A revision of four genera of the tribe Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae-Cynometreae in Indomalesiaand the Pacific M.S. Knaap-van Meeuwen Contents Summary 1 Introduction 2 Methods used 2 Morphology and wood anatomy 3 and distribution Ecology geographical 7 Uses 8 Delimitations and interrelationships 8 Acknowledgements 10 References the to previous chapters 11 to the Key genera 12 1. Cynometra 12 Maniltoa 2. 31 3. Kingiodendron 46 4. Hardwickia 50 Index 51 Summary revision is This largely based on the gross morphology ofthe plants concerned. Four genera can be In order their delimitation also wood-anatomical distinguished. to verify a study was carried out, which I tried their supported their distinction. Furthermore, to gainknowledge about blastogeny, but this could only be recorded for three species. Two The genera have been redefined. keys to the genera are given, one based on gross morphology, another based the wood on anatomy. is Within each genus a key given to the species. The monotypic genus Schizoscyphus has been transferred to Maniltoa. In 28 all, specific names have been reduced and 34 are maintained; four new species and one new infra- specific taxonhave been described. It has appeared that the enigmatic Cynometra polyandra Roxb. must be incorporatedin Maniltoa and that Hardwickia pinnata Roxb. should be arrangedin Kingiodendron. Otherwise transfers of another no species from one genus to appeared necessary. A and is full synonymy description given of all taxa, with their geographical range and, if available, notes on their ecology. of is Hutchinson’s opinion that the occurrence hairs on stamens a taxonomically important character in could be corroborated for the treated here. generic delimitation, not genera It sometimes the be has been claimed that the presence of a stipe under ovary can used for generic delimitation. Such a classification is not possible since this character varies in Maniltoa in which three species out of fourteen have a sessile ovary. A similar statementcan be made about the unilateral fusion ofthe stipe and ovary base with the receptacle; in in is free a single indubitable species ofCynometra, C. mirabilis, this is the case, all other species the stipe from the receptacle. In I found that the folded in the seed. Kingiodendron cotyledons are very strongly I BLUMEA No. 2 VOL. XVIII, I, 1970 Introduction The of this thesis to four of the tribe of the sub- purpose is revise genera Cynometreae family Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae. It comprises all the representatives of these genera, which occur in the Indo-Malesian-Pacificarea. The classification of the Leguminosae used here follows that ofTaubert (1892). The tribe includes the following generic names: Cynometra, Maniltoa, Hardwickia, Kingiodendron, Schizoscyphus, Sindora, and Copaifera. The latter two genera have already been revised by de Wit (1949a, 1954). under In the area consideration the Cynometreae have never been revised as a whole; the oftime have yet in course a considerable number of species been proposed. Through the exploration activities of the forestry services, notably in New Guinea where Maniltoa of material has been the is centered, a fairly large amount assembled, especially in past As the three did obvious two decades. new acquisitions from past years not yield novelties, be concluded that the collections it may are sufficiently large to guaranteea fairly complete treatment. for of Several problems had to be solved, not only a proper delimitationof the species which some fifty had been attributed to Cynometra and Maniltoa, but also for a better distinction of the genera. Scheffer but been Maniltoa was distinguished from Cynometra by (1876), there has about confusion its delimitation, as one species, Cynometra polyandra, was treated by some but other authors Maniltoa. authors as belonging to Cynometra, by referred to has been from the Indian Similarly Kingiodendron distinguished as a monotypic genus Hardwickia Harms 'n Merrill & Rolfe transferred to genus by (1897). 1909 Kingiodendron of that a Philippine species Cynometra described by Elmer in year, thereby extending the of the outside continentalSouth East Asia. In Burtt distribution genus 1936 assigned two from the Solomon Islands and to thus the new species Fiji Kingiodendron, extending generic area considerably further eastward into West Polynesia. Given such a rather of the whether remained disjunct area distribution, problem was Kingiodendron to re- natural present a entity. further the of the four A question to be solved was interrelationships genera. be consider- Finally, the position of the Papuan genus Schizoscyphus had to taken into ation. METHODS USED In the first place a taxonomic revision, based by tradition on the gross morphology, was this sufficient for of the carried out. As usual yielded results a proper separation genera. During this work it appeared that Schizoscyphus should be transferred to Maniltoa, viz. The the M. rosea (K. Sch.) van Meeuwen. characters used in key to the four genera show that they can be sharply distinguished. The work by Leonard on the blastogeny of the tribes Cynometreae and Amherstieae in similar for the Africa (1957) inspired me towards an attempt to perform a investigation Indo-Malesian Cynometreae. There appeared to be considerable difficulty in the execution will be observed from the remarks made the of this side of the subject, as in chapter on morphology. line wood of A second parallel of research was performed on the anatomy the four This executed Miss Dr S. M. and to useful genera. was by Jutte, appeared yield some observed Miss results, as can be from the key to the genera based on wood structure. results be in in Jutte's will published full a separate paper. M. S. Knaap-van and Meeuwen: The Indo-Maksian Pacific Cynometreac 3 MORPHOLOGY AND WOOD ANATOMY Inflorescence is it is In Cynometra and Maniltoa the inflorescence a simple, sessile raceme; very dense and covered bracts and and contracted.In bud it is almost globular densely by resembles a strobilus; in anthesis it usually retains a globular shape. In Kingiodendron and Hardwickia the rachises and inflorescence is a lax panicle, in Kingiodendron with long many flowers, in Hardwickia with short rachises and only 5 —10 flowers. Bracts The in inflorescences in all genera (except Hardwickia) are covered bud by conspicuous, imbricate bracts the bracts giving them a cone-like appearance. Towards anthesis in Kingiodendron, which are rather small, become widely spaced by the stretching of the rachises. In Cynometra and Maniltoa the large bracts remain conspicuous between the protruding flowers. They are not important for specific distinction. Bracteoles in In all genera (except Hardwickia) fugacious bracteoles are found, Cynometra and Maniltoainserted in the basal halfofthe pedicel, in Kingiodendron at the apex of thepedicel. Within Maniltoa that the bracteoles contrast it appeared Fijian species possess minute in withall others. Flower Within each the foundalmost genus flower structure is very constant, variations being exclusively in the dimensions of the floral parts. The receptacle is formed by the fusion of the bases of the calyx and the stamens. ofwhich the be traced In Cynometra and Maniltoa, in each a disk is absent, stamens can the central of is the right downto part the receptacle. In Kingiodendron this not possible as disk is completely fused with the bottom of the receptacle. In Hardwickia a disk is absent, but the from the of the stamens seem to sprout edge receptacle. The and their number is in Maniltoa stamens are glabrous or hairy io(—15) except —80 and where ij stamens are found. In Kingiodendron, Hardwickia, Cynometra they are free, in Maniltoa they are usually connate to some extent. The the of the fdament. anthers are quite often apiculate and are cleft below insertion In Hardwickia they are warty. The and Maniltoa ovary contains normally one ovule; in Cynometra it is sometimes attached the obliquely to receptacle. The ovary is generally stipitate but in Maniltoa three in Hardwickia has species and Cynometra one species possess a sessile ovary. Moreover, a sessile ovary. In Cynometra the stipe is free from the receptacle, except in C. mirabilis. Fruit and seed The pod is i-seeded (occasionally 2-seeded in Cynometra), indehiscent, and lignified, except in Hardwickia where it is samaroid and not lignified. Its shape is generally globular, more rarely flattened; it has a rough surface and is occasionally deeply wrinkled. In and the The Hardwickia in one species ofKingiodendron veins on it run lengthwise. maturity of be concluded from its and the pod can strong lignification. Unfortunately, mature pods seeds are rarely collected. The fruit structure has no taxonomic value in Maniltoa and in Cynometra only for some species. feature In Kingiodendron it was foundthat the cotyledons are strongly folded, a peculiar hitherto mentioned the de not in literature except in anote on genus by Wit (1949) (fig. 7e). BLUMEA VOL. No. 4 XVIII, I, 1970 Leaves in all in The leaves are pinnate genera; the leaflets are opposite, except Kingiodendron alternate. where they are In Cynometra and Maniltoa the young leaves develop conspicu- ously simultaneously from a foliage bud into limp, drooping, cream-coloured to bright pink tassels. Because of this they are commonly called 'handkerchief-trees' and are quite and their ornamental. Within a week the tassels turn gradually green the leaves gain normal firmness. The venation in Cynometra, Maniltoa, and Hardwickia is characteristically