ﺗﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﻭﻣﻴﺔ
Simplifying Al-Ajaroomiyyah
@ @ COMPILED BY : ABUL -LAYTH QASIM IBN AGGREY MUTIVA א א א אع א ْ م Types of Speech
א ْ م W א ْ א } אK ْ Speech: Is the composed saying or utterance which is beneficial in its placement or composition.
و ْ W א } و } وK And it is divided into three groups: Ism (noun), and F'il (verb), and Harf (a preposition which conveys meaning).
W ْ ْ } و א } و د ل א و א م So the Ism (Noun) is known by Al-Khafdh (the acceptance of Jarr ), and At-Tanween (a mark which indicates indefiniteness), and the acceptance of Alif Laam (the definite article).
و و א ْ ْ } و W } و } و } و } و } و } و א ْ } و א ْ } و א م And the letters of Khafdh are min E F and Eelaa E F and 'An E F and 'Ala E F and Fee E F and Rubba E F and . EلF and Al-Kaaf F E and Al-Laam F بAl-Baa Eِ
و و א ْ } و W א ْ אو } و א ْ } و אK E andوAnd the letters of Avowal (Pledge) are: Al-Waaw F Al-Baa F E and At-Taa F E . و א ْ و א} } و و א ْ אK FسAnd The F'il (Verb) is known by Qad E F and As-Seen E and Sawfa E F and At-Taa At-Ta'neeth As-Saakinah F E .
2 و א ْ د א و د א ْ K And the Harf (Preposition) is that which does not accept any of the Ism (Noun) or F'il (Verb) indicators or signs. א א The chapter of Grammatical Analysis
א א W و א א ْ א ْ א א א ْ ً و ْ אKً The Grammatical analysis is the changing of vowel markings at the end of words according to the addition of specific helping words or prepositions whether they are written or supposed E F. و ْ W ْ } و } و ْ } و م The categories of grammatical analysis are four: F مRaf' E ْ F and Nasb E F and Khafdh E ْ F and Jazm E ذ א ْ } و א } و א ْ ْ } و م F אF and Khafdh E ْ ْ א F, Nasb E אSo for the nouns is Raf' E ْ .F not included א ْ مwith Jazm E و ْ ل ذ א ْ } و א } و א ْ م } و ْ F א ْ مF and Jazm E אF, Nasb E א ْ And for the verbs is Raf' E . F not included אwith Khafdh E ْ ْ א א The Chapter of knowing the signs of grammatical analysis
ْ W א } و א ْ אو و } א } و א نK E There are four signs which indicate the condition of Raf': TheنKF , E and the NoonאE , the Alif FوDhommah F E , the Waaw F
3 א W ن ً ْ א א א ْ ْ د } و א ْ } و א ْ א } و א ْ א ْ ع אK As for the Dhommah F E W Then it is an indicator of Raf' in four Instances: 1. The Singular Noun 2.The Broken Plural 3.The Sound Feminine plural 4.The present tense verb which has nothing attached to the end of it.
و א ْ אو W ن ً ْ W א ْ א و א א ْ } و W } و } و } و } و ذ و لKٍ :E W Then it is an indicator of Raf' in two cases وAs for the Waaw F 1.The Sound Masculine plural and 2.The Five Exceptional Nouns which are: Abooka E F, Akhooka E F, Hamooka E F, FK ذ و لFooka E F, and Dhoo Maalin Eٍ و א W ن ً ْ אKً E , Then it is an indicator of Raf' specifically inאAs for the Alif F the dual forms.
و א ن W ن ً ْ א ْ א ْ ع } ذ א א } و ٍ } و א ْ אK ْ E , Then it is an indicator of Raf' in theنAs for the Noon F present tense if it is connected to an attached pronoun of duality, an attached pronoun of plurality, or an attached pronoun used to address the female gender. و W א ْ و } א } و א ْ } و א ْ } و א ن K And for the condition of Nasb there are five signs: the Fathah F E , E , the Kasrah F E , the Yaa F E , and the removal of theאthe Alif F letter Noon .
4 א ْ W ن ً א W א א ْ ْ د } و א ْ } و א ْ א ْ ع ذא د ً وK As for the Fathah F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in three instances: 1. In the Singular Nouns. 2. In broken plural forms. 3. In the Present tense verbs if a Naasib (subjunctival) precedes it and there is nothing attached to the last letter in the verb.
و א W ن ً א א ْ } F و وE ذK E , then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb inאAs for the Alif F F وthe Five Nouns. Like the following example: E And whatever resembles this.
و א ْ W ن ً א ْ אK As for the Kasrah F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb for the Sound Feminine Plurals. و א ْ W ن ً א و אK ْ As for the the Yaa F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in both the Dual and Plural Noun forms.
و א ن W ن ً א ْ ل א ْ א ْ א نK As for the removal of the letter Noon , then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in the Five Verbs when the indicator of the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon .
א ْ } و א ْ } و א ْ K The Kasrah F E , the Yaa E F , and the Fathah F E . وW ْ And for the condition of Khafdh , there are three signs.
5 א ْ W ن ً ْ א W א א ْ ْ د א ْ } و א ْ א ْ و } א ْ אK As for the Kasrah F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh in three instances. 1. The Singular Noun which has vowel markings that can be changed. 2. In Broken Plural forms where the vowel markings can also be changed. 3. In the Sound Feminine Plurals.
و א ْ W ن ً ْ א W א א ْ و } א } و אK ْ As for the Yaa F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh in three instances. 1.The Five Nouns. 2.The Dual Forms. 3. The Plural forms. و א ْ W ن ً ْ א אK As for the Fathah F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh for the Nouns which are fixed and do not change their vowel markings.
و م ن W א ن } و א ْ K And for the state of Jazm , there are two signs. 1. The Sukoon F E 2. Removal א ن W ن ً م א ْ א ْ ع א אK As for the Sukoon F E , then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm in the Present Tense Verbs which end in a sound letter. Any letter . Eא}و}other than F و א ْ W ن ً م א ْ א ْ ع א ْ א } و א ْ ل א ْ א ْ א نK As for Removal, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm when E and it is alsoא}و}the last letter in a present tense verb is weak F
6 an indicator of the state of Jazm in the Five Verbs when the sign of the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon .
W א ْ Section: Words which contain vowel markings that can be changed
א ْ ن W ْ و } ْ وK The words which contain vowel markings that can be changed are divided into two groups. One group is identified by diacritical vowel markings while the other group is identified by way of letters.
ْ אعٍ W א א ْ ْ د و } א ْ } و א ْ א } و א ْ א ْ ع אK So the group which is identified by way of vowel markings contains four types of nouns. 1. The Singular Noun. 2. The Broken Plural. 3. The Sound Feminine Plural. 4. The Present tense verb to which there is nothing attached to the end of it.
و } و } و } و م نK In all of the previous nouns the condition of Raf' is indicated by a , Dhommah F E , the condition of Nasb is indicated by a Fathah F E the condition of Khafdh is indicated by a Kasrah F E , and the condition of Jazm is indicated by a Sukoon F E . و ج ذ W א ْ א ْ و } א א و } א ْ א ْ ع א ْ א مK The only exceptions from those are three: 1. The Sound Feminine Plural in which the condition of Nasb is indicated by a Kasrah F E . 2. The condition of Khafdh in Nouns which vowel marks do not change is a Fathah F E K3. The Present Tense Verb which ends with E enters the state of Jazm with the removal ofא}و}a weak letter F its last letter.
7 و א ْ و אعٍ W א و } א א } و א א ْ } و א ْ ل א ْ } و W ْ ن } و ْ ن } و ْ ن } و ْ ن } وK ْ And the group of words which are grammatically identified by letters are of four types: 1.The Dual Form 2. The Sound Masculine F and ْ نPlural 3. The Five Nouns 4.The Five Verbs which are E F and E ْ FK ْ نF and E ْ نF and E ْ نE א W } و وK ْ As for the Dual form then the condition of Raf' is indicated by an E and the condition of Nasb and Khafdh is indicated by theאAlif F the letter Yaa F E . و א א W ْ אو } و و K ْ As for the Sound Masculine Plural, then the condition of Raf' is E and both the condition of Nasbوindicated with the letter Waaw F and Khafdh are indicated by the letter Yaa F E . و א א ْ W ْ אو } و } وK ْ As for the Five Nouns then the condition of Raf' with them is E and the condition of Nasb isوindicated with the letter Waaw F E , and the condition of Khafdh isאindicated with the letter Alif F indicated with the letter Yaa F E . و א ْ ل א ْ W ن } و وK As for the Five Verbs then condition of Raf' with them is . Eنindicated by the establishment and firmness of the letter Noon F Both the conditions of Nasb and Jazm are indicated by the . Eنremoval of the letter Noon F
8 א ْ ل The Chapter of Verbs א ْ ل W ضٍ } و ع } و } } } و } و אK The verbs are of three types: Past Tense, Present Tense, and Command Form. For Example: E F He hit, E F He hits , !(F Hit (him or it אand E و א ْ ع W ن و א و א א אE F و ع אً } و ز مK The Present tense is preceded by one of four extra letters which are gathered together in the word E F and the present tense is always in a state of Raf' until an article of Nasb or Jazm enters upon it and alters its vowel marking.
אً } و } نW و } و ذ ن } و } و م و } و م א ْ د } و و } א ْ א ْ و א ْ אو } و وK F and E F ذ نE F and E F and E ن :The Articles of Nasb are ten F א ْ א ْ و א ْ אوF and E F and E م א ْ دF and E م وand E . E وand F و א ْ אز م } و }W و } و } و } و م א و א F و } E א و א } و ن و و و } و ذ } و } و } و و ن } و و } } و } و ذ א אKً The Articles of Jazm are twelve: F E and E F and E F and E F F ن و و وE FF and E א و אF and E م א و אand E F and E F and E F و نF and E F and E F and E ذand E .E F when it is used specifically in poetry ذ א and E F and א The Chapter of the Nouns which are in the state of Raf'
9
א ْ } و W א ْ } و א ْ ْ ل א } و א ْ } و و } אF ن E و א } و E نF و א } و א ع } و W א } א ْ ْ } و א } و א ْ لK The Nouns which are in the state of Raf' are seven: They are F א ْ ْ ل א verbal subject (doer), and the E אthe E Fْ , F Nominal Subject אsubject in the passive voice, and the E ْ F the Noun of Kaana א ن و אand its E F Predicate, and E F the Predicate of Inna and her ن و אand her sisters, and E F the follower of something in the state of א عsisters, and E ,F conjunction אF the adjective, E ْ ْ אRaf' which are four: E .F substitution א ْ ل F emphasis, and E אE א ْ The Chapter of the Verbal Subject (Doer)
א ْ W א א ْ ع א ْ K The Verbal Subject (Doer) is the Noun in the state of Raf' which is preceded by its own verb.
و W } وK And consists of two types: E F Apparent, and E F Implicit . W م ز } و م ز } و م א אن } و م א אن و } م א ون } و م א ون و } م א ل و } م א ل و } } و م و } א ْ אن و } م א ْ אن و } א ْ א } و م א ْ א و } א ْ د } و م א ْ د و } م } و م و } م و } م } و ذK So the Apparent Verbal Subject (Doer) is like the following: F and م א אنF and E م א אنF and E م زF and E م زE F and م א لF and E م א لF and E م א ونF and E م א ونE F and م א ْ אنF and E א ْ אنF and E مE F and E
10 F and م א ْ دF and E א ْ دF and E م א ْ אF and E א ْ אE and وF م F and E م F and E مF and E مE whatever is similar to this. و א ْ W W W א } F W } و } و } و } و } } و } و } و و } } و א } و KE And the Implicit Verbal Subjects (Doers) are twelve like the following: E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and .F and E F אE א ْ و א ْ The Chapter of the Nominal Subject and Predicate
א ْ W א א ْ ع א ْ א ْ א אK ْ The Nominal Subject is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is unaffected by grammatical factors that may alter Arabic word vowel markings.
א ْ W א א ْ ع א ْ } F ز FوE א אن ن وE F א ون ن KE The Predicate is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is attributed to F א אن نF and E ز the subject like the following examples: E .F א ون نand E א ْ W ن } وK The Nominal Subject consists of two types E F Apparent, and E F Implicit. م ذK ْ So the E F Apparent is what was previously been mentioned.
11 و א ْ א } وW } و } و } و } و } و } } و } و } و و } و } } F F و }E ن }E و ذK And the Implicit Nominal Subjects are twelve like the following: E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F F and نas in the following examples: E F and E whatever is similar to this. و א ْ ن W ْ د } و ْ دK And the Predicate is of two types: Singular and Non-Singular.
ْ ْ دF ز KE .F زThe example of a Singular Predicate is the sentence E و א ْ ْ د W א ْ و א ْ و } و א } و א ْ } و א ْ } F W ز א א } و ز و } ز م } و ز ذ א KE The Non-Singular Predicate consists of four things: F Circumstantial אF The article of Jaar . 2. E א ْ و א ْ وE .1 . F The Verb and its Verbal Subject אPreposition. 3. E ْ F The Nominal Subject and its Predicate. Examples אE ْ .4 F and ز א אof this can be found in the following sentences: E . زF ذ אF and E ز م F and E زE א ْ א א א א ْ و א ْ The Chapter of Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and Predicate
و W ن و א } و ن و א } و و אK The Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and F Kaana ن و אPredicate are divided into three categories: 1. E
12 F و אF Inna and her sisters. 3. E ن و אand her sisters. 2. E Dthununtu and her sisters. ن و א } א } و א ْ } و W ن } و و } } و } و } و } و } و } و ز אل } و א } و } و } و د אم } و W ن } و ن } و } و و } و } ل F W ن ز ً و } و ً E و ذK F, then when they are ن و אAs for Kaana and her sisters E added to a nominal sentence consisting of a subject and predicate they affect it by leaving the Nominal subject in the state of Raf' and by placing the Predicate into a state of Nasb . Kaana and her E F and E F and E F and ن F include ن و אsisters E F and ز אلE F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and whatever can be د אم F and E F and E F and E אE F ن } ن } وextracted by way of verb conjugation like: E F like that which is in the following } } وand E F and whatever is وF and Eً ن زexamples: Eً similar to this. و ن و א א } و א ْ } و } نW و ن و } } و ن } و } و } ل W ن ز אً و } אً } و ذ } و ن و ن و } א و } ن و } و } و אK F Then they affect the Nominal sentence by ن و אAs for E F Nominal Subject into the state of Nasb and אplacing the E ْ F in the state of Nasb . Inna and אBy leaving the predicate E ْ F نE F and E F and E ن E and نF include F ن و אher sisters E and E F and E F. Some examples of Inna and her sisters can F and ن ز אbe found in the following examples: E ً E نF and whatever is similar to this. Both Inna F אE ً E are used to express affirmation. Lakinna E F is نand Anna F
13 F is used نused to express rectification or correction. Ka'anna E when expressing comparison or likeness. Layta E F is used to express regret. La'ala E F is used to express anticipation and expectation. و و א א ْ و א ْ ْ ن } و W } و و } ْ } و ز } و } و و } و } و א } و ْ و } ل W ز אً ً و } אً ً } و ذK F Then they affect و אAs for Dthununtu and her sisters E F nominal subject אthe nominal sentence by placing both the E ْ F predicate into the state of Nasb while making them אand E ْ .F و א nominal objects for Dthununtu and her sisters E F are: E F and E F و אDthununtu and her sisters E F and אF and E وF and E F and E F and E ز E ْ F and E and E ْ F and E F. Some examples of Dthununtu and her :F can be found in the following examples و אsisters E F and whatever is similar to אF and Eً ً ز אEً ً this . א The Chapter of the Adjective א W ْ } و و ْ } و و ل W م ز א ْ } و א ز אً א ْ } و אK ْ The adjective follows the object of description in its Raf', Nasb , and Khafdh while also following the object of description in its definiteness or indefiniteness as in the following examples: .F אF and E ْ א ز אً אF and E ْ م ز אE ْ
14 و א ْ W א א ْ W و و } א א ْ W ز و و } א א ْ W א } و } و و } א א א و א م W א و א ْ م } و و א אK The Condition of Definiteness consists of five things: 1. Implicit F ز وF and 2. Proper Nouns like: E وNouns like: E F 4. Nouns which are א } و } وAmbiguous Nouns like: E .3 F 5. Nouns א و א ْ مE like: E אلpreceded by the definite article F which are compounded with one of the four previously mentioned nouns.
و א W א ٍ ٍ و א د ون } و ْ د ل א و א م } א و א ْ سK The indefinite consists of every noun which is general in its classification and is not easily distinguished from other nouns of the same type. One might approximate that the indefinite includes :E like אلall of the words that can accept the definite article F .F א و א ْ سE א ْ ْ The Chapter of Conjunction
و و א ْ ْ } و W א ْ אو } و א ْ } و } و و } و م } و } و } و } و } و א ْ אK ,E , the Faa E FوThe Letters of Conjunction are ten: The Waaw F E , Imma E F, Bal F E , and Laa مE , Amm F وThumma F E , Aww F F E , Laakin E F, and in some instances Hatta E F. ن عٍ } و } و ضٍ } و ومٍ } ل F W م ز و و } و א ز אً و אً } و و وٍ } و ز و ْ KE So if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Raf' then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Raf', and if a
15 word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Nasb then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Nasb , and if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Khafdh then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Khafdh , and if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Jazm then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Jazm . Examples of and F م ز و وthis can be found in the following statements: E .F ز وF and E ْ و وF and Eٍ א ز אً و אEً א The Chapter of Emphasis
א F W ْ ْ و و ْ و KE The Emphatic Article follows the emphasized object in its Raf', Nasb , Khafdh , and definiteness or indefiniteness.
و ن ْ } و W א ْ } و א ْ } و } و } و א } و W ْ } و } و } ل W م ز ْ } و א ْ م } و ْ م K ,The Emphatic state is established with the following words: E ْ F E F and E F and E F and the words that can be extracted from E F like: E ْ F and E F and E F. Examples of this can F and م زbe found in the following statements: E ْ .F ْ مF and E א ْ مE א ْ ل The Chapter of Substitution
ذ א ل א א ٍ و ٍ אK If a noun is substituted for another noun or if a verb is substituted for another verb then the substitute follows the original noun or verb in exactly the same grammatical state.
16 و ْ مٍ W ل א א } و ل א ْ א ْ } و ل א ل } و ل א ْ } F W م ز } و ْ א } و ز ْ و } ز אً א ْ س }E د ن ل W א ْ س ْ ْ ز אK ً Substitution is divided into four categories: 1. The complete substitution of something. 2. The substitution of a part for the whole 3. The theoretical substitution. 4. The Substitution of error. Some examples of the these types of substitution include: F and also in زF and E ْ ْ אF and E م زE F was mentioned زF . Since E ز אً א ْ سthe following phrase E F is then mentioned directly afterwards א ْ سaccidentally the word E as a substitution for the word which was mentioned mistakenly.
א The Chapter of Nouns in the State of Nasb
א ْ } و W א ْ ْ ل } و א ْ } و א ن و א ْ ن } و א ْ ل } و א } و א ْ } و א } و א ْ د } و א ْ ْ ل و } א ْ ْ ل و } ن و } و א ن و אK The Nouns in the State of Nasb are fifteen: The verbal object, The infinitive, The preposition(circumstantial) of time, The preposition(circumstantial) of place, Status(state), Specification, Exception, The Noun of Laa F E , The Caller, The Causative Object, The Object of Accompaniment, The F, The Nominal ن وPredicate of Kaana and her sisters E .F ن و א Subject of Inna and her sisters E و א ْ } و W א } و א ْ ْ } و א } و א ْ لK The articles which follow what has proceeded in Nasb are four: the adjective, the conjunction, the emphatic article, and the substitution.
17 א ْ ْ ل The Chapter of the Verbal Object و W א } א ْ } א א ْ } W ز אً } و א ْ سK The Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb upon which a .F א ْ س F and E ز אverb is enacted. For example: Eً و ن W } و And it is divided into two types: E F Apparent, and E F Implicit.
م ذ ْ The Apparent has previously been explained.
و א ْ ن W } وK And the Implicit can be divided into to groups: The Attached and Detached.
ْ א } و W } و } و } و } و و } } و } و و } } و } و } وK So the Attached Implicit Verbal Objects are twelve which include: E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F. و א ْ א } وW } و } و } و } و } و و } } و } و } و } و } و K And the Detached Verbal Objects are also twelve which include: E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F and E F.
18 א ْ The Chapter of the Musdar (Original Noun)
א ْ W א } א ْ } א ً א ْ } W Kً The Musdar (Original Noun) is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is mentioned third when conjugating Arabic verbs. For .Example: Eً F و ن W ْ } و ن و א ْ ْ ْ } Kً ْ W And the Musdar (Original Noun) can be divided into two groups: The Written, and the Abstract. So if the letter composition of the Musdar agrees with the verb which is extracted from it then the Musdar is written like: Eً ْ F و ن و א د ون ْ } W دאً } و و ً } و ذK And if the meaning of the Musdar agrees with a verb consisting of a different word structure but conveys the same meaning as the F دאMusdar then this Musdar is considered abstract like: Eً .F and whatever is similar to this وand Eً א ن و א ْ ن The Chapter of the circumstantial Preposition of Time and Place
א ن W א א ن אE F ْ ْ א ْ م } و א } و و ً و } ْ ً } و אً } و אً } و ً } و ً } و } و אً } و אً } و ً } و K ذ The circumstantial Preposition of Time is a noun of time which is in the state of Nasb with the implied meaning of "in" or "during" F and Eً ْ F و ً F and E אF and E א ْ مas in the following examples: E
19 F and אE F and Eً F and Eً F and E F and Eً אً F and אEً .F and Eً F and whatever is similar to this אEً א ْ ن W א א ْ ن אE F ْ ْ م } و ْ } و אم و } و א } و ق و } } و } و و ز א } و א } و } و و } و ذK The circumstantial Preposition of Place is a noun of location which is in the state of Nasb which conveys the meaning of "in" F و אE F and E אم F and E ْ F and مas in the following examples: E F and אF and E F and E ز אF and E F and E F and E قE E F and F E and E F and whatever is similar to this. א ْ ل The Chapter of the Situational
א ْ ل W א } א ْ } א ْ א א ْ } F W ز א ً FوE א ْ س ً FوE א א ً E و ذK The Situational is the Noun in the state of Nasb which gives description to an ambiguous situation like the following: .F א אF and Eً א ْ سF and Eً ز א ً E و ن א ْ ل ً و } ن א ْ ل م א ْ م و } ن Kً The Situational does not exist except in the indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech. The companion of the Situational is cannot be anything other than Definite. א ْ The Chapter of the Distinctive (Specificational)
20 א ْ W א } א ْ } א ْ א א و א } F W ز ً Fو }F ً ْ E وF ً ْ E وE א ً وE F ً ْ FوE ز ْ م ً FوE و ً KE The Distinctive (Specificational) is the Noun in the state of Nasb which gives description to an ambiguous object like the F and Eً ْ Fand زfollowing statements: Eً F and Eً ْ F and אEً ْ F and Eً .F وF and Eً ز ْ مEً و ن ً } و ن م א ْ مK The Distinctive (Specificational) does not exist except in the indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech. א The Chapter of the Exceptional
و و א } و }W و } و } و } و א } و } و א و } K The articles of exception are eight: E F and E F and E F and .E F and E F א F and E F and א E F and E ْ ذ א ن א ْ م ً ً } F W م א ْ م ز אً FوE ج א س אً E و ن ن א ْ م ً ز א ْ ل و א א } W F م א ْ م ز אً FوE ز אً E و ن ن א ْ م ً ن א ْ א } W F م ز FوE ز אً F وKE E The Exceptional with E F is entered into the state of Nasb if the speech which has preceded it is complete. For example: F. If the speech is complete ج א س אF and Eً م א ْ م ز אEً and also negative then substitution here is permissible as well as F. If ز אF and Eً م א ْ م ز אexception as in the following: Eً
21 the speech is deficient then its grammatical classification depends upon the presence of other grammatical factors like those F ز אF and Eً م زfound in the following examples: E and E F. و א ْ ٍ } و } و } و א } وK F are א The Exceptional with E F and E F and E F and E always in the grammatical state of Jarr . و א ْ } و א } و } ز و } W F م א ْ م ز אً } و ز E Fو א אً و وٍ F وE ْ אً و ْ ٍ KE E F and E F can place the א The Exceptional with E F and noun which follows it into either the state of Nasb or Jarr like that E F andز F or م א ْ م ز אfound in the following examples: Eً .F or ٍ E ْ F م א ْ م ْ אF and Eً وF or Eٍ م א ْ م א אEً The Chapter of F E ن F E א א ٍ ذ א א و F W F E א א KE Know that F E Places indefinite nouns without the tanween into the state of Nasb if it is immediately followed by another indefinite noun and the F E is not repeated as in the following .F א אsentence: E ن و א ْ و و ْ א W F F E א א و א ً KE And if it is not immediately followed by an indefinite noun then the state of Raf' becomes obligatory as does the repetition of F E F א א و אas in the following example: E
22 ن F E ز و ْ } ن ْ W F א א و א ً وE ن ْ W F א א و א KE So if F E is repeated then it is permissible for it to be used as it is also permissible for it to remain unused. So it can be said: .F א א و אF as well as: E א א و אEً א ْ د The Chapter of Called (Vocative)
א ْ د אعٍ W א ْ ْ د א ْ } و א א ْ ْ د و } א א ْ ْ د و } א ْ } و אK ْ The Called (Vocative) is of five types: 1. The Single Proper Name 2. The indefinite Intended (Implied) 3. The indefinite unintended 4. The Compounded Nouns 5. And that which resembles the Compounded Nouns. א ْ ْ د א ْ و א א ْ ْ د ن א ٍ } F ز E Fو KE As for the Single Proper Name and the Indefinite Intended then they are both linguistically constructed upon the Dhomma without . F and E F زthe presence of Tanween like in: E و א אK ْ And the three remaining stay in the state of Nasb and do not change. א ْ ْ ل The Chapter of the Causative Object
و W א } א ْ } א ن و ع א ْ } F م ز ً وٍ FوE א و KE
23 The Causative Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is mentioned in order to explain the reason why a verb occurred as F and م ز ً وin the following examples: Eٍ .F א وE א ْ ْ ل The Chapter of the Accompanying Verbal Object و W א } א ْ } א ن א ْ } F W א و א ْ FوE א א ْ و א ْ KE The Accompanying Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is mentioned in order to explain who participated in the enactment of the verb (action) as in the following examples: .F א א ْ و אF and E ْ א و אE ْ
وF ن E و א } و א E نF و א } م ذ ْ א ْ } و א א K F and ن و אAs for the Predicate of Kaana and her sisters E F then א ن و אthe Nominal Subject of Inna and her sisters E You will find its mention in the chapter of the Nouns in the State of Raf' and you will also find its explanation in the chapter of the Successors (or Followers). א ْ א The Chapter of the Nouns in the State of Khafdh
א ْ אعٍ W ض ْ و } ض } و ضK The Nouns in the state of Khafdh are three types: 1. The Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter 2. The Nouns in the state of Khafdh due to compounding 3. And The Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of Succession (Following the Vowel marking of whatever preceded it).
24 א ْ ض ْ W } و } و } و } و } و } و و א ْ } و א ْ } و א م } و و א ْ } و W א ْ אو و } א ْ } و א } و אو و } } وK As for the Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter then they are whatever is grammatically affected by E F and E Fand F א مF and E אF and E ْ אE F and E F and E F and E F and E ْ F and אF and E אF and E ْ א ْ אوand The letters of Oath which are E .F and E F and E F אوE و א ْ ض } F W م ز E وW م } و مF م ز E و א } F وE F ٍ FوKE E And as for the Nouns which are placed into the state of Khafdh by way of compounding then their example is like that of the F and is divided into two groups : 1. That which م زfollowing: E F and that which is supposed م زF like : E א مis supposed with E .with E F like: E F and ٍ E F and E F א Completed with all of the praise being for Allaah The Majestic
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