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Astrotecture™ Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. a California Professional Service Corporation 4260 Terman Drive #104 Palo Alto, CA 94306

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Astrotecture™ Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. a California Professional Service Corporation 4260 Terman Drive #104 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Astrotecture™ Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. a California professional service corporation 4260 Terman Drive #104 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Presentation to the Future of In-Space Operations (FISO) 11 May 2011 © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. 1. The Five Showstoppers for Mars (18th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Houston 15 April 2011). 2. First Mars Habitat Architecture (18th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, Houston 15 April 2011). 3. Deep Space Habitation: Asteroids, Mars, Moons (National Academy of Science – NASA Technology Roadmaps, Houston, 27 April 2011) 4. International Collaboration on Analog Utilization Workshop (USRA/NASA, Houston 7-8 April 2011) 5. The Key to Scientifically Valid Habitat & Analog Studies: Asking Big Questions 6. Conclusion © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. Astrotecture™ Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. a California professional service corporation 4260 Terman Drive #104 Palo Alto, CA 94306 http://www.astrotecture.com Presentation to the 18th International Astronautics Academy Symposium on Humans in Space 15 April 2011 Houston TX USA © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. ! Threats to human health and safety can prevent a human Mars mission from succeeding or even starting: • Hypogravity • Radiation • Need for Regenerative & Bioregenerative Life Support • Mars Dust • Planetary Protection ! There is still a worry (¿Wishful Thinking?) in the Human Research Community that someday NASA will launch a crash program for a Mars mission without doing 1930 Noordung Torus: the essential research. Artificial G UV protection, © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. Human-Machine Interface. ! J. R. Ball, C. H. Evans (Eds.) Institute of Medicine (2001). Safe ! NRC (2000c). Radiation and the International Space Station: Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions, Washington Recommendations to Reduce Risk, Washington DC: National DC: National Academies Press. Academies Press. ! D. Longnecker, R. Molins (Eds.), NRC (2006). A Risk ! NRC (2002) Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Reduction Strategy for Human Exploration of Space: A Review Necessary to Support. Human Operations on the Mars of NASA’s Bioastronautics Roadmap, Washington DC: National Surface, Washington DC: National Academies Press. Academies Press. ! NRC (2003). Factors Affecting the Utilization of the ! NRC (1970). Radiation Protection Guides and Constraints for International Space Station for Research in the Biological and Space-Mission and Vehicle-Design Studies Involving Nuclear Physical Sciences, Washington DC: National Academies Press. Systems, Washington DC: National Academy of Science Press. ! NRC (2006a). Assessment of NASA’s Mars Architecture: ! NRC (1992). Biological Contamination of Mars: Issues and 2007-2016, Washington DC: National Academies Press. Recommendations, Washington DC: National Academies ! NRC (2006b). Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars, Press. Washington DC: National Academies Press. ! NRC (1996). Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary ! NRC (2006c). Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Missions: Biological Issues and Research Strategies, Space Exploration: Report of a Workshop, Washington DC: Washington DC: National Academies Press. National Academies Press. ! NRC (1997a). Advanced Technology for Human Support in ! NRC (2006d). Review of NASA Plans for the International Space, Washington DC: National Academies Press. Space Station, Washington DC: National Academies Press. ! NRC (1997b). Mars Sample Return: Issues and ! NRC (2007). An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Recommendations, Washington DC: National Academies Mars, Washington DC: National Academies Press. Press. ! NRC (2008a). Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era ! NRC (1998). A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and of Space Exploration, Washington DC: National Academies Medicine in the Next Century, Washington DC: National Press. Academies Press. ! NRC (2008b). A Constrained Space Exploration Technology ! NRC (2000a). Microgravity Research in Support of Program: A Review of NASA’s Exploration Technology Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Development Program, Washington DC: National Academies Space and Planetary Bodies, Washington DC: National Press. Academies Press. ! NRC (2009). Assessment of Planetary Protection ! NRC (2000b). Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Water Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions. Washington Exposure Guidelines, Washington DC: National Academies DC: National Academies Press Press. © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C Table 1. National Academies’ reports from the National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IoM): Distribution among the Five Showstoppers. Hypogravity Space Regenerative Life Mars Planetary Counter- Radiation Support Protection Dust measures Protection • Physical- • • Back- —1970 —1998 Chemical —2002 Contamination —1996 —2000a p. 50 —1997 pp. 25-30 pp. 3-4, —1997 —2001* pp. 36- —2000a pp. 62-64 —2000a pp. 52- —2002 pp. 37- —2000c 18-20 51 —2001* p. 96 57, 76-79, 82-84 43 —2003 —2002 pp. 22-25 —2000b pp. 37- —2006a, pp. 41- —2006d 19-20 —2006c 47, 115-130. 46. —2006d pp. 18-19 —2006d pp. 13- —2006b —2008a 14, —2007 —2008b pp. 34- —2009 37 • Bioregenerative- • • Forward- CELSS Contamination —1997 pp. 30-37 — 1992 —2006** pp. 112- — 2006a 113. — 2007 © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C ! Funding for this critical human research has lagged so far behind NASA’s ambitions for Mars and asteroids as to render them unrealistic. ! Spacecraft and Habitat Architects and Engineers need the research results to analyze, design, and build our systems. We are customers. ! There is a tendency to jump to (non evidence-based) conclusions in terms of architecture, design, and engineering: • About what is not necessary, and worse, • What is NOT POSSIBLE. ! These assumptions and attitudes lead to dismissing solutions before the chance to test their feasibility. ! It poses the question of whether some of our programs are actually seeking solutions or even want them at all. © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. The True “Apollo on Steroids” A brilliant design that demonstrates all the Showstoppers: • Reduced Gravity. • Increased Radiation, Especially GCRs. • Needs Regenerative Life Support. • Mars Dust Contamination. • No Planetary Protection. © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. ! 16 Psyche: Largest M-type in the Main Belt. ! 1986 DA is an Amor, Mars-Crosser and Main Belt. ! 1992 TC is Mars- crossing Amor. ! 3554 Amun is an Earth-crossing Aten. ! 4660 Nereus is a Earth- and Mars- crossing Aten ! 65803 Didyos is a Mars-Crossing Amor © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. Lots of Operational, Human Health, and Performance Issues! July 1961 (Almost the 50th Anniversary Circa 1984, David A. Hardy, of Human Spaceflight) © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C. Science Photo Library The lander includes an airlock. Images courtesy of Bruce Damer, President of Digital Space DEBATE: ARTIFICIAL G ENVIRONMENT VS. “SHORT-ARM” CENTRIFUGE February 1937 “2001 Space Odyssey” Stanford Torus 1968 Circa 1975-77 DEBATE: ARTIFICIAL G ENVIRONMENT VS. “SHORT-ARM” CENTRIFUGE Ames Human-Powered Centrifuge 1994 JSC TransHab Centrifuge Concept (August 1935) With PLAID Logo 1998 • We still do not have the 2.5m Space Station Life Science Centrifuge (Biological Research Project) to perform the necessary fundamental science but we are at “ISS Complete.” • The debate of the Artificial Gravity Wheel/Environment versus the Short Arm Centrifuge is not productive. • Neither of these solutions has been tested experimentally in space, but members of the Human Spaceflight and HRP Communities jump to conclusions about what designs are possible, which can succeed, and which are not necessary. • We can have a short-arm centrifuge long before a complete artificial-G wheel. © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C However, Shielding Technologies have not Advanced Nearly as Much (Dose in Sv unless noted otherwise) Standard or 30 Day Limit Annual Limit Career Guideline Limit NASA SP-71, 200 Rad (2 Gy) 55 Rad - (Billingham in Reetz “emergency” from one (0.55 Gray) (Ed), 1965, p. 140) SPE Apollo Maximum 0.50 from an SPE - - Operational Dose (English et al, 1973, p.3) NRC, 1970 0.25 0.75 4.0 NCRP, Rpt. 98, 1989, 0.25 0.50 1.75 female, 35 years of age. 2.5 male NCRP, Symposium - - 0.9 female, Proceedings No. 3, 1.4 male 1997, 35 years of age: 3% excess risk of cancer. NCRP Rpt. 132, 2000, 0.25 Gray-Equivalent 0.50 Gray 0.6 Gy-Eq. female, 35 years of age. Equivalent 1.0 Gy-Eq. male © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C We have not yet designed and seriously tested a system with sufficient shielding for GCRs. ! Assuming that shielding mass is always Marco Durante (L) & Gianfranco “parasitic” – is not a solution. Grossi at Brookhaven National Lab (2003) with Carbon-Carbon ! Radiation Shielding: Multifunctional wall shielding sample provided by the construction. Author for the “Habot.” ! NRC (2008) Managing Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration, Washington DC: National Academy Press. ! However, rigid internal shielding is not a launch-cost effective solution within the IPV. © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C 6m Habitat Interior Diameter Habitat Water Shield Geometry: 2f Truncated Octahedron © 2011 Marc M. Cohen, Architect P.C • Water is amorphous: It can be pumped into an IPV at an in- space fueling and water depot in LEO or at L1. • Water can be launched from Earth separately from the IPV or produced on the Moon and shipped to L1. • Once we have a sufficient supply of water in space, we keep reusing it, pumping it
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