Community Policing in Switzerland's Major Urban Areas

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Community Policing in Switzerland's Major Urban Areas Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2012 COMMUNITY POLICING IN SWITZERLAND'S MAJOR URBAN AREAS KREIS CHRISTIAN KREIS CHRISTIAN, 2012, COMMUNITY POLICING IN SWITZERLAND'S MAJOR URBAN AREAS Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive. http://serval.unil.ch Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Faculte´ de droit et des sciences criminelles Institut de criminologie et de droit penal´ Faculte´ des geosciences´ et de l’environnement Institut de geomatique´ et d’analyse du risque COMMUNITY POLICING IN SWITZERLAND’S MAJOR URBAN AREAS AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT USING GEOSPATIAL DATA MINING THESE` DE DOCTORAT present´ ee´ a` la Faculte´ de droit et des sciences criminelles de l’Universite´ de Lausanne par CHRISTIAN KREIS Licentiatus Philosophiae Universite´ de Zurich, Suisse Jury: Presidentducolloque:´ Prof. Marcelo AEBI Co-directeur de these:` Prof. Andre´ KUHN Co-directeur de these:` Prof. Mikhail KANEVSKI Expert interne: Prof. Martin KILLIAS Expert externe: Prof. Martin SCHULER Expert externe: Prof. Henk ELFFERS Lausanne, 2012 Under a streetlamp there stands a drunk who searches and searches. A policeman comes along, asks him what he is looking for, and the man an- swers, “My keys.” Now they both search. After a while the policeman wants to know whether the man is sure that he lost his key here, and the latter answers, “No, not here, back there – but there it is much too dark.” Paul Watzlawick, The Situation Is Hopeless, But Not Serious. Community Policing in Switzerland’s Major Urban Areas R´esum´e La pr´esente ´etude est `ala fois une ´evaluation du processus de la mise en œuvre et des impacts de la police de proximit´edans les cinq plus grandes zones urbaines de Suisse – Bˆale, Berne, Gen`eve, Lausanne et Zurich. La police de proximit´e(community policing) est `ala fois une philosophie et une strat´egie organisationnelle qui favorise un partenariat renouvel´eentre la police et les communaut´es locales dans le but de r´esoudre les probl`emes relatifs `ala s´ecurit´eet `al’ordre public. L’´evaluation de processus a analys´edes donn´ees relatives aux r´eformes internes de la police qui ont ´et´eobtenues par l’interm´ediaire d’entretiens semi-structur´es avec des administrateurs cl´es des cinq d´epartements de police, ainsi que dans des documents ´ecrits de la police et d’autres sources publiques. L’´evaluation des impacts, quant `aelle, s’est bas´ee sur des variables contextuelles telles que des statistiques polici`eres et des donn´ees de recensement, ainsi que sur des indicateurs d’impacts construit `apartir des donn´ees du Swiss Crime Survey (SCS) relatives au sentiment d’ins´ecurit´e, `a la perception du d´esordre public et `ala satisfaction de la population `al’´egard de la police. Le SCS est un sondage r´egulier qui a permis d’interroger des habitants des cinq grandes zones urbaines `a plusieurs reprises depuis le milieu des ann´ees 1980. L’´evaluation de processus a abouti `aun “Calendrier des activit´es” visant `acr´eer des donn´ees de panel permettant de mesurer les progr`es r´ealis´es dans la mise en œuvre de la police de proximit´e `al’aide d’une grille d’´evaluation `asix dimensions `ades intervalles de cinq ans entre 1990 et 2010. L’´evaluation des impacts, effectu´ee ex post facto, a utilis´eun concept de recherche non-exp´erimental (observational design) dans le but d’analyser les impacts de diff´erents mod`eles de police de proximit´e dans des zones comparables `atravers les cinq villes ´etudi´ees. Les quartiers urbains, d´elimit´es par zone de code postal, ont ainsi ´et´eregroup´es par l’interm´ediaire d’une typologie r´ealis´ee `al’aide d’algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique (machine learning). Des algorithmes supervis´es et non supervis´es ont ´et´eutilis´es sur les donn´ees `ahaute dimensionnalit´erelatives `ala criminalit´e, `a la structure socio-´economique et d´emographique et au cadre bˆati dans le but de regrouper les quartiers urbains les plus similaires dans des clusters. D’abord, les cartes auto-organisatrices (self- organizing maps) ont ´et´eutilis´ees dans le but de r´eduire la variance intra-cluster des variables contextuelles et de maximiser simultan´ement la variance inter-cluster des r´eponses au sondage. Ensuite, l’algorithme des forˆets d’arbres d´ecisionnels (random forests) a permis `ala fois d’´evaluer la pertinence de la typologie de quartier ´elabor´ee et de s´electionner les variables contextuelles cl´es afin de construire un mod`ele parcimonieux faisant un minimum d’erreurs de classification. Enfin, pour l’analyse des impacts, la m´ethode des appariements des coefficients de propension (propensity score matching) a ´et´eutilis´ee pour ´equilibrer les ´echantillons pr´etest-posttest en termes d’ˆage, de sexe et de niveau d’´education des r´epondants au sein de chaque type de quartier ainsi identifi´edans chacune des villes, avant d’effectuer un test statistique de la diff´erence observ´ee dans les indicateurs d’impacts. De plus, tous les r´esultats statistiquement significatifs ont ´et´esoumis `aune analyse de sensibilit´e(sensitivity analysis) afin d’´evaluer leur robustesse face `aun biais potentiel dˆu`ades covariables non observ´ees. L’´etude rel`eve qu’au cours des quinze derni`eres ann´ees, les cinq services de police ont entam´e des r´eformes majeures de leur organisation ainsi que de leurs strat´egies op´erationnelles et qu’ils ont nou´edes partenariats strat´egiques afin de mettre en œuvre la police de proximit´e. La typologie de quartier d´evelopp´ee a abouti `aune r´eduction de la variance intra-cluster des variables contextuelles et permet d’expliquer une partie significative de la variance inter-cluster des indicateurs d’impacts avant la mise en œuvre du traitement. Ceci semble sugg´erer que les m´ethodes de g´eocomputation aident `a´equilibrer les covariables observ´ees et donc `a r´eduire les menaces relatives `ala validit´e interne d’un concept de recherche non-exp´erimental. Enfin, l’analyse des impacts a r´ev´el´eque le sentiment d’ins´ecurit´ea diminu´ede mani`ere significative pendant la p´eriode 2000-2005 dans les quartiers se trouvant `al’int´erieur et autour des centres-villes de Berne et de Zurich. Ces am´eliorations sont assez robustes face `ades biais dus `ades covariables inobserv´ees et covarient iv dans le temps et l’espace avec la mise en œuvre de la police de proximit´e. L’hypoth`ese alternative envisageant que les diminutions observ´ees dans le sentiment d’ins´ecurit´esoient, partiellement, un r´esultat des interventions polici`eres de proximit´esemble donc ˆetre aussi plausible que l’hypoth`ese nulle consid´erant l’absence absolue d’effet. Ceci, mˆeme si le concept de recherche non-exp´erimental mis en œuvre ne peut pas compl`etement exclure la s´election et la r´egression `ala moyenne comme explications alternatives. Community Policing in Switzerland’s Major Urban Areas Summary The current research project is both a process and impact evaluation of community policing in Switzerland’s five major urban areas – Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, and Zurich. Community policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that promotes a renewed partnership between the police and the community to solve problems of crime and disorder. The process evaluation data on police internal reforms were obtained through semi-structured interviews with key administrators from the five police departments as well as from police internal documents and additional public sources. The impact evaluation uses official crime records and census statistics as contextual variables as well as Swiss Crime Survey (SCS) data on fear of crime, perceptions of disorder, and public attitudes towards the police as outcome measures. The SCS is a standing survey instrument that has polled residents of the five urban areas repeatedly since the mid-1980s. The process evaluation produced a “Calendar of Action” to create panel data to measure com- munity policing implementation progress over six evaluative dimensions in intervals of five years between 1990 and 2010. The impact evaluation, carried out ex post facto, uses an observational design that analyzes the impact of the different community policing models between matched com- parison areas across the five cities.
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