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European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 139 No 3 May, 2016, pp.257-262 http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Comparative Study on Bahariye in Neo –Classic of Arab and Persian

Mohammad Shaygan Mehr Department of and Literature Kashmar Branch, , Kashmar,

Ali asghar Mansouri .Department of Arabic Language and Literature Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad university, Kashmar, Iran

Nabialehrajani Department of Arabic Language and Literature Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad university, Kashmar, Iran

Hassan Ghamari Department of Arabic Language and Literature Kashmar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kashmar, Iran

Abstract

As we can see the subject of the study has been not studied and researched in the previous works, this study tries to provide regular collection of scattered material to overcome the shortcomings of the issue. The aim of this paper is to review and correct lexical definitions in both Arabic and Persian words of Bahariyeh, and also studies the similarities and differences of Bahariyeh in Persian and Arabic classical new poetry. Bahariyeh is one of the common themes in . Also in the literature of Arab it has been composed some poems on the theme of spring as Robyyat. In both contemporary periods, because of familiarity of poets with European literature in one hand and social issues, philanthropy and patriotism remember the other hand, the themes and contents of Bahariyeh, had found significant differences compared to the previous periods. . In this study the similarities and differences of Bahariye, in these two , will be examined in the term of structure and content.

Keywords: spring, literature, Bahariyeh, literature of Bahariye, Arabic, Farsi.

Introduction Spring has numerous effects in Persian and and it has been one of the frequent themes of poetry in literature of Arab and Persian. Bahariyeh at the first has been unique to the elegy, gradually over has been turned to other files format such as lyrics and couplet. It has been known as Rabiyeh and Zohriyeh in Arabic literature that has undergone significant changes during the course of the history of Arabic literature in terms of content and structure and accordingly is influenced by various social and political issues of his time to various forms. Description of nature and spring has always been one of the favorite themes of the poets of Persian and Arabic poets. And poets have described the nature of the spring variously with the conditions of time and place. Comparative Study on Bahariye in Neo –Classic Poetry of Arab and Persian 258

Despite the literary Arabic and Persian have wide geographic differences, But clearly, we can see that poem in both languages had relatively similar evolutions and has been influenced by a common history. Since Comparative Literature is one of the major branches of modern literature, comparative study of Persian and Arabic literature has a special place in the field of Bahariyeh and poets of new classism.

Spring and Bahariyeh Speaking of long seasons has wide repercussion in Arabic and Persian poetry and among the four seasons, spring has a special place and poets give special attention to it. A poem which is about spring, its descriptions and imagery and spring flowers has been known to Rabiyeh and Zohriyeh in Arabic literature. In Arabic word it has been defined to rain which is the causing the growth of plants and the plant itself, which means "Rabi." Spring is the most frequent topics in Persian literature and poetry. May be the short age of this season in Iran (Jamalzadeh, 1346, 290-289) and the rebirth of the world and the blossoming spring nature is one of the reasons which is made it the most popular topics in Persian literature. " critics "due to the arrival of spring, in spite of its beauty and majesty of nature and attractive landscapes in this chapter, called these elegies Bahariyeh." (AnuShe, 1381, vol. 2, 266). Bahariyeh, as its name suggests, its theme is spring and its description and its manifestations. Poets are generally considered the beauty of spring in Bahariyeh. Also what grows in the spring as flowers, grass lands, pastures, fruit, spring birds, all of them have been considered by the famous poets of Bahariyeh. In some of the poems of Bahariye, poets have interested in, nature, spring, clouds, rain, spring and summer weather, they are also of interest and Loving nature, friendship and feeling has remarkable position in the poetry of these poets. . Spring and New Year has always been a part of the contents of Persian classical and contemporary poetry. Iranian poets point out the nature and resurrection in their poetry since past till today. They are searching for the new and different circumstances in consistent with the nature. In the opinion of poets who find the metaphysics in their soul, spring is the great messengerswho cannot be explained in any language expect the language of poetry.

Bahariyeh in Contemporary Arab Literature In contemporary poetry sometimes Rabiyeh is expressed in another way regarding to the past. And sometimes poets see spring in new and complete different perspective in following of literary school of Europe. JebrankhalilJeran believes that (dead in 1932) who can understand springs can understand any of the ages. (Jebran, 1997, volume3.22) compares the spring with his prose to the of an unknown goddess who traveling around the world so fast and then arrives in and then moves slowly and associated with sprit of messenger and kings .And sing the song of Suleiman with rivers. And remember the greatness of the poet with the cypress trees of , Hafez (dead in 1932) compare the youth and power to the spring. ( 1987, 1volume, 254,169) Shogi (dead in 1311) believes that the age of youth is like the innocence of flowers (Shoghi 1995, volume1, 154-158). In opinion of Jamil SedghiZahavi (dead in 1936) the beauty of spring make mischief in the eyes of human, but the world is traitor and life of blossom is so short like an ahh. (SedhiZahavi, 1924, volume 1,124). The poet consider the time of after war like spring great and fresh. He states in his ode that blossom hide somewhere the earth, indeed spring is under the earth. In comprising between spring and fall, he says that in spring the garden is and in fall it is bare. Fall is the robber of the flowers and the nightingale leave the garden while there is its house. Mustafa SadeghRafei (dead in 1937) is written a good about spring nature not in places and castles. (Rafei, Bita, volume 1,248). The poet believes that he cannot explain the garden that spring had described it. This poet of Arab who has used the previous works of poets has described numerous beautiful picture of sun (Rafei 1953, volume 3,334).Elias Abushabake (dead in 1947) one of the 259 Mohammad Shaygan Mehr, asgharMansouri, Nabialehrajani and ghamari romantic poets believes that spring is forever (Abushabakeh, 1985, volume 1,383), he knows the blossoms like the merciful creature who forgives the winter. Denying the spring is denying the . Someone see beauty and someone see difficulties of life and someone in every blossom can see death, Abbas Mohammad Eghad (dead in 1964) is one of the contemporary Arabs poet .his poem had pretty in his long Rabiyeh “Mokabol_Rabiyeh”. (Mohammad 1355, vloume2, 247,244).Also he studied the feature of spring and consider beauty of spring in different perspective in his article with the tittle of Rabiyh. Among the contemporary poets who traveled to America and created new branch of Arab literature “adab_Limahir” we can find new perspective about Rabiyeh. Nader Hadad (dead in 1950) in one of his poem, protest point to eternal of spring and decline of human life.(Najm1982,vloume 1,226).Rashid Ayab (dead in 1941) one of the pioneers of Romanticism in Arabic literature addresses a leaf and says you pass the spring and all of the life is the season of spring. Here is noting to be worry about. The poet is sad with coming of spring because when spring comeback he remembers his country and his childhood and deliver him to the period called insanity time.so the poets solicit from his childhood to enjoy from it .but he believe s that his spring was his childhood that chasing the birds on the grass. This is the spring that poetry wants it and is pleased to lose all of the . Springs is great return.one of the manifestations of death is “”means escaping from death which make poets to smooth himself that after death parts of spring return again. The spring which is coming every year (taken from Bahariyhe article in Arabic literature written by Dr.BagherGhorbanizarin). Bahariye in contemporary Persian literature Since constitutional period, new concepts and social subject enters in poetry some of the Bahriye of Bihar, although is place for parsing like odes of fourth and fifth century but this time it has been praised the new thought and revolutionary subject. In 1332 after coup eta of Mordar28 till revolution of Islamic republic of Iran in 1357 we can see 6 different current of poetry: 1. Current of contemporary traditional poetry. 2. Current of romantic and personal poetry. 3. Current of romantic and social poetry 4. Current of social symbolism. 5. Current of new poetry and bulk poetry 6. Current of resistance poetry. Classic Bahariyeh of contemporary Arabic 1. Description of spring in Mohammad Sami Al-Baradis poetry (1322-1255).since Baradi is one of the beginner of contemporary classism school we will start definition of spring with his poem called description of spring time. In this poem Baradi is the remembrance of previous works specially Ebn-Al Morteza and Rasfi-Al-Hli. 2. Description of spring in Ahmad Shoghi (1285-1351). Tendency toward nature naturally is found in poetry of every poet and totally mind of poet is not a part of the nature. Ahmad Shoghi as master of Arabs poem has allocated most of his collection to the nature. Shoghi has composed a classic poem which is adding new pictures to it. Another type of ShoghisBahariyewas poems that have been composed for the occasion and other content. But the poet has started the poem with description of spring. 3. Description of spring in poems of khalilMotrann.Amang contemporary Arab poets after Shoghi Ahmad, khalilMotran has special place between the poets.so he has been received the title of “the poet of all Arab lands”. But if we want to study the poem of motran which describe the nature and spring we can find some poems that most of the main theme are not description of the nature. And we can find that some description about nature or a part of it, as it fined in parsing of spring .in fact, the main subject of ode is a thing more than description of spring but Mortan has started the ode whit parsing of spring and then describing main issue of the ode. The other poems of Mortan Comparative Study on Bahariye in Neo –Classic Poetry of Arab and Persian 260

also are in the same way that the poet starts the poem with describing the spring and then transmitted to the main issue of ode. 4. Description of spring in poems of Abbas Mahmud –al Ghaed(1307-1384).Mahmud Abbas is one of the most influential poets and critics of contemporary Arab that has been remained collections of his poem.as mentioned in previous discussions hardly can found poets who is talked about nature or has not used the nature in his poems. Alghaed also is not excluded in this issue when we refer to collection of his poems we find that his poems in parsing of nature are not limited but his difference with the poets that we talked about them is that his odes are in praising of spring but his Bahriyeh is nothing more than describing spring from the first verse of ode. And event motran does not write the a few first lines of poems to describe the spring. But he relevant the first line of describing the spring with main theme of the ode. Alghaed has another Bahariye which is called “sad spring “that like his previous works is the mixture of fleeing and parsing the spring.

Other Examples of Classical about Parsing Spring If we want to continue about Bahariyeh in poetry we can talked about it so much and of course this is not unique to the Arabic or if we have some searching in European poetry we can find lots of poetry in this area. And in poems of poets like Chile, hardy Hugolamartin we can find some poems about parsing the nature and spring. But before ending of this topic mentioning the samples of some of the contemporary Arab poets would not be UNpleased so we indicated to the some of the poems of Arab poets in this period.one of the greatest poets is Ahmad zaki Abu-Shadi who has a collection named “tyaf-al-rubaie which is published in 1933.contemporary classics Persian of Bahariyeh 1. Description of spring in poems of laureate Bihar (1265-1330) The poem of MohammadTragiBihar is born with description of time and place.it in the nature and then it died in the nature too. When he walks in the world of the mind only he use the meaning array of the words. Descriptions of Bihar like his content are strong and interesting. But we can see a kind of description in his poems which is better to called it remembrance because in the description he uses imagination, metaphor and simile. But in remembrance the poet says the reality and use a few features like simile metaphor and imagination.in the of khorasani new year some of Baharyheh always begin with new year (noroz) that shows the Iranian festival in that age. We can see this greatness in the works of other poets. 2. Description of spring in poetry of Etesami(1285-1320) It is worth mention that one of the famous poets in Iran is ParvinEtesami. Her real name is Rakhshande she was the only daughter of Youssef Etslami who was the , translator and master of monthly literary of Bihar. Parvin became familiar with a constitutionalist and cultural faces in her childhood. And he learned literature by professor Dehkhoda and Bihar. Her collection which is published in 1315 that had 238 poems which 65 poems are in the shape of debate.PoemsofEtesami is in library frame which is showed the social concepts with critical perspective. In dividing of poem to new and old Parvin is a poet of traditional poem.Biharconsiders the style of parvin an independent style which is mixed with style of khorasani and odes of Arabic style in her debates.

261 Mohammad Shaygan Mehr, Ali asgharMansouri, Nabialehrajani and Hassan ghamari Conclusions Considering this fact that in this study all of the aspect of classic Bahariyeh in bothPersian and Arab has been studied in the form of structure and concept,totalconclusions can be state like this: 1. Decryption of spring is not limited to the past and our poets have nice and pretty description of this colorful season. Of course poems of these poets are full of imaginary pictures and show that poets of this period paid attention to beauty of spring and nature. But every poet with due attention to his or her literary talent has used some initiative which is cause of differencing with others. 2. Season of the year with their variety and diversity has appeared in the thought and mind of poets and inspiring worth and pretty concepts. And season has clear effect on description poems of poets in very age and we can find some limit collections of poets in past and now which is not are about spring. 3. Arabic and Persian Bahariyeh next to the description of nature and spring pays attention to the social issues like liberty and deface of country. 4. Poets of both languages Arabic and Persian are poets who have divine talent which are so strong in description of nature. 5. In some of the Arabic and Persian odes which is composed about spring, thing is appeared is description. On the other hand poet and the writerdon’t want to push the readers toward thinking about deep meaning of the poems. 6. Some of the poets in both languages has drowned in beauty of nature when they watching it. It means that they feel the nature completely and without any enter mediator and show this feeling in their works. Or they believe that beyond of everything in the nature is a secret and their looks are symbolic. 7. Some of these poets dose not describe only the element of the nature but they use their real and pure divine feeling which is rooted in their divine soul. 8. InArabic and Persian literature sometimes compare the spring to the life of human and specially to youth age because the age of spring is short and because of this reason it is recommended to enjoy from it. 9. Some of the poets of both languages see the nature and spring out of their selves in reality and they become happy when they watch it and invite the others to happiness. 10. One of the features of Barbiyeh which is frequentlyrepeated in the poems of Arab is parsing of spring that existed among the Persian poem. 11. Arab poets, particularly after knowing Iranian rooted culture and specially their festival composed many poems about spring and we can see that most of all they mixed the New Year whit spring 12. Searching about description of nature and specially spring show that we can consider Mohammad TaghiBihar and Ahmad Shoghi as greatest Arabic and Persian poets of nature. 13. Using of simile, metaphor, imagery which are related to the concept and content of poems and aims of poet, are current in the poems of both languages and the poets compose various and different subject about nature and spring and use the feature of imagery that the most sample of it can be description of nature, flowers,rain, spring birds. 14. Due to this fact that the most of Arabic countries didn’t have 4 different season so that variation which can be seen in the Persian poem in descriptions of nature specially spring cannot be seen in the poems of Arabic. 15. There is a different between Arabic neo classicBahariye and Persian in form. For example in Arabic Bahariye it has been used the ode form but in Persian Bahariyeh also has been used ode and lyric.

Comparative Study on Bahariye in Neo –Classic Poetry of Arab and Persian 262

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