This work by Garry Stevens is licensed under Life is easy. We know this because the Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC-ND, earliest evidence dates from 3,800 million LUCA and is available for free from years ago (mya), shortly after the earth’s charts.archsoc.com. See terms of use there. seas stopped boiling, and complex Main source: Walker G., Dorrell R.G., chemical substances could survive without Schlacht A., Dacks J.B. (2011): Eukaryotic being ripped apart. are "little bags of chemicals", EUBACTERIA New walls The and eubacteria are True bacteria systematics surrounded by a membrane. Usually they collectively referred to as , since have either cilia (small hairs on the The cell walls of the Neomura do not contain neither have a membrane-enclosed membrane surface) or flagella (a large The Tree of Life a polymer called murein, which is present in nucleus. For almost half the history of life on whip) to move around. They are typically 1% bacteria. earth, they were the only living . of the size of a eucaryote cell They reproduce by dividing in two. They are common pathogens of other organisms. Every Creature That Has Ever Lived

ARCHAEA Archaea are as structurally simple as They are not pathogens, but instead are The eucarya are the product of an If the prokaryotes were easy to create, the EUCARYA True nucleus Old bacteria bacteria, but exhibit much more diverse important commensal or mutually beneficial archaeon engulfing a bacteria, and the next step to the eucaryotes was incredibly The eucaryotes have cells that contain chemical metabolisms; and can live in partners to many other organisms. latter remaining as endosymbionts within the difficult. After the last unversal common complex structures enclosed within extremely salty, hot, cold, acidic or alkaline host cell. Mitochondria and plastids are ancestor (LUCA) produced bacteria and membranes. The most important is the environments that bacteria could not classic examples. This seems to have archaea, it took 1,700 million years until the nucleus, which contains genetic material. tolerate. They are common in the oceans. happened several times, to produce first eucaryotes developed, 2,100 mya. Most eukaryotic cells also contain other different lineages. membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria.

The unikonts have a single flagellum, or are Archaeplastid cells have plastids, organelles BIKONTA The are cells with two flagella and EOZOA The eozoa seem to be the earliest UNIKONTA amoebae with no flagella; and a triple-gene Single flagellum that provide energy by photosynthesis. Two flagella two specific genes fused into one. Early eucaryotes, neither bikonts nor unikonts. fusion that is absent in the bikonts. Many are today parasites or commensals of other organisms. For example, they cause HAROSA trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and sleeping OPISTHOKONTA Ancient plastids Footless Acronym Acronym sickness in humans. Changing animals Hacrobians are widely distributed in marine The harosans are a large group of organisms True eyespots Hollowed out Single posterior flagellum and freshwater environments. ranging from small unicellular creatures that produce shells, to vast kelps. Many are important parasites and pathogens, such as malaria.

VIRIDIPLANTAE RHODOPLASTIDA GLAUCOPHYTA HAPTOPHYTA CRYPTOMONADA HETEROKONTOPHYTA ALVEOLATA CONOSEA LOBOSEA DISCOBA METAMONADA True Red plastids Blue-green plants Fastening plants Hidden units Root-like pseudopods Different length flagella With cavities FUNGI NUCLEARIIDAE Coned Changed units Lobed Compound word Chitin + glucans cell walls Whole animals Cristidiscoidea

CHLOROPHYTA RADIOZOA CILIOPHORA DINOFLAGELLA MYCETOZOA Tailed animals The metazoa are what most people think of animals Green plants Twisted plants Bearing holes Radial animals Bearing cilia Top infolds Whirling flagella METAZOA Original changing animals The chlorophytes are a large group of as animals: multicellular organisms, whose Advanced animals A Between fungi and animals marine algae. cells perform different functions. They possess Funnel animal Hox genes, which regulate embryonic development, constructing complex structures unknown in all other organisms.

Malarias Slime moulds Sea lettuces Plankton Special Note: This chart shows much more Animals detail for the metazoa than other organisms, but it does not mean they are more CHAROPHYTA EMBRYOPHYTA important, nor more numerous. Amoebozoa are single-celled organisms Germ plants Of all the bikonts, only the embryophytes PARAZOA PLACAZOA ? plants noted for their ability to flow through their Land plants Beside the animals Wide and flat animals The metazoa are the second difficult step in established themselves on land; and unlike True advanced animals environments. They include the slime moulds, all other bikonts, their fertilized eggs are Both the parazoa and are . It took 1,300 million years for some multicellular, but neither have the eucaryotes to evolve into the simplest which can form single organisms with nurtured within the parent, and disperse as a differentiated cells. multicellular embryo, rather than a single specialised nervous, digestive or circulatory metazoans. But after that event, life cell. systems present in the eumetazoa. exploded in diversity.

Stoneworts Porifera/ Trichoplax

BRYOPHYTA TRACHEOPHYTA Moss plants Vascular plants ACROSOMATA Sperm with acrosomes Nettles Tracheophytes, or vascular plants, have The acrosomata have a special shield specialised tissues to conduct water and Cnidaria are predators with rudimentary covering their head of their sperm. This is one other products through out the . nerve nets and differentiated cells. They feature separating the cnidaria from the develop from two germ layers as embryos , which otherwise appear as (diploblasts). similar jellyfish. Mosses

LYCOPODIOPHYTA SPERMATOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA ANTHOZOA SCYPHOZOA CUBOZOA HYDROZOA Wolf-footed plants Seed-bearing plants Ferns CTENOPHORA Flower animals Drinking cup animals Comb bearing Bliateral symmetry Cube shaped Water animals

Club mosses Fern plants Corals, anemones Jellyfish Comb jellies Box jellies Man'o'war

PROTOSTOMIA DEUTEROSTOMIA Mouth first Bilaterians are not only bilaterally In the embryonic development of the In the embryonic development of the Anus first symmetrical, but also develop from three , the dent that first forms in the , the dent that first forms in separate germ layers as embryos blastula becomes the ’s mouth. the blastula becomes the organism’s anus. (triploblasts): an endoderm, mesoderm, and an ectoderm. This allows the formation of complex organs.

PLATYHELMINTHES LOPHOTROCHOZOA ACOELOMORPHA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA XENOTURBELLIDA HEMICHORDATA Shedding animals Flat worms Compound word No coelom Hedgehog skin Notochord in embryo Strange worm Half cord All the ecdysozoans have a three-layered cuticle composed of organic material, which is periodically molted as the animal grows.

Flat worms Starfish Acorn worms, graptolites

PANARTHROPODA CHAETOGNATHA NEMATODA SCALIDOPHORA TROCHOZOA LOPHOPHORATA UROCHORDATA CRANIATA Long-haired jaw Thread Bearing spines Wheel animals Trochozoan larvae have two bands of cilia Bearing crests (small hairs) around their middle. Tail cord Skull The lophophorates have a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth.

Arrow worms Round worms Tunicata, sea squirts, cunji

ARTHROPODA ONYCHOPHORA TARDIGRADA KINORHYNCHA PRIAPULIDA LORICIFERA ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA NEMERTINI SIPUNCULA POGONOPHORA ECHIURA BRYOZOA BRACHIOPODA PHORONIDA ENTOPROCTA CEPHALOCHORDATA VERTEBRATA Jointed feet Bearing claws Slow walking Snout in motion Penis worms Corselet (outer case) Ringed one Soft animals Greek sea nymph Small tubes Beard bearing Viper tail Moss animals Arm foot Greek myth Phoronis Anus within Head cord Backbones

Velvet worms Water bears Mud dragons Earthworms, leeches Snails, squids, clams Ribbon worms Peanut worms Spoon worms Lamp shells Horsehoe worms Goblet worms Lancelets