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Chapter 2 Language Use in Nepal
CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE USE IN NEPAL Yogendra P. Yadava* Abstract This chapter aims to analyse the use of languages as mother tongues and second lan- guages in Nepal on the basis of data from the 2011 census, using tables, maps, and figures and providing explanations for certain facts following sociolinguistic insights. The findings of this chapter are presented in five sections. Section 1 shows the impor- tance of language enumeration in censuses and also Nepal’s linguistic diversity due to historical and typological reasons. Section 2 shows that the number of mother tongues have increased considerably from 92 (Census 2001) to 123 in the census of 2011 due to democratic movements and ensuing linguistic awareness among Nepalese people since 1990. These mother tongues (except Kusunda) belong to four language families: Indo- European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian, while Kusunda is a language isolate. They have been categorised into two main groups: major and minor. The major group consists of 19 mother tongues spoken by almost 96 % of the total population, while the minor group is made up of the remaining 104 plus languages spoken by about 4% of Nepal’s total population. Nepali, highly concentrated in the Hills, but unevenly distributed in other parts of the country, accounts for the largest number of speakers (44.64%). Several cross-border, foreign and recently migrated languages have also been reported in Nepal. Section 3 briefly deals with the factors (such as sex, rural/ urban areas, ethnicity, age, literacy etc.) that interact with language. Section 4 shows that according to the census of 2011, the majority of Nepal’s population (59%) speak only one language while the remaining 41% speak at least a second language. -
LCSH Section K
K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K. -
Journal of Asian Arts, Culture and Literature (Jaacl) Vol 2, No 1: March 2021
JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARTS, CULTURE AND LITERATURE (JAACL) VOL 2, NO 1: MARCH 2021 Riveting Nepal: A Cultural Flash! By Ms. Mahua Sen [email protected] Abstract “A Nepali outlook, pace and philosophy had prevented us being swamped by our problems. In Nepal, it was easier to take life day by day.” -Jane Wilson-Howarth, A Glimpse of Eternal Snows: A Journey of Love and Loss in the Himalayas. We do sniff the essence of Nepal in these lines! Squeezed in between China and India, Nepal is one of the most fascinating places to visit on earth. Home to the awe-inspiring Mt. Everest, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, this exquisite country stretches diverse landscapes from the Himalayan Mountains in the North to the flat expansive plains in the south. The birth of the nation is dated to Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquest of the Kathmandu Valley kingdoms in 1768. Deep gorges, sky-scraping mountains, exuberant culture and charismatic people – Nepal is the ideal destination not only for adventurers but also for people seeking a peaceful sojourn in the lap of serenity. Keywords Nepal, culture, festival, Hindu, Buddhism 1 JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARTS, CULTURE AND LITERATURE (JAACL) VOL 2, NO 1: MARCH 2021 Festival Flavors Customs and culture vary from one part of Nepal to another. The capital city Kathmandu is drenched in a rich drapery of cultures, a unique silhouette to form a national identity. Nepali culture portrays an amalgamation of Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Mongolian influences, the result of a long history of migration, conquest, and trade. -
Theatre and Life Heatre at the Intersection of Art, Politics and International Development
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41611-5 — Rehearsing for Life Monica Mottin Excerpt More Information 1 Theatre and Life heatre at the intersection of art, politics and international development his book is about social and political theatre in Nepal. In particular, it Texamines how everyday social problems and macro-political conlicts are both represented and challenged through drama-based performances. How are theatre and social reality (dis)connected? How can relexivity and ambiguity allow for the aesthetic space to become a transformative place? What diferentiates street theatre performed in planned development from street theatre performed within social and political movements? How can performance and dramatic action move communities towards social action? To answer these questions I delve into both aesthetic and social performance contexts of three types of theatre and performance for social change available to Nepali audiences in the mid-2000s: kachahari natak (forum theatre/street theatre), loktantrik natak (theatre for democracy) and Maoist political cultural programmes that may include krantikari natak (revolutionary theatre). In other words, the political theatre for democracy performed by Aarohan heatre Group, development forum theatre performed by both Aarohan heatre in Kathmandu and by the Kamlari Natak Samuha, a haru activist group, in the rural areas of western Nepal, the political performance of the Maoist cultural groups, all aim to bring about social change, but how are they similar and how do they difer? Aarohan heatre Group, a Kathmandu-based professional company and Gurukul, the theatre school associated with the group, is at the core of this ethnography. It is the main ield site from which I tried to understand the world of theatre for social change in Nepal. -
List of Languages Spoken in Nepal
List of Languages spoken in Nepal. 20,188,000 (1995). 2,423,840 speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages (1991 J. Matisoff). Kingdom of Nepal, Sri Nepala Sarkar. Literacy rate 20% to 29%. Information mainly from W. Winter 1991, SIL 1977, Hale 1982, Dor Bahadur Bista 1972. Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian. Blind population 100,000. Deaf institutions: 3. The number of languages listed for Nepal is 125. Of those, 124 are living languages and 1 is extinct. ATHPARIYA (ATHAPRE, ATHPARE) [APH] 2,000 (1995 Karen Ebert); 232,264 all Rai languages (1971 census). North of the Tamur, between the Dhankutakhola in the west and the Tangkhuwa in the east; Dhankuta and Bhirgaon panchayats. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Eastern Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern, Southwestern. Different from the Arthare dialect of Dungmali, and from Belhariya, which is also called Athpariya (W. Winter 1991). Used by all, including children and educated speakers. Low bilingualism in Nepali. Reported to be closest to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 dialects, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible. Rai and Kiranti are partially overlapping terms and subject to many interpretations (Austin Hale SIL 1977, personal communication). Survey needed. AWADHI (ABADI, ABOHI, AMBODHI, AVADHI, BAISWARI, KOJALI, KOSALI) [AWD] 540,000 in Nepal (1993 Johnstone); 20,000,000 in India (1951 census); 20,540,000 in all countries. Lumbini Zone, Kapilbastu District, Majhkhanda, Khajahani. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, East Central zone. Dialects: GANGAPARI, MIRZAPURI, PARDESI, THARU, UTTARI. 50% to 75% literate. Bible portions 1820-1911. -
Communication Engineering Principles Pdf
Communication engineering principles pdf Continue © 1996-2014, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates 1. DEX2201EX, Engg Communication Principle. Block 1, prepared: Er Lohan Raj NeupaneManmohan Memorial Polytechnic page (en) 1Princips communication engineeringUnit 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Communication Communication Story - is the process of establishing communication or communication between two points for information exchange. The history of telecommunications - the transmission of signals at a distance for communications purposes - began thousands of years ago with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, America and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, Europe had the first fixed semaphore (visual signal transmission system), but it was not until the 1830s that electrical systems began to emerge. Basic Electrical Signals: No 1838: Electric Telegraph 1858: First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable No. 1876: Telephone No. 1880: Telephony via Light Biphonadvanz Electric and Electronic Signals: 1893: Wireless Telegraphy 1896 : Radio 1914: First North American transcontinental telephone call No. 1927: Television No 1927: First commercial radio telephone service, UK-USA 1930: First experimental video phones 1934: First commercial radio service, USA-Japan 1936: World First Public VideoPhone Network 1946 : Limited capacity Mobile telephone service for cars 1956: Transatlantic telephone cable 1962: Commercial communications satellite 1964: Fiber Optical Telecommunications 1965: First North American public video phone network 1969: Computer network 1973: First modern -
Himalayan Voices VOICES from ASIA 1
Himalayan Voices VOICES FROM ASIA 1. Of Women, Outcastes, Peasants, and Rebels: A Selection of Bengali Short Stories. Translated and edited by Kalpana Bardhan. 2. Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature. Translated and edited by Michael James Hutt. Himalayan Voices An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY Michael James Hutt UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford This book is a print-on-demand volume. It is manufac- tured using toner in place of ink. Type and images may be less sharp than the same material seen in traditionally printed University of California Press editions. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. Oxford, England © 1991 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Himalayan voices : an introduction to modern Nepali literature / translated and edited by Michael James Mutt, p. cm. — (Voices from Asia ; 2) Translated from Nepali. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-520-07046-1 (cloth). — ISBN 0-5204)7048-8 (paper) 1. Nepali poetry—20th century—Translations into Knglish. 2. English poetry—Translations from Nepali. 3. Short stories, Nepali—Translations into English. 4. Short stories, English— Translations from Nepali. 5. Authors, Nepali—20th century— Biography. 1. Mutt, Michael. II. Series. PK2598./95E5 1990 891'.49—dc:20 90-11145 CIP Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the -
Neupane 1 Chapter I Locating Setting and Its Role in Drama a Setting Is
Neupane 1 Chapter I Locating Setting and its Role in Drama A setting is just a beautiful thing, a collection of beautiful things. It is a presence, a mood, a warm wind fanning the drama to flame. It echoes, it enhances, it animates. It is an expectancy, a foreboding, a tension. It says nothing, but it gives everything. (Jones 26) An American scenic, lighting and costume designer, Robert Edmond Jones in his book The Dramatic Imagination (1941) exposes the basic sense of setting in drama. In another context, Jones states, "A stage setting has no independent life of its own. Its emphasis is directed toward the performance. In the absence of the actor it does not exist. Strange as it may seem, the simple and fundamental principle of stage design still seems to be widely misunderstood. " (Qtd. in Cohen, 122). The visions of setting and its significance are not defined clearly. On the one hand, Jones explains setting as an element that describes every emotion of the performance. On the other hand, he describes setting has no independent existence in absence of the performance and actor. Therefore, there is no clear perception on the importance of setting in drama. Since the setting is the crucial part of any text, it cannot be omitted or analyzed separately from the meaning. Kari K Pitkanen in The Spatio-Temporal Setting in Written Narrative Fiction brings the references of various researchers to introduce setting. He presents setting as such: For several researchers including e.g. Labov & Waletsky (1967), Rumelhart (1975: 213) and Van Dijk (1980), a setting is a text-initial, structural macro- unit that describes the starting point and surroundings for a story by providing the main character, the spatio-temporal location and other necessary information. -
A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali
A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali Written by: Stephanie R. Eichentopf Research conducted by: Stephanie R. Eichentopf Sara A. Boon Kimberly D. Benedict Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University, Nepal and SIL International 2014 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Geography ................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 History of the people ............................................................................................... 9 1.3 Language ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Other nearby languages ......................................................................................... 12 1.5 Previous research and resources ............................................................................ 14 2 Purpose and Goals .......................................................................................................... 17 3 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Instruments ............................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Site selection ......................................................................................................... -
Four Nepali Short Stories
HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 8 Number 1 Himalayan Research Bulletin Article 4 1988 Four Nepali Short Stories Theodore Riccardi Jr Pushkar Shamsher Sri Guruprasad Mainali Balkrishna Sama Sivakumar Rai Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Riccardi, Theodore Jr; Shamsher, Pushkar; Mainali, Sri Guruprasad; Sama, Balkrishna; and Rai, Sivakumar. 1988. Four Nepali Short Stories. HIMALAYA 8(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol8/iss1/4 This Other is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Introduced and Translated by Theodore Riccardi, lr. Modern Nepali literature has received very little attention from scholars in the West. There have been no studies, and only a few translations. One thinks immediately of Sandra Zeidenstein's translation of Parijat's Sirishko Phul, entitled Blue Mimosa, Greta Rana's White Tiger, a translation of Diamond Shamsher's Seto Bagh, and David Rubin's admirable translations of the poetry of Laksmi Prasad Devkota, entitled Nepali Visions, Nepali Dreams. Beyond these, there is very little. Why this should be so is not very clear, particularly when one thinks of how the study of Nepal has grown in Europe and America over the last thirty years. Part of the explanation I think lies in the general tendency of some literary scholars to revel in the past and the traditional only, to value the classical and the medieval text and to denigrate the modern as somehow less worthy of attention. -
Comparative Constructions in Suansu and the Languages of Northeastern India
Linguistic Typology at the Crossroads 1-1 (2021): 94-123 Comparative constructions in Suansu and the languages of northeastern India JESSICA K. IVANI1 1UNIVERSITY OF ZÜRICH Submitted: 16/11/2020 Revised version: 05/05/2021 Accepted: 10/05/2021 Published: 31/08/2021 Abstract This paper provides a first description of comparative constructions in Suansu, an unreported Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India, and frames the characteristics of Suansu comparative constructions from a typological perspective (following Stassen’s 1985 classification). To this purpose, comparative constructions from a sample of 28 Tibeto- Burman languages of the area are collected in an ad-hoc designed database and typologically discussed. Results reveal the presence of two main types that cluster geographically in the region, as well as high internal variation with respect to the subtypes. Based on the classification, Suansu is assigned to the Exceed comparative type, the only representative of this type in the sample. Keywords: Suansu; Tibeto-Burman; typology; comparative constructions; language documentation. 1. Introduction Comparison can be defined as a “mental act where two elements occupy a symmetric or asymmetric position on a specific property predicative scale” (Treis 2018: I): this mental act is linguistically encoded by comparison constructions. Several types of comparison structures have been distinguished in the literature. Based on the subdivision proposed by Fuchs (2014) and implemented in Treis (2018), this study focusses on comparison of inequality, and specifically on comparison of relative superiority. The default template for constructions of relative superiority (hence, 94 Ivani Comparative constructions in Suansu comparative constructions) is exemplified by structures such as X is bigger than Y or X is more intelligent than Y. -
Theatre for Social Change in Kathmandu, Nepal
School of Oriental and African Studies University of London REHEARSING FOR LIFE: THEATRE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE IN KATHMANDU, NEPAL Monica Mottin Doctor in Philosophy Social Anthropology 2009-10 ProQuest Number: 10673177 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673177 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Monica Mottin 2 Acknowledgements Infinite gratitude goes to all the artists and activists whose collaboration made this research possible. This research could be carried out thanks to a grant from the CRF (University of London). I wish to thank my supervisors Prof. David Mosse and Prof. Michael Hutt for their inspirational ideas and support during the challenges of the fieldwork and writing up, and my family, for their patience and love. 3 Abstract The objective is this research is to examine the production and performance of theatrical activities aiming at bringing about social change in both development and political intervention. My investigation began with Aarohan Theatre Group, a Kathmandu-based professional company and subsequently extended to Maoist cultural troupes.