Senasis futbolininkas, 1924). It was noted in the articles that football players had to train fast running, manage a ball well; attention was drawn to the hygiene of sportspeople, rules of safe game and number and duration of trainings. In order to increase an interest in football, the desk of the „Sportas“ magazine announced the first contest of football experts and elected the best football player of the country in spring (Conditions of the Football Contest of the Magazine „Sportas“, 1924). In spite of lots of difficulties, the Lithuanian Olympic football selection went to Olympiade VIII in Paris on the 22nd of May 1924. It had to play against the Swiss selection on the 25th day

16 (Paskutinė žinia, 1924). Although the Lithuanian selection going to the Olympiad of Paris did not expect any victories, it though the participation in the Olympic Games would provide it with priceless experience that would be useful in other matches.

Conclusions

Although people started playing football in Lithuania before World War One, it became popular just after the war. Individual matches were played by 1922 and the first Lithuanian football championship was organized in 1922. The rules of football were issued in 1923. In the same year, the Football Committee of the Lithuanian Sport League became a member of FIFA and the Lithuanian selection was invited to participate in the Olympiad of Paris. Courses of referees were organized in 1924 and it was written about the organization of trainings and football matches in the press more and more often. Kaunas Football Region established in 1924 had a big influence on the development and organization of football and performed the organizational work of the Lithuanian football. The first congress of representatives of the Lithuanian Football League (LFL) took place in January 1924. Steponas Darius became the first chairman of LFL.

17 REFERENCES

Dito. (1924). Lietuvos Futbolo lygos I suvažiavimas. Sportas, 10- 11, 80.

Futbolo teisėjų kursai. (1924). Sportas, 10-11, 83.

Garbačiauskas, S. (1922). Futbolas 1922? Lietuvos sportas, 5, 3.

Garbačiauskas, S. (1923). Lietuvos futbolo pirmenybės ir futbolo organizacija. Sportas, 1, 4.

Kamuolys. (1922). Futbolas IMCAI – LFLS. Lietuvos sportas, 9-10, 4-5.

Kontvainis, V., Novikovas, V. (2001). Futbolas Lietuvoje. LKKA.

Lietuvos futbolo organizacijos istorijos lapas. (1934). Kūno kultūra ir sveikata, 16, 222.

Lietuvos kūno kultūros ir sporto istorija. (1996). Vilnius: Margi raštai.

Lietuvos sporto lygos pranešimai. (1922). Lietuvos sportas, 6, 3.

Mieliulis, E. (2013). Lietuviškoms futbolo taisyklėms - 90 metų. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lfta.lt/lietuviskoms- futbolo-taisyklems-90-metu/

Narbutas, J. (1978). Sportas nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje . M. Morkūno spaustuvė.

Onside. (1924). Pirmoji futbolo teisėjų laida. Sportas, 12-13, 101.

Paskutinė žinia. (1924). Sportas, 12-13, 99.

Petrauskas, V. (1933). Pirmoji Kauno sporto organizacija. Kūno kultūra ir sportas, 46, 716-717.

18 Poviliūnas, A. (2010). Olimpinė Lietuva 1918 – 2008: lūžiai, etapai, pasauliniai kontekstai . Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

Razma. (1924). Futbolas. Sportas, 12-13, 100.

Razma. (1924). Lietuvos futbolo lygos Kauno apygarda . Sportas, 10-11, 80-81.

Senasis futbolininkas. (1924). Futbolininko treniruotė. Sportas, 10- 11, 75.

Sporto redakcija. (1924). Lietuva dalyvauja pasaulio olimpiadoje. Sportas, 10-11, 74.

Žurnalo „Sportas“ futbolo konkurso sąlygos. (1924). Sportas, 10-11, 83-84.

19 REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

BEGINNINGS OF FOOTBALL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Petar D. Pavlović, Faculty of PE and Sports, University of , Republic of Srpska Kristina M. Pantelić Babić, Faculty of PE and Sports, University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska

Correspondence Kristina M. Pantelić Babić [email protected] Phone: +387 65 597 68

Introduction

Modern sports disciplines, as we know them today, originated mostly from and soon spread to almost all countries of the World. The same way is how modern disciplines came to territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH). Foreigners who came to BIH from more developed European countries as also students from BIH who studied in some European or other countries, brought with them first knowledge about physical activities, and especially about modern sports disciplines. During breaks and also after they finished studies, students went back to BIH and passed their knowledge about modern sports among locals, who accepted this with great enthusiasm. At the same time they were also initiators of the establishment of gymnastic, Sokol and other sport societies. Football, as also other sport disciplines, primarily started in gymnastic and Sokol societies, schools, students’ sport crews and slightly later in first sport clubs.

20

Period until 1918

First notes about Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Football in BIH was popular even in period of Ottoman occupation. That fact, as also information about some other sporting activities, were noted by British archeologist, travel writer and historian Arthur Evans, who by instruction of British Government in 1877, visited all Bosnia, Herzegovina, , Dalmatia, Lika and some parts of Slavonia. In mid May 1877 Evans arrived in Serbian insurgent troop in Kamenica (Bosnian Krajina) where priest Ilija Bilbija was in command. There he found the rebels against Ottoman occupation playing some games, and among them was also football. “It was a lovely spring evening when I arrived, and I found the whole troop assembled on a grassy mountain lawn engaged in athletic sports. Of course, what could and Englishman do but join them? And really, but for the outlandish costume of these ‘muscular Christians’, one might just as well have been in the Vale of the White Horse. First we had ‘metati’ – nothing else, I can assure you, than the good old English game of ‘putting the stone’. The insurgents showed great strength but little skill – Bosnian born and Bosnian bred, Strong i’ the arm and weak i’ the head, as certain also of our own poets hath said. At any rate, thought I am by no means an , I found that by a little judicious knack I could throw as far as the best, and felt rather like little Jack when he did the giant! Then we had

21 football- a primitive football, with a ball compounded of insurgent caps, and with no goal in particular – but still football. Then there was another game of ‘chevy’, the details of which are too long to describe here; but all these sports have a real significance. I believe that there is no other people in Europe endowed so largely with the English love of field sports as these much- maligned Southern ; and surely it is a most hopeful sign.” 1

According to Pašić, first football ball in BIH was brought by CEO of Hungarian bank in Mostar, Bernard Lajhner from in spring of 1903. The same year he attended one football match when officially visiting Budapest, and was thrilled with this sport. After the match he bought one ball (for football) for his two sons and brought it to Mostar. Right on the return to Mostar he started to teach his sons Alfred and Oscar this interesting new game. 2 Other kids started to play with Alfred and Oscar. Because they didn't know anything about this new game, they mostly competed who will kick the ball further. Two Hungarians, Imano and Nadj, solders of Austro-Hungarian army who played football in Hungarian clubs and knew well this game, observed the kids on the field. Then they joined the kids and passed their knowledge to them. Soon kids adopted some basic moves, kicks, maneuvers and other skills with ball, they formed kids’ teams and occasionally started to compete and weight their skills.

1 Arthur, J. Evans: Illyrian letters, Longmans, Green, and Co., London 1878, pp. 122 – 123. 2 Петар Д. Павловић: Физичка култура српског народа у Босни и Херцеговини до 1918. године, Факултет физичке културе Универзитета у Српском Сарајеву, Српско Сарајево, 1988.

22 We cannot accept Pasic’s opinion for sure, due to the fact that this particular football game appeared even before in and other places of Serbia, Zagreb and Slavonia, who border with BIH. Therefore there is a possibility (assumption) that football started in some other place of BIH even before 1903. During 1905 Mostar students formed football club named “Students’ sport club”, that mostly played against team of soldiers from Austro-Hungarian army stationed in Mostar. Two professors from Mostar high school - Gymnasium, Koštreba and Pihler were part of the club as delegates from school. School authorities were not thrilled with this club, so sometimes students-footballers were punished with no reason or they were forbidden to play matches with others, because club didn’t have the work-permission of Land Government (Austro-Hungarian authorities). According to Pašić, students from Mostar in 1909 (there is no exact month or day stated) played two matches in Mostar with team of “Students’ sport club” from . On the first day Mostar students triumphed with 3:0, and goals were scored by: Imit, Marcel and Gayer (who came from Sarajevo to help the Mostarians). However, on the second day they were defeated with 2:1. 3 Besides „Students’ sport club“ few more unregistered football teams were formed in Mostar: high school football club “Zrinjski”, “Hercegovac”, HROSK (Croatian workmen youth football club), etc., which, besides persecution and ban by Austro- Hungarian authorities, still played football matches between themselves and with teams from Sarajevo who stop off in Mostar. There was no football field, so the matches were played on meadows around Mostar, and mostly near Orthodox Church. Besides Mostar, football started also in other places of BIH. On Pale in July 1907, on picnic of Croatian sokols from Sarajevo,

3 Šefik Pašić: Šezdeset i pet godina fudbala u Mostaru, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 1, br. 1, Sarajevo, 1968, str. 42.

23 among other activities: “[…] football was played with great persistence as also all other games.” 4 During next, 1908, on September 20th, members of Croatian Sokol society from Sarajevo were on a picnic in “Karolin palace” near Sarajevo, when, among other activities, was also a football match between members of the Society. 5 During next picnic of the same Society on May 16th 1909, Croatian sokols played football. 6 In Tuzla in 1910 youngsters “[…] played one kind of football game in which opponents were trying to place the ball in the opposing team’s ‘pit’.” 7

Students’ sport crew in Sarajevo high school – Gymnasium

Czech Sokols, after participation in Croatian Sokol slet in Zagreb in 1906, in September visited Sarajevo and, using this opportunity, introduced the members of Serbian gymnastic society “Dušan Silni” with game of football. 8 Besides Sokol societies, football was played also during gymnastics classes in Sarajevo schools and in Students’ sport crews,

4 Cited in: Петар Д. Павловић: Физичка култура српског народа у Босни и Херцеговини до 1918. године, Српско Сарајево, 1988, стр. 171; Хрватски дневник, бр. 162, 1907. 5 Hajrudin Ćurić: Počeci moderne gimnastike u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 1 – 24; Hrvatski Sokol, god. 7, br. 11, Zagreb, studeni 1908, str. 155. 6 Hajrudin Ćurić: Počeci moderne gimnastike u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 1 – 24; Hrvatski Sokol, god. 8, br. 6, Zagreb, lipanj 1909, str. 57. 7 Milorad Bajić: Počeci fudbalskog sporta u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 50. 8 Enciklopedija fizičke kulture, tom 1, Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1975, str. 196.

24 which were formed illegally by students despite the ban of school authorities. Those sport crews were not registered as societies because that was not possible taking the fact that members were younger than 18, and according to the legislative of Provincial Government their joining was not formally allowed. One of those “illegal” sport crews was organized by students of Great high-school (Gymnasium) in Sarajevo in 1908. Students of Sarajevo high school: Bugarski, Svetozar Gerovac, Zdravko Jeftanović, Stevo Jokanović, Feodor Hukač, Emil Najšul, Dušan Radović, etc., on spring 1908 visited students in Zagreb. During their visit to Zagreb, among other things, they were introduced with football game, and after returning to Sarajevo they started the initiative to organize a sport club (or crew) in their school where they could play this game. As a participant of founding meeting, beside already mentioned students, were also: Petar Zovko, Mirko Karaman, Matanović, A. Sulejmanović, Uroš Čović and others. Later some other, younger students, also joined this group. Among them were: Bajer, Blažević, Alfred Gayer, V. Janković, Bora Jevtić, Mahišević, ero Orlić, Petrović, B. Skakić and Ismet Smajiša. Journalist Milan Ždrale on summer 1978 met Alfred Gayer and talked with him about forming of Students’ sport club in Sarajevo in 1908. After that, Gayer wrote him his memories about that. We quote some parts of those memories: “It was the end of spring 1908 and the day was sunny and beautiful. Sarajevo Gymnasium invited students of Great real school to come in the afternoon as many as possible to ‘Sarajevo field’ military practice site (‘Exerzire’) of Austro-Hungarian army to discuss about forming of sport club. In scheduled time appeared around 50 students of Gymnasium and Real school. The initiators of this meeting were Fedor Lukač, Emil Najšul,

25 Zdravko Jeftanović and Stevo Jokanović, and students of Real-school were led by Petar Zovko, Milan Mališević, Mirko Karaman and me (Alfred Gayer). The creator of this action was Fedor Lukač (famous doctor afterwards) who explained the purpose of this meeting in few sentences and suggested to form sport club that would include football and light athletics. He suggested that we should form club named ‘Students’ sport club in Sarajevo’. We gladly accepted his proposal and that is how first sport club in Sarajevo and first football club in Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed. During this gathering Fedor Lukač showed us first football (leather) ball that he brought from Zagreb, a kind we have never seen before. Fedor briefly explained us some rules by reading some lines from one German book. He told us that the ones who want to play football should stay after the meeting, and the ones who prefer light athletics will be summoned as soon as they acquire necessary equipment.” 9

Students gathered after school on military playground of Austro-Hungarian army in Sarajevo and practiced football game. At the beginning Austro-Hungarian authorities didn’t allowed them to be on this playground, but after students addressed the official request to the local Command, the authorities allowed them to gather in the afternoon time and play football there, provided they fill in the wholes from the goalposts when finished. After the practice or match they left the goalposts with one railway switchman who was a big

9 Alfred Gayer: cited in: Милан Ждрале: 100 година фудбала на простору Српске, Фудбалски савез Републике Српске и Графомарк, Лакташи, 2010, стр. 28 – 29.

26 fan of football game. Sometimes some Austro-Hungarian soldiers, among which some prior footballers from clubs from (Vienna, Repid and Herto), (Slavia and Sparta) and Budapest (Ferenzvaroš), observed their practice. Austro-Hungarian soldiers formed their own team and played matches with students. According to memories of Alfred Gayer, members of the first students’ team were: Bajer, Drago Blažević, Alfred Gayer, Svetozar Gerovac, Petar Zovko, V. Janković, Zdravko Jeftanović, Stevo Jokanović, Mirko Karaman, Oskar Lauka, Fedor Lukač, Milan Malešević, Mišković, Emil Najšul, Pero Orlić, Mišo Samardžić and others. According to Bajić, students played their first public match in 1909 “[…] against Austro-Hungarian garrison (48th Vienna regiment), with some famous Viennese footballers. In ‘White eleven’ team, as they were called, were a several first-team members of already famous Vienna clubs ‘Rapid’ and ‘Vienna’.” 10 Because at the time there was no other football clubs in Sarajevo, students often played against team of Austro-Hungarian garrison and during those matches students showed “[…] a lot of talent for this game and often won against very good Viennese team.” 11 In 1911 in Sarajevo were Zagreb sport clubs “Konkordia” and “Hašk”, and in that occasion, among other activities, they played a football match against members of “Students’ sport club in Sarajevo”. When football players of team “Hajduk” from Split found out that students in Sarajevo formed football club ant that they played some matches against “Konkordia” and “Hašk” from Zagreb, and also against Austro-Hungarian military team, they invited them

10 Milorad Bajić: Počeci fudbalskog sporta u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 49. 11 Ibid.

27 to come to Split in April 1911 to be their guests and play one or two matches with them. 12 Milan Ždrale, based on the memories of Alfred Gayer (actual actor of those happenings) that Alfred wrote in 1978 (60 years after the matches in Split), wrote that this was happening in 1912. Based on the aforementioned, we can conclude that the correct year is 1911. This was the first visit of Sarajevo footballers outside the BIH, and that: “[…] news about their tour was a first class sensation for people of Sarajevo. Special interest came from the students. The farewell on a railway station was so festal, like the ones for the faraway travelers of that time.” 13 According to memories of Alfred Gayer, player of those matches, first match they played on April 7th and were defeated with 1:4, and on the next day they played their second match and won with 2:1. According to Milorad Bajić and Petar D. Pavlović, first match was won by Sarajevo students with result 2:1, and the next match Split footballers triumphed with 5:1. 14 About their visit to split Albert Gayer wrote as follows: “This was our first visit to other city. We went by train (third class) to Metković, and then by ship to Split, where we arrived around 6 p.m. on April 6th 1912. We all had to take with us some ‘dry food’, and Club paid for our train tickets. In Split dock we were welcomed by Hajduk Administration together with players and other

12 Milorad Bajić: Počeci fudbalskog sporta u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972. 13 Ibid, p. 49. 14 Milorad Bajić: Počeci fudbalskog sporta u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972; and Петар Д. Павловић: Физичка култура српског народа у Босни и Херцеговини до 1918. године, Српско Сарајево, 1988.

28 fans of football. From the dock we went to the hotel. […] We played two matches in Split: first we played on April 7th 1912 and lost with 1:4, and the second, one day later, we won with 2:1. Why these results were scored and why we lost the first match? The reason was as follows. On the day of the match, with nice and sunny weather, hosts took our players for a walk in the town and to Marjan for some Split sightseeing. This lasted for few hours, and we walked until the lunch, and right after that they took us to stadium. Not used to these long walks in this sunny weather, players were exhausted and were not able to stay the whole match in strong tempo. Of course, our defeat was inevitable! Nevertheless, we had no comments for Hajduk’s victory, it was achieved in one fair and quality game.” 15

On the next day students didn’t go for a walk before the match, they had a good rest and they won the second match with 2:1. At the beginning (until 1921) Students’ sport club didn’t have official name, because members were underage (younger than 18) and could not register, and most of the time was called “Students’ sport club” or “High-school sport club”. When in 1913 Croatian youngsters left the “Students’ sport club” and joined “Croatian sport club”, remaining members decided to join “Serbian sport club” formed the same year. Work in this club was multifarious, and special attention was addressed to football. Often matches were played against Croatian sport club (HŠK), and almost always those matches got the

15 Alfred Gayer: cited in: Милан Ждрале: 100 година фудбала на простору Српске, Фудбалски савез Републике Српске и Графомарк, Лакташи, 2010, стр. 31.

29 label of national competition. How far that went can be seen on the example of match between these two teams played on October 5th 1913 in Sarajevo, when HŠK brought five players from Vienna for purposes of this match, and managed to defeat Serbian sport club with 2:1. Newspaper “Serbian Word” wrote that Croatian players played rough and that they “kicked their legs” and one of the fans “hit the referee”, and in the following edition the same newspaper wrote that it is “[…] ruefully that one sport match can be turned into a fight of against Croats.” 16 Footballers of “Hajduk” from Split were hosted in Sarajevo in 1913 when they played two matches against players of Serbian sport club. On the first day members of Serbian sport club won, but on the second day “Hajduk” players took the victory.

Period 1918 – 1941

Formation of football clubs

After the end of WW1 in 1918 football started to play more intensively in BIH and football clubs started to appear in almost all places of BIH. From the time of new country (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) in 1918 up until April 1941 football clubs were formed in following places of BIH: Avtovac (near Gacko)(1), Banja Luka (10), Bijeljina (2), Bihać (2), Bosanska Gradiška (3), Bosanska Dubica (1), Bosanska Krupa (1), Bosanski Novi (1), Bosanski Petrovac (1), Bosanski Šamac (2), Brčko (2), Budžak (near Banja Luka) (1), Visoko (1), Vrbas (1), Derventa (2), Doboj (4), Dobrljin (1), Zavidovići (1), Zenica (1), Ilidža (near Sarajevo) (2), Jajce (2), Kozarac (1), Lukavac (1), Ljubija (1), Mostar (5), Mrkonjić Grad (1), Nova Topola (1), Orašje (1), Pale (2), Prijedor

16 Петар Д. Павловић: Физичка култура српског народа у Босни и Херцеговини до 1918. године, Српско Сарајево, 1988, p. 186; Српска Ријеч, бр. 205, Сарајево, 1913; Српска Ријеч, бр. 206, Сарајево, 1913.

30 (3), Sanski Most (2), Sarajevo (14), Sokolac (1), Teslić (2), Travnik (2), Trebinje (1), Tuzla (4), Usora (1), Čapljina (1), etc. 17 Jewish youngsters in 1932 in Sarajevo formed sport club “Maccabi” that, among its activities, had also a football section with approximately 50 members. Before forming of “Maccabi” there was a Jewish sport club “Gioden” in Sarajevo, but with only few members and “[…] football section with only 9 players.” 18 After forming of SC “Maccabi”, members of “Gioden” joined them. First coach of football team “Maccabi” was Sisi Alkalaj. First public match players of “Maccabi” played in Sarajevo in 1933 against players of football club “Djerzelez”. “Maccabi” won with 2:0. In next, 1934 they hosted footballers from SC “Maccabi” Zagreb. They played one match where Zagreb footballers won with 3:2. Club was financed by players. Every week they paid in certain amount of money. “Players washed they own jerseys and fixed football shoes, and purchase was made with their own incomes. That income was 10 dinars weekly, which every player paid in regularly. To miss a pay was considered a great shame. This was considered a big income for that time, because those young workers, mostly apprentices and helpers, had a weekly income of 30 dinars.” 19

Club existed until April 1941.

17 Први југословенски спортски алманах, Београд, 1930. 18 Bogomir Ružička: Sportski klub „Makabi“, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 1, br. 1, Sarajevo, 1968, str. 59. 19 Isto, str. 60.

31 Founding of Football Federation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians and Sub-Federations

After WW1 and formation of new country (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) on April 15th 1919 in Zagreb was founded Football Federation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, consisted of four Sub-Federations. Besides Belgrade, Zagreb and Sub-Federation, there was also one from Sarajevo. Football Sub-Federation from Sarajevo did not include all football clubs from BIH. First Championship of Sarajevo Football Sub-Federation (SFSF) was organized in 1921. In years to come number of club members in SFSF was increasing. For example, in 1932 there was 30 member clubs from 13 places of BIH.

Founding of Banja Luka Football Sub-Federation

As football game became more and more developed and popular also in the territory of Vrbas Banate, appeared a need to form a new Football Sub-Federation which would include all clubs from this territory. This idea was realized in mid-December 1932, when on Assembly of Yugoslav Football Federation held in Belgrade, with suggestion of representative of 8th Football Union, was approved formation of Banja Luka Football Sub-Federation. 20 After receiving a formal decision about formation of Banja Luka Football Sub-Federation, right at the beginning of 1933 started intensive preparations for first Founding Assembly of Banja Luka Sub-Federation. On Sunday, March 12th 1933 “[…] in premises of hotel ‘Bosna’ Founding Assembly of Banja Luka Ball Sub-Federation was held. Delegates of all football clubs from

20 Врбаске новине, 21. децембар 1932, Бања Лука.

32 territory of Vrbas Banate attended the Assembly, and a large number of athletes were also present. Secretary of Yugoslav Football Association from Belgrade, Mr. Dragomir Pavlićević, presided the Assembly, and after the greeting presented the history of formation of this Sub-Federation to the attendees.” 21

Twelve clubs from 7 places of BIH accessed the Sub- Federation. In year 1939 Banja Luka Football Sub-Federation counted 28 clubs from 14 different places in BIH. Mirko Divljak was elected president of Administrative Board; as Vice-Presidents were elected Žarko Malić (first) and Momčilo Milošević (second); secretaries – Milan Vejnović (first), Veljko Djordjević (second) and Mile Vuković (third); treasurers – Pero Jurišković (first) and Miša Antonić (second) and economist – Marko Đurković. 22

Football Olympic medalists from Bosnia and Herzegovina

During Olympic Games in Rome () in 1960 National Football team of won golden medal. Among national team members were two players from football team „Borac“ from Banja Luka, Tomo Knez and Velimir Sombolac.

21 Оснивачка скупштина Бањалучког лоптачког подсавеза, Врбаске новине, бр. 86, 16. марта 1933, Бања Лука and Милан Ждрале: 100 година фудбала на простору Српске, Фудбалски савез Републике Српске и Графомарк, Лакташи, 2010, стр. 46 – 47. 22 Милан Ждрале: 100 година фудбала на простору Српске, Фудбалски савез Републике Српске и Графомарк, Лакташи, 2010, стр. 47.

33 REFERENCES

Ćurić, Hajrudin: Počeci moderne gimnastike u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 1 – 24 Enciklopedija fizičke kulture, tom 1, Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1975. Evans, J. Arthur: Illyrian letters, Longmans, Green, and Co., London 1878. Hrvatski dnevnik, br. 162, 1907. Hrvatski Sokol, god. 7, br. 11, Zagreb, studeni 1908, str. 155. Hrvatski Sokol, god. 8, br. 6, Zagreb, lipanj 1909, str. 57. Milorad Bajić: Počeci fudbalskog sporta u Bosni i Hercegovini, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 5, br. 5, Sarajevo, 1972, str. 47 – 51. Оснивачка скупштина Бањалучког лоптачког подсавеза, Врбаске новине, бр. 86, 16. марта 1933, Бања Лука. Павловић, Д. Петар: Физичка култура српског народа у Босни и Херцеговини до 1918. године, Факултет физичке културе Универзитета у Српском Сарајеву, Српско Сарајево, 1988. Pašić, Šefik: Šezdeset i pet godina fudbala u Mostaru, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 1, br. 1, Sarajevo, 1968, str. 41 – 47. Први југословенски спортски алманах, Београд, 1930. Ružička, Bogomir: Sportski klub „Makabi“, Prilozi za istoriju fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, god. 1, br. 1, Sarajevo, 1968, str. 59 – 61.

34 Српска Ријеч, бр. 205, Сарајево, 1913. Српска Ријеч, бр. 206, Сарајево, 1913. Врбаске новине, 21. децембар 1932, Бања Лука. Ждрале, Милан: 100 година фудбала на простору Српске, Фудбалски савез Републике Српске и Графомарк, Лакташи, 2010, стр. 28 – 29.

35 ROMANIA

THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN ROMANIA BETWEEN 1899 AND 1960

Balint Gheorghe, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău Zamfir George Marius, Gymnasium School No.1, Slobozia, com. Stănisești, Bacău

Correspondence Balint Gheorghe [email protected] Phone: 0040744542774

Up until present time, there have been circulating numerous theories about the emergence of football in Romania. Over the years, some of these theories have been repeated by the media, and even in certain professional works, unfortunately without any documentary support. Thus, Mario Gebauer, one of the oldest football leaders in Romania, tried to give credit to the theory that the football would have appeared for the first time in , in 1899, the supporter of this theory being the owner of such a ball from 1904. Although it is possible, it must be said that this statement is not supported by any documents, even though in the "Ecoul sportiv" (Sports Echo) magazine's issue of January 15, 1922, the same Gebauer informs his readers how the football teams were created and how the matches were played at that time: ... as soon as two players more or less of note fought each other, each of them recruited some of his followers, and the next day you could hear that this or that club was created. In regards to the creation of such a team, the same paper reports: In those days, in order for a captain to choose his team, he had to promise he would give his

36 teammates at least one steak and one jug of beer - and if the team was victorious, a beer barrel was put on the line. ... Gathering up his team on the court, that was another thing altogether. A coachman, and a high- class one for that matter, was hired by the day to pass over each player, inviting him to the court. Lazăr Breyer, another pioneer of Romanian football, coming home after completing his Vienna studies, writes in his journal that in 1908 he saw for the first time in Bucharest a game of football, played by young foreigners on the field over at the Bridgehead (today's Plaza). Starting from these theories, I considered there was a need for a careful bibliographical study that would uncover the truth about the emergence of football in Romania. For this, the most helpful and comprehensive syntheses regarding the history of Romanian football, in this author's opinion, were: "Sportul românesc de-a lungul anilor" ("Romanian sports throughout the ages") by Emil Ghibu and Ioan Todan ( Stadion, 1970), "Fotbal de la A la Z" ("Football from A to Z") by Mihai Ionescu and Mircea Tudoran ( Sport-Turism, 1985) and "Fotbal - cadran românesc" ("Football - Romanian dial") by Mihai Flamaropol ( Sport-Turism, 1986). After gathering information from the above-mentioned books (and not only), it can be said that the oldest data regarding the practice of this sport in the Romanian lands is the one recorded by Gheorghe Nicolăiţă and Ion Sîrbuţ ("Sportul orădean - îndeplinirile şi speranţele noastre" - "Oradea sports - our accomplishments and hopes"), who write that: … around 1888, a group of young men were kicking a ball on the deserted fields near Arad. The same document attests that in the same Mureş town, around 1890, a team emerges, led by dentist Dr. Iuliu Weiner, of which it is presumed that, after coming home from his England studies, he brought from London "the first football in our country". Weiner enthusiastically promotes football, telling stories and giving practical demonstrations on the field in front of the current High-school 1 of Arad, showing how this game is played. The demonstrations had an echo among the young people, but not

37 among the sports leaders from those times, the latter ones rejecting Weiner's proposals regarding the introduction of football in the program of the "Arad gymnastics association", even more than that, forbidding any other demonstration. Approximate rules of the new game started to be published in Bucharest (1893) and Arad (1898). The first actual football rules published in Romania were written by Professor Dimitrie Ionescu from the "Gheorghe Lazăr" high-school of Bucharest. These rules were incorporated in a "Tratatul de jocuri şcolare pentru uzul tuturor şcolilor de ambele sexe" ("Treatise of school games for the use of all schools, for both sexes"), published in 1895. In 1897, in Timisoara, the first football matches between pupil teams are organized. Coincidentally, the young Timisoara footballers played their matches on the "Câmpul târgului" ("Town court"), on... "Calea Aradului" ("Arad Road"). As a natural continuation in the development of this game, on June 11, 1899 the local paper "Közlöny" ("The Information") announced its readers that:

" On June 25, football will be presented for the first time in Timisoara, on the Velocitas court, with the occasion of the school festivals organized by the Piarist High-School."

The organizer of this football match was the gymnastics teacher Carol Müller. Also in 1899 (July 5) the "Arad Football Society" is created, later being replaced by the "Arad Athletics Club". The same year, on November 2, the Arad team received the visit of the university team "Polytechnic"of Budapest, to which it lost the game 0-10 (0-4). Football makes its appearance in 1901 also in other Transylvania cities, such as Oradea, Lugoj, Baia Mare. One year later (1902) the "Timisoara Football Club" is created, which plays, on August 20, 1902, the first inter-club match, against the Lugoj team. The game was played on the Mihai Viteazul Boulevard court, and, to the disappointment of the 100 spectators, the local team lost 2-3. The referee for this match was Ernest Hoos of Lugoj.

38 In Bucharest, organized club teams appear somewhat later. The first club, called "Olympia", composed mainly of German clerks, is created in 1904. Next is the "Colentina FC", formed by the Englishmen from the textile factory by the same name. In1906, in Ploieşti, the "United FC" team is created, composed of American and Dutch workers from the oil companies. Other teams that were created later were: "Bukarest" (1912), "Colţea" and "Cercul Atletic Bucureştean" ("Bucharest Athletics Club"). For now, the first report of the game between the two Bucharest teams remains the one published under the title "The football match of the road" in issue 6 of December 4, 1907, of the magazine "Din lumea sporturilor" (From the World of Sports"), a publication led by the famous wrestling champion, Mitică Dona. The chronicle of the announced match was never published, but this first article of December 4, 1907 is revelatory, this constituting, at the same time, the "birth certificate" of Bucharest football. An important step in the organization of Romanian football was the creation, in 1909, of the "Romanian Football Clubs Association", with a governing committee formed of six members, two for each club existing at that time: Vierek and Breyer (Olympia), Koppes and Maior (F.C. United), Thomson and Matthews (Colentina). The association meetings took place on a weekly basis at the Boulevard Hotel, where Lazăr Breyer was in charge of the minutes, written in Romanian and German. After becoming official, the young association created a trophy for the mini-championship, called the "Annual Football Cup". The first "championship" was won by F.C. Colentina, the second ranked being Olympia, with only one point difference.

39

Picture 1: Football team "Olympia" – 1909

Picture 2: Football team "Colentina FC"

But the most important football event of that year was the match played on October 26, 1909, on the "Bolta Rece" ("Cold Cellar"), between the team formed of players from the three clubs and the team of the Cluj University (K.K.A.S.). The more experienced guests won a difficult battle 5-4 (3-1), in front of 500 paying spectators, which brought in the fabulous sum of... 300 lei.

40 The Romanian team: Dewhurst (captain), Winter, Viereck, Brasier, Deen, Gross, Kemeny, Catterol, Pettit, Lees, Matthews.

K.K.A.S.: Bettner (captain), Hirschfeld, Mancinkievici, Wessely, Nyulas, Hecey, Fejer, Nasza, Brunnhuber, Schmidt, Petran.

An ironic fact, the only name that sounded Romanian belonged to a "foreign" player (Petran). The important thing was that the game was played in front of an audience of hundreds. Reiterated, the internal competition between the three teams continued up until mid-winter. On December 6, on the "Bolta Rece", Olympia, with a few high-school students among its players, obtained an unexpected victory (2-1) against its Colentina rival. It seemed that this little championship was not lacking in surprises. The most beautiful success of Olympia's ambitions footballers was recorded on October 17, 1910, when they managed to beat "F.C. United", in Ploiesti even, 4-1, with goals scored by Apostolescu and Breyer (two each). After this victory, editor George Costescu, in the "Revista automobilă" (Automobile Magazine"), emphasized the Beautiful propaganda spirit that was cultivated by the Olympia club, which managed to form Romanian players out of high-school students. It is to be desired for this spirit to posses the entire nation, attracting those in the upper grades towards this sport, so compatible with the school youth. Here are the components of this team: Dragomirescu, Middleton, Apostolescu, Breyer, Bărbulescu, Salay, Gebauer, Roman, Davila, Viereck, Enescu, Anton, Obody. Also in 1910, in Timişoara, "Chinezul" ("The Chinese") club is created, which will become famous in Romanian football for a long time. The name of this club comes from, according to C. Bucur - "Contribuţii la studiul istoricului educaţiei fizice în Banat"("Contributions to the history of physical education in Banat"), Pavel Cneazul, a captain of Matei Corvin and Ban of

41 Timisoara in the 15th century. Another interesting point is how the people tried to translate football terms into Romanian. Thus, the team posts were called: "gate keeper, defenders, intermediaries, forwards" or "gate keeper, defenders, half-defenders, attack". Four years from the date when the first football match in Bucharest was recorded, there was not any question of ignorance when it came to the rules of the game. The teams now had good equipment, and the special leather were not imported anymore, but made in a few shops from the capital. "Olympia" chose now a new president, the industrialist Hans Herzog, who donated a silver cup to the championship. In 1911, the Turkish team "Galatasaray" of plays in Bucharest against a team of the city composed only of foreigners. Even though at half-time, the Bucharest team was leading 2-1, it was eventually defeated with the score of 7-2.

Picture 3: The Bucharest football team (down) and "Galatasaray" (up)

In the spring of 1912, in Bucharest, a new football team is created: "Bukarest F.C.", formed of English and Dutch players. Without having any exceptional technical virtues, the team was however an agreeable presence on the court due to its green silk shirts, which had the emblem of Bucharest embroidered on them. The president of this club (Hense senior), aged 50, was still playing

42 alongside his son, football being a family passion. With four teams, which will soon be joined by others, Romanian football was no longer in its infancy, evolving towards a real championship. In this period also, as a result of the game becoming increasingly popular among the students and some teachers, a inter- school championship was organized, at the initiative of the Principle of the "Gheorghe Lazăr" High-School, Marin Dumitrescu, with English teacher, Henry Waltrek. As a prize for this competition, Ion Cămărăşescu, the manager of "Sports Magazine", offered a cup. Difficult games were played between April 18 and , a period during which the teams representing the high-schools "Matei Basarab", "Mihai Viteazul", "Gheorghe Lazăr" and "Sfîntul Sava", have competed for winning the "Ion Cămărăşescu School Cup". The final victory in this competition belonged to the "Matei Basarab" high-school team, which defeated in the finals (3-0) the "Mihai Viteazu" team. This period contained also other teams that are not worth mentioning, because of their short existence. In the sumer of 1912 another football team was created in the capital - the "Cercul Atletic Bucureşti" (C.A.B.) ("Bucharest Athletics Club"), comprised of players from other clubs. The new club had a court on Kiseleff Road (in front of the present-day Triumphal Arch), a court that would be, for many years afterwards, the main meeting ground for the capital's football competitions. The CAB was immediately accepted to participate in the national championship, with the other teams in the first category. The great event of 1912 was the creation of the "Federaţia Societăţilor de Sport din România" (F.S.S.R.) ("Romanian Sports Societies Federation"), the organizational body that would govern the entire Romanian sports activities. On December 1, the federation rulebook, which stated in its "fundamental stipulation" that "no person can be admitted as a member of a society affiliated to the federation if that person is not an amateur", was approved by the delegates present in the meeting rooms of the "Romanian Automobile Club", on C.A. Rosetti street. The " Commission"consisted of: T.A. Bolton, J.T. Clive, Gogu Niculescu, Cyril Hense and Nicolof. Starting with 1913, the "Association Football Commission" received almost daily new requests to be allowed

43 in the competitions from provincial and suburban Bucharest teams. Clubs from Giurgiu, Galaţi, Brăila, Buzău, etc. asked to be affiliated to the FSSR, and the right to participate in the official football competitions. In Bucharest, new football teams were created, such as "Union", "Victoria", "Colţea", "Gloria", all grouped in the second district category. In April of that year, the contact with the Transylvania teams was reestablished through the of the combined Bucharest team Colentina - Bukarest to Timisoara and Arad (1-2 in Arad, and 1-3 in Timisoara). At the end of this tournament, the internal championship restarted, with the "Silver Cup" ("Herzog"), which the Colentina Englishmen have won. The year 1914 started with somber perspectives for the world peace. Because of the increasingly grave problems in the foreign policy, football activities in Romania were relatively stagnant, until 1919, when, through an active reorganization, the sport gained more importance throughout the entire united Romania. Mario Gebauer founded the "Football Clubs Union", which aimed to coordinate and direct the football activities in all Romania. In the same year (1919), the first Romanian participation to an international tournament happened, at the Paris "Inter-allied Games". At this international competition, the ad hoc created, poorly trained Romanian football team lost all its three games: 0-4 against , 1-5 against Italy, 2-3 against . During the World War, the teams with foreign players ("Colentina", "Bukarest F.C.", "Olympia") had been dissolved. The only club composed of foreign citizens that remained was "Prahova Ploieşti", which will bring in also a few Romanian players. For a better coordination of Romanian football activities, during the F.S.S.R. general assembly on December 3, 1919 a "Football Commission" was voted, composed of Dr. Sabu (president), D. Bărbulescu, G. Dragomirescu, E. Felix and M. Muşetescu, members. The Commission, with its headquartes at 6, Corabiei street, became the leading body of Romanian football. In a short time, the new commission received dozens of affiliation requests from clubs in Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia, and

44 Dobrogea. Here is what the Bucharest magazine "Viaţa sportivă" ("Sports life") was writing in its first issue, on November 1, 1919: Out of all the sports played in Romania, we can say that none has succeeded in gaining so many fans as Association Football. Of the 1920 football events, of note is the invitation to the Olympic Games, which Romania could not attend due to lack of funds. Beginning with 1921, organized football activities gain in number throughout the country. The frequent matches of the teams from old Romania against teams from Transylvania and Banat have raised the quality level of the game, giving it an extra of fantasy and dynamism. Starting with that year, the championship games are played on territorial groups, established through a FSSR general assembly, during which it was decided to divide the teams into seven regions: West (Banat, Arad and Hunedoara), Braşov, Cluj, Bucovina, Moldova, Muntenia and Dobrogea. The friendly matches were organized without any territorial restriction, being freely chosen by the clubs, or by the Football Commission. In order to familiarize the Bucharest public with the Ardeal and Banat teams' play, the Football Commission organized on June 19 a match between the teams "The Chinese" (Timisoara) and "Braşovia". On this occasion tickets were printed for the numbered places of the FSSR stadium on the Main Road. "The Chinese" defeated "Braşovia" 3-1. A few years after the end of the war, the foreign citizens who went to battle returned. They re-founded the "FC United" football team (Ploieşti), without, however, inscribing it in the official championship. The year 1921 is even more important, from another point of view - in Timişoara the "General Congress of Football Referees"takes place, marking the founding of the "Football Referees Association - Romanian Association", the activity of the Romanian referees being conducted from then on in an organized and independent manner. In 1922 the competitions continue in parallel with the inter- clubs and inter-cities games, the junior championships are extended

45 and become more regular, while on an international level, there are inter-clubs, inter-cities and national team matches. Some form of professional activities start to appear in Banat and Transylvania, as well as tendencies towards independence from FSSR. For a better organization of the football activities, a rulebook-program was published in 1922, for the period September 1, 1922 - August 31, 1923. An important objective in this program was to make contact with other countries' football, through the national tams and city teams. One first step in this direction was done through an agreement with the Yugoslavian Federation, programming two games per year: one between the two capitals' teams (Belgrade and Bucharest), the other between the national teams of Romania and Yugoslavia. The first inter-capitals game was played on April 9, 1922, on the F.S.S.R court, which had made a new wooden stand for this event. This match had a record number of spectators, around 7000, the ticket price being 20 lei for the sitting places (a considerable sum for that time), and 5 lei for a standing place at the edge of the court. The military brassband played at the opening the national anthems of Yugoslavia and Romania, delighting the audience also during half-time. At the Yugoslavian referee Simonovici's whistle signal, the players have aligned in the following formations:

Belgrade: Urbanici - Porovici, Popovici - Georgevici, Zdravcovici, Mihailovici - Vasilievici, Mitrovici, Noici, Simici, Zivcovici. Bucharest: Stroescu - Panaitescu, Tase Protopopescu - Bădiceanu, Ferrero, Deleanu - Hillard, Ionescu, Oaje, Bode, Charles. Final score: 2 - 2.

The game between "Tricolor" and "Beogradski", programmed for the next day, was postponed because of bad weather, being played on April 11 instead; the "Tricolor" footballers suffered a severe defeat (0-9) against the champion Yugoslavian team. To form the Romanian teams for the rematches, the Football Commission named the Cluj-born Teofil Moraru as the only coach. The big game, Romania - Yugoslavia, was played on June

46 8, on the Topsidere stadium, in Belgrade, in front of 6000 spectators. The Romanian team comprised the following players: Ritter ("The Chinese"), Szilagyi ("M.T.G."), Hirsch ("K.A.C."), Iacob ("Haggibor"), Kinigli ("C.A.O."), Zimmermann ("T.A.C."), Guga ("The University"), Frech ("The Chinese"), Schiller ("The Chinese"), Ronay ("C.A.O.") and Auer ("A.M.T.E."). The final score of this game favored the Romanian team, 2- 1 (1-1 half-time), through the goals of Guga and Ronay. Thus, Romania won in Belgrade the "King Alexander Cup", recording the Romanian national team's first match (except for the participation in the "Inter-allied military games"), and its first victory. The first final of the national championship was played in Timişoara, where the host team - "The Chinese" - won the first title of champion of united Romania, winning 5 - 2 (2 - 1) against the Cluj team "Victoria", which did not have two of its main players. On June 11, in Bucharest, "The Chinese" played against "C.A.O." (Oradea) in a match that was decisive for winning the "Mara Cup". The match ended in a tie (0-0), the Timisoara team keeping the Cup it won one year ago. Also in a tie (1-1) ended the game of September 3, between the Romanian national team and the national team, in Cernăuţi. In the first trimester of 1923, the F.S.S.R. is affiliated to several international federations, on sports branches (rugby, , ), one of which was the " Fédération Internationale de Football Association / International Federation of Association Football" (F.I.F.A.). The main internal football concern, in 1924, is the selection and the training of the Olympic team, which had to participate in the Paris Olympic Games. But in Paris, the "Reliable Eleven" were eliminated by The , with a score of 6-0. Since 1925 there is a Rulebook of the "Football Referees Association - Romanian Association" approved in the meeting of the "Central Referee Commission" of this association, which took place on April 28, 1925, and it was applied starting with , 1925, signed "with the consent of the Central Association Football Commission" by Camil Manoilă - president and by Liviu Iuga - secretary. From the memorandum with which this rulebook is

47 sent to all the regional sub-commissions and football referees, one can gather that the central governing body of the referees had its headquarters in Bucharest, but worked in Arad, having the doctor Sabin Văţianu as president, and Eugen Şincai as general secretary. The rulebook states that the football referee: "forms, within the Central Association Football Commission - Association of F.S.S.R., an autonomous association". In 1925, the first referee school in Romania is opened in Bucharest. The international club competitions become more prominent, Romania receiving visits from Austrian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Yugoslavian teams. "Juventus" was the first Bucharest team (1926) that plays in the finals of the "National Championship", which it will lose 3 - 0 against "The Chinese" from Timişoara. After this defeat, "Juventus" hires J. Hlavay () to coach them, the first foreign coach employed in Romania.

Picture 4: "The Chinese" - Bilbao (1926)

The Chinese: Zombory, Steiner II, Hoksary, Steiner I, Vogl, Tessler, Tänzer, Lazar, Wetzer, Semler,Teleki, Matek, Bundi, Roszler

Among the existent clubs, due to their great financial

48 difficulties, circulates the idea of going professional (in 1927 there is an unsuccessful attempt), founding a professional federation and changing the competition formula, with no avail, however, so that between 1926 and 1929, there is no event of note in football. In 1929 the problem of the "autonomy of sports" is rediscussed, and on August 5, 1929 the Parliament voted the "Physical Education Law", which stated that "the organization and management of sports activities within private associations" will be done through "their federation on sports domains", but under the supervision of the "Uniunii Federaţiilor de Sport din România" (U.F.S.R.) (Romanian Sports Federations Union). On February 16, 1930, the "Federaţia Română de Fotbal-Asociaţie" (F.R.F.A.) (Romanian Federation of Association Football) is founded, with Aurel Lecuţia as president, Pavel Nedelcovici, esquire, as vice president, Octav Luchide as general secretary, Captain C. Dumitrescu, G. Mirion, N. Lucescu, I. Gheorghiu and Leonte Silberman as members. The year 1930 can be considered to be very important for Romanian football, due to the fact that thanks to the newly founded F.R.F.A.'s general secretary - Octav Luchide, the Romanian national team participated in the World Football Championship, in , a competition organized by , president of F.I.F.A.

Picture 5: The Romanian national team at the first , in Uruguay - 1930 "The Reliable Eleven": N. Covaci, I. Deşu, R. Wetzer, Rafinschi, Barbu II

49 (standing); Robe, Vogl, Eisenbeisser, Lăpuşneanu, Taco, Burger (crouching)

Throughout 1931, a series of important events for the history of Romanian football take place: the first edition of the "Romania Cup" inter-leagues is conducted; there is a try to play the championship based on rankings, but after the first games, the elimination system is adopted again, because the clubs did not have enough financial resources; the juniors' situation is regulated, in the sense that children under 14 are no longer allowed in the championship games, and it is not allowed to transfer a player under 18; the national Romanian team participates in two international competitions - the "Balkan CUp" (in the finals: Romania - = 3-5 and 5-2) and the " Cup" for amateur teams (4-1 against and 0-4 against Hungary). Since the fall of 1932, following the decision of the Romanian football governing body, the national championship is played in a divisional system, with two series of 7 teams each. A 1933 statistics of the Romanian Football Federation shows that football occupies the first position among the sports played in Romania, with 380 football groups and 16000 club players. In the same year, for the first time in the history of Romanian football, the "Romania Cup" is organized (alongside the league cup), which will engage all Romanian football teams in elimination games, the last 16 teams in the competition playing, according to the same system, against the 16 "A" division teams. A novelty for those times was the RFF decision to ask the "A" division players to pass the "Track and field certificate" norms (100 m, running , high jump, weight throw, and 1500 m), a test which became mandatory in the following years. Also, in the same year – 1933, the Romanian capital hosted for 10 days the "Balkaniad" the participating teams being, aside the national Romanian team, the representatives of Bulgaria, Greece, and Yugoslavia. This competition was won by Romania, the team managing to not receive any goal throughout the entire competition.

50 Picture 6: The four national teams participating in the 1933 Balkaniad

In accordance with Law 104 of May 8, on the day of June 22, 1933 takes place the founding meeting of U.F.S.R., the creation act being signed by the presidents of federations of track and field, football, , gymnastics, tennis, rugby, , , skiing, winter sports, and shooting. On the occasion of the first general assembly of UFSR (March 25, 1934), official statistics indicated a number of 749 sports associations, grouped as follows 403 - football, 52 - tennis and winter sports, 40 - boxing, 37 - swimming, 22 - wrestling, 21 - gymnastics, 17 - track and field, 16 each - skiing and , 14 - fencing, 13 - equestrian, 10 - rugby and ice skating, 8 - and , 7 each - cycling and , and 4 - shooting. Starting with the fall of the same year, the structure of the National Division is changes, a series of 12 teams being created and the "B Division"is founded, composed of 5 series of 8 teams each. Until May, to the RFF there were affiliated 500 clubs with 25000 players. The Federation was led by the Federal Council, composed of the members of the Federal Bureau and 2 delegates from each League (which were five: the North League, the South League, the East League, the West League, and the Central League). In their turn, the Leagues were divided in 37 districts.

51 In regards to the football players' status, the RFF applied the "Italian Status", which meant that the federation made no difference between the amateur and the professional players. Starting with 1936, the competition system is modified again, the B Division shrinking to 2 series of 13 teams each, and creating the C Division, which contained 5 series with a variable number of teams - between 8 and 12.

Picture 7: The representative team of 1934, a participant in the World Championship, Italy. Leaders: Costel Rădulescu (penultimate) and Octav Luchide (last) from the right

Although Romanian football was shaken by serious financial difficulties, in 1937, the RFF forces the A, B and C division teams to form junior teams, for which there is a National Junior Championship, conducted in two phases: the first one - on Leagues, and the second - in a tournament, with the winners of the first phase. Starting with the same year, the structure of the national Division is modified again, to a grouping of the participating teams in two series of 10 teams each, the series headliners fighting for title in two games: first leg-second leg. In 1938, new changes are made to the competition structure: The National Division Championship is played in one series, the B Division one, in two series of 20 teams each, while

52 the C Division is dissolved. In the same year, Romanian football is shadowed by the failure of its national team in the game against the representative (3-3 and 1-2), during its third participation in a World Championship (Toulouse - 1938). Starting with 1939, football activities are diminished, as a result of the beginning of World War Two. Despite the events caused by this world conflict, the A Division Championship ends, the Romanian representative plays against Yugoslavia, England, and Italy, the "Venus" team (the Romanian champion) participates in the Central Europe Cup, where it is eliminated right in the first leg by Bologna (0-5 and 1-0). Football activity in 1940 continues only with the two important competitions - the championship and the Cup. The title of champion was won by "Venus", while the "Romania Cup" was won by Rapid Bucharest, after a rarely seen epilogue: four matches played to designate the winning team. In the same year a new international competition was created - the "Danube Basin Cup" - with the participation of Yugoslavia, Romania, and Hungary. During the "Central Europe Cup", the Rapid Bucharest team gets to the finals, but because of difficulties caused by the war, the finals are not played anymore. Because of World War Two, the period between 1940- 1945 is very poor in regards to football activities in Romania, most of them being played only locally. In 1945 the international and national football activity starts again, in September being played the first international game between the Bucharest representative and Red Belgrade (2-5), as well as a match between Hungary and Romania (7-2). In 1946 the U.F.S.R. is dissolved, the government of the athletic activities being taken over by the "Organizaţia Sportului Popular" (O.S.P.) (People's Sports Organization), which takes measures to develop the Romanian sports, and to accelerate the restart of the national championships. At the same time, a first step is being taken in the dissolution of professionalism in Romanian football - at first, by "freezing" the transfers, and later, by forbidding professionalism. In August, the A Division Championship is restarted (14

53 teams), also the B Division one (3 series of 14 teams each), and the C Division one (12 series of 12 teams each); the latter was abolished in the fall of the following year. Between September 7 - 13, in Tirana (), the Balkaniad is played, where the Romanian team places third (Romania - Bulgaria 2-2; Romania - Yugoslavia 2-1; Romania - Albania 0-1). The popular competition "Romania Cup" is reprized in 1947, a year when the "Asociaţia Sportivă Armata Bucureşti" (Army Bucharest Sports Association). In 1948, A.S. Armata Bucharest changes its name to "Clubul Sportiv Armata" (C.S.C.A.) (Army Sports Club), in 1950 it changes to "Clubul Sportiv al Armatei" (C.C.A.) (The Sports Club of the Army), and in 1962, to "Clubul Sportiv al Armatei - Steaua" (The Sports Club of the Army - The Star).

Picture 8: A.S. Armata Bucharest, the ancestor of "Steaua", in 1947.

54

Picture 9: "C.S. Armata", winner of the PRR Cup – 1949.

On , 1948 the "Clubul Sportiv Dinamo Bucureşti" (Dynamo Bucharest Sports Club) is founded, the football team of this club resulting from the union of the A division teams "Unirea Tricolor" and "Ciocanul". These two clubs will be, since their creation, permanently on the first page of Romanian football. Starting with 1950, the competition organization of Romanian football suffers new transformations, passing, in the play of the A and B division championships, to the system: spring - first leg and fall - second leg (a system that is abandoned in 1957, returning to the traditional one - which is more adequate for the Romanian climate). Because of the development of football activities in the last years, in 1951, with the exception of the 36 A and B division teams, in the city, district, and regional championships in the country, there are playing over 900 football teams, with a total sum of about 20000 players. Between August 2 and 14, 1953 took place the international sports competitions within the Fourth "World Festival of Youth and Students", during which the Romanian football team comes in second place, in the finals: Hungary - Romania 4-3, after the Romanians have led 3-1. In Budapest, in 1954, are played the "World University Games" during which the Romanian football team finishes in first place (8-0 against Korea, 13-0 against , 2-0 against

55 Czechoslovakia, and 1-0 against Hungary). In 1955, the Romanian football development process continues with the organization of a "Republican Championship for Children", "Summer Cup" - for the A division teams and a championship for the junior teams. The same year records the first participation of the Romanian junior team in the UEFA tournament, where it comes in first in its series (1-0 against France, 1-0 against and 1-1 against Belgium), and that would be the end of it, because the competition had no final tournament. Also, during the sports competitions within the "World Festival of Youth and Students" of (May 1-12, 1955), the Romanian team comes in first place. Proof of how big football was in Romania is the fact that in 1960, over 2000 teams played for the "Romania Cup", which that year was won by "Progresul Bucharest", who defeated in the finals 2-0 the B division team "Dinamo Obor Bucharest". The same year records the first participation of the Romanian junior team in the UEFA tournament, where it comes in first in its series (1-0 against France, 1-0 against Austria and 1-1 against Belgium), and that would be the end of it, because the competition had no final tournament. Also, during the sports competitions within the "World Festival of Youth and Students" of Warsaw (May 1-12, 1955), the Romanian team comes in first place. The fifties and a large portion of the following decade are characterized by poor international results. In 1961, Romania's communist leaders have forbidden the country's participation in the preliminaries for the World Championships. At that time, they considered that Romania must not give satisfaction to the "Western imperialists" by losing the games against the teams beyond the Iron Curtain. There were very few favorable results, even in friendly games, and most of them were obtained within the close confinement of the . The first Romanian representative team missed, consecutively, the qualification in the final of the 1956 and 1960 Olympics (at that time, the rules allowed the enrollment of the first two teams in this competition), the 1954 and1958 World Championships, as well as the 1960 European

56 Championship. There were two exceptions in those dark years: the qualifications for the 1952 () and the 1964 () Olympic Games. In , the Romanian team lost 1-2 against Hungary, which was an honorable result, considering the Hungarians' football power at that time. Proof of the importance the Communist Party had imposed on football in Romania is the fact that in 1960, over 2000 teams played in the "Romania Cup", which that year was won by "Progresul Bucharest", who defeated in the finals 2-0 the B division team "Dinamo Obor Bucharest". The year 1961 is marked by an intensification of football activities on an international level: the Romanian railroad team participates for the second time in the "European Railroad Championship" (second place); the "Steagul Roşu" (Red Flag) team wins the first edition of the "Inter-club Balkan Cup"; "Progresul Bucharest" participates in the first edition of the "Cup Winners' Cup"; the division winner participates in a tournament in ; in December, "Petrolul Ploieşti" participates in a tournament in , which then continues in the Socialist Republic of "; "Dinamo" Bucharest participates in a tournament in New York (USA), etc. This year (1961) will remain in the history of Romanian football because of the massive surprise in the "Romania Cup" finals, when the B division team "Arieşul Turda" defeated 2-1 "Rapid Bucharest".

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Picture 10: The great surprise of 1961: Arieşul Turda

58 REFERENCES

Alexe N. (coord.) Enciclopedia educaţiei fizice şi sportului din România – vol.I, Ed. Aramis, Bucharest, 2002; Balint, Gh., Panait C. Fotbal pentru toţi, Editura Egal, Bacău, 2000; Balint, Gh. Bazele jocului de fotbal, Editura Alma Mater, Bacău, 2002; Flamaropol M. – Fotbal – cadran românesc, Editura Sport-Turism, Bucureşti, 1986; Ghibu E., Todan I. – Sportul românesc de-a lungul anilor, Editura Stadion, Bucureşti, 1970; Kiriţescu C. – Palestrica, Ed. Uniunii de Cultură Fizică şi Sport, Bucureşti, 1964; Ionescu M.. Tudoran M. – Fotbal – de la A la Z, Ed. Sport-Turism, Bucureşti, 1988; Nobilescu Şt. – Retro sport - mică enciclopedie, Ed. Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1996; *** – Colecţia ziarului Gazeta Sporturilor, 1993-2000; *** – Colecţia ziarului Pro Sport, 1997-2000; *** – Colecţia ziarului Sportul Românesc; Web resources http://www.fifa.com - International Federationof Association Football; http://www.frf.ro - Romanian Football Federation; http://www.romaniansoccer.ro ;

59 RUSSIA

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOTBALL IN RUSSIA

Fedor Ivanovich Sobyanin Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Belgorod National Research University», Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Theory and methodology of physical culture Igor Alekseevich Ruckoy Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Belgorod National Research University», Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of atheletic discipline Elizaveta Alekseevna Bogacheva Belgorod institute of development of education, Department of pedagogy and psychology of health

Correspondence Fedor Ivanovich Sobyanin [email protected] Phone: 8-909-206-00-53

Football is the favorite Russian sport. Before football took its contemporary form, people in Russia played similar games, such as "shalyga" with a ball stuffed with feathers. The goal of the game was to throw the ball on the court side of the opposite team. English football was introduced in Russia in the late 19th century. The first Russian football team was created in St. Petersburg in 1897 by the "Circle of sports fans" and in 1898 it held the first friendly football match in Russia.

60

Fig. 1. The first in Russia, similar to football.

However, the history of Russian football is recorded from 1879, when immigrants from Great Britain created "St. Petersburg Football Club"1. Football League of St. Petersburg and of were organized in 1901 and 1911 respectively. The number of teams increased rapidly and new football leagues appeared. Occasionally, international matches took place in Russia. The first one was with Prague team "Corintas" which lost, as they had no experience in competition of such level. Development of football led to the creation of the in 1911. In 1912, Russia became a FIFA member. First Russian championships took place in 1912-1913 but had to stop during the First World War. It was the end of the first stage in the development of football in Russia, which continued after 1917. The second stage of the development is characterized by the development of training methods, organizational, educational and methodical activities, and rise of scientific research on the game. Football was actively developed during the 1920s which allowed for the rapid creation of clubs in the next decade2.

1 Авладеев Артем. 2014.Периодитзация истории российского футбола. Молодой ученый. Журнал. 19. 631-636. 2 Алексеев Владислав. 2005. Историографический анализ развития российского футбола в современной России. Теория и практика физической культуры. Журнал. 11.

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Fig.2. USSR national team ().

In addition, the Soviet players received experience playing with foreign football teams. Russia gradually began to enter into the international football community: the received the permission from FIFA to participate in international tournaments in 1946 and the national football team of USSR first performed at the Olympic Games in Helsinki in 1952. The Soviet team lost but was praised by the foreign press who called the performance of the players the biggest surprise of the tournament. The football was spreading around the country and the USSR was the leader at the Melbourn Olympic games already in 1956 and again in 1988 in Seoul. In 1960, the Soviet Union's football team won the (Paris). It won bronze medals at the Olympic Games in 1972, 1976, 1980; USSR Junior Team (20 y.o.) was the world champion in 1977, vice-world champion in 1979. USSR Youth Team was European champion in 1976, 1980 and 1990 and vice-champion of Europe in 1972. It won UEFA in 1966, 1967, 1976, 1978, and the world championship in 1987 among

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the 16 years old players; male team was the European champion in 1988 and in 1990. Besides that, Soviet football clubs won the ECWC three times: "Dynamo" (Kiev) in 1975 and 1987 and "Dynamo" () in 1981. Skills of the Soviet players were highly rated at the international level. The prize "Golden Ball" for the best footballer of the year in 1963 was awarded to the goalkeeper , striker in 1975 and attacker Igor Belanov in 1986. Annual State championships took place from 1936 to 1991. The leading teams at that peoprod were “” (Moscow), “Dinamo” (Moscow), “Dinamo” (Kiev), CSKA (Moscow), “Dinamo” (Tbilisi). Also Russian and Ukrainian teams were standing out in many championships. The notable players among others were: goalkeepers - Anatoly Akimov, Vladimir Maslachenko, Anzor Kavazashvili, Rinat Dasa, Alexey Khomich, ; defenders - Alexander Starostin, Viktor Tsarev Murtaza Khurtsilava , Albert gears, Victor Shustikov, Vagiz Khidiyatullin; and forwards - Vsevolod Bobrov, Anatoly Byshovets, Valery Voronin, Valentin Ivanov, brothers Nicholas and Peter Dementieva, , , and Nikita Simonyan, brothers Andrey and Nikolai Starostin, Viktor Monday, Eduard Streltsov, Grigory Fedotov, Igor Chislenko, Oleg Protasov, Oleksandr Zavarov; coaches - Boris Arkad'ev, Konstantin Beeskow, Gabriel Kachalin, Valery Lobanovsky, Viktor Maslov, , Michael Jakushin. The third period in the history of football in Russia begins in 1991. It is characterized by the innovations in organization, new forms of social and economical relationship, commercialization and marketization, introduction of the new management and reforms in legal organization of public sport . Lithuania, and left USSR federation of football in 1990 which was followed by a further shrinking of the national diversity in the federation. Federation of Football was reorganized into Association of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia, , , , , , Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Abkhazia, Transnistria,

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Moscow and St. Petersburg) and later on after the end of the Commonwealth, countries began to compete in the Commonwealth Champions Cup from 1993. Russian Championship has been taking place from 1992; the champions were the following teams: “Spartak” (Moscow), 1992- 1994 and 1996, “Alania” (), 1995. “The era” of “Spartak” which influenced all clubs of Russia began. One of the leading attackers of the club was Fyodor Cherenkov. The coach Oleg Romantsev (1994-1996 and 1998-2002) influenced the national team and the club. However, the performance of the players deteriorated. First foreign players join Russian teams in 1994 with the introduction of new management schemes, commercialization of the game. There was created a hierarchal structure with Russian Football Union. CSKA, “Lokomotiv”, “Rubin”, “Zenit” were the clubs that successfully competed with “Spartak”. It allowed all teams to grow significantly which resulted in improvement of the performance on the international level as well. CSKA won the UEFA Cup (2005- 2006), Zenit won the UEFA Cup (2007-2008) and UEFA (2008), and the Russian team won bronze medal at the European Championships in 2008. There is criticism of the participation of the foreign players and coaches. Particularly foreign coaches , and . There is disbalance between the participation of the foreigners in the Russian national football and of the Russian players in foreign clubs. Some change is needed for the improvement of the system. in Russia was introduced in 1970s and regular competitions started in 1972. From 1974 to 1977, an annual championship with the support of a weekly newspaper “Nedelya” which also attracted foreign teams. When the first indoor for futsal were built, the necessity for this annual championship disappeared as they primarily served the purpose of preparation for the summer . The USSR Championship which was held until 1991 had three stages: on the level of republics, regions and on the level of

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USSR. futsal did not lose its popularity after the collapse of the USSR thanks to the Association of futsal that was created in 1992 and effectively promotes the sport. The national team takes part in international competitions.

Fig. 3. Russian national futsal team

The best results of the national team so far are: the third place at the World Championship in 1996, second at the in 1996, 3rd in 2001, 2nd place in 2005, 3rd place in 2007, 2nd place in 2012, 2nd place in 2014, 2nd place in 2016. The best Russian futsal team “Dina” (Moscow) was the winner of the European Champions Cup. The best attacher of the national team Konstantin Eremenko was also named the best player of the XX century3. Women’s football teams were first created in 1911 (“Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Liga”, “Pushkino”). The second wind of the women’s football came in 1980s when it was mainly concentrated in Moscow and in Ukraine, but also in other cities. Important competitions were supported by the magazine “Sobesednik” which regularly organized national championships. The first winners was the team from the Moscow region in 1987.

3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Yeryomenko

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Fig. 4. Russian national women’s team

The third period in the history of women’s football in Russia is associated with the creation of the Soviet Union Women’s Football Association in 1989. It was headed by N. Tischenko. From 1989, three annual championships with 80 clubs competing took place. Russian women’s team takes part in world championships from 1991. The leading team has been “Spartak”. Russian women’s football Association was created in 1992 which gave incentive to development of women’s futsal. With the initiative of the President of the Association O. Lapshina first regional and national competitions took place. Women’s football meanwhile became an Olympic sport in 1996 but the Russian team has not had any notable success.. In 1999, the third football championship among women was held in the ; the Russian national team which took part in such event for the first time got to the quarterfinals but lost to the Chinese team with the score 0:2. Russian women’s football team has potential but until now it only reached finals. Its performance sometimes is remarkable, for instance in 2005, the youth team was the European Champion, and National team was the world champion in 2006. soccer started to develop in Russia when it became internationally recognized. In a short time, Russian team became the world leader. They came 3rd in 2007 in European League and 9th in

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the World Championship. It was the champion of the European Cup in 2010 and 2012. Russian team was the world champion in 2011 when it won 12:8 in a match with the Brazilian team in Italy. It repeated its success in 2013 in Tahiti. It 2015, it was a European champion and remains the strongest team in the world. Women’s beach soccer is getting more attention as well. The body of the theoretical works about ball games in Russia started to form in 1930s. Material about football is included in the secondary school course book4, in the professional schools and higher education institutions5. There are books6, course books7 and monographies written. Football became the topic of dissertations in USSR. From 1938 to 2012 alone, there has been 297 dissertations about football with the number rising since 1991. Scientists look closer at such problems as training of the younger children, selection, medical and biological aspects of the preparation of the sportsmen. Dissertations about football are regularly included in the comparative studies of the science in USSR and Russia89. Rapid developments and innovations in the international football made it necessary for the research of the tendencies in the Russian football10. With this aim in mind, executive sports bodies and Russian football union create and develop ways of bringing positive change in Russian football. Among the recent measures are

4. Собянин, Федор, и Замогильнов, Алексей. 2006. Основы теории физической культуры 10-11 классы. Учебное пособие. М.: Гуманитарный издательский центр ВЛАДОС. 5. Коробейников, Николай, и Михеев, Александр, Николенко, Иван. 1989. Физическое воспитание. Учебное пособие. М.: Высшая школа. 6. Чанади, Арпад. 1978. Футбол. Техника. М.:ФиС. 7. Козловский, Владимир. 1977. Подготовка футболистов. М.: ФиС. 8Чирва, Борис. Футбол. 2007. Тематика диссертаций в СССР и Российской Федерации. Вып.1. 1946-2006. М.: ТВТ Дивизион. 9 Шустин, Борис и Баранов, Владимир. 2013. Развитие диссертационных исследований по проблемам тематики спорта высших достижений и подготовки спортивного резерва. Вестник спортивной науки. Журнал. 5. 7-15. 10Макаров Дмитрий. 2015. Тенденции развития современного футбола в России. Молодой ученый. Журнал. 21. 531-535.

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the project “Centers of Football”, three-level preparation of sportsmen, coaches and other specialists. These measures are part of the national strategy “Development of the Russian football in 2006- 2016”. Some other legislation provides for the methods of popularisation of the sport among young people, improvement of the material and technical condition, improvement of the competition system, improvement of the executive football system in Russia, financial support and professional training of the coaches and other involved specialists.

Track record of USSR and Russia teams from 1960 to 2015

Names of international football, futsal an beach soccer competitions, the year and performance of the USSR and Russian teams Men's teams Women's teams Youth male and female teams Europa League World University Games Youth European 1960 - 1st place women's league Championship of the 1964 - 2nd place 1993 - 3rd place UEFA U-21 (men) 1972 - 2nd place 2007 - 2nd place 1972 - 2nd place 1988 - 2nd place 2015 - 2nd place 1974 - 3rd place 2008 - 3rd place 1976 - 1st place Olympic Games FIFA Futsal 1980 - 1st place 1956 - 1st place Women 1990 - 1st place 1972 - 3rd place 2010 - 3rd place FIFA U20 Youth World 1976 - 3rd place 2013 - 3rd place Championship (men) 1980 - 3rd place 2015 - 2nd place 1977 - 1st place 1988 - 1st place 1979 - 2nd place World University Men's 1991 - 3rd place league European Championship 1987 - 1st place UEFA U-19 boys 1995 - 3rd place 1982 - 3rd place FIFA Futsal World Cup 1982 - 2nd place 1996 - 3rd place 1988 - 1st place UEFA Fursal European 1990 - 1st place Championship 2015 - 2nd place 1996 - 2nd place FIFA World 2001 - 3rd place Championship U-17 boys 2007 - 3rd place 1987 - 1st place 2012 - 2nd place European Championship 2014 - 2nd place UEFA U-17 boys FIFA Beach Soccer World 1984 - 2nd place Cup 1985 - 1st place

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2011 - 1st place 1986 - 3rd place 2013 - 1st place 1987 - 2nd place 2015 - 3rd place 2006 - 1st place Intercontinental Beach 2013 - 1st place Soccer Cup 2015 - 3rd place 2011 - 1st place European Championship 2012 - 1st place UEFA U-19 women 2013 - 2nd place 2004 - 3rd place 2014 - 2nd place 2005 - 1st place 2015 - 1st place 2006 - 3rd place Euro Beach Soccer Cup UEFA European 2005 - 2nd place Championship Futsal U-21 2010 - 1st place (men) 2012 - 1st place 2008 - 1st place 2014 - 3rd place 2007 - 3rd place 2008 - 3rd place 2009 - 1st place 2010 - 3rd place 2011 - 1st place 2012 - 2nd place 2013 - 1st place 2014 - 1st place 2015 - 3rd place

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REFERENCES

Авладеев, Артем. 2014. Периодизация истории российского футбола. Молодой ученый. Журнал. 19. 631-636. Алексеев, Владислав. 2005. Историографический анализ развития российского футбола в современной России. Теория и практика физической культуры. Журнал. 11. Козловский, Владимир. 1977. Подготовка футболистов. М.: ФиС. Коробейников, Николай, и Михеев, Александр, Николенко, Иван. 1989. Физическое воспитание. Учебное пособие. М.: Высшая школа. Макаров, Дмитрий. 2015. Тенденции развития современного футбола в России. Молодой ученый. Журнал. 21. 531-535. Собянин, Федор, и Замогильнов, Алексей. 2006. Основы теории физической культуры 10-11 классы. Учебное пособие. М.: Гуманитарный издательский центр ВЛАДОС. Чанади, Арпад. 1978. Футбол. Техника. М.:ФиС. Чирва, Борис. Футбол. 2007. Тематика диссертаций в СССР и Российской Федерации. Вып.1. 1946-2006. М.: ТВТ Дивизион. Шустин, Борис и Баранов, Владимир. 2013. Развитие диссертационных исследований по проблемам тематики спорта высших достижений и подготовки спортивного резерва. Вестник спортивной науки. Журнал. 5. 7-15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Yeryomenko

70 SERBIA

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN SERBIA - SINCE THE KINGDOM TO REPUBLIC (1896-2016)

Dejan Milenković Faculty of Sport, University "Union - Nikola Tesla", Belgrade Correspondence Dejan Milenković [email protected] Phone: +381 64 143 453

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with the development of football in Serbia as an independent state and as a member of several national entities with the name of Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro. It points to the early days of introduction to this game, organization and work of first ball sections, and then genuine football clubs and national team. The story is divided into four historical periods. The first period extends from the appearance of football in Serbia in the late 19th century to the end of , while the second period deals with football in the and in the course of World War II. New state entity named SFR Yugoslavia and its later territorially smaller variants have been described in the third part, and the re-independence of Serbia is presented in the last, fourth historical period. The results of Serbian clubs achieved in European competitions (European Cup/Champions League, UEFA Cup/Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup) and the national team at the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games are presented in the annex to the paper.

Key words: football, intenrnational competitions, clubs, national team.

71 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, football is played all over the world, either at professional, or amateur level. According to data provided by FIFA, there are more than 240 milion football players in more than 200 countries (211 national associations1). This sport atracts the largest audience, and simplicity of the rules and minimum necessary equipment at amateur level, makes it the most popular and the most played sport among recreationists and children. People of all ages, races, social and material status have the ability of using the benefits of practising this sport. It is a sport of the masses without plenty investment necessary for practising it, such as e.g. fashionable sports like tennis. The proof of this lies in the fact that huge football stars are coming from the poorest parts of the world and from the lowest social classes. It is easily performed in all weather conditions and on all surfaces, which is a special charm for those who play and those who watch, cheer, rejoice and grieve. Football lived through turbulent periods in its development. The Chinese claim to have invented football, because even in Neolithic age in the province of Si Xuan the stone balls were made and kicked by the participants2. There was also in and in the Old Rome. In England, it is originated from folk leisure, but it often took violent forms3. Participation in this game (if it can be called as such due to the amount of violence that had been presented), helped young men to mature faster and to be recognized as equal members of the community. Birley4 believes that players in the 13th and 14th centuries often wore and pulled out their daggers. By subsequent industrialization in the New Age society there was some resistance to this game, which was considered to be the personification of the working class. People’s football5, as at that time it was called, represented with its characteristics bad influence

1FIFA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA (downloaded 14. 7. 2016). 2James Walvin, The people’s game, (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1994). 3Nobert Elias & Eric Dunning, Quest for excitement: Sport and leisure in the civilizing process (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). 4Derek Birley, Sport and the making of Britain, (: Manchester University Press, 1993) 5Graham Scambler, Sport and society:history, power and culture (Belgrade: Clio, 2007).

72 on moral and social standards. It was the middle class which led the resistance, however, that did not prevent the students of public schools and universities to work on establishment of football rules. Soon, professionalization followed, and afterwards the commercialization of football, because this sport was no longer only pleasure for people, but relations in clubs began to resemble the ones in companies6. Although, football became both job and responsibility long ago, however, it would be a mistake to forget that this sport, like any other, was especially a game and enjoyment. The greatest success is with those who can find in which these elements are intertwined. The paper deals with the development of football in Serbia as an independent state (on two occasions: as kingdom from 1896 untill 1918 and as republic from 2006 until this moment) and as a member of several national entities with the name of Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro. Football in Serbia has always been a mirror of its society, and football fields the places where various ideologies presented themselves as trial balloons. Therefore, by monitoring the development of football game itself, the development of Serbian society will be exposed as well.

THEORETICAL BASIS

During the preparation of this paper, a combination of different scientific methods and research techniques were used. Their choice is determined by the selected theme of the paper, as well as relevant research goals. The aim of scientific research in this study is to provide objective and impartial review and evaluation of the results and research data. Collection of data that were relevant for the work was carried out using the following research methods:  Historical method - by surveing of available literature, and using this method, the beginnings of physical exercise and its meaning in the context of different cultures is determined. Through three phases: the collection of historical facts, analysis or criticism of sources and exposure phase, it is led to desired results.

6 Stephen Tischler, Footballers and businessmen – the origins of professional soccer in England, (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1981).

73  The method of theoretical analysis looks at different information sources such as technical literature, scientific, technical papers and materials available through the Internet.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The apperance of football in Serbia and the Great War

In the second half of the 19th centiry, Serbia had newborn and fragile independence, won in a number of liberation wars for its territories. Social-political situation in the country was not reflected in stability. Seemingly parliamentary, democratic society depended on the will of absolutist monarchs and their political combinatorics. According to the historian Milorad Ekmečić7, the main characteristic of the society of that time was the crossing of an elite type of nationalism into a mass one. Apart from poets, statesmen, scholars, nationalism meets all layers of society, partly because of an increase in the level of education, but mostly due to the emergence of political press. In Serbia, all of them were engaged in debating about political events, both domestic and foreign. Sports activities that were mainly practised were the skills useful for possible operations, handling firearms, fencing, wrestling, throwing stones from shoulders, etc. In such a moment of history and social circumstances the first football was rolled in Serbia. Hugo Buli is considered to be the founding father of Serbian football at the moment when he brought the first football in 18968. As many other scholars who had gained their diplomas across Europe, and then returned to their homeland conveying all the innovations they saw there, while studying in Buli met new game – football and brought it back to Serbia. Soon after, on May 12th 1896 in Belgrade, he organized Ball section at the Belgrade gymnastics society Soko (The Hawk), and in five days time, the

7Milorad Ekmečić, The making of Yugoslavia: 1790-1918, (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1989). 8Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006).

74 members of the section played the first football game near tower Nebojša, on May 17th. The press of that time, Večernje novosti (Evening News) reported on this event. Three years later, in 1899, the first independent ball organization called The Society for playing the ball was formed9, as a prelude to establishment of the first genuine football clubs. However, it can not be said with certainty which club should be considered as the first formed on the territory of Serbia. At the time of the existence of the within the state boundaries of the early 20th century, the first established club was Šumadija from , on September 14th 1903. Two years earlier, on May 3rd 1901, athletic club Bačka from Subotica was founded. From today's standpoint of national borders of Serbia, the oldest club is Bačka, however, at the time of foundation of the club, the city of Subotica was on the territory of Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Today, however, it is said that „Bačka is the oldest club in Serbia, and Šumadija is the oldest Serbian club“10. In the beginning, the people had some resistance to football. At that time, gymnastics and athletics were valued. Due to the lack of adequate rules, football was considered to be the frivolous fun of school children, who were mostly returning with dirty and torn clothes and shoes from their plays, so their parents forbade them further engagement11. Nevertheless, Serbian footbal was put in order with appearance of adequate football rules, translated from German by Anastas Hristodulo, a lawyer and gymnastics teacher12. More football clubs appeared very soon: Belgrade clubs Soko (The Hawk), BASK (Belgrade Academic Sport Club), BSK (Belgrade Sport Club) and Srpski mač (Serbian Sword); then Dušan Silni (Dušan the Mighty) from Šabac, Vihor (The Whirlwind) from Obrenovac, Deligrad from Aleksinac, Ozren from Sokobanja, Srpski

9Historical development of football in Serbia, https://socceroaza.wordpress.com/2013/11/16/istorija-razvoja-fudbala-u- srbiji/ (downloaded 23. 4. 2016). 10The history of Football Association of Serbia, http://www.fss.rs/index.php?id=15 (downloaded 23. 4. 2016). 11Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 12The history of Football Association of Serbia, http://www.fss.rs/index.php?id=15 (downloaded 23. 4. 2016).

75 mač (Serbian Sword) from Niš, Obilić from Kruševac, Javor from Ivanjica, and many other ball sections at Knight's societies in cities across Serbia. It seemed that the expansion of football in Serbia nothing can stop or at least slow down. However, the development of football in Serbia was slowed down throughout the period of four years by World War I (the name we know now); at that time it was the Great War, because earlier there was no a greater one. Many players took the guns and went to the front. Seemingly, there was no time for football, however, the youth kept playing, seeking for pleasure in difficult war times. Two war games were played in Belgrade13. They had the character of international games, since the Belgrade national team and English war team were playing them. In the first game, on May 10th 1915, the Belgrade national team scored with 3:1, while the rematch, on May 17th was interrupted by shelling of Austro- Hungarian army, and the result was 1:0 for the Belgrade team. It had also been played in inland of Serbia until autumn of 1915. Then the Serbian army had started the withdrawal through Albania. Difficult path that had claimed many lives did not discourage many players who kept the tradition of Serbian football even in exile, by organizing and playing among each other, but also against the Allied teams. The game was played in Corfu, in Corsica, in (in 1916 the Serbian club La Serbie was founded). After the war, many players had returned to Serbia.

Serbian football in Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the World War II

The end of the World War I, the largest conflict of nations in the world so far, unified all of South Slav people in a state. The winds of war ravaged the country that was the first to be restored. Football was also being recovered, primarily its fields. The clubs revived and began to adapt to new circumstances the ones of a larger state. Clubs activity was increased; they were travelling and playing on the new annexed parts of the country, , Bosnia. There were

13Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006).

76 new clubs which were established, some of the existing ones changed their names (for example, Great Serbia into Yugoslavia). However, the most significant moment occurred when the Yugoslav Football Association was established on April 18th 1919, which contributed to the strengthening of football and its systemic organization. The head office of the Association was originally in Zagreb, and then in 1930, after much turmoil and conflict of football delegates it was moved to Belgrade. Association was divided into sub-associations, and sub-associations into regions. The first international match of the national team was played at 1920 Antwerp Olympics on August 28th against Czechoslovakia. The score was 7:0 for Czechoslovakians14. After that, the team lost the eighth place match to (2:4). Anyway, the national team in the period between the two world wars did not make good performances at the Olympics. Apart from Antwerp, the national team played at 1924 Paris Olympics (defeat from Uruguay 7:0) and at 1928 Amsterdam Olympics (defeat from 2:1).15 Popularity of football, of course, contributed to the increase of investment in this sport. Since the courts were no longer suitable, the stadiums were being built. The first stadium in Belgrade was built in Topčider in 192716. It was the stadium of Yugoslavia with a seating capacity of 25.000. In 1932 the first night game was played under floodlights against Racing from Paris (3:0 for Yugoslavia)17. The stadium Rajko Mitić of FC is now located on its spot. Two years after the construction of the stadium of Yugoslavia, BSK had also its new stadium built in Topčider with a seating capacity of 30.000. Between two world wars, it was considered to be the largest and the most modern stadium in the Balkans equiped with the scoreboard and floodlights. Since this stadium was later destroyed in

14Yugoslavia football national team, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Фудбалска_репрезентација_Југославије (downloaded 11.7.2016). 15Football at the Summer Olympics, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics (downloaded 11.7.2016). 16Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 17SC Yugoslavia, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/СК_Југославија (downloaded 11.7.2016).

77 World War II, its location is nowadays occupied with the Partizan stadium18. Serbian clubs had a lot of success in the Yugoslav league. Yugoslavia was the champion in 1924 and 1925 with famous players such as Milutin Ivković-Milutinac, Luburić, Sekulić etc. BSK was five time champion (1931., 1933., 1935., 1936. i 1938)19. Its players were Ivica Bek, Milorad Arsenijević, Dragoslav Mihajlović, Djokica Vujadinović and according to many claims the best tandem in the history of Serbian football, Marjanović-Tirnanić. In the late twenties of the last century, Blagoje Moša was considered to be one of the best players in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As BSK player (in junior days he was a member of Yugoslavia) he had also become an indispensable member of the national team for which he made his debut at the age of 19. Soon, in the club and the national team he was joined by three years younger Aleksandar Tirnanić. Together, they represented the backbone of the national team at the first World Cup in , Uruguay. They became the first professional players in the championship of Yugoslavia 20 . As BSK players, they participated in winning five champion titles in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 1930 World Cup in Montevideo was the great success of Yugoslav national team (the players were only from Serbia), because the bronze medal was won. The members of that national team were goalkeepers Milovan Jakšić and Milan Stojanović, players: Milutin Ivković, Teofilo Spasojević, Dragan Tošić, Milorad Arsenijević, Momčilo Djokić, Dragoslav Mihajlović, Ljubiša Stevanović, Božidar Marković, Aleksandar Tirnanić, Blagoje Marjanović, Đorđe Vujadinović, Branislav Sekulić, Ivica Bek, Branislav Hrnjiček and Dragutin Najdanović with the national coach Boško Simonović. Following the success at the 1930 World Cup, Serbian football was inscribed in large letters on the international scene.

18FC Belgrade sport klub, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ФК_Београдски_спорт_клуб (downloaded 12.7.2016). 19Yugoslav First League, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Првенство_Југославије_у_фудбалу (downloaded 11.7.2016). 20Blagoje Marjanović, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Благоје_Марјановић (downloaded 8.7.2016).

78 Clubs made stronger, playing a large number of international matches across Europe (BSK was the leading club). National team, however, did not continue with good performances from Montevideo, so it did not qualify for the next two World Cups, 1934 in Italy and 1938 in France. There was a discord in the National Association which had weakened the team. There had been frequent crises and earthquakes in the Association, mainly on relation Zagreb- Belgrade. The end had come hand in hand with the growing threat of a new war. The clubs from Croatia announced the establishment of their own Association and did not respect the decisions of the Yugoslav Association. In 1939 at the meeting of the Yugoslav Association, it was disbanded and three separate assosiations were established, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian Football Association with one Supreme Association of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia21. In addition to action on the field, Serbian football had significant people in football diplomacy, primarily Mihajlo Andrejević-Andrejka. He entered FIFA in 1932 and held various positions with pauses till 1982. He was the member of FIFA Supervisory Board, and in 1936 he became the member of its Executive Committee. He was also the president of FIFA Arbitration and Medical Commission. After retirement in 1982 he was elected lifelong honorary member of FIFA. Ordained by FIFA and MOC (Golden recognition)22. Unfortunately, football in Serbia, was again roughly interrupted by new wartime devastation. In 1941, Germany attacked the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and divided it in occupation zones. However, life did not stop, football either. German occupation authorities were aware of the importance of football and its capacity to direct emotions and frustrations of the population, and that it could be useful for propaganda activities in terms of cheap entertainment and influence on football crowd 23. Matches were soon began by

21Milorad Sijić, Football in Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Aleksandrovac: Parish Local History Museum, Aleksandrovac, 2014). 22Mihajlo Andrejević, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Михаило_Андрејевић (downloaded 11.7.2016). 23Dejan Zec, „An oasis of normality or the sad image of reality? Football in occupied Serbia (1941-1944)“, Annual for Social History No. 3 (2011): 50- 51.

79 playing at the initiative of the German army. Occupation authorities wanted to establish as soon as possible a stable state regulation in Serbia and to make it a part of the German Reich system. The games were played between Vitez (Knight) and German Army teams (three matches played, three victories of Vitez), then matches between Čukarički and German military garnison team (1:0 for Čukarički), as well as the game of long time city rivals BSK and Yugoslavia (renamed in SC 1913)24. The Championships on several levels were held from 1942 to 1944. There is an evidence that on September 22nd 1942, 90 games were played in Belgrade25. Of no less intense was either in other parts of Serbia. In Niš, Kragujevac and Valjevo 5000 spectators gathered per game26. It is interesting to say that the occupation authorities did not much interfere in the organization of matches and that none of the matches was not either banned or interrupted by them. Still, there were three interruptions. Twice a conflict among spectators occurred at matches between Senjak and Železničar, while the third one was at Žarkovo and Rakovica game, when the players of Žarkovo beated the referee because of the penalty kick27. At the very beginning of the occupation the members of the national communities that were exposed to the repression of the German occupiers were forbidden to play in the Serbian clubs. Football players of Jewish and Gipsy origin had usually left the clubs themselves because of the fear for their lives and property. It was very rare for the clubs to throw out their own players by themselves28. Many of those who had played football under occupation after the war became the playrs of the new Yugoslav clubs, and the best ones also the members of the national team: Rajko Mitić, BSK

24Ibid: 51-52. 25Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 26Ibid. 27Ibid. 28Dejan Zec, „An oasis of normality or the sad image of reality? Football in occupied Serbia (1941-1944)“, Annual for Social History No. 3 (2011): 60.

80 player, and later of Red Star, as well as Jovan Jezerkić, goalscorer of Vitez and later also of Red Star29.

Republic of Yugoslavia

After another world war, the country had to be renewed again. Also the football itself contributed to normalization of the situation in society. Immediately after the liberation of Belgrade football matches were being played again. First public football game was played in liberated Belgrade on November 22nd in 1944 at SC Yugoslavia stadium with 8.000 spectators watching it. The teams consisted of soldiers and officers of National Liberation Army 30. Clubs closed down and banned during the German occupation were reestablished, but new ones were also founded, either in Belgrade, or in inland of Serbia. However, the new government was explicit in closing down and banning those clubs which were functioning and whose teams kept playing during the occupational period. Thus, two largest pre-war Serbian clubs BSK and Yugoslavia were disbanded. The best known and in the times to come the most successful newly formed clubs were Red Star and Partizan. Red Star was the first club which was newly established in liberated country on March 4th in 194531. Partizan was founded on October 4th in 1945 as a football section at Head Centre of Yugoslav Army32. The first championship of new Yugoslavia was held in September 1945 in cup format. Since there were no clubs, national teams of the constituent republics and Army team were participating, with the Serbian team winning. In 1946, 14 clubs took part in the National Championship, five of which were coming from Serbia: Partizan, Red Star and Metalac from Belgrade, 14th October from

29Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 30Ibid. 31 FC Red Star, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ФК_Црвена_звезда (downloaded 12.7.2016). 32 FC Partizan, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ФК_Партизан (downloaded 12.7.2016).

81 Niš and Spartak from Subotica) 33 . In 1947, Yugoslav Cup was founded with 349 teams participating in the first season34. From the very beginning of the new state and its football, the dominance of Serbian clubs was established, primarily by Red Star and Partizan which won on the whole 30 championship titles35 and 17 Cups 36 from 1945 to 1991, during the existence of SFR Yugoslavia. Such dominance in domestic competitions resulted in their frequent appearance at the international scene. It just could not be imagined, these football giants not to appear in any European competition. A series of participation of Serbian clubs at the international scene began in 1955 when UEFA organized the first European Cup. Since in the first season the clubs used to be invited to compete, Partizan was representing Yugoslavia and in quarterfinal it lost from Real Madrid, with aggregate score 4:3 (3:0; 0:4)37. From the next season, the clubs had to deserve their participation in the European Cup with qualifying from their national championships. The first major result at European level was made by OFK Beograd playing 1963 Cup Winners’ Cup semifinal (lost to Tottenham 1:2; 1:3)38. Just three years later, the first final, speaking of a Serbian team, of any European competition was played. At European Cup, Real Madrid defeated Partizan 2:1 (Partizan squad: Milutin Šoškić, Fahrudin Jusufi, Ljubomir Mihajlović, Radoslav Bečejac, Velibor Vasović, Branko Rašović, Mane Bajić, Vladimir Kovačević, Mustafa

33Yugoslav First League 1946/47., https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прва_савезна_лига_Југославије_у_фудбалу_ 1946/47. (downloaded 12.7.2016). 34Yugoslav Cup 1947., https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Куп_Југославије_у_фудбалу_1947. (downloaded 12.7.2016). 35Yugoslav First League, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Првенство_Југославије_у_фудбалу (downloaded 13.7.2016). 36Yugoslav Cup, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Куп_Југославије_у_фудбалу (downloaded 13.7.2016). 371955–56 European Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955– 56_European_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 38Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006).

82 Hasanagić, Milan Galić and Josip Pirmajer). In the previous rounds , Werder Bremen, Sparta Prague and the great Manchester United were defeated one after another39. In the seventies, Serbian clubs performed a slight decrease in domestic results. The superiority of the previous years was not so significant, because the clubs from other republics also got their piece of the pie. Hajduk from Split made the most of poor performance of Belgrade clubs with four National Championship titles and five Cups4041. At the international level, Red Star played 1971 European Cup semifinal (defeat from Panathinaikos 3:1, 0:3)42 and 1979 UEFA Cup final (defeat from Borussia Mönchengladbach 1:1, 0:1)43. OFK Beograd played 1973 UEFA Cup quarterfinal and lost to Twente by aggregate score 4:344. In those years OFK was the home team of , Dragoslav Stepanović, Ilija Petković and the all-time scorer of the Yugoslav First League Slobodan Santrač (218 goals in First League playing for OFK Beograd, Partizan and Galenika Zemun45). With Red Star and Partizan the clubs from the other Serbian cities went stronger. Good results at national level, but also at the international scene were achieved by Vojvodina from , Napredak from Kruševac, and perhaps the greatest success was made by Radnički from Niš. "Real of Nišava46" as it was called, won third place in the Championship twice in early eighties, and in 1982

391965–66 European Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965– 66_European_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 40Yugoslav Cup, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Куп_Југославије_у_фудбалу (downloaded 13.7.2016). 41Yugoslav First League, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Првенство_Југославије_у_фудбалу (downloaded 13.7.2016). 421970–71 European Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970– 71_European_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 431978-79 UEFA Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978-79_UEFA_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 441972-73 UEFA Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972-73_UEFA_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 45Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 46 Nišava is the river that runs through the city of Niš.

83 UEFA Cup it reached through the semifinal. A series of famous European clubs did not have a footbal tactics solution for the football players from Niš. Napoli was defeated at the first round, than Grasshopper, Feyenord, Dundee United, but in semifinal Hamburger was too strong and it won by aggregate score 6:3 47 (Radnički squad: Zoran Milenković, Slobodan Halilović, Aleksandar Panajotović, Stojan Gavrilović, Milovan Obradović, Zoran Bojović, Mirko Vojinović, Miloš Drizić, Miodrag Stojiljković, Branislav Djordjević, Rade Radisavljević, Slavoljub Nikolić, Sanid Beganović, Dragan Radosavljević, Miroslav Aleksić)48. After years of playing in international cups and a few very good chances that some Serbian club won a European competition, the year 1991 „happened“, when Red Star on May 29th became the European champion, and on December 8th of the same year in Tokio it won World title defeating Chilean Colo-Colo 3:049. The opponents of Red Star on the way to the European title were Grasshopper, Rangers, , Bayern and finally Olympique de (the score was 0:0 after extra-time and 5:3 after penalty shoot-out) 50 . Red Star squad from 1991: Stevan Stojanović, Duško Radinović, Slobodan Marović, Vladimir Jugović, Refik Šabanadžović, Miodrag Belodedić, Siniša Mihajlović, Ilija Najdoski, Darko Pančev, Robert Prosinečki, Dragiša Binić, Dejan Savićević, Vlada Stošić, Zvonko Milojević, Goran Vasilijević, Milorad Ratković with its coaches Ljupko Petrović (won the European Cup with the team) and Vladica Popović (Intercontinental Cup)51. Champion generation of Red Star played another season with slightly altered squad and it was one step to getting a chance to play

47 1981-82 UEFA Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981-82_UEFA_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 48Mihajlo Todić, 110 years of football in Serbia, (Belgrade: Football Association of Serbia, 2006). 491991 Intercontinental Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Intercontinental_Cup (downloaded 14.7.2016). 501990-91 European Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990- 91_European_Cup (downloaded 14.7.2016). 51FC Red Star, https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ФК_Црвена_звезда (downloaded 13.7.2016).

84 in another European Cup final, however, in group stage Italian Sampdoria was too strong, took first place and went into the final. This was followed by sanctions from the international community, which meant a ban on competition at Euro scene. Clubs found themselves in an unenviable economic situation and they had to sell their players. The quality of the national championship sharply declined due to the departure of a large number of quality players in searching of better playing conditions. It should not be forgetten the disintegration of the country which was a big market of players and had a significant level of competitiveness of its championship. Over night it happened that in the First League of the new country were the clubs from more or less rural areas, what could not be even imagined at the championship of "big" Yugoslavia. After returning to international competition, Serbian clubs made poor results. The economic situation was bad, clubs were unable to maintain quality players long enough, which reflected badly in the field. Every year the teams were put together again and again, and apropos to lack of continuity in joint play it did not lead to good results. From brighter moments of this period club history, Partizan 2003-04 season should be mentioned when they played Champions League stage group (three losses and three draws)52 and also 2004-05 season with their round 16 at UEFA Cup (defeat from that season’s champion CSKA Moscow with aggregate score 3:1)53. At the national team level, Yugoslav football had very good results, especially at the Olympics. From 1948 to 1960 at four Olympic Games in a row, Yugoslav national team played four finals. Unfortunately, only the last final in 1960 Rome Olympics, completed with the triumph against , 3:1. In the previous three finals, the team lost to 3:1 in 1948 London Olympics, to Hungary 2:0 in 1952 Helsinki Olympics, and to Soviet Union 1:0 in 1956 Olympics54. During this period the team was led

522003-04 UEFA Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003- 04_UEFA_Champions_League (downloaded 14.7.2016). 532004-05 UEFA Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_UEFA_Cup (downloaded 14.7.2016). 54 Football at the Summer Olympics, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics (downloaded 13.7.2016).

85 by selection committees in which the most common member was Aleksandar Tirnanić. Among the important players from Serbia Rajko Mitić, Dragoslav Šekularac, Bora Kostić, Vujadin Boškov etc, should be mentioned. In the sixties, the team made good results at European championships with two finals at the first champinship in 1960 in France (lost to Soviet Union 2:155) and at UEFA Euro 1968 in Italy (lost to home team in repeated game 2:0; the first game 1:156). At the 1962 World Cup in national team won the fourth place 57, which is its last best result at the World Cups regardless the name the team has played under. In the sixties and seventies the new generation of players took over the primacy in the national team: Dragan Džajić, Milan Galić, Ilija Pantelić, Ratomir Dujković, Momčilo Vukotić, Jovan Aćimović, Dušan Bajević, Velibor Vasović, Milutin Šoškić etc. In 1976 the position of the host of the European Championship was used to make another good result by winning the fourth place58. 1984 Olympic Games in were remembered by winning the bronze medal59. Those were the players who in the course of this competition matured, and became the backbone of the national team at 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy, primarily Dragan Stojković. As the leader of a new generation, he has made great contribution to Serbian club (Radnički Niš and Red Star) and national team football. Unfortunately, at the moment when this generation of Serbian or Yugoslav football players had an opportunity to leave a deeper mark at the international scene, politics got involved and with its decision to suspend the Serbian sport, it

551960 European Nations’ Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_European_Nations’_Cup (downloaded 17.7.2016). 56UEFA Euro 1968, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968 downloaded 17.7.2016). 57 Yugoslavia national football team, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team (downloaded 13.7.2016). 58UEFA Euro 1976, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976 (downloaded 13.7.2016). 59 Football at the Summer Olympics, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics (downloaded 13.7.2016).

86 stopped a string of good results. Although the team won the right to play at UEFA Euro 1992 in Sweden, it was returned home a few days before the beginning of the competition. After four years of sanctions, and the dissolution of the country, it was necessary to establish a new system and restore the national team at the international scene. National team made two appearances in a row at final tournaments, at 1998 FIFA World Cup in France and at UEFA Euro 2000 in Belgium and Netherlands. Both times, the team went through stage group and was eliminated in next round6061. The name of Dragan Stojković, the national team captain, was also associated with this period, along with Savo Milošević, Siniša Mihajlović, Vladimir Jugović, Miroslav Djukić, and the young hopes of that time Dejan Stanković and Perica Ognjenović etc. National team under the name of played at 2006 World Cup in Germany and scored three losses in group stage. That same year the dissolution of the state union took place, therefore, in the following years Serbia continued to compete independently.

Serbia as an independent country again

Serbia is again an independent country since 2006, as it used to be till 1918, only that this time it is a republic. The situation in football is a mirror of society. National championship has poor quality documented by the position at UEFA rankings (27th place, average coefficient of 4.25062). For 2015-16 season, the best ranked Serbian club was FC Partizan at 62nd place with coefficient of 6.850, then FC Vojvodina at 99th place (2.350), the third was FC Čukarički

601998 FIFA World Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup (downloaded 13.7.2016). 61UEFA Euro 2000, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000 (downloaded 13.7.2016). 62UEFA rankings for club competitions, http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/country/seasoncount ry/index.html (downloaded 11.7.2016).

87 at 139th place (1.350) and FC Red Star at 163rd place (1.100)63. For other levels of competition there is no use to spend a lot of words. Poor financial situation and lack of good organization are the cause of weak competitiveness of Serbian clubs at international level. Inability to keep more quality domestic players (the number of which, by the way, is lessening), even greater difficulties in bringing quality foreign players resulted in elimination of Serbian clubs from the European Cups in the earliest stages of the competition (usually qualifications). Sporadic participation of clubs in group stages of European competitions, Partizan and Red Star (more often Partizan) is not sufficient to improve the scoring balance in the rankings and to secure its position in the European club football. In the last 24 years only once has any team managed to live through winter time in Europe – FC Partizan in 2004-05 season. It was just this club (FC Partizan) that participated in group stage of Champions League in 2010-11 season (six defeats in six matches)64. The situation in national team level can not be spoken of much better. From 2006, national team of Serbia, as an independent country, participated in just one final tournament, at 2010 World Cup in South . One victory and two defeats65 led to the end of its taking part in group stage competition. Frequent change of coaches, lack of steady system of playing and frequent new beginnings after the unsuccessful qualifications have become common place figure of Serbian national football. The most significant players of this period were Dejan Stanković, Nemanja Vidić, Nikola Žigić, Mateja Kežman, Marko Pantelić, Vladimir Stojković, Milan Lane Jovanović etc. Serbian national football team in the FIFA rankings as of July

63UEFA rankings for club competitions, http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/index.html (downloaded 11.7.2016). 642010-11 UEFA Champions League, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010- 11_UEFA_Champions_League (downloaded 14.7.2016). 652010 FIFA World Cup, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup (downloaded 14.7.2016).

88 14th 2016, is at 47th place66. Often called the "European Brazilians" do not deserve such low position.

CONCLUSION

Serbian history abounds in glorious victories and also famous defeats. Sometimes it seems that in a number of cases the defeats were even glorious. Some of them are even celebrated up to the present days. This situation is reflected in single social spheres, for example, in sport, and for example, in football. Since the time when the first football was rolled in Serbia in 1896, local people had become obsessed with it to the point that winning grew into a national celebration, and a defeat into a national tragedy. There is no sport in Serbia the people are preoccupied with like football. As much as our national teams in other sports celebrate excellent results throughout a long period of time, it seems that just one good result of our football team is enough to overshadow them all. And in times of long period of bad results and increasingly frequent criticising all those involved in Serbian football, though every victory, no matter how irrelevant it is, returns the smile on our faces and a new hope for a better tomorrow. 120 years of development of some social area represents a long way to go, which in the case of Serbian football was bumpy from the days when there were only amateur ball sections to the current professional club giants; from the days when parents forbade their children to play it, considering it as frivolous fun, to the moment when it became a serious source of income. The history of football in Serbia abounds in ups and downs, great expectations and dreams, big words and deeds (words were more likely), persistent and scrappy enthusiasts and sometimes in spoiled professionals, great masters and those who were not of the kind, experts and those who badly would like it to be, the people who kept creating something great and those who nowadays easily comprehend it. However, it is characteristic for each process in any foundation and development.

66FIFA World Rankings, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings (downloaded 14.7.2016).

89 From the beginning, the people from these areas involved in football were recognized at international scene by their approach to this game, either it was on the court, or in football diplomacy. The enthusiasm and love for football often suppressed other activities they were carrying out. The individual qualities of our players and lucidity in playing could be seen at the first sight, from Moša67 and Tirke 68 , than Rajko Mitić, Dragoslav Šekularac, Dragan Džajić, Piksi69 and others. However, what remains unsaid concerns the team results. A lack of competitive expedition ended in triumph, both at clubs, and the national team. That incompleteness has followed Serbian football from the very beginning. Always one step away from a dream, always so close, even in the days when football was the strongest, when there were real masters playing in our league, internationally known and recognized, when our national team was a genuine "European Brazilians", when our stadiums hosted the biggest European clubs who left defeated. However, the story goes on. As long as talented children will be running the ball and looking forward to the game, the "voice" of Serbian football players will be heard. In the autumn of 2016, the qualifications for 2018 World Cup in Russia will be run, which will be a new opportunity for bringing about positive effect on already underminded confidence of Serbian football.

67 Moša - Blagoje Marjanović. 68 Tirke - Aleksandar Tirnanić. 69 Piksi - Dragan Stojković.

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95

96 SPAIN

1902 CORONATION CUP BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN REAL MADRID AND FC BARCELONA A STUDY HEMEROGRAPHIC

Javier Arranz Albó University of scients education, Blanquerna University, Ramon Llull- Barcelona Correspondence Javier Arranz Albó [email protected] Phone: Spain - 627833152

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research presented aims to demonstrate that the Coronation Cup foot-ball held in Madrid in 1902 has no relationship with the cup of Spain or the king. The study used a methodology of analysis of newspaper articles of the time they were made resonance of the event. In 1902 the mayor of Madrid Mr. Aguilera to mark the coming of age of King Alfonso XIII organized a foot-ball tournament. invitations teams Barcelona: FC Barcelona and Español, as well as teams were sent Bilbao. The latter merged and came to the tournament with a team he called Vizcaya. Madrid invitation was extended to Real Madrid and the News Team. President and founder of Real Madrid Mr. Padrós collaborates with the organization of the tournament. One of the objectives of our research as we said at the beginning of the paper aims to show that this tournament is unrelated to the crown of Spain. Atletic Bilbao club in 2010 complained to the Spanish Football Federation in order that the coronation crown as king cup consider and increase his record. Finally note that during this tournament began the rivalry between the two biggest clubs in Spain: Real Madrid and FC Barcelona.

Key Words: Foot-ball, Coronation’s Cup, Atlètico de Bilbao,

97

Introduce

Several sporting events were held in 1902 and on the occasion of most age of Alfonso XIII and his subsequent constitutional jura as King of Spain. The object of our study reading aims to demonstrate that the foot-ball tournament which was organized at the behest of D. Carlos Padrós only was a forerunner of what later came to be a copa del rey, Spain Cup, Generalísimo Cup and currently copa del rey.In the month of may, 1902 then President and partner of Real Madrid foot-ball club, Carlos Padrós, organized a tournament also known as the Madrid competition. To carry out his idea had the support of the same city Council of the city and its Mayor Mr. Aguilera, who donated a Silver Cup to the winner of the same. In that tournament he was invited to teams of the city of Barcelona: Barcelona Foot-ball Club, Español and University - the latter declined the invitation - since its players partners were tests. Be extended invitation to - who initially resigned - a team that had players of experience who had played in England and which had been highlighted in several tournaments played in France. Finally went to the tournament a fusion of the two teams of Bilbao and who competed under the name of Vizcaya. Madrid has extended invitation to the same Real Madrid Foot-ball club and the Sky club. The contest was played at the old Hippodrome of “la castellana”, graciously donated for the occasion. Celebrated matches highlighted by the massive public turnout and hard-fought them, resulting the Vizcaya team winner in a disputed final against Barcelona Foot-ball Club The consolation game, which was called "great sorrow" for donating such aristocratic society of Madrid a trophy competed it for the Real Madrid Foot-ball Club, which turned out victorious, against the Español of Barcelona.

Tournament organization a view from the press of the time

The Real Madrid CF organizes the coronation drink in the framework of the celebrations of the coronation Alfonso XIII Magazine “Los Deportes” March 23, 1902, nº 11

98 From Madrid The Board of Real Madrid F. C For the current year, Messrs form.: J. Padrós, President; E. Varela, vice president; M. Mendia, secretary; J. de Gorostizaga, treasurer, and A.S. Neira, M. Giralt, C. Mertens, A. and A. Melendez Spotorno, vocal. The Mayor of Madrid, Mr. Aguilera, entrusted to said forming the club competition basis for May and choice of ground; and after being approved by the commission festivities will be announced to the provinces clubs can go, ifthey wish to dispute the prize with Madrid. Organization of the Cup Coronation of football - competition MADRID, may 1902, a study began. Real Madrid CF organizes Cup Coronation within the framework of the celebrations of the coronation of Alfonso XIII Magazine “Los Deportes” March 23 – 1902- No. 11: From Madrid the Board of Directors of the Real Madrid F C for the current year, it will be Mr: J. Padrós, President: E Varela, Vice President: M. Mendia, Secretary: J. de Gorostizaga, Treasurer, and S. Neira, M. Giralt, C. Mertens, A. Spotorno and A. Melendez, vocals. Tuesday, may 5, 1902 –Newspaper: “ La correspondència de España” The Mayor of Madrid, Mr. Aguilera, entrusted to the Club training bases for the may competition and choice of terrain; and then to be approved by the Commission of celebrations, they announced that provinces Clubs can go, if they wish, to dispute the award with the Madrid. The uniform of the club is white with band purple with the coat of arms of Madrid embroidery in colors and and half blue, whose good effect can be seen in gravure which inserts the last issue of the Herald of the Sport, which contains about 30 players who already realised their first match, on his land located next to the Plaza de Toros The old F. Sky, will be called forward New Football Club, forming its Board of Directors the Mrs. M. Vallarino, President; F. Valcárcel, Vice President; G. García Martino, Secretary, A. Mayora, Treasurer, and E. Valenti, J. A. Nuñez and L.diaz, vowels. It has its ground in the Ronda de Vallecas, between the walls of the removal and pigeon shot. Madrid tournament of foot-ball, for the contest of foot-ball that held at the Racecourse on the, 13-14 and may 15, are already registered the Barcelona and the Español in Barcelona New and Real Madrid,

99 and the Athletic and the Bilbao Vizcaya, having great expectations test matches organized by the Madrid foot-ball club yesterday at the Hippodrome de Madrid between it and the New were witnessed by numerous and distinguished crowd.This article still had not occurred the merger between the two teams in Bilbao as discussed later. Daily” El liberal” 13 may 1902Madrid – “Concurso de foot-ball” For the contest of foot-ball that held at the Racecourse on the, 13-14 and may 15, are already registered the Barcelona and the Español in Barcelona, New and Real Madrid, and the Athletic and the Bilbao Vizcaya, having great expectations test matches organized by the Real Madrid foot-ball club yesterday at the Hippodrome de Madrid between it and the New were witnessed by numerous and distinguished crowd. This article still had not occurred the merger between the two teams in Bilbao as discussed later. The daily “El Liberal” , 1902 The liberal newspaper published a list of all components of the different teams invited to the tournament. Surprising in some cases the number of substitutes.

FESTIVALS OF TODAY

Foot-ball nine to midnight at the Hippodrome begin the announced contest.They will take part the following Clubs twenty-one Madrid Foot Ball Club Team: D. Juan Sevilla.-DE. Mario Girait-Don Rafael Molero.-D. Joseph of Goroizaga, Palacios, Thomson, Giralt, Celada, DA Giralt and 37 alternates1

Foot-BallClubBarcelona Equipement

D. Vicente Relig.-D. Arturo Wittz .-- Don José Llobet.-D. Bartholomeo Terrades.-Don Jorge Meycr.-D. Miguel Valdés.-D. Gamper. Hans-D. John Parrons Stimberg.-D. Luis da Asao.-D. Alfonso Albenia and 20 alternates. New Foot-Ball Club. Madrid Equipment

1 At that time, 11 players were playing field without possibility of changes. Each team could have an unlimited number of substitute players

100

D. José López Amor.-D. Eagartlo Bishort. -Mr. José Aragón.-D. William G. Martí- nez.-D.Federico Salazar.-D. Fernando Valcárcel.- D. Angel Mayora.-D. Hodonos.- D. Manuel Vallarlnc-D.A,Garrido.- Don Luis Diazand, and 43alternates

Foot-ball.EspañolClubBarcelona Equipment D. O. Montells.-D. Angel Pons.-D. Santiago Méndez.-D. JulFán Mora.-D. J. Casanellos.-D.Guillermo Galianlo.-D. José María Soler.- D. Ralmwndo ürlz.-D, JoaquínCarril and D. Telosforcí Alvarez.Vizcaya.-Bilbao Equipment

New Foot Ball Club.-Madrid Equipmen D. José López Amor, D. Eagartlo Bishort. —D. José Aragón. D. Guillermo, G. Martínez.—D.Federico Salazar.—D. Fernando Valcárcel.—D. Ángel Mayora.—D. Hodonos.- D. Manuel Vallarlinc—D. A, Garrido.—Don Luis Díaz and 43 alternates

Club Español Foot-ball of Barcelona Equipment D. O. Montells.—D. Ángel Pons.—D. Santiago Méndez.—D. Julián Mora.—D. J. Casanellos.—D.Guillermo Galianlo.—D. José María Soler.—D. Raimundo ürlz.—D, Joaquín Carril y D. Telosforcío Alvarez.

Vizcaya of Bilbao Equipment D. Luis Arana.—D. Enrique G» Oareaga.— D. Pedro Larranagja.— D. José Arana.—D. Ricardo Ugarte D. Juan Astorquía.—D. Lula Diez.— D. Ramón Siva.—Ewins and 6 alternates The order of placement of the players is they are registered ; in the first line, one; second two; third, three, four and five. Today corresponds play first hour Vizcaya against the Español de Barcelona, whose players wear blouse and white pants, el Español de Barcelona distinguishing itself by a distinctive chest and arm embodied tape. And at 4 second time Barcelona, who will go with blue and embodied blouse, against Madrid, blouse belt white

101 national colors. The foot-ball games on Wednesday and Thursday will be published when you see the result.

The preparation of the soccer tournament through the press of the time

They start running the first chronicles about soccer tournament

Daily “El Independiente” of Madrid on , 1902

On Tuesday 13 and Thursday 15 of this month, the matches of this contest will be played at the Hippodrome, and Wednesday 14, in the field of Society organizer, next to the Plaza de Toros. Everybody these days, from nine to midnight. There is great expectation, both in Madrid and in Barcelona and Bilbao, to know the result. The Barcelona, Vizcaya, Spanish, New and registered Madrid, especially the first two are favorites.

Magazine “Los Deportes” May 16, 1902 The foot-ball in Madrid

The number two Madrid sports weekly Sport The Herald gives us interesting Particulars of the advancement of the game cited in the capital of Spain, where there are two societies E. C Sky and Madrid E. C., being the first president of Mr. Mayoral and the second Don J. Palacios. Both companies have Suitable playgrounds being likely form the first side of the Club of Madrid the Neira gentlemen, Giralt (J. A. and M.). Palacios (J and J), Celada, Spottorno, Padrós Gorostizaga and Melendez, projecting said club organize a contest whose prize will likely be a courtesy Cup honor by the mayor, to which suitable land will be asked to celebrate during the holidays May. Enter cited news "A Goal Keeper," which want advertise the team: F. C. Sky organize the first side to make some matches with Barcelona and can tell you that they gladly accepted the idea, offering now mate "goalkeeper" for help you in your good intentions, allowing me to recommend great advertise, then to her It is largely due to the increase that has taken the foot-ball in Barcelona.

102 Fordward2

The figure of Carlos Padrós President of Real Madrid architect of the organization of the cup coronation The Daily” El mundo deportivo” about Carlos Padrós 1906 Of praise and applause the sincerest it is also now walk the illustrious champion foot- ball our friend so dear as D. Carlos Padrós. Padros organized, rewards, runs. Padrós of those who do not give up and the first to collect the laurels that should granted to the generous men in Spain they are revealed by propaganda and extension of sports . Our applause to friend Padrós

Output equipment Barcelona to Madrid

Year VI Barcelona May 4, 1902 “Los deportes” Magazine

On Sunday morning they left for the court players of Clubs FC Barcelona and Español, who come to fight for the Cup competition. The partners "F. C. Barcelona representing his club in Madrid are the gentlemen Casteliví, Pamies, Morris S, Meyer, Morris J., Gamper, Morris E., Llobet, Wilty A., Terradas, Parsons, Valdes, Steinberg, Albeniz, O. Maier, P. Haas, Montanes, Chown, and Español, the following: Aracil, Soler, Lane, A., R. Galiardo; Mora, Peña, Ponz, Montelis, Mendez Ruiz. Clubs fitted out these great new balls 4 Valdés 3 .Swift (swallowbream), which they will undoubtedly have caught the attention of fans. “Los deportes” Magazine Year VI - Barcelona May 1, 1902 - No. 18. Clubs FC. Barcelona, Real Madrid, New, Athetic talk of the Court have registered, Español and Vizcaya (side), adding that the love of football spreads so extensive so that in a test match held days ago between the Real Madrid and New in the racecourse, the 4000 spectators witnessed were well impressed by the game incidents, Madrid must leave today for both sides in the FC. Barcelona and Español concurring the contest. In the next issue we will mention the

2 It is who signed the chronicles in the newspaper, a pseudonym 3 It was a mark of the fledgling industry footballs

103 names of those who form such camps and perhaps the result of any of the parties.

The first regulation of tournament

Year VI Barcelona May 4, 1902 “Los deportes” Magazine In post attentive reminds us of the Real Madrid F. C. and we are glad to publish the news that the parties will take place on 13 and 15 of the current, performing in the morning Field Racetrack, whose society has given their land. It is also it has expanded the base 5. The Regulation: field change with 7 minutes break one minute in the tiebreaker case.

The first inconvenience The Bilbao announces he will not stand the competition Madrid- coronation

The first disappointment occurs. The Bilbao announces he will not stand the competition Madrid- coronation crown Bilbao presents no sports magazine May 4, 1902 Last Monday, the FC Barcelona received the following phone call : For major causes Vizcaya concurso.- written Astorquia 4 . As the first words indicate impairment and the last make suppose concurrence of the " Vizcaya ", the "Barcelona " she replied Received telefonema confusing - telefonema appreciate immediate clarification. Valdes. - Arriving Tuesday Bilbao following: No Club registered for this contest. Astorquia. The disappointment that caused the knowledge of such news has been immense. To say our previous issue in article Madrid, Bilbao, Barcelona success of the contest depended upon the concurrence of the locals, not our selves misguided, not understanding.

Tournament definitive Rules

Year VI Barcelona May 4, 1902 “Los Deportes” Magazine: The tournament organizer Carlos Padrós satisfied with the decision of the citizens of Bilbao clubs and approve contest - teams clash between minor to do not miss the tournament expectation and

4 Astorquia: It was Bilbao player and wrote the chronicles in the newspaper

104 acceptance of the merger between teams Bilbao Pleased to be the football players of Madrid by the selfless cooperation Bilbao and Barcelona, and the city of there or some other corporation should giving reward such sacrifices, like the racing clubs, a grant well the less partial or awarding medals to the players of provinces commemorative matches made . Resulting probably be five clubs registrants should prompt the less the first day two games, albeit in various fields and in order not to extend too many days the completion of the contest. Likewise, it is believed desirable to perform in the first matches between the clubs lower importance, because otherwise effected, would be eliminated in the first match a club strong and definitive party of no interest. It is believed also not prosper the idea celebrate parties in the morning because apart from that on such days will be the same necessary for the rest, the time is too advanced to suffer the rigors of the sun. In conference call held in late the week between Padrós and Gamper, the first ever wondered if the Barcelona players They would repair to the Clubs Athletic and Bilbao present the mixed side of both Vizcaya, having agreed to such a request .

Good news Bilbao rectifies

Bilbao will participate in the tournament thanks to the efforts of the President of Real Madrid D. Carlos Padrós. It will do so by merging their teams and compete with the name of Vizcaya “Los Deportes” Magazine May 4, 1902 Bilbao decision already in print previous lines leading to the friend Valdes receives telex Bilbao, conceived in these terms: "Seen sports, Vizcaya and Athletic, will attend competition. Bilbao, Madrid attend the contest thanks to the efforts of Carlos Padrós. Bilbao unify their two teams and attend the certament with a fusion of the same which will compete under the name of Vizcaya, “Los Deportes” magazine. We attached report in the weekly -Astorquia

Excellent idea which has caused deep satisfaction to all fans, congratulating us on our part to have been the motive of that order is carried out ultimately very important meeting. Satisfaction that

105 Madrid fans have welcomed all these inscriptions, evidenced by the dispatch received by Gamper5. Competition complete success. Telephone Enrolled Athletic and Vizcaya. Say “Los Deportes” Magazine -Padrós6 .

Bilbao and Barcelona favorites to win beforehand Coronation Cup

In the early twentieth century when soccer was still unknown in many parts of Spain , in Barcelona and Bilbao already they existed teams contesting tournaments. It took place in Barcelona a competition called Macaya Cup where several teams competed city. Meanwhile in Bilbao the influence of British citizens calling at the incipient shipbuilding industry and the proximity of France increased liking to the sport performing some international matches. Attached review of the weekly illustrated magazine where to echo a match played in Bordeaux players a combined Bilbao against the team of the city. The “Semanal Ilustrada” magazine Barcelona had made a chronicle of the match between the Basques against the French. Year VI “Semanal Ilustrada” Magazine Barcelona March 16, 1902 No. 10 International match Young foot – ball players of Bilbao, some of which we have spoken with praise They deserve, just perform a feat worthy of the hottest ovations. I last went to one side of Bilbainos Bordeaux players, a game to be played with the Association of South - West. The Spanish time: Arana (Don Luis) Carre agarose Ugal deArana ( D. Pablo ) .Larrañaga - Arana ( Don Alfonso ) Lewich – Sota, Astorquia (cap. ) Silva and Evans.

Development tournament

Daily “La correspondència de España” 14 May 1902

5 Founder of FC Barcelona first president and also player 6 Many players and managers were responsible for making and writing chronicles for newspapers. In this case it is the same Juan Padrós President of Real Madrid and tournament organizer who signs

106 Contest brilliant has been the first round of this competition, verified this morning at the Hippodrome. To take part in the contest have registered five teams belonging to s societies Madrid Fool-Ball club, News Foot-Ball Club, the Vizcaya, Bilbao, and the qualified Barcelona and Spanish, both of Barcelona. The polo Club Madrid has generously given one of tracks from the Racecourse, contest. This morning, on the whole circumference of the track saw triple row completely filled public chairs, among which the ladies predominated in considerable numbers. in the rest of the lint were also carriage and horses of all sportsmen more known in Madrid. Sims drawn, to the new morning began to play the first match between theVizcaiya and Español teams. Bilbao team formed the Srs. Arana, Larraftaga, Arana (L.) Goire, Ugalde, Silva, Sota, Astorquia, Dyer, gassed and Evans and Messrs. Español team.Mora, Soler, Carril, Araeil. Gallardo (G. and A.), Ruiz, Pons, Montells, Pefia and Mendez. Hard fought and interesting was the game, so above all by the Bilbao team, very strong in attack. He won the Vizcaya, by five goals to four.

Chronicle of the first football match between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona

The second game was played by the team of Madrid Foot Ball Club, made up of Sevilla, Molera, Giralt (M. P. and A.) Gorostiziga gentlemen,Spottorno, Falacis, Fontson, Neira and Colada, against Messrs. Bellows, Witty, Mayer, Torradas,Llobet, Valdos, Gampor, Parsons, Morris, Steimbcrg and AlDony, which constitute the team of Barcelona. The fight was very fast, as evidenced by the fact that only they did inninety minutes, three goals the Catalans and one the locals. The ovations were repeatedmany times throughout the game, played very well and tidily by birththose of Barcelona and brilliantly and with great arrests by the locals who played fora masterly ma taking into account the little training of all players.Summary: So far the teams are winners Vizcaya and Barcelona. In the secondof the last game, he suffered a heavy blow Mr. Gira It (D. M) Fortunately recoveredsoon, but the accident showed the need that the organizers do not forget to haveprepared medical service, because such

107 accidents are very common on the foot- ball.Tomorrow the second day of competition. L. Z. Daily “La correspondencia de españa”May 15, 1902 Foot-ball competition Second day. As lively as it was the day before yesterday foot- ball competition. The team Vizcaya, winner yesterday in conjunction with the Barcelond L, fought today against another team entered the new all foot-ball, made by Msrs: Amor, E. Bisbal, Valcárcel, Diaz, Look, Hodans, Vallarino, Valdeterri Moutojo and Piñane. Both teamsspiritedly they fought by the Vizcaya eight goals for the new goal, after playing precious today is the last day of competition, fighting the Vizcaya against FC Barcelona. Heparty will be held at 4 pm at the racetrack. Assured, that the crowd who came to watch football games, overcame greatamount attended the Horse Show. He reigned great expectation to be many whowere unaware of that game. Clubs were presented. Real Madrid and New from the court, side Vizcaya, Bilbao and Barcelona and Español of the city. Favorite and that expected the best and final struggle was that of Bilbao and the FC Barcelona. The game liked, and applauding the many good plays; the winners were cheered, running his very fun sessions Meetings.

Daily “El Liberal” May 16, 1902 semi-final Vizcaya vs New of Madrid Wednesday play corresponds to these two clubs. The result was expected to be the first beginners, however achieving both came against Vizcaya. and New out of competition. The match between the Vizcaya and "New, also made in the Hippodrome, attended greater competition, which the previous day, finding himself among many foreign spectators and some ambassadors. The Vizcaya wore blue shirt and incarnate and the New embodied blouse; both with blue pants. They formed the winning side Arana Arana Sitna- - Ugalde-Silva Amado Sota-Astorquia (Cap.) - Dyer-Cazeau-Ewans. Playing for the New: Amor, Bisbal, Valcárcel, Diaz, Mira, Salazar, Hodans, Vallarino (cap.), Valdeterrazo, Montojo, pinane, distinguishing the latter two and the captain. Daily “El liberal” 19 may 1902 Vizcaya 8 - New of Madrid 1

108 With quite a large crowd was verified yesterday morning at the racetrack the second game do Foot Ball, contending the Vizcaya do with ol New Madrid. He wore the first and embodied blue blouse and blue pants, and the second embodied blouse with trousers blue. Although from the outset the superiority of Vizcaya evidenced by the placement, smashes and strength of its players, did much to resist New incipuiente game of their opponents, always placed admirably and going about to other the ball with mathematical Procision. Vizcaya eight goals signed up to one the New. They were the team of the Company's Sros. Vallirino, Monlojo, Piñaua, Valefirocl, Lopez Vnior, Bisbal, Yaidetorrazo, Ilodans, L. Diaz, JI. Vallarino and Salazar, distinguishing his captain, Mr. Vallarino, ably seconded by Piñana and Jonlojo. Of the Vizcaya they stood all, because they are masters accompli It is admirable and his mastery of the game Vizcaya against Español of Barcelona Vizcaya 5- Español de Barcelona 1 Year VI - Barcelona , 1902 -. No. 20 “Los Deportes” magazine In the match against Español- Vizcaya judge was Mr. Morris goals from first achieved Ewans 3 Astorquia Dyer 1 and 1 by the Español marked Pons. The Madrid match against Barcelona was judged by Arana achieving the many Gamper, Meyer and Madrid Esteinberg and Johnson. The contest was opened, with this match at 9 am on Tuesday, looking both sides white uniforms, using the Español as distinctive a tape embodied in the arm. The first goal achieved the Español, then undertaking the Vizcaya a beautiful attack, Ewans achieving his first goal coming two in the first half and two more second (one penalty) ultimately winning the Vizcaya (Bilbao) by 5 goals to 1, being out of competition the Español (Barcelona). He formed the side: victorArana Larrañaga-Arana (Y) Goiri-Ugalde-Silva Sota-Astorquia (cap.) Dyer-Cerreaga-Ewans constituting the Español: Mora-Soler- Rail (cap.) - GaliardoG.-Aracil-Galiardo A. RuízPonz- Montells- Peña Mendez. Referee Mr. Morris, the FC Barcelona. Referente to this game, a this newspaper mentioned that the day before the two best players in the Vizcaya, Arana brothers, party had the tip of his tongue and had been unable to take part in the game. However it included on the winning side.

109 This was the first game played two great rivals of Spanish football, the rivalry between the two start in this cup tournament coronacion Real Madrid 1 FC. Barcelona 3

Finished the previous game start on the ground the second contest itself, wearing the Real Madrid white uniform with red and gualdo belt and Barcelona his shirt blue and white shorts and ingrown. He started the game very encouraged by the commitment of both to come out trumps. The Madrid played very well, but a disadvantage for lack of practice in the game, distinguished Mr. Thomson for his strength and agility cold blood, playing the FC. Barcelona good and orderly, having chosen field, and made the exit Real Madrid that achieves the, coming in final winner the FC Barcelona by 3 goals and accordinghat achieves the first goal. Thus remaining out of competition the Madrid. Is the side of F. C. Barcelona: Witty-Meyer Pamies Terradas-Llobet-Valdes Gamper-Parsons-Steinberg-Morris Albéniz. Playing for the Real Madrid: Sevilla-Molera-Giralt (M. P. and A.) Gorostizaga-Spottorno, Pálacios, Thomson, Neira, and Celada. Thus they were the results of the semifinals: Vizcaya-Español 5-1 Madrid-Barcelona 1-3

The finally : Vizcaya vs FC Barcelona

On Thursday morning corresponded play the final match between Vizcaya and FC.Barcelona to compete for the Coronation Cup and the prize of the Great Rock. Vizcaya did not want to play that morning for having already made two parties, pretending to postpone. The FC. Barcelona did not want to because many players wanted to return on Thursday own to reach this Friday. Also because as indicated by the magazine Sports Vizcaya refused to play the match in the morning as expected that arrived from Bilbao defender remarkable Garceaga. The jury had to decide if it was just a postponement. The Bilbainos7 assured that no requested be granted what would withdraw from the

7 Name designating the inhabitants of the city of Bilbao. In this case his players

110 contest, the winner being FC.Barcelona. After a meeting between players of both clubs, it was agreed to hold the afternoon game. For Thursday at 4pm was fixed the meeting at the Hippodrome. Barcelona Champion and the winner of Bordeaux. Probable lineups to fight were: Vizcaya: - (. Cap) Arana (L.) Carreaga Larrañaga Silva-Silva Arana -Goiri Cazeau.Astorquia Dyer-Ewans FC Barcelona:. Morris (S.) Meyer-Pamies Valdes-Vitty (. E) Morris (J.) Gamper--Steinberg-Morris E. Parsons-Albeniz Padrós refereed the match against FC Barcelona Vizcaya8. Parsons scored the FC Barcelona and scored the Vizcaya the Cazeauxe and Astorquia. The game had lasting about 75 minutes. Astorquia. The locals have been well impressed by the excellent goalkeeper and defenses Vizcaya but most of the ingenious combinations of front. The entrance to the racecourse was by invitation concurring the aristocracy of Madrid. Both English players such as German, Swiss and locals complain about the lack of attention of the spectators applauding falls and many Barcelona fans made by his opponents, reigning silence in the good plays and achieve so many of this adding that to be reversed or whether held the games in Barcelona, the public of this had not demonstrated disdain nor animosity of any kind because here have good judgment and enough education to correspond well to the sacrifices that others impose and know that elements of sportmanes ignored policy. The locals see diehard catalanistas believing in Gamper, Witty, Steinberg etc all of which produced very bad effect public behavior We can say that this meeting was in football where the rivalry between the teams of FC Barcelona and Real Madrid starts. As we have seen in this chronicle the public of Madrid disrespected the players of FC Barcelona. The policy was the reason. At that time the political situation in was difficult was taking a strong separatist moviment. Daily “El Liberal 16 may 1902 There are very great expectation for today's game, in which we can say that the championship of Spain is disputed. We know they have

8 And as curious fact also players and managers were those who arbitrated football matches that were not always those of his own team

111 expressly come from Bilbao supporters. A game that will be hotly contestedCompetition in the foot-ball verified has today won the Vizcay Club obtaining the silver cup offered by the City. Today's match was the final and has been played between the teams of Vizcaya and FC Barcelon. The first goal was scored by the Vizcaya, the second also; the third was scored by FC Barcelona. The game ended, leaving winner Vizcaya by two goals to one.

CONCLUSIONS

The study about the Coronation Cup contest Madrid or we can say that the tournament has no direct relationship with the tournament organized by the Spanish Football Federation Cup. Undoubtedly the Madrid contest was a good reference and history of the tournament, but from the newspaper sources that we have drawn we can reach several conclusions. First was a tournament contest that was not invited to other football teams at that time also disputed meetings at the national level. Secondly, the initiative came from D. Carlos Padrós organized the tournament by invitation only to those entities or clubs he considered the most important at that time Third Alfonso XIII not donated a trophy but was the Mayor of Madrid Mr. Aguilera who seconding and encouraging the idea Padrós pledged to donate a cup. If you believe that the coronation cup contest May, might be a good precedent, beginning a tournament that began to dispute the following year (1903) and the Royal Spanish Football Federation recognizes as the beginning of the current cup the king, to remember throughout its history glass of Spain and generalissimo cup was also called. Our admired Athletic Bilbao, has no right to say that the coronation cup -1902- must be recorded as Copa del Rey. Last highlight that our research has been shown that the rivalry between the two most important teams in Spain, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid began during the final tournament, when the audience insulted Madrid FC Barcelona players politically motivated.

112 REFERENCES

Daily “La correspondéncia de España” Tuesday (5 May 1902).

Daily “La correspondència de España” (14 May 1902).

Daily “La correspondencia de españa” (15 May 1902).

“Foot-ball competition”: Daily “La correspondencia de españa” (May 15 1902).

“Concurso de foot-ball”: Daily” El liberal” (13 May 1902).

“Festivals of today”: Daily “El Liberal (16 May 1902).

“Semi-final Vizcaya vs New of Madrid”: Daily “El Liberal” (May 16 1902).

Daily “El liberal” (19 May 1902).

Magazine “Los Deportes” nº 11 (March 23 1902).

Magazine “Los deportes Year VI, Nº. 18. Barcelona (May 1 1902).

Magazine Year VI Barcelona “Los deportes” (May 4 1902).

“Foot-ball in Madrid”: Magazine “Los Deportes” (May 16, 1902).

Year VI Magazine: “Los Deportes” Nº. 20 Barcelona (May 25 1902).

Daily “El Independiente” of Madrid (May 12 1902).

“International match”: Year VI Magazine Nº. 10 “Semanal Ilustrada” Barcelona (March 16 1902).

113

TURKEY

HISTORY OF FOOTBALL IN TURKEY

Ferman Konukman, Ph. D. University, College of Arts and Sciences, Spor Science Program, Doha-QATAR Giyasettin Demirhan, Ph. D., Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sport Sciences , /TURKEY

Correspondence Ferman Konukman [email protected] Phone: 974 304 538 25

Introduction

The history of Turkish football has two important periods. The first one was during the late period of (1875- 1919) and the second was the establishment of young Turkish Republic (1920). British men introduced football to Ottoman Empire and first football games played in Selanik () and Ìzmir. Fuat Hüsnü Kayacan who was a Navy officer became the first Turkish football player.

Figure 1, Fuat Hüsnü Kayacan Figure 2, Fuat Hüsnü Kayacan

114

The first football teams during Ottoman period had Greek, Armenian, Jewish and British players. First football games played Izmir and Istanbul and Muslim Turkish played in Black stockings team in 1901. Block Stockings team found by Fuat Hüsnü Kayacan, Mehmet Ali, Reşat Danyal, Rıza Tevfik, Daniş and Tahsin Nahit in Istanbul. The club was dissolved later and players were arrested during their first football match in October 21, 1901. (Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Yayınları, 1992). The first football league was established in 1904 and called as “Constantinople Football league” in Istanbul. First members of this league were Cadi Keuy (Kadıkōy) Football and Rugby Club, Moda Football Club, Elpis and Imogene Football Club. However, Turkish players were not allowed to play in this league.

Figure 3, Cadi Keuy Football Club

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Figure 4, Moda Football Club

Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulubu was the first club established in 1903. However, this club became active in 1911 as a football team. Galatasaray football team was established in 1905 as a high school team called “Mektebi Sultani” and Fenerbahçe football team established in 1907. Both clubs were a part of big rival in the history of Turkish football. As a result, first derby between Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray was held in Kadıkōy in 1909. In 1911, Sunday League was established and these teams were enrolled.

Historical periods in Turkish football

According to Devecioglu (2008) history of Turkish football can be classified into five historical periods: Turkey Soccer Club Union Association (1903-1920), Türkiye Ìdman Cemiyeti Ìttifakı - T. Ì. C. Ì -Turkey Club Union Association (1922-1936), Türk Spor Kurumu – TSK - Turkish Sport Institution, (1936-1938), Directorate of Physical Culture - BTGM (1938-1986), Directorate of Youth and Sport - GSGM (1986-Present). Turkey Soccer Club Union Association period was establishment of first clubs in Turkey. During this period, Cadi Keuy (Kadıkōy) Football and Rugby Club, Moda Football Club, Elpis, Imogene, Beşiktaş Jimnastik Külübü, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray, clubs were active. In addition, several football clubs established in

116

Istanbul: Süleymaniye, Vefa, Beykoz, Nişantaşı, Türkgücü, Anadoluhisarı, Eyüp and Kasımpaşa. Moreover, clubs in Anatolia were established: Ìzmir Altay Ìdman Yurdu, Altinordu, Gōztepe, Karşıyaka and Altınōrs Ìdmanyurdu-Turansanatkaran Gücü (Ankara Gücü), Ankara Gençlerbirliği, (Ȍzmaden, 1999). Türkiye Ìdman Cemiyeti Ìttifakı - T. Ì. C. Ì (Turkey Club Union Association-1922-1936) period started with an establishment of an autonomous organization of 16 football clubs in 1922. This organization was very powerful during this period and supported by government as well. Turkish Football Federation also established in 1922 and Yusuf Ziya Ȍniş was elected as a president. In addition, Turkish Football Federation accepted as a member to FIFA in , 1923.

Figure 5, Yusuf Ziya Ȍniş

Türk Spor Kurumu – TSK - Turkish Sport Institution, (1936-1938) period had a short term. German Professor Dr. Karl Diem came to Turkey in 1936 and established Türk Spor Kurumu in Ankara. This Institution governed all federations in Turkey including Turkish Football Federation (Ekenci, 1997). Directorate of Physical Culture - BTGM (1938-1986) period had a strong government influence of all federations in Turkey. Directory of Physical Culture governed all sport activities in Turkey until 1986. Professionalism in football started with a legislation in September 24, 1951. Thus, first professional football league established in the season of 1958-59. Directorate of Youth and Sport - GSGM (1986-Present) was a

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transition term and the name of the organization changed as “Directory of Sports” in 1989.

Turkish national football team

Turkish national football team officially played first match against Romania in October 26, 1923. The matched tied 2-2 in Taksim football stadium in Istanbul. Zeki Rıza Sporel scored first two goals in the history of Turkish national football team. Hakan Şükür scored record of 51 goals in the history of the national team and goal keeper captain Rüştü Rençber worn the national uniform with a record of 120 times.

Figure 6, First National Turkish Football Team

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Figure 7, Zeki Rıza Sporel in Taksim Stadium

Figure 8, Hakan Şükür

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Figure 9, Rüştü Rençber

Turkish national football team had right to attend FIFA world cup three times in 1950, 1954, 2002. However, team could not attend to world cup in 1950 because of financial problems of the nation. The highest achievement of the national team was the rank of 3rd in FIFA 2002 world cup under the leadership coach Şenol Güneş. In addition, Turkish national football team rank 3rd in European Football Cup under the leadership of Coach in 2008. Recently, Turkish national football team ranked number 13th in the world (May 5, 2016) and national football team will attend to 2016 European Football Championship.

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Figure 10, 3rd Ranked Turkish National Football Team in FIFA World Cup 2002

Figure 11, Coach Şenol Güneş

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Figure 12, Coach Fatih Terim

Figure 13, 3rd Ranked Turkish National Football Team in European Cup 2008

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Figure 14, 13th Ranked Turkish National Football Team which will attend to 2016 European Football Cup

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REFERENCES

Devecioglu, S. (2008). Türkiye’de futbolun kurumsallaşması (Institutionalization of football in Turkey). Iletisim Kuram ve Arastirma Dergisi, 26, 373-396.

Ekenci, G. (1997). Gelisim asamalari bakimindan Turk Sport Teskilati Degerlendirmesi (An assessment of Turkish Sport Institutions based on their progress), Gazi Universitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, (2), 72-80.

Ìlk Türk Futbol Takımı. (1992). Türk Futbol Tarihi (Turkish Football History), Vol. 1, p.12. Turkiye Futbol Federasyonu Yayinlari.

Ȍzmaden, H. (1999). Cumhuriyet donemi ilk spor teskilati Turkiye Idman Cemiyetleri Ittifaki (1922-1936) nin yapilanma surecinde beden egitimi ve sporun, fonksiyonlardaki degismeler ve toplumsal hayata etkileri, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.

124 UKRAINE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN UKRAINE

Ivashchenko Sergii National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

Correspondence Ivashchenko Sergii [email protected] Phone: 038 099 7 22 65 64

Football - is one of the most popular sports in Ukraine [7]. The main governing body of the Ukrainian football is the Football Federation of Ukraine (FFU), established in 1991. The major achievement of the Ukrainian football over the years of independence is, above all, the output of the Kiev "Dynamo" in the Champions League semi-final in the 1998/99 season, the second place team in the U-21 European Championship in 2006 among youth teams, part of the national team of Ukraine in the World Cup 2006 where Ukrainians reached the 1/4 finals. April 9, 2007 Ukraine received the right to host Euro 2012 together with Poland. The roots of this game on the territory of Ukraine have reached the end of the XIX century. One of the first players in the football in what is now Ukraine were British sailors in the port of , who created (Cabo - "Odessa British Athletic Club" was founded in 1878), the club consisted only of the British. In 1884, the first football field, the game «foot-ball» ALIENS are trying to popularize the local population [1] was built in Odessa. Sports Society "Falcon" operated in Western Ukraine [6]. The first rules of football games published in the monograph "The game gymnastic school youth", which issued in 1891 by Edmund Scenarios - Professor teachers' seminary in Lviv. Football Federation of Ukraine on materials provided by Lviv historians of sport, decided to take the game, which took place on July 14, 1894 in Lviv, the first documented football match in Ukraine. According to

125 the Observatory of Lviv Polytechnic July 14, 1894 daytime temperature is +24 ° C. In those days in Lviv lasted general regional exhibition of achievements, during which there were various conferences engineers, literary critics, visitors to the city have demonstrated a new tram line, which led to the Stryi park, etc. The exhibition on the field, which was in Striysky park, long- distance game took place between teams representing sports- gymnastic society "Sokol" - Lviv against Krakow. The match began July 14, 1894 at 17:00. Lviv played in white shirts and gray trousers gymnastic and guests - in white shirts and blue pants. Duel judged Virobek professor of Krakow [11]. The stadium capacity of 10 000 spectators gathered about 3 000 people. The game lasted 7 minutes - before the first goal has been scored. This ball had a grammar school teacher's sophomore Vladimir Khomitsky, which operated on the left side of the field. Tactics and Strategies in the actions of players almost was not - the main task was to push the ball past the goalkeeper into the goal. Goalposts were two flags stuck into the ground. In the early , the first football clubs there are in many cities of Ukraine - initiators are mainly young people, students of higher schools. In many cities, the first players were workers and sailors from Europe. "Sokol", founded by the Czechs in the middle of the XIX century, was involved in the development of the game in Kiev. The first command - "South" (1902) consisted mostly of Czechs. Later it was renamed to "Falcon". One of the foci of Kiev football movement was the Polytechnic Institute, where students have created the team "Polytechnic" (1906). In 1911, 6 of the Kiev club organized the first city league "sports enthusiasts" Sports-gymnastic circle at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Circle "Slavia" Circle "Sports", Polish Gymnastic Society and Circle "Phoenix". "Polytechnic" won the tournament. In Lviv, the first school students formed the FC "Glory," which later became the ancestor of the club "Charny" (1903), a sports team took fourth gymnasium - kgs (Gimnostichesky Club- Sport, 1904). This command after 3 years was renamed in "Pursuit" - in the interwar period, the team will be one of the leaders of Polish football. Students 3 and 6 high schools have created a team, "Lehi" (1905). In 1905, for the first time we held the city championship -

126 won "Charney." In the first Odessa League (founded in 1911) to participate Cabo (Odessa British Athletic Club), OCP (Odessa football circle), sheremetevtsy, "Sporting Club", "Vega", "Hindu," "Thurn-Verein" (a team of German sports society) and "Florida". Cells of the football life of the Soviet Ukraine remained the major cities: Kiev, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, . The best teams played in Kharkov - the then capital of the Republic. All 7 of USSR championships in the years 1921-31 was won Kharkov [14]. When the Soviet Union decided to organize the first national championship for the cities and republics groups, representative of Kharkov - "Storm", was the winner of the zonal competitions in Ukraine. In Moscow the , "Storm" in the semifinals defeated the team of the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic - 4: 0, and in the final unexpectedly defeated the team of Leningrad - 2: 1. Among the best players in the 1920s and 30s of the first capital of the Ukrainian SSR USSR national team players were: Nikolai Krotov, Ivan Privalov Nikolai and Konstantin Babkin Alexander Fomin. In 1927 he created "Dynamo" (Kiev), which has become the flagship of the Ukrainian football. It is the "Dynamo" was the only Ukrainian team in the highest league of the first USSR championship of 1936. "Dinamo" won 2nd place. One of the best players in the country were the goalkeeper Anton Idzkovsky, defender Konstantin Fomin, forwards Konstantin Schegotsky and Victor Shilovsky. However, for the championship fought only strong Moscow clubs ( "Dynamo" and "Spartacus"), and the highest pre-war index of Kiev remained vice-championship in 1936. In a multinational Lviv was some strong teams, each of which has a specific name [8, 14]. Polish names were two most powerful clubs in the city - "Pursuit" and "Charney" who regularly played in the highest league. The strength of the team and was "Gasmoneya", where Jews played. Other leading teams of the city was "Lehi" and the football community sports society "Ukraine". "Pursuit" spent all 13 major league pre-war tournament, "Charney" - 7 "Gasmoneya" - 2 and Lehi - one. Galician All the team played in the Lvov district league championship, the winner of which went to the big leagues. The medium is not Lviv teams should be mentioned groups: "Revere" (Stanislav) and "boy" (Drohobych).

127 "Pursuit" 4 times became the champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925, 1926). For the national team of Poland called Spiridon Albanskogo, Jan Vasevicha, Garbenya Jozef, Mieczyslaw Batsh, but the biggest "stars" were Michael Mathias and striker Vaclav Kuhar. Coached Club Lviv Austrian expert Karl Fischer. In the first (and the only pre-war) Lviv "Sparta" Cup of Poland reached the finals, where he lost Krakow "Vistula" (0: 2). After the invasion of German troops in September 1939, all clubs were disbanded, creating instead a new "proletarian" names: "Dinamo", "Spartacus" and others. A strong team of Volyn: VKS (Military Sports Club), "Gasmoneya" and "Falcon" (all - Rivne), PPP (Lutsk) played in the Lublin district league, but on the Polish level of success is not achieved. Centre Transcarpathian football was Uzhgorod. The most popular team was the edge of the sports club "Russia", created in 1925. This team was the winner of the regular championship Transcarpathia in 1929-1934 years. SK "Russia" has won championships in Slovakia in 1933 and 1936 and was one of the most famous clubs in the country. The team became one of the first in the world to fly to away games on the plane for what was called "flying team of teachers" [5, 18]. he most famous Transcarpathian players interwar period were Oleksa Bokshay goalkeeper and striker Geza Kalochai. Bokshay, which in 1937 moved from the "Russia" in the Prague "Sparta" was the successor to the legendary goalkeeper františek plánička and, in many titles in the domestic championship, he won the Cup. A native of the Coastal Kalochai played in "Sparta" in the 1932-1937 year, was the owner of the and play for Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The German occupation does not interfere with football matches in western Ukraine, where even organized a purely Ukrainian league in 1942, which united clubs throughout . In 1942, 1943 and 1944, respectively, became champions of "Ukraine" (Lviv), "The Rock" (Stryi) and "Vatra" (Drohobych). In the summer of 1942, Kiev held a tournament where were Hungarian, German and Romanian military and part of the two Ukrainian teams - "Ruh" and "Start" (or otherwise "bread-baking plant" because it worked most of the team players). The most well- known games began meeting "Start" with the team "Flakelf", the first of which ended in victory for Ukrainians 5: 1 and a rematch was

128 held. After 3 days - August 9, 1942 "Start" for the second time the Germans won - 5: 3. After the meeting held arrests and executions of the Kiev players, and the game was later called "Death Match". A characteristic feature of the first post-war and 50s in Ukrainian football was the arrival of the strongest clubs in the large number of talents from Transcarpathia, including: Ernest Yust, Dezitery Toth, Michael Koman, Basil Turyanchik, József Szabó, Ferenc Medvid, József Betz. In the 1930s in the big leagues of the USSR regularly played only "Dynamo" (Kiev). "Stakhanovite" from Stalino (now - "Shakhtar") held in the elite season 1938-1941 and 1949-1952 after the war. Since 1955 the club became a regular participant in the top division. From time to time in the "tower" appeared Kharkov team "Lokomotiv" (1949, 1950, 1953 and 1954) and the "Vanguard" (1960-1963). The "team" players "Dynamo" or "Stakhanovets" hardly caused. The first player in the Ukrainian club, who came in a match for the Soviet Union was Victor Fomin in 1955. Only a few matches played by Victor Kanevsky (5 games) and Oleg Makarov and stable player of the Ukrainian national team players became only Kiev "Dynamo" Yuri war - the only representative of the Ukrainian clubs at the 1958 World Championships, where the Soviet Union was. In the national team he became the champion of Europe in 1960 year. In 1954 "Dynamo" won the USSR Cup for the first time. Since 1957, head football functionary in the Communist Party Central Committee was Vladimir Scherbitsky, whose name will be closely linked to the success and influence of the strongest in the USSR football club "Dynamo" (Kiev) [9, 13, 19]. In 1961, for the first time in the history of the Soviet Union, winner of the championship was the team not from Moscow - Kiev "Dynamo". That same year, the Cup won "Shakhter" (Stalin). Ukrainian football was becoming more noticeable on vsesovetskoy . In 1960-1963 years of the Kharkov "Vanguard" played in the Major Leagues. At the 1962 World Cup for the USSR national team played in the attack in Kiev "Dynamo" Victor Kanevsky. "Dynamo" (Kiev), led by Viktor Maslov 1966-1968 repeated the record of "CSKA" (Moscow) won 3 consecutive championships of the USSR.

129 In 1966, the gap from the people of Kiev "Silver" winner, Rostov "SKA" has reached 9 points (then gave 2 points for a win). The best player in the country in 1966 was named the midfielder "Dynamo" Biba. In English the world championship in 1966 the foundations player was Jozsef Szabo and Valery Porkuyan Victor Serebryannikov and Leonid Ostrovsky appeared on the field only in some games. The Soviet Union reached the semi-finals - an achievement that the team will not be able to repeat or surpass. In 1969, the USSR Cup for the first and last time won the team of the first league - "Karpaty" (Lvov). In the final, beat the "SKA" (Rostov-on-Don) - (2: 1). In the period from 1965 to 1975 "Dynamo" (Kiev), only 1 time dropped below the 2 nd place in the USSR Championship (7 position in 1970), the result of those 11 seasons: 6 championship and 4 vice-championship [17]. When we finished speaking the main "stars" of the Moscow clubs of the 1960s: Valery Voronin, Eduard Streltsov and Valentin Ivanov with the "Torpedo"; Albert gears and Vladimir Ponomarev ( "CSKA"); Galimzyan Khusainov ( "Spartacus"); "Dynamo" Igor Chislenko and Lev Yashin, the percentage of players in the national team of the USSR from Kiev increased [2, 16]. Among the 14 participants of EURO 1972 (vice champions) to 6 players representing clubs SSR - "Dynamo", "Miner", "Dawn" and "Carpathians". In that year the championship sensationally won the "Zarya" (Lugansk) - the first time it made the team from the capital is not a Soviet republic, but from ordinary regional center. "Dynamo" was the second, and the 6th place went to newcomer "tower", "Dnepr", where the teacher was working young coach Valery Lobanovsky. Former striker of Kiev "Dynamo" is back in Kyiv with Dynamo, and a strong team sculpts even by European standards team. "Dinamo" will melt the owner of the Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Super Cup 1975 "Golden Ball" the best European player of the "" gets striker of Kiev Oleg Blokhin. Lobanovskiy appointed mentor "team."Blokhin recognized the best player of Ukraine in 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1981 and the strongest player of the USSR in 1972, 1973 and 1974. In the years 1974-1977 among the 16 participants in the major league of the USSR championship was 6 teams of the USSR, ie - 37,5%. It was the highest figure for all years of the

130 championship. The above share will be only in the championship in 1990, when the refuse from participation in clubs Baltic states and Georgia. "Dynamo" (Kiev) became the champion in 1977, 1980 and 1981. In 1979, the vice-champion of the country became Donetsk "Shakhtar" and the top scorer and player of the year is a striker Vitali Starukhin. After steady progress of Kiev "Dynamo" Valery Lobanovsky newly appointed coach of the USSR (1982-1983 and 1986-1990). At the beginning of 1980 in Dnepropetrovsk he gathered a team of players who started the fight for the medals in the Soviet Championship - Sergey Krakow, Nikolay Pavlov, Gennady Litovchenko, Taran Oleg and Oleg Protasov. "Dnipro" won the championship of the Union in 1983 (under the leadership of Vladimir Emtsya) and 1988 (under the direction of Eugene Kucherevskogo In 1984, the best player of the country named Gennady Litovchenko, Oleg Protasov. Protasov sets the record performance of the season 1985 - 35 goals, got " Silver Boot. "The result (35 goals for the season) was the best in all the championships of the USSR [16]. Oleg Blokhin takes the lead on the number of matches, the goals for the "Dynamo" and the national team of the USSR. Kiev "Dynamo" won the Cup Winners' Cup in 1986 and the World Cup in in 1986 among the 11 main players 8 are "Dynamo". "France Football" Igor Belanova recognized the best player in Europe in 1986. Kiev "Dynamo" - Lobanovskiy wards, called the best players of the USSR Anatoly Demyanenko (1985), Alexander Zavarov (1986), Oleg Protasov (1987), Alexei Mikhailichenko (1988). Ukraine is a sovereign state. It has its own territory, its legislative and executive organs and its government. From 1922 to 1991 Ukraine formed a part of the former USSR. In 1991 it was proclaimed an independent state. Nowadays it is a free sovereign state. On the 16th of July 1990 of Ukraine adopted the “Declaration of the State Sovereignty of Ukraine”. The Declaration has ten parts devoted to the self-determination of the Ukrainian nation, state power, citizenship, civil rights, economic independence, cultural development, home and foreign policy [20]. According to this document three levels of power are to be differentiated: the legislative, the executive and the judicial powers. By the form of the governance Ukraine combines the elements of

131 parliamentary and presidential republic. President is the head of the state, he is also the head of the executive branch of power. A president is elected by the people of the country at a general election for a period of five years. In accordance with the laws of Ukraine a president can’t be younger than 35 years of age, must live in the country no less than 10 years, must be a citizen of Ukraine and he must master the national language. Verkhovna Rada is the highest legislative body of Ukraine. It consists of one chamber only. It includes 450 people’s deputies. The laws of the country are made by them. The chairman of the body is elected by its all members. The Cabinet of Ministers is the highest executive body of our state. The Prime Minister is elected by the Parliament. He forms his cabinet himself. However, every minister shall be appointed by Verkhovna Rada. The President and the Cabinet of Ministers are responsible for the emplimentation of laws adopted by Verkhovna Rada. The Supreme Court of Ukraine is the supreme judicial body. The head of it is the Supreme Public Prosecutor who is appointed by the Parliament for 4 years. His main duty is to secure the fulfilment of the laws. Besides the Supreme Court there is a special organ — Con- stitutional Court, the main aim of which is to guarantee the accordance of the newly adopted laws to the Constitution of Ukraine. The judges are elected by Verkhovna Rada for a period of 10 years. Ukrainian Football Federation was established in 1991. The first president of the FFU was Viktor Bannikov. The following year, the organization became a member of FIFA and UEFA, the draw for the selection for the World Cup 1994 happened before. Again, the post-Soviet federation before the start of qualifying for the European Championships in 1996 played only friendly matches. Many players held several semi-official games for the national team of Ukraine, but then vysupali of Russia (for example, - the best scorer of the 1994 World Cup, Yuri Nikiforov, Ilya Tsimbalario). A lot of good players to go abroad, from the former Soviet system of training young players have very little. The first champion of Ukraine became "Tavria", which won a decisive "Dynamo" game (Kiev). All subsequent championships (until 2002) have won the people of Kiev. National team was formed on the basis of "Dynamo", where in 1996 after several years of work in the returned to Valery Lobanovsky [4, 11, 20].

132 He made a number of world-class football stars, who soon went to play in foreign clubs (Andrey Shevchenko, Oleg Luzhny, Kakha Kaladze, ). In 2004, the Ukrainian footballer of "Milan" Andrey Shevchenko received the "Golden Ball" - the prize of the best footballer in Europe. When he came to the post of billionaire Rinat Akhmetov "Miner" the president of the club (Donetsk) due to successful investments made Donetsk team equal contender for the Kiev "Dynamo". Now they are meeting called Ukrainian classics. Ukraine national team in 1997-2001 three times in a row does not impinge on the international championships after the defeat in the final of the playoffs. The first major tournament, where the national team hit, became the World Cup 2006. Trainer "blue-yellow" Oleg Blokhin has a round before the end of the first place provide confidence in the qualifying group, where teams were rivals Ukrainians Turkey, Greece and Denmark. In the championship, Ukraine sensationally reached the 1/4 finals. In 2006, Oleg Blokhin has got into the list of the 10 best coaches in the world. April 9, 2007 Ukraine received the right to host Euro 2012 along with a neighbor Poland. In the 2008/09 Ukrainian clubs have established a historical record by scoring in the UEFA coefficients table, went into the top five in Europe [19]. FFU became a member of FIFA and UEFA, but unfortunately the draw selection for the World Cup 1994 took place in front of it. Subsequently, all the post-Soviet federation (except Russia), before the start of qualifying for the European Championships in 1996, only played in friendly matches. That is why many Ukrainian players spent several semi- official games for the national team of Ukraine, then to play for Russia in official tournaments (eg: Oleg Salenko - the best scorer of the World Cup in 1994, Yuri Nikiforov, Ilya Tsymbalar). The first champion of Ukraine became Simferopol "Tavria", which won a decisive "Dynamo" game (Kiev). All subsequent championships (until 2002) have won the people of Kiev. National team was formed on the basis of "Dynamo", which in 1996 - after several years of work in the Middle East returned to Valery Lobanovsky [3, 18]. The first holder of the Cup of Ukraine in 1992 was the Odessa "Chernomorets", the winner in extra time "Metallist"

133 (Kharkov), while in 1994 the residents of Odessa were able to repeat his success in the final match beating "Tavria".

1996 Champion and Cup of Ukraine became the owner of "Dynamo".

1997 Ukrainian team won second place in the qualifying group World Cup, behind European champions Germany and Portugal beating. However, in the play-offs lost Croatia (0: 2 and 1: 1) largely because of the extremely biased refereeing. Champion of Ukraine once again became "Dynamo", the owner of the Cup - "Shakhtar". In the fall of "Dynamo" successfully participated in the Champions League, having beaten "Barcelona", "PSV" and "Newcastle" and came out in the quarterfinals.

1998 "Dynamo" (R) continued to good performances in the Champions League, beating, in particular, the London "Arsenal".

1999 Ukrainian team won second place in the European Championship qualifying tournament, behind world champions France and bypassing Russia. However, in the playoffs, it suddenly lost (1: 2 and 1: 1). "Dynamo" (R) was the champion and winner of the Cup of Ukraine, as well as for the third time in the history of the Champions League semi-finalist, beating her in the quarterfinals last year's winner in Madrid "Real".

2000 The team "Dynamo" (K), which is the third time in a row won the championship and the Cup, reached the second group stage of the Champions League, in which despite the two defeats at the start, then took 10 points out of 12 and nearly surpassed the eventual winner - " RealMadrid). For the first time just two members of an Eastern European countries participated in the Champions League. They were the representatives of Ukraine - Kiev "Dynamo" and Donetsk "Shakhtar". The national

134 team of Ukraine in the World Cup qualifying games beginning with the defeat of the Poles at home, but then gained two victories on the road over the Norwegians and the Armenians.

2001 For the first time in the last 8 years in the Ukrainian championship was a competition for the first place. In a dramatic fight Kiev "Dynamo" at the finish ahead of "Shakhtar" at one point. In the fall of "Dinamo" again participated in the Champions League it is not so successful. Ukrainian team won second place in the qualifying group World Cup and the third time in a row played in playoffs, losing again - this time in Germany (1: 1 and 1: 4).

2002 Ukrainian football suffered great loss - died a great coach Valeriy Lobanovsky. Champion of Ukraine for the first time became Donetsk "Shakhtar" defeated in the final match at home in the penultimate round of its direct competitor - Kiev "Dynamo". "Shakhtar" won the National Cup, also beating the Kiev "Dynamo" in the final.

2003 The title of the champion of Ukraine regained the Kiev "Dynamo". The people of Kiev and won the National Cup, defeating in the final again, "Miner". Ukrainian team torn by generational change and injuries of leading players, despite a good match with the Spaniards and the future champions of the continent by the , having lost a lot of points with outsiders, he failed to qualify, finishing in third place in the group.

2004 Kiev "Dynamo" is again the champion. The second again became Donetsk "Shakhtar". And in the Champions League for the second time in history, attended two Ukrainian club. Both participants took third place in their group and went into the UEFA Cup.

135 Ukrainian team great start qualifying tournament for the World Cup, also played a draw in Denmark and defeated visiting third-prize winner of the last World Cup Turkey.

2005 The national team of Ukraine has passed the qualifying tournament of the world championship and came out with the first place, ahead of Turkey, Greece and Denmark. Kiev "Dynamo" lost in the second qualifying round of the Champions League to the Swiss "Tun", thus depriving themselves of the opportunity to reach the group stage of the Champions League. Champion of Ukraine for the second time became Donetsk "Shakhtar" in the "golden match" Beat "Dynamo" 2: 1.

2006 Ukrainian team for the first time took part in the final of the world championship tournament. Coming out of our national team in the 1/8 group defeated on penalties 3: 0. And lost in the quarterfinals of Italy with a score of 3: 0. In the group stage of the Champions League took two clubs participating - Donetsk "Shakhtar" won the third place and moved into the UEFA Cup, and Kiev "Dynamo" was the last, 4th place in the group. Champion of Ukraine became the second consecutive year, the Donetsk "Shakhtar".

2007 Kiev "Dynamo" became the champion of Ukraine. Also, Kiev won the Cup. In the "Dynamo" and "Miner" in their Champions League groups ranked last, did not even make the UEFA Cup. Ukrainian team failed qualify for Euro 2008, finishing 4th place in the group, behind the Italians, the French and the Scots. An important event for Ukrainian football this year was the fact that Ukraine and Poland won a tender for the European Championship, which took place in 2012.

2008 Champion was the "Miner", he also won the Cup in the final which again was to beat the "Dynamo". In the Champions League, having won at the start of two wins, then

136 lost all the remaining games of the group stage, "Miner" in last place. "Dynamo" on the basis of performances in the group stage showing the worst result in its history and also ranked last stop performance in the Champions League.

2009 Was won by "Dynamo" in the championship and the Cup for the first time in its history, beating in the finals of the UEFA Cup winner Donetsk "Shakhtar" I won Poltava "Vorskla"."Shakhtar" starting from the third kvalifayn-round of the Champions League and made their way to the group stage, it took third place. Spring began his winning streak in the UEFA Cup, which this year was held for the last time. On the way many teams have been beaten to the trophy, their number fell, and "Dynamo" (Kiev), which also took in their group in third place, thus securing a part in the play UEFA Cup matches. This season was marked by the fact that in the spring drawing stage were just three Ukrainian club. To grandees added Kharkov "Metalist", which is at the stage of 1/8 finals lost just "Dynamo". The UEFA Super Cup "Miner" lost to the Catalan "Barcelona".

2010 Champion again, "Miner". The winner of the Cup of Ukraine, for the first time becomes Simferopol "Tavria". In the European Cup Ukraine waiting infamous statement, "Dynamo" hitting directly into the group stage, it took last place. "Shakhtar", without getting into the Champions League group stage for the first time took part in the UEFA Europa League, where he took first place and made their way into the 1/16 tournament, lost out there, "Fulham" England.

2011-2016 The absolute master in Ukrainian football became Donetsk "Shakhtar", which makes three consecutive "golden double" while not allowing close to the trophies of its competitors. In the season 2010/11 sought the right to play in the quarterfinals of the Champions League, where a decent fight inferior "Barcelona." Since then, the team rightly takes its place among the strongest teams in Europe.

137

The people of Kiev in the same season, almost repeated the success of the miners and reaching the 1/4 stage of the Europa League in a difficult two-legged confrontation inferior "Braga" Portugal. "Metalist" also reached the stage of 1/16 finals of the Europa League was beaten "Bayer", Germany. In the 2011/12 season the Kharkov "Metalist" makes incredible and into the quarter-finals of the Europa League, where he was able to beat "Sporting" Portugal.

For the first time in its history in the season 2012/13 "Metallist" rightfully occupies the second place in the championship, ahead of Kiev "Dynamo". In the same season in the spring phase of the European cup draws immediately broke four representatives from Ukraine, which is obsolyudnym record. However, all finished their performances in the early stages, but this in no way spoiled the picture.

Ukraine - as a football power, was able to declare itself in Europe. Our clubs may have to compete with leading European clubs, is not far off era of Ukrainian football. Last season, "Dinamo", "achieved" the worst result in the history of appearances in the Ukrainian championships [12].

Guide Kiev club has set Sergei Rebrov difficult task to regain lost ground. And we must admit that the former striker has started to justify its expectations. "White-blue" are in the lead in the championship with pyatiochkovy separation from the closest pursuer, which is the Donetsk "Shakhtar". The "Dynamo" football show that the recognition and fans, and professionals is the best in recent years.

"Dynamo" is in excellent shape and, as recognized by the Rebrov, there is a slight disappointment from the fact that now is the break in the championship. On the other hand, the coaching staff an opportunity to the people of Kiev in the winter off-season conditions still improve team play. Ukrainian football is going through hard times and it affects many clubs. But what happens to the "Metalist" can not hurt, even

138 the fans do not support the Kharkov club. The team of Igor Rahaeva rolls on inclined and gradually rolled to the middle peasants of Ukrainian football. Fans Kharkiv fit to hope that the European Cup after a disastrous season in the next few years they are lucky enough to see their favorites on evroarene [1, 9, 16]. But "Metalist" is a team, which was able to drive a wedge between the dominants of our football - "Miner" and "Dynamo". It remains only to amuse himself with the thought that it could be worse: at the beginning of the year the team was on the verge of collapse. Said Miron Markevich, when resigned from his post as head coach of the "Metalist": "The team is falling apart before our eyes, do not want to witness this Bat. A week later, the players will be free agents. The fight against BATE Borisov became a landmark for the forward of "Shakhtar". Louis became the first player in the history of the Champions League, which was able to score four goals in the first half. In addition, Adriano was the best scorer of Donetsk "Shakhtar" in history. Finally, the striker became the second footballer, who managed to fight the main club evroturnira score five goals. The first was Leo Messi. Himself match, recall, ended with the score 7: 0 in favor of the team [18, 4]. Also, the forward of "Shakhtar" with nine goals was the best scorer of the Champions League grupovogo, repeating last year's record . Adriano could surpass the achievement of the famous Portuguese, but the last round of Louis missed out through suspension. Adriano opened the scoring goals in the Champions League in 2014/15 the second round match against "Porto", the five Scoring draw in Borisov, we have remembered, and in the return match against BATE Louis added another three goals [10]. Last season, "Dinamo", "achieved" the worst result in the history of appearances in the Ukrainian championships. Guide Kiev club has set Sergei Rebrov difficult task to regain lost ground. And we must admit that the former striker has started to justify its expectations. "White-blue" are in the lead in the championship with pyatiochkovy separation from the closest pursuer, which is the Donetsk "Shakhtar". The "Dynamo" football show that the

139 recognition and fans, and professionals is the best in recent years [13]. "Dynamo" is in excellent shape and, as recognized by the Rebrov, there is a slight disappointment from the fact that now is the break in the championship. On the other hand, the coaching staff an opportunity to the people of Kiev in the winter off-season conditions still improve team play. Ukrainian football is going through hard times and it affects many clubs. But what happens to the "Metalist" can not hurt, even the fans do not support the Kharkov club. The team of Igor Rahaeva rolls on inclined and gradually rolled to the middle peasants of Ukrainian football. Fans Kharkiv fit to hope that the European Cup after a disastrous season in the next few years they are lucky enough to see their favorites on evroarene [15]. The fight against BATE Borisov became a landmark for the forward of "Shakhtar". Louis became the first player in the history of the Champions League, which was able to score four goals in the first half. In addition, Adriano was the best scorer of Donetsk "Shakhtar" in history. The presidents of the big clubs say they will not stop funding their creations. As for the smaller groups, their leaders and even eliminate the option of termination of existence, especially as confidence does not emit in the future. Against the background of the difficult economic and social situation in the country is a contested election for the presidency of FFU. Candidates promise to create optimal conditions for the people who are ready to invest in the development of football. This, of course, right, that's just such people is getting smaller. Today it is absolutely clear that the future of Ukrainian football depends on the timing of the economic reforms, changes in financial schemes within football organizations themselves and from the time the fighting ended. Even the flagship is now optimize costs. As for the other clubs, but now they are part of the maximum saving mode. In many ways this path is rational, because most players salaries and expenses of clubs have been prohibitive. The presidents of the big clubs say they will not stop funding their creations. As for the smaller groups, their leaders and even eliminate the option of termination of existence, especially as confidence does not emit in the future.

140 Against the background of the difficult economic and social situation in the country is a contested election for the presidency of FFU. Candidates promise to create optimal conditions for the people who are ready to invest in the development of football. This, of course, right, that's just such people is getting smaller. Today it is absolutely clear that the future of Ukrainian football depends on the timing of the economic reforms, changes in financial schemes within football organizations themselves and from the time the fighting ended.

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