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The “Us” in the Other: the Finnar and Skrælingar in the Icelandic Saga Literature

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The “Us” in the Other: the Finnar and Skrælingar in the Icelandic Saga Literature The “Us” in the Other: The Finnar and Skrælingar in the Icelandic Saga Literature Rein Amundsen Master thesis in history Department of Archaeology, Conservation, and History (IAKH) Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2019 ii The “Us” in the Other: The Finnar and Skrælingar in the Icelandic Saga Literature iii © Rein Amundsen 2019 The “Us” in the Other: The Finnar and Skrælingar in the Icelandic Saga Literature Rein Amundsen http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo iv Abstract The thesis investigates how the Finnar and Skrælingar are depicted as Others in the Icelandic saga literature, and what this reflects about the Norse group identity at the time they were written. It traces through the various traits and stereotypes ascribed to these Other cultural groups, the most prominent being sorcery, nomadism, and being non-agricultural, and shows how the Norse were situated from each. Throughout the sagas and through a lens of Christianity, the Norse position themselves as superior to the Finnar and Skrælingar, and use the negative imagery of these groups to further raise their profile in the narrative. By pulling this relationship apart, I show how the Finnar and Skrælingar are essentially similar in the eyes of the Norse, and further, that the depiction of the Skrælingar is based on a finite model of the Finnar. v Acknowledgements I want to thank Beate Pedersen for putting me onto this general field, and for suggesting I include the Finnar in my study of the sagas' social categories. My dear friend Andrew McCalman was kind enough to read and comment on this entire thing, and have been an invaluable help. Lastly, none of this would have turned out the way it did, without my supervisor Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. Jón Viðar have inspired and lifted my work with this thesis through his expertise and insights, and by being a genuinely great guy. vi Contents 1. Introduction: The Icelandic Identity Reflected in the Finnar and Skrælingar as Others ....... 1 Theme and Scope: Extracting Identity Through Text ................................................................................... 1 Historiography: How this Thesis Adds to Studies on Norse-Icelandic Identities ......................................... 2 Source Material: Working Across Saga Genres ............................................................................................ 5 The Possessors of the Saga World View: A Paramount Question Left Unanswered .................................... 8 The Image of Otherness in the Saga Literature ........................................................................................... 11 2. The Portrayal of the Finnar ........................................................................................................ 13 The Term “Finnar” ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Conjuring Storms and Nightmares: Finnar as Sorcerers ............................................................................. 15 Tented Marksmen: Finnar as Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers .......................................................................... 19 Taxation and Plundering: The Finnar as a Dominated Opposition ............................................................. 20 Friendship, Marriage and Assimilation: Bypassing the Oppositional Role................................................. 22 The Fornaldarsögur: A Different Era ......................................................................................................... 25 Concluding the Image: The Consistent Depiction ....................................................................................... 27 3. The Portrayal of the Skrælingar ................................................................................................. 29 The Term “Skrælingar” ............................................................................................................................... 29 The Vínland-Sagas ...................................................................................................................................... 30 The Phantom Menace: Skrælingar as Sorcerers .......................................................................................... 32 Arrow, Fur, and Leather Boat: Skrælingar as Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers ................................................. 34 The Naive, Scared, and Weak: Skrælingar as a Dominated Opposition ..................................................... 35 Killing Skrælingar: The Worth of a Skræling ............................................................................................. 38 The Skræling as a Similar Other: Stepping Out of the General Attitude ..................................................... 39 Concluding the Image: The Aliens of Vínland ............................................................................................ 41 4. Comparing the Others and How They Reflect a Norse Group Identity ................................. 42 How Do “Skrælingar” and “Finnar” as Terms Demarcate a Norse “us”? .................................................. 42 The Beautiful and Strong: The Physical Self-Image of the Norse .............................................................. 44 The Rational and Superior: The Reflected Norse Demeanor ...................................................................... 46 Flexible Others, Flexible Reflections: An Unstable Group Identity ........................................................... 48 The Essential Similarities of the Others: A Relating or Correlating Image? ............................................... 50 5. The Sorcery of the Other: The Role of the Supernatural ........................................................ 52 Good and Bad Magic: Sorcery Defined by its Relation to the Church........................................................ 52 Sorcery as an Explicit Signal of Otherness ................................................................................................. 54 Skrælingar Sorcery: Is it Different? ............................................................................................................ 56 Is All Saga-Sorcery the Same? .................................................................................................................... 58 6. What Does it Mean to Be Nomadic? The Cultural Significance of Material Objects ........... 61 The Rootless Other on the Move: Farmhouse vs. Tents .............................................................................. 61 The Absence of Settled Agriculture: Cheese, Iron, and the Loom as Technological Advances ................. 64 vii Hunting, Fishing and Herding as Common to All? ..................................................................................... 67 The Organized Norse and the Wild Other: The Prevailing Cultural Gap .................................................... 69 7. Peripheries and the Impact of Spatial Elements ....................................................................... 72 Socially Understood Space: Constructing the Border ................................................................................. 72 The North: A Malicious Periphery .............................................................................................................. 76 Vínland: A Settlers Eldorado ....................................................................................................................... 78 A People Out of Place: The Skrælingar as Dissociated from Vínland ........................................................ 79 Leaving the Wild: The Implications of a Center Defined by Different Peripheries .................................... 82 8. The Structural Relation Between Two Others .......................................................................... 84 The Finnar as a Saga Archetype ................................................................................................................. 84 Alternative Explanations to a Distinct Similarity ........................................................................................ 86 Traits and Characteristics as Manifested in Archetypes .............................................................................. 89 Making Sense of the Unknown through the Known ................................................................................... 91 9. Conclusion: The “Us” in the “Others” ....................................................................................... 92 viii 1. Introduction: The Icelandic Identity Reflected in the Finnar and Skrælingar as Others In this thesis I aim to investigate the Icelandic sagas’ portrayal of the social categories of Finnar and Skrælingar, which are positioned as Others relative to the saga-projected “us,” and present how these reflect upon the Icelandic group identity which the sagas can be seen as a product of. Additionally, I compare these two similar literary portraits and argue how they are structurally related, asserting that the image of the Skrælingar is directly modelled on the one projected on the Finnar by the sagas’ narrative voice. Theme and Scope: Extracting Identity Through Text In the Icelandic Saga literature, readers are frequently exposed to a people belonging to the peripheral North called Finnar, a literary category based on the ancestors of the present day Sami and Finns.1 Whether treated pragmatically by the Norse as useful trading partners, magicians
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