Policing in a networked world
www.pwc.com/policingstudy 2 | Policing in a networked world
Contents
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Foreword Setting the Scene A view from the Successful responses, A final word dash-cam: key and a way forward challenges for police
While the police are viewed The traditional model of Our interviewees described We set out a framework of six Police leaders must be largely positively by the policing is under threat and a complex interplay between interlocking design choices ambitious in how they reset public, an emerging set is no longer suited to tackling the speed and impact of to enable police to accelerate their organisations to face of challenges threatens to new, emerging crime types digitisation that’s allowing and enhance many of their these challenges and protect undermine both the capability and the societal behaviours organised criminal networks successful responses to the the public. Business as usual of police organisations to stay that data and technology to operate in a borderless challenges facing them. is not an option. ahead of crime and, crucially, are enabling. fashion; societies’ changing the public perception that cultural norms; and an they are doing so. increase in the need to tackle policing online. 3 | Policing in a Networked World 3 |
Foreword
Policing is at a critical juncture. While the police are viewed largely positively by the public, an emerging set of challenges threatens to undermine both the capability of police organisations to stay ahead of crime and, crucially, the public perception that they are doing so. 4 | Policing in a networked world
A complex interplay of demographic For this report, we have analysed six Our report concludes that the challenges Policing in a Networked World has been and societal changes, allied with countries – Australia, Canada, the and opportunities facing policing produced by PwC’s Global Government technological innovations (particularly Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and require an ambitious, sophisticated Security Network (GGSN). The GGSN in digitisation), has created new and the United Kingdom (UK) – to identify and unified response to ensure that the is active in more than 50 countries and varied types of crime. Criminal networks the key challenges that the police are police meet the public’s expectations brings together our leading practitioners are exploiting these developments in facing in this context, as well as to of law enforcement. Furthermore, this in public safety, justice and security. an increasingly borderless fashion. show how police organisations are needs to be tackled with urgency. Meanwhile, budgetary constraints responding to those challenges. are limiting the ability of the police to We recognise that countries not included respond strategically to these challenges. Specifically, we used insights from in our study may well have different 25 interviews in the final months of insights, given differing cultural norms This has increased the risk of a gap not 2017 with the most senior policing and societal and political contexts. only between police capabilities and leaders in the six countries and blended We also aim to offer solutions that the crimes they must tackle, but also them with our own decade’s worth of are globally applicable with local Rollie Quinn between the police and the public as experience supporting police and law adjustments. We therefore hope to Global Leader, Government people see that this new era of crime enforcement organisations operating at expand our work to involve a wider & Public Services is not being adequately addressed. All local, national and international levels. range of countries, including those of this needs urgently to be tackled if We would like to express our sincere with developing economies, using policing is to stay connected with and thanks to those who participated, both PwC’s global network, by tapping into fulfil its mission in democratic society. by giving their insights in interviews the expertise and experience of police and by allowing us to include some leaders worldwide – thus broadening the of their comments in this report. scope and applicability of our insights. George Alders Global Government Security Sector Leader 5 | Policing in a Networked World 5 |
Introduction
The core mission of the police has always been to keep the public safe. But the task of protecting the public is arguably harder today than at any time since policing in its current form grew out of its origins in Britain in the 19th century. That’s because a perfect storm of technological disruption, societal and demographic change and public funding shortfalls have combined to create an unprecedented array of challenges that raise fundamental questions about the nature of policing in the 21st century. 6 | Policing in a networked world Exhibit 1 Complex crime is on the rise borderless. Communities have moved Number of complex crimes* committed online and require online policing, posing a fresh challenge for law enforcement Change +36.57% +1.67% +15.27% +7.30% +4.17% +48.45% The police are in dealing with what we might call In ‘complex crime’ (see Exhibit 1). thousands the public and the 800 The proliferation of data – even such public are the police.” basic data as mobile phone texts – has 2010 2015 brought with it the twin challenges of Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850), how the police should analyse that data 600 founder of professional policing to help them reconnect with communities and how they can best exploit data to Crime is moving indoors and online, help shift policing to a more proactive, and away from the streets where the less reactive, model (see ‘Algorithms in 400 police have always been – and have Canada’ case study). seen themselves as being – on the front line. Domestic violence, child and In short, the traditional model of frontline elder abuse and sexual servitude are policing – what we might call the ‘police taking place behind closed doors while station and patrol model’ – is no longer 200 digitisation – and the cybercrime that it suited to tackling new emerging crime has enabled – has brought with it a type types and the societal behaviours that of criminal activity that is hidden and data and technology are enabling. 0 Australia Canada England Netherlands Norway** Sweden & Wales*** Note: Data has been updated from a previous version of the report on 14 June 2018. *Complex crime types: We define complex crime to include sexual offences, fraud and drug offences (both trafficking and possession). **The data for Norway is for 2014 *** Please note we have used 2011 crime data for E&W as the fraud figure for 2010 is not comprehensive Source: All numbers have been calculated using publicly available data. See Endnotes for source material. 7 | Policing in a networked world
Case Study #1: Being able to predict where crime is The origin of this capability was that That information is then provided to likely to take place has long been in the a police employee in charge of the police officers on the move in patrol Algorithms in Canada realm of the impossible – until now. organisation’s analytics programme also vehicles, who can access the function happened to be an adjunct professor who via laptops on board. Simply by clicking In the Canadian city of Vancouver, the taught analytics on the side, giving the an onscreen button, officers can see police have made remarkable progress police a link to key academic institutions. not only where ‘break-and-enters’ in cracking the challenge of predictive The police tapped into the geography have been committed in the past policing by combining two things: expertise of the University of Victoria and two hours, but also where they are geography and algorithms. Together, mathematics expertise at Simon Fraser most likely to occur next. In the areas they are able to help the police predict University to develop a comprehensive where this system has been applied, with remarkable accuracy where algorithm that looked at historical crime crime has dropped by double digits. certain types of crime are likely to be patterns, property values, traffic flows, committed, and when, in blocks of two “We brought ‘hot spot’ policing as the weather, and even the rate at which hours, within a 100-metre diameter. far as we could, and now we’ve graffiti is painted on walls to assess where moved into the realm of predictive the next crime might be committed. policing,” said Adam Palmer, Chief Constable of the Vancouver Police. 8 | Policing in a networked world
Exhibit 2 Traditional crimes are in decline In addition, the incidence of what we by gang rivalry stirred up by social Number of traditional crimes* committed might call traditional crimes, such as media activity – has intensified theft, burglary and assault, have declined the spotlight on the relationship across the six countries that are the between police funding, presence on Change -0.04% -11.42% -9.89% -19.50% -15.67% -1.51% focus of this report (see Exhibit 2). the streets and policing strategy. In thousands Yet while traditional crimes have broadly All this is occurring as societal norms and declined, some police organisations expectations of policing are changing, 2010 2015 2,500 are also grappling with a worrying with migration and immigration in rise in what we might call ‘real world’ many Western countries changing the crimes like terrorism, gang violence demographic makeup of communities 2,000 and organised crime. In the UK, for and requiring more agile and example, such crimes are on the rise and community-sensitive policing. Migrants 1,500 are becoming more difficult to manage often have very different perceptions because each of these three phenomena of police from native citizens based on are linked to the online world, separate past norms and interactions with law 1,000 from the trends of cybercrime and enforcement in their countries of origin. online fraud. A recent spike in knife attacks in London – reportedly fuelled 500
0 Australia Canada England Netherlands Norway** Sweden & Wales* *Traditional crime types: We define traditional crime to include theft, motor theft, burglary, robbery and serious assault. **Please note we have used 2011 crime data for E&W as the fraud figure for 2010 is not comprehensive ***The most recent data for Norway is from 2014 Source: All numbers have been calculated using publicly available data. See Endnotes for source material. 9 | Policing in a networked world
Exhibit 3 Criminals have access to new markets In some cases, this is eroding The funding squeeze and alternative supply chains, and public confidence and trust in Police funding per capita trends such as mass migration enable the police, in turn raising the £ per person them to more readily conceal human risk of a legitimacy gap between trafficking. Urbanisation has reduced law enforcement and society. 300 Australia population size in rural and farming Netherlands communities, leaving those communities In short: the police may no longer 250 feeling more vulnerable. Finally, be the public, and the public many police organisations face budget may no longer be the police. Norway Canada* cuts or other funding constraints A look at some data is helpful. In the 200 that make it hard to effectively face Netherlands, a steady rise in public Sweden these challenges (see Exhibit 3). satisfaction with the police that began 150 England & Wales** These factors have combined to create in 2010 started to reverse in 2016, the most significant disruption to law according to the latest data available. 100 enforcement for generations and, In the UK, public satisfaction with the arguably, ever. This makes the police’s police has remained fairly steady in core job of upholding law and order, recent years. In the latest Ipsos MORI 50 fighting crime and keeping the public safe survey of public attitudes to the police, increasingly difficult. The direct impact published in December 2017, confidence on police organisations is that there is in the police’s ability to provide 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 a potentially widening gap between the protection during a terrorist incident 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 locus of crime and the practical ability of had increased markedly since 2016. Over the police to tackle it. *Funding for Canada is policing expenditure. half (55%) of respondents said that they **Funding for England and Wales includes (i) Home Office Police Core Settlement; (ii) Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)/Welsh government formula funding; and (iii) special and specific grants. England and Wales population figures are mid-year estimates from the Office of National Statistics (ONS). Source: All numbers have been calculated using publicly available data. See Endnotes for source material. 10 | Policing in a networked world
would be ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ confident in attitudes about the police and vice versa the police dealing with such an incident, also illustrate the risk of a legitimacy compared with under half (46%) in 2016. gap. Of US adults surveyed, 83% felt that they understood the risks and challenges If we want to be relevant in the future, we have However, two other data points in the that police officers face, yet only 14% of to change. We’re at a significant tipping point same survey tell a different story. The police officers felt the public understood first is that the proportion of people these risks ‘very’ or ‘somewhat’ well. The in policing right now.” saying that the service provided by remainder (86%) felt the public didn’t Rod Knecht, Chief of Police, Edmonton Police Service, Canada local police had worsened increased understand them too well, or at all. to 25%, up from 20% in 2016 and 18% in 2015, indicating some perception Without exception, the police leaders of decline in the performance of local we spoke with were urgently focused police. The second is that although 83% on how to tackle the capabilities gap of respondents felt it important to have and prevent any emerging legitimacy We need to be similar to the society that we serve.” a regular, uniformed police presence gap. Two responses sum this up: in an area local to them, only 17% felt Jack Blayney, Assistant Commissioner, Victoria Police, Australia they had such a presence currently.
And while the US policing system was not part of this report, recent surveys by the Pew Research Center of US public 11 | Policing in a networked world
At stake is not only the future of policing 1 Align strategy and funding in organisational and effectiveness terms, but the functioning of a key pillar of the institutions underpinning a society 2 Create agile operating based on democratic principles and the networks rule of law, at a time when such forms of government are coming under increasing 3 Balance local, national and international capabilities challenge.
Based on this, we recommend that 4 Exploit technology and data law enforcement consider applying six responses that we believe will improve policing now and for the longer term: 5 Build the future workforce
6 Embed legal and societal responsibilities 12 | Policing in a Networked World 12 |
A view from the dashcam: key challenges
Our interviewees described a complex interplay between society’s expectations, technology and the changing nature of criminality. Many cited the challenges of managing short budget cycles and shortages in funding, which make it difficult to map out and pursue effective policing strategies over the medium and long term. Others spoke of the difficulty in reconciling local, federal and national organisational challenges. But they kept coming back to three key issues. 13 | Policing in a networked world
Exhibit 4 1. The speed of data and new it. “We need to come back to focus A complex challenge technological developments allow on our core [policing] business, but organised criminal enterprises and we are also expected to be social New technology is changing how the police operate terrorists to stretch boundaries to gain engineers,” explained Catherine Burn, competitive advantage over each other Deputy Commissioner in the New Data is both a challenge and opportunity for policing and law enforcement. “The challenge South Wales Police Force, Australia. Analytics is not yet exploited as a crime-fighting tool is that digitisation brings with it new Technology is enabling new types of crime 3. There is an urgent need for nimbler ways of conducting crime that are more changes in law, budget processes and hidden and know no borders,” said culture, as well as better coordination Societies’ expectations and Håkon Skulstad, Assistant National between police and other government cultural norms are changing Commissioner in the Norwegian agencies, to allow more proactive The lines that traditionally defined communities National Police Directorate. policing (using data) to tackle new are blurring 2. At the same time, society’s types of crime and get ahead of There are new norms and tolerances in communities expectations are demanding policing criminal networks. “We focus too There is a role for new actors in society as partners of both public and private space. More much on reaction to crime rather for the police than one interviewee cited a growing than proactively trying to prevent expectation that police services be crime,” said Brett Baddock, Detective available around the clock, “such as Inspector, Special Crime Division, Crime and criminals are changing in the banking sector,” as one put Western Australia Police Force. Criminals now operate at scale across international boundaries
The speed of innovation is critical in a highly competitive business
Crime networks are professionalising 1414 || PolicingPolicing inin aa networkednetworked worldworld
1. Speed of data: new technology is people recognise the benefit of building investing in technology-enabled change, changing how the police operate ‘citizen portals’ to allow volunteering particularly when advances are so rapid. of information so that metadata can Leaders spoke about an increasing The explosion of digital data and its be captured and machine learning need for more effective processes to proliferation into almost every aspect can be applied as an analytical tool. determine and balance short- and of peoples’ daily lives, together with long-term investments, especially in an the connective power of increasingly Interviewees also highlighted the huge environment of constrained budgets. agile technology, has created both potential of data analytics to drive fresh a threat and an opportunity for law insight, be that identifying areas and enforcement. “We need to be able to individuals most at risk from criminality use data, big data and analytics so and harm or optimising how limited that we can strategically deploy our policing resources can be targeted most “We need a strategy to bring resources much better. Everybody’s efficiently to meet changing demand. information together. It’s got to be trying to address that to some extent,” about hyperconnectivity.” This in turn is leading to a new said James Ramer, Deputy Chief of the recognition of the need for more Catherine Burn, Deputy Commissioner, Toronto Police Service in Canada. New South Wales Police, Australia data analysts, which for many police Many of those we interviewed described organisations introduces a significant the sheer volume of data collected from set of challenges around recruiting the body-worn video cameras, CCTV, phones right skill sets (see the ‘Police Now’ case and social media as a major challenge. study). We are seeing increasingly mature Storing, analysing and developing work in the UK and elsewhere developing “The more that we can automate and exploit new technology, the better. The evidential packages from this data, while this thinking and helping policing leaders problem is it comes with a cost, and meeting the requirements of the legal make informed choices, with leaders you are always trying to keep up. There systems – unique to each jurisdiction initiating innovative developments to are too many priorities competing for – is a challenge that will not recede. tackle the digitalisation challenge. limited funding.”
In New South Wales, Australia, much of However, these advances don’t resolve Rod Knecht, Chief of Police, the manipulation of data is manual, but the challenge of making decisions about Edmonton Police Service, Canada 15 | Policing in a networked world
Case Study #2: recruited into the UK police in which aimed to inspire young graduates Police Now has since recruited over Birmingham through a scheme set up to engage with a career in teaching, 400 police officers across the country. Police Now in 2014, known as Police Now. It is a PwC assisted in establishing the Police Together, they are helping to create Now programme to perform a similar safer, more confident communities Hedgehogs are good at one thing – groundbreaking move to give university function in policing. Its mission is to within which young people can rolling up defensively – while foxes graduates with leadership potential transform communities, reduce crime thrive. Gallagher said, “Being able to are multiskilled generalists. Putting a route to becoming police officers. and increase the public’s confidence in communicate in Arabic has surprised this adage in a policing context means The initiative resulted from a recognised policing by recruiting and developing many, but has led to some positive, police can’t just be great crime fighters. need to develop a police organisation an outstanding and diverse group of effective relationships being formed. I They need to be able to connect with that is, in the words of the Home individuals to be leaders in society was recently invited to a fast-breaking communities and be part of a solution Secretary (interior minister), “flexible, and on the policing front line. celebration in the community, which for broader societal issues. They need capable and professional: agile was held to thank the emergency to possess a broader, more diversified enough to adapt as crime and society Graduates become fully warranted services for all their hard work. The skill set than the operational skills changes.” Police Now was also driven police officers with responsibility community has a desire for the police required of police officers today. by a need to make policing careers for an area that could be home to to reach out to them, so being able In short, they need to be foxes. more attractive to millennials. as many as 20,000 people. They get to communicate in Arabic has had a to know their communities – the Jack Gallagher is one such officer. Drawing inspiration from the success very positive impact in supporting problems, prominent offenders and Highly skilled in Arabic, the Oxford of a separate programme in education and increasing public confidence.” crime hotspots within them. University graduate was recently 16 | Policing in a networked world
2. Society’s expectations: online,” said Mark Rowley, retired period of time in a hotspot for crime cultural norms are changing Assistant Commissioner for Specialist – i.e., 9 to 15 minutes – that reassures Operations and former national lead for the public,” said one senior UK police “The demand issue is our fault. We’ve Citizens increasingly expect the police Counter Terrorism Policing (2014-18). figure. “Any longer than that and it can created an idea that police can do to keep them safe in public, private send a signal that the area is unsafe.” everything, deal with all societal woes. and online spaces. This has increased Yet while people are, statistically The problem is that we can’t just arrest workloads for officers, and it requires speaking, physically safer than ever, This desire for more visible policing everyone all the time. For instance, we new capabilities to be developed. Old many of our interviewees indicated that comes at a time when there is an might find that with viewing indecent norms are being challenged across the public are still nervous about their increasingly challenging funding images of children, there might be jurisdictions, as the law enforcement safety. Leaders feel pressured to provide environment and amid a lower risk 500,000 men engaged in this activity. role in safeguarding has grown. more ‘Bobbies on the beat.’ In Canada, appetite for multiple areas of specialist There just isn’t space in the prisons for Officers increasingly operate across one police organisation considering use policing, such as human trafficking. them all. This isn’t going to help the community.” a complex range of familial, societal of body-worn cameras to improve data Finally, leaders identify an increase in and mental health issues, as well as gathering asked the public in a study reporting of a wider array of crimes. The Mike Barton, Chief Constable, look backwards into historic cases. if people preferred either body-worn Durham Constabulary, UK recent sexual harassment and assault cameras or more officers on the beat. scandals in some countries are evidence Meanwhile, new norms are being The answer: more police on the street. established as societies begin to define of this trend, and they drive a need for what is acceptable online and in virtual Yet that is not as simple a proposition a response. At the same time, UK police communities. “I’m a strong believer that as it sounds. In the UK, while it’s leaders have noticed a rising tolerance police need to have a good relationship acknowledged that the public says and acceptance among communities with communities they police in order to it wants more boots on the streets, of certain types of crime, evidenced by enforce the law. The challenge then is to “we know from our research that it’s gun discharges not being reported. work out how this translates to policing boots on the street [only] for a certain 17 | Policing in a networked world
3. Proactive policing: crime and criminals are changing
Criminals are using more advanced techniques to target vulnerable groups. A ransomware attack can target thousands of victims, while the perpetrator resides thousands of miles away. This presents a profound break from the traditional concept that a crime is linked to a location, a victim and an offender. It adds a further layer of complexity to crime prevention and the pursuit of criminals.
The ‘dark web’ and exchange of data and money by criminals is another area where the police need to keep up. Interviewees said emerging crime As new methods of communication types, including cybercrime, do not and currency exchange emerge, police translate well into the traditional model “We’re working in a massively “There is rapid change in the organisations are finding it harder to of frontline policing. Equally, people’s disruptive environment. It’s important environment affecting the work of the keep pace with methods of disguising perceptions of the threats they face to think critically about what change police, making it difficult to stay ahead or hiding criminal activities. as a result of these new crime types we fund and which priorities we have.” of the criminals. This is also causing a challenge of finding a balance between pose a fresh challenge for policing in Sara Thornton, Chief Constable, Chair of the the operative and strategic work. And as crime is becoming more complex, terms of a response. More research many governments have chosen to National Police Chiefs’ Council, UK We are also affected by our short-term is needed, many police said, into the (one-year) budgets, which makes it reduce spending on law enforcement. ‘unknown unknowns’ of available more difficult to work proactively.” The need to become a technology-driven data on these other types of crime. police organisation has in most cases not Stefan Sintéus, Police Area Commissioner, been translated in budgetary terms. Malmö, Sweden 18 | Policing in a Networked World 18 |
Insights and responses
Our interviews revealed some successful responses to the challenges highlighted in this report. Taking these together with findings from our extensive experience, we have set out a framework of design choices that we think are critical to accelerate the transformation of law enforcement. This framework is not jurisdiction-dependent and does not create a standard structural response. Rather, it reflects a combination of responses available to policing leaders to use. 19 | Policing in a networked world
Exhibit 5 1. Aligning strategy and funding Six responses enabling effective action It is one thing to know that police We recommend that law enforcement consider applying these responses to improve policing now and in the longer term organisations need to be able to tackle a new set of challenges, but in the real world there is always a limit to funding. Aligning strategy and funding Embedding legal and How do police leaders make the case Align strategic direction with government to societal responsibility 1 6 to government for appropriate and secure appropriate and sustainable funding Collaborate with government, communities, sustainable funding, and how can they businesses and partner agencies to shape and enforce legislation with transparency to maintain prioritise where to apply the funds received legitimacy as a service in a way that best aligns to their strategy?
In the United Kingdom, the Home Office (interior ministry) allocates over Creating agile operating models Building the future workforce £8 billion funding across 43 police Future-proof the police with networked-based 2 5 Design, recruit, train and empower a committed and innovative operating models, that prioritise and agile workforce equipping them to protect organisations in England and Wales, resources to demand at appropriate scale the public with the full range of skills to according to a formula that aims to be disrupt criminality fair, transparent and efficient. However the existing formula is widely regarded as unfit for purpose and the overall level of police funding has fallen by Balancing local, national and Exploiting technology and data about 20% in real terms since 2010. international capability 3 4 Exploit the innovative opportunities presented by Prioritise and position resources to fight crime technology and data to create both productivity at the local, national and international levels gains and amplify the effectiveness of policing in with clarity on which gives the best results fighting crime 20 | Policing in a networked world
As the government has been exploring with the city of Vancouver (their 2. Creating agile operating models alternative formulas, PwC has helped primary funder) and their own five-year police organisations understand the strategic plan. In 2017, they completed Police organisations increasingly recognise implications of potential new models. an operational review of the full range that they work in a broader ecosystem In the meantime, PwC has also of their capabilities and what they will that includes other authorities, such as supported the police in making budget need to become more proactive and border control and counter-terrorism. This submissions during spending reviews. less reactive as a police organisation. requires lateral thinking and agile models. Our economics and policy specialists To make that assessment, leadership A key goal should be future-proofing the have explored how new and increasingly brought in policing experts from local police with network-based and innovative complex crime types are affecting academic institutions (Simon Fraser operating models that appropriately demand for police services which, when University and Douglas College) to help prioritise demand and resources, coupled with new ways of working produce a wide-ranging operational boosting efficiency at the same time. and staffing, could make the case for review and provide an ‘outside lens’ on In the United Kingdom, PwC provided very different approaches to allocating its operational and funding needs. a strategic assessment for the UK’s police budgets nationally and locally. Counter-Terrorism Police, as well as for In Canada, work has been underway local agencies and authorities, of the between police and academic experts threats facing the country’s borders “Partnering with academic institutions to bring greater credibility to police and advised on a process of business gives more credibility to our operational transformation to allow more flexibility organisations’ efforts to secure greater and funding assessments, as opposed to in the deployment of the organisation’s funding from government and municipal us simply saying ‘we need more.’” assets to the highest areas of threat. The authorities. In Vancouver, the police operate under an annual budgeting Adam Palmer, Chief Constable, context was the fact that while counter- process, a five-year budgeting plan Vancouver Police Department, Canada terrorism border policing was already 21 | Policing in a networked world
being delivered at airports, seaports and 3. Balancing local, national and to prevent and fight new types of crime, 4. Exploiting technology and data rail ports, the threat, and demand, was international capabilities such as fraud and cybercrime, that Criminals may misuse data, but data evolving. The picture was complicated demand specialist skills in various areas. Hyperconnectivity is what policing itself is also the police’s friend. Data has by the sharing of responsibilities increasingly will need to be about. With In Australia, efforts are underway enormous potential as a crime-fighting between the various parties involved criminals looking to exploit gaps between to better coordinate between states, tool. Successful police organisations in borders work – such as the separate regional, national and international territories and the federal government, will be the ones that best exploit the border, crime and tax authorities – policing, gone are the days when it was because authorities recognised the need innovation offered by technology and data resulting in overlaps and inefficiencies. enough to police a locality, or even just for one particular portal for reporting to change the way policing is done, disrupt PwC developed a prioritisation process police within national borders. Now it is online crime. Moves to consolidate criminality and improve productivity. for the counter-terrorism police, helping essential to prioritise and position resources and automate national systems have In the Netherlands, the police are them think about how to develop budgets to fight crime at the local, national and centred on a 2016 move to combine using big data analysis for better crime and assign headcounts and enabling the international levels for the best results. the activities of an organisation called prevention. By the end of this year, the police to identify areas of the business CrimTrac into those of the Australian In 2008, Sweden initiated a country- national police aim to have adopted a where inefficient processes could be Criminal Intelligence Commission, wide program to fight organised crime, system initially developed as a pilot by improved. PwC navigated challenges bringing national criminal intelligence centred on a ‘collaboration council’ the Amsterdam police using big data of gaining agreement across the police and information capabilities under one consisting of 12 authorities, operating to better anticipate and more quickly to develop a model that agreed how banner for the first time. Being joined both on a national and regional level, respond to crime. The system, known as resources should be distributed at up like this has allowed police, justice and led by the national police authority. the Crime Anticipation System (CAS), national, regional and local levels. The agencies and policymakers at all levels The effort enhances communication, is based on data mining work that the new model has now been implemented of government to adopt a more effective, exchange of information, knowledge- Amsterdam police have been conducting and uses an intelligence-led view efficient and evidence-based response to sharing and decision-making to reach for over a decade. At the start of the pilot, of demand that allows for effective crime to stop criminals from exploiting one common goal. It has also sent an cities in the Netherlands were divided business planning and deployment of emerging opportunities and perceived important signal of national crime- into squares measuring 125 metres resources to mitigate threat and risk gaps in law enforcement information. fighting intent to criminals and citizens. by 125 metres, in which crime data and deliver continuous improvement. The collaborative effort is also helping was gathered over a two-year period. 22 | Policing in a networked world
Calculations were then done with the 5. Building the future workforce aim of working out the frequency and Sworn police officers are still the backbone patterns of bicycle crime, burglary, of a police organisation, but given the pickpocketing and car burglary. That range of threats and types of criminality, data was then used to recalibrate the especially in digitally driven crime, there daily schedules of police, allowing them is an urgent need to design, recruit, train to be allocated to certain areas where and empower a committed, agile workforce crime was likely to be taking place. for 21st-century policing. Younger, tech- Norway has made significant progress savvy millennials are part of that frontline in digitisation by having all the various effort. Police organisations must reflect elements of the police – officers on the demographic and ethnic makeup the ground, technicians and so forth of the society in which they serve. – working in parallel on a case rather In a technology-driven and cyber world, than sequentially. What this means in “you don’t necessarily need a badge and practice is that where a crime has been a gun to get the job done,” as Edmonton committed, police will make audio Police Chief Rod Knecht put it. recordings on site and upload these directly into police systems so that In some jurisdictions this is already experts can conduct any analysis that’s happening. Norway aims to have needed in real time, even as the frontline recruited 7,000 new police officers into officers continue their work. The process the workforce in the decade up to 2020. – known as ‘police work on site’ – aims to This will mean that two-thirds of the solve, or complete, 40% to 50% of cases country’s police will have less than ten within a single day from the moment a years’ experience as police officers. But suspected crime has been identified. it also means that Norway will have 23 | Policing in a networked world
made huge strides toward building to study elsewhere nationally and better communicate with different 6. Embedding legal and a police organisation of the future, internationally,” said Stephen Brown, communities on a more human level,” societal responsibilities taking advantage of a generation that Deputy Commissioner, Western Australia. said Paul Martin, Chief of Police of the If the police are to remain the public – to is digitally savvy and can help drive the Durham Regional Police Service in Strategic workforce planning will be echo the words of Sir Robert Peel– police police’s digitisation efforts nationally. Canada. Police in Canada are learning organisations will need to collaborate with needed due to the rapidly changing useful lessons through collaboration government, communities, businesses nature of policing and the challenge with different cultural groups, such as and partner agencies to shape and for human resources functions to First Nations police services, allowing respond. Police organisations will need enforce legislation with transparency “My father-in-law was a police officer them to draw from different viewpoints to keep in mind that the traditional to maintain legitimacy as a service. and was hired just out of high school. relevant to their communities. key performance indicators (KPIs) That has evolved. We’re now looking for In the Netherlands, progress has around numbers of arrests will In one small suburb in Perth, Australia, people with post-secondary education been made in binding the police who have broader life experience and need to be broadened out to include 42 African nations are represented in the closer to society in key ways. It is not who bring different perspectives.” metrics on elements like quality of community, while 41% of people living uncommon for some towns to operate service and crime prevention. in the community were born outside local ‘citizen’s patrols’ to help tackle Charles Bordeleau, Chief of Police, Australia — a proportion that is among crime. This is the most high-profile Ottawa Police Service, Canada Diversity is crucial. Embracing a shift the highest in the world. “Our community example of a broader trend in policing in perspective and making sure police is incredibly (and increasingly) diverse, In Western Australia, the talent pool and society: the increasing participation organisations reflect the same diversity and our workforce needs to respond includes officers pursuing MBAs by private citizens, organisations and as the communities they serve can to this...clearly, more needs to be done (Masters in Business Administration) others in various activities that fall help strengthen police legitimacy. to shift towards accurately reflecting and qualifications in politics and within the range of police work and “Whether it’s gender difference, the diversity of the community we criminology. “We are attempting criminal justice. Another example in cultural background or historical serve,” said Stephen Brown, Deputy to provide greater opportunities the Netherlands is the use of security difference, a more diverse workforce Commissioner, Western Australia. is able to get different views and services by harbour authorities. 24 | Policing in a networked world
The Dutch national police and the One work stream is the establishment of to tackle this in a joined-up, cross- prosecution service launched an a series of ‘professional dialogues’ with functional way to be proactive. “Different initiative in 2017 that aimed to develop representatives of the police, prosecution social services need to speak to each guiding principles for how they should service, academia, legal organisations, other. The concept of collaboration is respond to and participate in such citizens groups and private organisations. to look at what’s happening instead quasi-policing activities carried out These dialogues explore a wide range of the usual ‘send a police officer,’” by citizens and private organisations, of ethical and legal issues, including said James Ramer, Deputy Chief with the aim of achieving sustainable unjustified citizen interventions of the Toronto Police Service. inclusion in the criminal justice system. (vigilantism), overburdening of police In Vancouver, the police have had in These disruptive changes in society have with data and disproportionate suspicion place for some decades a partnership often unknown impacts on policing of individuals from certain social with mental health authorities under a and the prosecution of crime, so it is and/or ethnic groups. Another is the programme called ‘Car 87.’ Staffed by important for police organisations to development of mobile apps for citizens about a dozen full-time officers and a be engaged constructively with them. to participate in the search process for mental health analyst, the unit responds missing people, stolen cars or burglars. This initiative involved PwC in helping to 911 emergency calls. On top of this, the Dutch authorities assess the legal In Canada, the police are taking an an extensive information-sharing system and other frameworks needed and innovative approach to the issue exists between the police and local analyse the extent to which citizens of societal mental health, which is health authorities to help immediately and private organisations can and increasingly in focus as a community identify whether there may be a mental should carry out such activities – and issue, including in relation to crime. health component to an emergency call. when government should step in. Some police organisations are starting 25 | Policing in a Networked World 25 |
A final word
Today’s policing ecosystem has moved far beyond the traditional confines of the police station and patrol model and is being defined – in real time – by sociopolitical challenges, emerging technologies and demographic changes that would stun Sir Robert Peel if he were alive today. Business as usual is not an option. Fortunately, there are encouraging signs of innovative thinking among some police organisations, which we hope will offer inspiration to others looking to tackle these challenges. Equally, PwC stands ready to assist the police as they embark on this journey, in keeping with our core mission: to build trust in society and solve important problems. 26 | Policing in a networked world
Endnotes Crime Data Sources (Exhibits 1 and 2)
Data has been collected for traditional crime types from the UNODC ONS (February 2017), “Focus on violent crime and sexual offences, England and crime and criminal justice statistics, available here: Wales: year ending March 2016”: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/crimedata.html https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/ compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2016 In addition, we have collected crime data from the following sources for more complex crime types, which are not uniformly collected by the UNODC surveys, Netherlands: from the following sources: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2017/12/fraude-met-online-handel https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83648NED/ Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS): table?ts=1525865716774 http://www.abs.gov.au/Crime-and-Justice Norway: Statistics Norway: Offences reported to the police: Canada: Statistics Canada (StatCan): https://www.ssb.no/en/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/statistikker/lovbrudda https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/crime_and_justice Sweden: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention: https://www.bra.se/ England & Wales: Office of National Statistics (2017), “Crime in England and Wales download/18.3c6dfe1e15691e1603ec36fc/1475217105668/2016_17_It-inslag_i_ year ending March 2017”: brottsligheten.pdf https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/crimeinenglandandwalesyearendingmarch2017 27 | Policing in a networked world
Endnotes Funding Data Sources (Exhibit 3)
Australia: Productivity commission, report on government services: To calculate per capita funding, we used the following sources for population data: https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2018/ justice/police-services Australia: (2010-2017) Australian Bureau of Statistics, http://www.abs.gov.au/ ; (pre-2010): OECD stats, https://data.oecd.org/pop/population.htm Canada: Statistics Canada (StatCan): http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/14777/tbl/tbl06-eng.htm Canada: Statistics Canada, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-215-x/91-215-x2013002-eng.pdf England & Wales: Police Grant Allocations (Gov.uk): England & Wales: ONS, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/police-finance populationandmigration/populationprojections Netherlands: “Rijksbegroting” figures from 2011 to 2018: Netherlands: Statline, https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/ http://www.rijksbegroting.nl/ dataset/37296eng/table?ts=1522231839596 Norway: The Norwegian Ministry of Finance – Statistics Norway: Norway: Statistics Norway, https://www.ssb.no/en/ https://www.ssb.no/en/offentlig-sektor Sweden: Statistics Sweden, https://www.scb.se/en/ Sweden: The Swedish National Financial Management Authority: http://www.government.se/government-agencies/swedish-national-financial- management-authority/ 28 | Policing in a networked world
Contacts
Rollie Quinn George Alders Ilona Steffen Global Leader, Government Global Government Security Sector Director, Global Marketing & Public Services Leader, PwC Netherlands & Insights +1 703 762 7252 +31 88 792 32 85 +41 79 210 6692 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Tracey Kennair Tarek Emara Lars Canté Partner, PwC Australia Partner, PwC Canada Senior Manager, PwC Netherlands +61 3 8603 3241 +1 416 814 5736 +31 88 792 32 69 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Christine Høst Hans Tedesund Andy Key Director, PwC Norway Director, PwC Sweden Partner, PwC UK +47 91 85 34 01 +46 10 213 05 47 +44 207 804 3720 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Andrew Newsham Director, PwC UK +44 207 212 3347 [email protected] 29 | Policing in a networked world
We’d like to thank the following We’d like to thank the following We’d like to thank the following Credits law enforcement agencies for PwC experts for their insights for support with writing, design their insights and contributions: and contributions: and research: and thanks New South Wales Police Force (Australia) Kieran Bayles Jeremy Grant, International Editor, Victoria Police (Australia) Ashton Bridge strategy+business, PwC Western Australia Police Force Lars Canté Priya Ravidran, Senior Associate, Tasmania Police Force (Australia) Laurie van Dalm PwC Economics Durham Regional Police Service (Canada) Tarek Emara Saloni Goel, Associate, Edmonton Police Service (Canada) Silvia Fracchia PwC Economics Ottawa Police Service (Canada) Egon de Haas Toronto Police Service (Canada) Kristin Han PwC US Creative Team: Vancouver Police Department (Canada) Christine Høst Cara Clements Korps Nationale Politie (Dutch National Catherine Jones Christopher Tepler Police) Tracey Kennair Penny Timmerman Politidirektoratet (Norwegian National Andy Key Police Directorate) Tara Macpherson Polismyndigheten (Swedish Police Andrew Newsham Authority) Guy Pilbeam National Police Chiefs’ Council (UK) Bianca Salentyn Counter Terrorism Policing (UK) Merel Smit Durham Constabulary (UK) Hans Tedesund Merseyside Police (UK) Wim Wensink West Midlands Police (UK) Europol We’d like to thank the following We’d like to thank the following PwC experts for their insights for support with writing, and contributions: design and research:
www.pwc.com/policingstudy
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