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Centralized and Decentralized Police Systems: a Cross-National Mixed-Methods Study of the Effects of Policing Structures with Le

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CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS: A CROSS-NATIONAL MIXED-METHODS STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POLICING STRUCTURES WITH LESSONS FOR THAILAND _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by GRICHAWAT LOWATCHARIN Dr. Judith I. Stallmann, Dissertation Supervisor May, 2016 © Copyright by Grichawat Lowatcharin 2016 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED POLICE SYSTEMS: A CROSS-NATIONAL MIXED-METHODS STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POLICING STRUCTURES WITH LESSONS FOR THAILAND presented by Grichawat Lowatcharin, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________ Professor Judith I. Stallmann _______________________________________ Professor Anna Ball _______________________________________ Professor Charles E. Menifield _______________________________________ Associate Professor Emeritus Charles L. Sampson ï To the Lowatcharins and the Kongudoms úÐû ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude to the following individuals, who have given me intellectual, emotional, morale, and/or spiritual supports over the course of my dissertation process and PhD career. First and foremost, Dr. Judy Stallmann, my major advisor. Although Star Wars is not her favorite movie, I could not think of her in any other way but her being a Jedi Master—the Yoda to my Luke Skywalker. Over the past few years, she has given me invaluable lessons in the ways of the Force and trained me to become a Jedi who is able to roam the intellectual universe not so far away. May the Force be with her. My dissertation committee members: Dr. Anna Ball for her insightful lessons in qualitative methodology; Dr. Charles Menifield for his teachings and collaborative work with me on local government management; and Dr. Charles Sampson for his encouragement and kindness. Also, Dr. Guy Adams who had to leave the committee at the last minute. The term paper I wrote for his class inspired this dissertation. My supervisors and colleagues at Khon Kaen University for their words of wisdom: Dr. Sumon Sakolchai, Dr. Peerasit Kamnuansilpa, Dr. Supawatanakorn Wongthanavasu, Dr. Kulthida Tuamsuk, Dr. Lampang Manmart, Dr. Anucha Somabut, Dr. Witsapat Chaichuay, Sirisak Laochankham, and Aphiradee Wongsiri. Two renowned Thai academics: Dr. Nidhi Eowsriwong and Dr. Charnvit Kasetsiri. My intellectual ambition flourished because of their writings. ii My friends in Columbia and the US: Bob and Sandy Hodge, Ashley, Darima, Elijah, Kate, P’A, P’Ann, P’Note, P’Oh, P’Ying, Bow, Champ, Dear, Kim, May, Mook, Pla, and Prim. The fact that you guys make Columbia a fun and unforgettable place is extraordinary! My best human companions for helping me overcome all sorts of challenges and difficulties, both in person and never far away on social media: Thiti Jamkajornkeiat, Clay Mettens, and Sittipol Pacharoen. Thank you for being always there for me. Tarin Supprakorn, whose love, care, and music were one of the best things that ever happened to me during my study. Changes and uncertainties exist, so does hope. I hope we will meet again. Last but not least, my family: dad, mom, P’Net, P’A, Sunsun, and Pingping. Because of you guys, my world is always pleasant and my journey is never impossible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii List of Illustrations vii List of Tables xi Abstract xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Context of Policing in Thailand Centralized and Decentralized Policing Research Objectives Outline of the Study 2. Theoretical Framework 10 New Institutionalism Decentralization Fiscal Federalism Conceptual Framework 3. Methodological Framework 45 Research Objectives and Questions Mixed Methods Research Design Phase I Exploration Phase II Ex-Post Analysis iv Phase III Ex-Ante Analysis 4. Review of Policing Literature and Construction of a Typology of Police 63 Systems Policing and Police Systems New Typology of Police Systems Empirical Comparative Studies of Police Systems 5. Empirical Models 96 Dependent Variables Independent Variables Expected Relationships Analytical Techniques 6. Effects of Police Systems 127 Descriptive Statistics Empirical Findings 7. Conclusions and Policy Implications 155 Summary Policy Implications Limitations Implications for Future Research Contributions Appendix A. Police Decentralization Index 167 B. Organizational Structures of the Police by Country 172 v References 209 Vita 252 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1 Outline of the current study 8 2.1 Dimensions of decentralization 21 3.1 A methodological diagram of this study 52 4.1 Tiers of government in selected countries 77 4.2 Territorial divisions in Thailand 79 A.1 A world map exhibiting the varying degrees of police decentralization 171 B.1 Legends and notes of the country profiles 172 B.2 Albania country profile 173 B.3 Argentina country profile 173 B.4 Australia country profile 174 B.5 Austria country profile 174 B.6 Azerbaijan country profile 175 B.7 Bangladesh country profile 175 B.8 Belarus country profile 176 B.9 Belgium country profile 176 B.10 Bolivia country profile 177 B.11 Brazil country profile 177 B.12 Bulgaria country profile 178 B.13 Canada country profile 178 vii Figure Page B.14 Chile country profile 179 B.15 Colombia country profile 179 B.16 Costa Rica country profile 180 B.17 Croatia country profile 180 B.18 Czech Republic country profile 181 B.19 Denmark country profile 181 B.20 Dominican Republic country profile 182 B.21 Ecuador country profile 182 B.22 El Salvador country profile 183 B.23 Estonia country profile 183 B.24 Finland country profile 184 B.25 France country profile 184 B.26 Georgia country profile 185 B.27 Germany country profile 185 B.28 Greece country profile 186 B.29 Guatemala country profile 186 B.30 Honduras country profile 187 B.31 Hungary country profile 187 B.32 India country profile 188 B.33 Indonesia country profile 188 B.34 Ireland country profile 189 B.35 Israel country profile 189 viii Figure Page B.36 Italy country profile 190 B.37 Jamaica country profile 190 B.38 Japan country profile 191 B.39 Jordan country profile 191 B.40 Kazakhstan country profile 192 B.41 Kenya country profile 192 B.42 Latvia country profile 193 B.43 Lithuania country profile 193 B.44 Luxembourg country profile 194 B.45 Mauritius country profile 194 B.46 Mexico country profile 195 B.47 Moldova country profile 195 B.48 Morocco country profile 196 B.49 Netherlands country profile 196 B.50 New Zealand country profile 197 B.51 Nicaragua country profile 197 B.52 Norway country profile 198 B.53 Panama country profile 198 B.54 Paraguay country profile 199 B.55 Peru country profile 199 B.56 Philippines country profile 200 B.57 Poland country profile 200 ix Figure Page B.58 Portugal country profile 201 B.59 Russia country profile 201 B.60 Slovenia country profile 202 B.61 South Korea country profile 202 B.62 Spain country profile 203 B.63 Sweden country profile 203 B.64 Switzerland country profile 204 B.65 Thailand country profile 204 B.66 Trinidad and Tobago country profile 205 B.67 Turkey country profile 205 B.68 Uganda country profile 206 B.69 Ukraine country profile 206 B.70 United Kingdom country profile 207 B.71 United States country profile 207 B.72 Uruguay country profile 208 B.73 Venezuela country profile 208 x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Forms and Types of Decentralization 22 4.1 Summary of the Components of the Typology of Police Systems 82 4.2 Summary of Relationships between Size and Fragmentation of Police 90 Forces and Police Performance 5.1 List of Designated Regions and Countries in the Sample 105 5.2 Expected Relationships between the Independent and Dependent 121 Variables 5.3 Results from Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier tests 124 5.4 Results from a test for heteroskadasticity in panel data 125 5.5 Results from the Wooldridge test for serial correlation in panel data 126 6.1 Summary Statistics of the Police Decentralization Index 128 6.2 Police Decentralization Index by Region 128 6.3 Summary Statistics of the Dependent Variables 129 6.4 Summary Statistics of the Independent Variables 132 6.5 Random Effects Estimations of the Effect of Police Systems on Citizen 136 Trust (N=321) 6.6 Random Effects Estimation of the Effect of Police Systems on Demand 139 for Police (N=687) 6.7 Random Effects Estimation of the Effect of Police Systems on the 143 Homicide Rate (N=856) 6.8 Random Effects Estimation of the Effect of Police Systems on the 146 Robbery Rate (N=654) xi Table Page 6.9 Random Effects Estimation of the Effect of Police Systems on the 151 Theft Rate (N=677) 6.10 Summary of the Findings from the Random Effects Estimations 153 A.1 Police Decentralization Index (PDI) by Country for 2012 166 xii ABSTRACT Policing encompasses a wide range of services, which can be assigned to different levels of governments. Because there are potential advantages and disadvantages related to each option, the decision to adopt a more centralized or decentralized system is an important policy issue for countries around the world. Since the 1990s, there have been calls for empirical studies of effects of the structural arrangements on police performance, but the literature lacks generalizable studies of the effects of police systems. The lack of standardized classification makes it difficult to examine empirically the effects of police systems. The objectives of this study are threefold. First, to develop a typology of police systems by integrating theories of new institutionalism, decentralization, and fiscal federalism.
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