A revision of four genera of the tribe

Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae-Cynometreae

in Indomalesiaand the Pacific

M.S. Knaap-van Meeuwen

Contents

Summary 1

Introduction 2

Methods used 2

Morphology and wood anatomy 3 and distribution Ecology geographical 7

Uses 8

Delimitations and interrelationships 8

Acknowledgements 10 References the to previous chapters 11

to the Key genera 12

1. Cynometra 12

Maniltoa 2. 31

3. Kingiodendron 46

4. Hardwickia 50 Index 51

Summary

revision is This largely based on the gross morphology ofthe plants concerned. Four genera can be

In order their delimitation also wood-anatomical distinguished. to verify a study was carried out, which

I tried their supported their distinction. Furthermore, to gainknowledge about blastogeny, but this could only be recorded for three species.

Two The genera have been redefined. keys to the genera are given, one based on gross morphology, another based the wood on anatomy. is Within each genus a key given to the species.

The monotypic genus Schizoscyphus has been transferred to Maniltoa.

In 28 all, specific names have been reduced and 34 are maintained; four new species and one new infra-

specific taxonhave been described. It has appeared that the enigmatic Cynometra polyandra Roxb. must be incorporatedin Maniltoa and that Hardwickia pinnata Roxb. should be arrangedin Kingiodendron. Otherwise transfers of another no species from one genus to appeared necessary. A and is full synonymy description given of all taxa, with their geographical range and, if available,

notes on their ecology.

of is Hutchinson’s opinion that the occurrence hairs on stamens a taxonomically important character in could be corroborated for the treated here. generic delimitation, not genera It sometimes the be has been claimed that the presence of a stipe under ovary can used for generic

delimitation. Such a classification is not possible since this character varies in Maniltoa in which three

species out of fourteen have a sessile ovary.

A similar statementcan be made about the unilateral fusion ofthe stipe and ovary base with the receptacle;

in in is free a single indubitable species ofCynometra, C. mirabilis, this is the case, all other species the stipe from the receptacle.

In I found that the folded in the seed. Kingiodendron cotyledons are very strongly

I BLUMEA No. 2 VOL. XVIII, I, 1970

Introduction

The of this thesis to four of the tribe of the sub- purpose is revise genera Cynometreae family Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae. It comprises all the representatives of these genera, which occur in the Indo-Malesian-Pacificarea.

The classification of the Leguminosae used here follows that ofTaubert (1892). The tribe includes the following generic names: Cynometra, Maniltoa, Hardwickia, Kingiodendron,

Schizoscyphus, Sindora, and Copaifera. The latter two genera have already been revised by de Wit (1949a, 1954). under In the area consideration the Cynometreae have never been revised as a whole; the oftime have yet in course a considerable number of species been proposed. Through the exploration activities of the forestry services, notably in New Guinea where Maniltoa of material has been the is centered, a fairly large amount assembled, especially in past As the three did obvious two decades. new acquisitions from past years not yield novelties,

be concluded that the collections it may are sufficiently large to guaranteea fairly complete treatment.

for of Several problems had to be solved, not only a proper delimitationof the species

which some fifty had been attributed to Cynometra and Maniltoa, but also for a better distinction of the genera. Scheffer but been Maniltoa was distinguished from Cynometra by (1876), there has about confusion its delimitation, as one species, Cynometra polyandra, was treated by some but other authors Maniltoa. authors as belonging to Cynometra, by referred to has been from the Indian Similarly Kingiodendron distinguished as a monotypic genus

Hardwickia Harms 'n Merrill & Rolfe transferred to genus by (1897). 1909 Kingiodendron of that a Philippine species Cynometra described by Elmer in year, thereby extending the of the outside continentalSouth East Asia. In Burtt distribution genus 1936 assigned two

from the Solomon Islands and to thus the new species Fiji Kingiodendron, extending generic area considerably further eastward into West Polynesia. Given such a rather of the whether remained disjunct area distribution, problem was Kingiodendron to re- natural present a entity. further the of the four A question to be solved was interrelationships genera. be consider- Finally, the position of the Papuan genus Schizoscyphus had to taken into ation.

METHODS USED

In the first place a taxonomic revision, based by tradition on the gross morphology, was

this sufficient for of the carried out. As usual yielded results a proper separation genera.

During this work it appeared that Schizoscyphus should be transferred to Maniltoa, viz. The the M. rosea (K. Sch.) van Meeuwen. characters used in key to the four genera show

that they can be sharply distinguished.

The work by Leonard on the blastogeny of the tribes Cynometreae and Amherstieae in similar for the Africa (1957) inspired me towards an attempt to perform a investigation

Indo-Malesian Cynometreae. There appeared to be considerable difficulty in the execution will be observed from the remarks made the of this side of the subject, as in chapter on morphology.

line wood of A second parallel of research was performed on the anatomy the four

This executed Miss Dr S. M. and to useful genera. was by Jutte, appeared yield some observed Miss results, as can be from the key to the genera based on wood structure.

results be in in Jutte's will published full a separate paper. M. S. Knaap-van and Meeuwen: The Indo-Maksian Pacific Cynometreac 3

MORPHOLOGY AND WOOD ANATOMY

Inflorescence

is it is In Cynometra and Maniltoa the inflorescence a simple, sessile raceme; very dense and covered bracts and and contracted.In bud it is almost globular densely by resembles a

strobilus; in anthesis it usually retains a globular shape. In Kingiodendron and Hardwickia the rachises and inflorescence is a lax panicle, in Kingiodendron with long many flowers, in

Hardwickia with short rachises and only 5 —10 flowers.

Bracts

The in inflorescences in all genera (except Hardwickia) are covered bud by conspicuous, imbricate bracts the bracts giving them a cone-like appearance. Towards anthesis in

Kingiodendron, which are rather small, become widely spaced by the stretching of the

rachises. In Cynometra and Maniltoa the large bracts remain conspicuous between the

protruding flowers. They are not important for specific distinction.

Bracteoles

in In all genera (except Hardwickia) fugacious bracteoles are found, Cynometra and

Maniltoainserted in the basal halfofthe pedicel, in Kingiodendron at the apex of thepedicel.

Within Maniltoa that the bracteoles contrast it appeared Fijian species possess minute in withall others.

Flower

Within each the foundalmost genus flower structure is very constant, variations being

exclusively in the dimensions of the floral parts.

The receptacle is formed by the fusion of the bases of the calyx and the stamens. ofwhich the be traced In Cynometra and Maniltoa, in each a disk is absent, stamens can the central of is the right downto part the receptacle. In Kingiodendron this not possible as

disk is completely fused with the bottom of the receptacle. In Hardwickia a disk is absent, but the from the of the stamens seem to sprout edge receptacle.

The and their number is in Maniltoa stamens are glabrous or hairy io(—15) except

—80 and where ij stamens are found. In Kingiodendron, Hardwickia, Cynometra they are

free, in Maniltoa they are usually connate to some extent. The the of the fdament. anthers are quite often apiculate and are cleft below insertion In Hardwickia they are warty. The and Maniltoa ovary contains normally one ovule; in Cynometra it is sometimes

attached the obliquely to receptacle. The ovary is generally stipitate but in Maniltoa three

in Hardwickia has species and Cynometra one species possess a sessile ovary. Moreover, a sessile ovary.

In Cynometra the stipe is free from the receptacle, except in C. mirabilis.

Fruit and seed

The pod is i-seeded (occasionally 2-seeded in Cynometra), indehiscent, and lignified, except in Hardwickia where it is samaroid and not lignified. Its shape is generally globular,

more rarely flattened; it has a rough surface and is occasionally deeply wrinkled. In and the The Hardwickia in one species ofKingiodendron veins on it run lengthwise. maturity of be concluded from its and the pod can strong lignification. Unfortunately, mature pods seeds are rarely collected. The fruit structure has no taxonomic value in Maniltoa and in

Cynometra only for some species. feature In Kingiodendron it was foundthat the cotyledons are strongly folded, a peculiar hitherto mentioned the de not in literature except in anote on genus by Wit (1949) (fig. 7e). BLUMEA VOL. No. 4 XVIII, I, 1970

Leaves

in all in The leaves are pinnate genera; the leaflets are opposite, except Kingiodendron alternate. where they are In Cynometra and Maniltoa the young leaves develop conspicu-

ously simultaneously from a foliage bud into limp, drooping, cream-coloured to bright

pink tassels. Because of this they are commonly called 'handkerchief-trees' and are quite and their ornamental. Within a week the tassels turn gradually green the leaves gain

normal firmness.

The venation in Cynometra, Maniltoa, and Hardwickia is characteristically asymmetric the of the of due to excentric course the midrib, except in one unifoliolate species Cyno-

metra. In Kingiodendron the leaflets are largely symmetrical in shape, hence in venation. In Hardwickia the leaves like those of with the midrib are Bauhinia, not very conspicuous, and with the the broad half from acroscopic, 4—5 nerves in basiscopic flabellately arranged

the very base.

Stipules

In almost all former descriptions the stipules have not been mentioned. This is easily

understoodbecause, especially in Cynometra and Maniltoa, they are fugacious and evidence

of their presence can only be traced in foliage buds; they are often very long, linear, and

but leave in tender, these genera no scars on adult twigs. In Hardwickia and Kingiodendron,

however, such scars are discernible.

Seedlings

Considerable trouble was taken to obtain seed for growing seedlings and study ger- the of mination, as I wanted to compare seedlings Indo-Malesian species with the African ones described by Leonard (1957).

Several correspondents confirmed that fruit setting in native Cynometra and Maniltoa is which rare. Trees had abundantly flowered were later carefully examined but yielded no fruit. This sustained that is by the fact pods in many herbarium specimens proved to be

sterile. Furthermore, the seed of seemingly mature pods which I received often failed to germinate. Troup (1921) stated that Hardwickia binata seeds sporadically every year, and

that takes five be gregarious seeding place averagely every three to years. This could all apphcable to Cynometreae, from what I heard from collectors. I have only been able to raise seedlings of Maniltoa browneoides, M. schefferi, and Cynometra cauliflora. Excellent and of from descriptions pictures seedlings Hardwickia and Kingiodendron pinnatum were given by Troup. introduced of hitherto esti- Leonard a new definition the concept 'epigeal', generally mated the ofthe and whether above by length hypocotyl or not the cotyledons are elevated his the soil. Among numerous germination experiments with tropical African Leguminosae he observed several other modes of germination, necessitating a reconsideration of the concepts epigeal and hypogeal.

Both Troup and Leonard consider the crucial difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination defined by the position of the primary stem, viz. whether this is produced between the hence of the centrally cotyledons (epigeal) or laterally (hypogeal), irrespective of connected with length the hypocotyl. By necessity, or at least epigeal germination, the seed shed and the coat is cotyledons expand to various degree, whether or not enlarging and functioning as leaves, either in or (usually) above the ground. In hypogeal germination the seed coat is not or badly shed, while the cotyledons remain stuck together in the same situation which they had in the seed, while the primary stem is produced laterally, the hypocotyl usually remaining short. 6\I BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. I, 1970

Plate — surface the wood — of I. a. End-grain of ofKingiodendron, x 13. b. End-grain surface the wood of Maniltoa, x 13. — Unfortunately, no reference is available to voucher specimens. M. Knaap-van Meeuwen: S. The Indo-Maksian and Pacific Cynometreae 7

Unfortunately, I had only three seedlings of Maniltoa browneoides, each from a different The of well above the but had parent tree. cotyledons two emerged soil, one cotyledons

that remained in the soil. In all three the primary stem was centraland germination must the be considered epigeal in Troup's and Leonard's sense; hypocotyl reached a length of

o—15 cm. Also, germination of Maniltoa schefferi and of Cynometra cauliflora was found to be epigeal. Unfortunately, Leonard did not mention the germination mode of African this he could Cynometra (1951, 1957); is a study which had postponed; consequently I not

make comparisons with the African taxa. of Hardwickia binata described follows: The The seedling is by Troup as 'Epigeous. apex The of thepod dehisces slightly and theradicle emerges, rapidly developing into a taproot.

themselves from the and the cotyledons expand and turn green, extricating testa pod; above The the they remain just ground-level. pod and testa are left on the ground'. The of is seedling Kingiodendron pinnatum described by Troup as follows: 'Hypogeous. radicle and The pod dehisces slightly at the apex, enabling the plumule to emerge; these elongate rapidly while the cotyledons remain within the pod'.

Wood anatomy

Miss of of S. M. Jutte (1965) performed an investigation the wood anatomy the four

of her work for her doctoral at genera as part practical examination Leyden University. whether the and Maniltoa could It was in particular ofimportance to see genera Cynometra wood This be the She also be distinguished in anatomy. appeared to case. kindly permitted me to translate her key for use in this thesis.

The wood samples she could use are: Hardwickia: one sample; Kingiodendron: 28 samples, from one from 6 and unidentified species; Cynometra: 25 samples, species, 1 variety, 2 from of specimens; and Maniltoa: 36 samples, 3 species. Samples were used which voucher specimens were identified by the author.

KEY TO THE GENERA BASED ON WOOD ANATOMY

I. Axial gum ducts clearly present, regularly distributed between the vessels. Parenchyma predominantly

of narrow or rather narrow fibres apotracheal, being of the terminal type, consisting bands; septate as

well Plate as non-septate. Specific gravity 0.51. ia 3. Kingiodendron absent. of different fibres divided. 1. Axial gum ducts Parenchyma a type; always width medium-sized 60 diffuse 2. Rays homogeneous; (max. p, max. 5 cells). Apotracheal, parenchyma

with characteristic crystal fibres (max. 15 crystals) usually bordering to the rays; the parenchyma

Hardwickia occupies 1 % ofthe end-grain surface. Specific gravity 1 4. Paratracheal of 2. Rays heterogeneous, type II—III (Kribs, 1935). parenchyma occupying 20—40 % the end-grain surface.

Vessels and The consist of radial of and vessels 3. solitary in multiples. multiples groups 3 more

2 and of clusters of and more vessels vessels the number of 10 per mm . Solitary —J multiples.

Rays moderately fine to medium (30—100p), often 3—4 cells wide. Specific gravity 0.98.

I. Cynometra

and 3. Vessels solitary and in multiples. The multiples consist of radial groups of 3 more vessels.

Solitary vessels 2—5 times the number of multiples. Rays narrow (16—30 p), usually 2 cells wide. Maniltoa Specific gravity 0.88. Plate lb 2.

ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

constituents Almost all Indo-Pacific Cynometreae are woody of the mixed, tropical,

rain The altitude so far recorded is attained evergreen, lowland forest. highest by Cyno- and the metra simplicifolia, C. malaccensis, doubtful C. brachymischa at 1300 m altitude. the Indian Hardwickia binata They do not grow in regions subject to a dry season, except which is bound to seasonal conditions.

7 8 BLUMEA VOL. No. XVIII, I, 1970

Though they may be rather common, as for example Maniltoa in New Guinea, they

is never gain dominance, to judge from collector's field notes. Hardly any characteristic of a for which specialized ecology, save Cynometra ramiflora (and probably C. iripa) is a constituent of the back-mangrove. do reach the lowest Usually, they not a large size; some even belong distinctly to storey of The the forest. largest sizes, c. 35 —40 m tall, are reached by Cynometra malaccensis in

Malaya, Maniltoa plurijuga and M. schefferi in New Guinea, and Kingiodendron pinnatum and Hardwickia binata in India.

four Of the genera Cynometra has the widest distribution, being pantropical. The

of its is found in but its greatest density species Africa, area extends through continental

to the far The tropical Asia and Malesia West Pacific (as as Fiji). most widely distributed

species (C. ramiflora) occurs as far as the Carolines, while another widely distributed

species (C. iripa) occurs even in NE. Queensland. Maniltoa the Pacific distinctly centres in New Guinea (9 spp.) but extends into with 4

with spp. (Solomons, Fiji, and Tonga), but curiously also extends far to the west, one Malesia and and India species in East (Celebes Moluccas) even one in (M. polyandra).

Kingiodendron has a rather similarly large, but more patchy distribution, viz. in India,

the Philippines, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Fiji. Hardwickia India. is a monotypic genus from

USES

of the of the The chief use larger sized trees Cynometreae is for timber (Burkill, 1966). furnish of and Hardwickia have They a fairly heavy wood; logs Cynometra, Maniltoa, a

high specific gravity and sink in water.

The wood ofManiltoa polyandra from India is said to be useful for building and to make

charcoal. That ofHardwickia binata from India is durable and is used for good very bridge-

and bast a used for fodder. house-construction; its yields strong fibre; its foliage is Beams of from Cynometra malaccensis are also used for house-building. Maniltoas New Guinea are

used for sawnwood; the wood is light brown to brown, and yields hard and rather heavy

timber, with fine, straight grain. There is viz. The of one fruit tree among these Cynometreae, Cynometra cauliflora. taste the brownish be but green pod is suggestive of anapple; the pods can eaten raw, are better stewed.

the simultaneous Maniltoas are very decorative through development ofyoung leaves

from thick, scaly buds. The conspicuous tassels produced are drooping, limp, cream to coloured and pink leaf-bundles lasting for several days before turning gradually green

rigid. Also the head-like racemes of pink flowers, which are sometimes produced at the

as the contribute the of the show same time leaves, to lively aspect flowering trees. They

this decorative fashion already at an early age and are, at least in West Java, not rarely

planted in gardens and on estates. Maniltoa trees are popularly called 'handkerchieftrees', of tassels. as are the species Brownea and Amherstia, which display similar showy drooping

DELIMITATIONS AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS

Retaining the essence of Taubert's classification, the tribal division of the subfamily

Caesalpinioideae is as follows: S. K.naap-van Meeuwen: and M. The Indo-Malesian Pacific Cynomctreae 9

Tribes: Genera of Cynometreae

in Indo-Malesia:

Dimorphandreae

/ Cynometra

I Maniltoa

) Hardwickia „

Cynometreae < „• . , , ] Kingiodendron I Sindora*

\ Copaifera** Amherstieae

Bauhinieae

Cassieae

Kramerieae

Eucaesalpinieae Sclerolobieae

The delimitation of the tribes has always offered difficulties. As soon as one becomes

with a it that the within the sub- intimately acquainted tribe, appears interrelationships that become of family are so close separations doubtful significance. The distinction of the tribes Cynometreae and Amherstieae brings along great difficulty,

especially as to the choice of the taxonomically most important characters. Bentham & Hooker / (1865) used the properties of the disk as a key character. Unfortunately in

several Cynometreae a disk is absent. Leonard (1957) used the bracteoles which are valvate Amherstieae this character holds for the ( ) or non-valvate (Cynometreae ); Cynometreae treated here.

With the made the of the forest flora great progress in exploration tropical in this

have been described. These had to be fitted the century many new genera in system pro- since posed by Taubert, which hadbecome very incomplete 1892. ofthe and In his recent survey genera Hutchinson (1964) has abandonedTaubert's tribes replaced these by five groups which he admits to be artificial (I.e. p. 225), though he

maintains that they are phylogenetically arranged. He treated the genera in the sequence in which the artificial the The they appear in equally keys within groups. unsatisfactory result was of course that though Cynometra, Schizoscyphus, and Maniltoa belong to one

group (group 2), their genus numbers were 23, 34, and 55 respectively. From this it

that his ofthe does not at all reflect natural as appears sequence genera affinity Cynometra and Maniltoa related each other are manifestly more closely to than to any other genus, and Maniltoa. Schizoscyphus even appeared to be congeneric with

This is a considerable disadvantage as compared with the treatment by Taubert who

close seriously attempted to have the allied genera together. His arrangementfacilitated the earlier recognition of the congenerity of Afrormosia with Pericopsis (Knaap-van Meeu-

wen, 1962).

It is clear that the characters used in Hutchinson's key are artificial. One of them, valued

the of hairs onthe This be fairly high by Hutchinson, is occurrence stamens. may correct, but mentionof this has so much been neglected in descriptions that before making use of checked this have found it as a key character all species should be anew on point. I the

*) Revised by H. C. D. de Wit (1949a). **) Revised by H. C. D. dc Wit (1954). BLUMEA VOL. No. 10 XVIII, i, 1970

stamens occasionally hairy in some species of Cynometra and Maniltoa, and always hairy in

Kingiodendron, a feature not recorded before.

Hutchinson's is the enumerationof the it is Though survey most complete genera, not of a digest systematical affinity. Conversely, Taubert's treatment, though now incomplete that to a considerable extent, possessed the great merit genera which were closely allied

A of and tribes remains desider- were also placed side by side. new system genera a great

atum. Taubert's system is probably the best base to start from.

The usual in is of great difficulty, as taxonomy, to find characters or combinations these, which reflect natural And this which affinity. in respect Caesalpinioideae are capricious, by

I mean that sometimes a character constant in almost all species of a genus breaks down in

a single species. close reticulate The There exists a affinity among many genera of the Cynometreae. very

nature of reticulate affinity would lead to a subdivision based on single characters. To of if and apply this methodwould result in the opposite what was intended because single

unrelatedcharacters to the delimitation of connected were govern reticulately genera, an

unnatural system must result (de Wit, 1956).

Consequently, it seems unadvisable to use single characters for delimitation, but instead

combinations which of these, of admittedly one may break down occasionally. For of African example, a major characteristic in the Cynometreae used for the delimitation

genera is whether the stipe of the ovary is distinctly merged with the lateral wall of the this character for in isolation receptacle. Using our Cynometras would result an undesired

of C. mirabilis. Similarly the feature of unifoliolate leaves has been used as a character for and the African genera. Unifoliolate leaves do occur in C. simplicifolia, should be ac-

other be companied by characters before it can used for generic delimitation. Three

species in Maniltoa share the very marked character of a sessile ovary, as opposed to a the other Maniltoas them this stipitate ovary in all ; however, one should not separate on basis the the is doubt their from rest of genus, as there no of being congeneric. The same holds for the blastogeny, though this is probably a more important, hence

the the more reliable feature. Though I admit importance of mode of germination, it does

not seem to be so important as has been assumed by Leonard, who beheved to have found

in this absolute criterion for delimitation. This is which lead an generic a statement may that to circular reasoning, because he concluded if a genus is heterogeneous in blastogenic

also be the would aspect, it must heterogeneous taxonomically. As a consequence genus have be each of its to split, part becoming a blastogenically homogeneous genus own.

Blastogenic characters could, however, also be used with profit to define infrageneric feel taxa. Here again, I that blastogeny must be accompanied by a set of other, more or the less constant characters for purpose of generic delimitation. the In conclusion, overall picture of affinities within Caesalpinioideae displays a pattern of reticulate which makes classification difficult. complex affinities, a

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Itis a privilege to Fonds express my gratitude for the financial support granted by the 'Korthals of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, and in particular by the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement ofPure Research (Z.W.O.).

I indebted Miss S. whose results wood of the am highly to Dr M. Jutte on the systematical anatomy in To Dr W. four generatreated this thesis were freely put at my disposal. van Heel I owe the clarification ofthe ofthe seed of structure Kingiodendron pinnatum.

The few data I could gather on the blastogeny resulted from the receiptof seed of some species through the appreciated cooperation of the curators of the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, and of Kebun M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malcsian

Raya Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia. Seedlings were raised thanks to the help offered by the staff in the

greenhouses ofthe Botanic Gardens at Leyden and Wageningen.

The ofMiss C. Crevel and the ofthe MS drawings are by the able, artistichand van typing was performed

Miss E. E. fields. by van Nieuwkoop, both experts in their

Mr J. F. Veldkamp assisted in the ticketing ofthe specimens and in the compilation of the Identification

I List for which am grateful.

Sincere due Prof. Dr C. G. Steenis under whose I thanks are to G.J. van guidance became, as a student,

interested in Leguminosae. He kindly supervised the present work in its botanical aspects.

loans received from directors and ofherbaria abroad. As I gratefully acknowledge many curators usual, essential material scattered institutes. types and other are over many I rather that must admit to having retained this material for a long period and feel very happy no com- the for the birth of and plaints were made. That work was interrupted twice my two daughters, once

because I husband leave of absence to Ganada and the United I accompanied my on a year's States, is, hope,

an acceptable explanation.

LIST OF HERBARIA FROM WHICH MATERIAL WAS EXAMINED*,**

*A Arnold Arboretum, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

BISH Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. BM British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K.

BO Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia. *BR Jardin Botanique de l'Etat, Brussels, Belgium.

BRI Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane, Australia.

G Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Copenhagen, Denmark.

GAL Indian Botanic Gardens, Howrah, Calcutta, India.

E Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.

G Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Geneva, Switzerland. *GH Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

*K Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.

KEP Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya. L Rijksherbarium, Leyden, Netherlands.

M Botanische Staatssammlung, Miinchen, Germany.

MEL National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. MH Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, Madras, India.

MICH University Herbarium Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.

NY New York Botanical Gardens, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.

P Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

S Naturhis tori ska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.

SAR Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Sarawak.

SING Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens Singapore, Singapore.

TAI Herbarium, Departmentof Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. TI Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science, Tokyo, Japan. *TRT Department of Botany, Universicy of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

U Botanisch Museum en Herbarium, Utrecht, Netherlands.

*UC Herbarium of the University of California, Department ofBotany, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A. *US National Museum, Smithsonian Institution,Washington,D.C., U.S.A. ZT Institut fur speziclle Botanik, Ziirich, Switzerland.

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Institutes visited the asterisk. *) by author are marked with an

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In: & HARMS, H. 1897. Leguminosae. Engler Pranll,Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien,Nachtr. 1 : 190—204.

HUTCHINSON, J. 1964. The genera offlowering plants 1: 221—276.

M. Dec. met JUTTE, S. 9 196$. Cynometreae van de Oude Wereld uitzondering van Afrika — de hout-

structuur. Internal stencilled Report ofthe Hout-Instituut T.N.O., Delft, No. H-65-XXI; Opdracht 3211/004.

KNAAP-VAN M. S. Reduction of Afrormosia Bot. Brux. MEEUWEN, 1962. to Pericopsis. Bull. Jard. 32:

213 —219. Salient lines ofstructural in the wood KRIBS, D. A. 1935. specialization rays of Dicotyledons. Bot. Gaz. 96,

3: 547—557-

LEONARD, Les Cynometra et les voisins en Bot. Brux. J. 1951. genres Afrique tropicale. Bull. Jard. 21:

373—400.

Genera des et des Amherstieae africaines. Essai de la 1957. Cynometreae blastogenie applique a syste- Mem. matique. Acad. Roy. Belg., Sc. 30, 2: 1—314.

R. H. C. C. Enumeration des de Nouvelle-Guinee. SCHEFFER, 1876. plantes la Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1: 20.

In: TAUBERT, P. 1894. Leguminosae. Engler & Prantl, Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3, 3: 70—388.

TROUP, R. S. 1921. The Silviculture ofIndian Trees 2: 340—362.

H. C. D. Revision of the Sindora Bull. Bot. Gard. WIT, DE. 1949a. genus Miq. Btzg III, 18: 5 —82. Malaianum VII. A Harms. 1949b. Spicilegium note on the genus Kingiodendron Bull. Bot. Gard. 18: Btzg III, 211—212.

II. Webbia — 1954. Spicilegium Malaianum 9: 221 76. A revision Bauhinieae. 1956. of Malaysian Reinwardtia 3: 381—539.

KEY TO THE GENERA*

I. Flowers in sessile, dense racemes, mostly spherical in outline. Sepals 4 (rarely 5). Petals 5. — Leaves

with or and that Bractcoles even-pinnate 2—12 asymmetric leaflets, 1 leaflet, symmetric. present, Disk small. inserted at the base ofor halfway the pedicel. absent. Stigma Anthers very often cleft below insertion samaroid. the of the filaments, mostly apiculate, smooth. Pod not

2. Stamens 10, rarely less (8), rarely more (up to 13). Filaments not connate at base. Rachis of the inflorescence tender. Pod smooth. Sepals 2—6 mm long, petals 2—9 mm long. rugose, warty or

I. Cynometra

2. Stamens c. 15—c. 80. Filaments often connate at base. Rachis of the inflorescence usually sturdy.

Sepals 5—18 mm long, petals 5—19 mm long. Pod smooth 2. Maniltoa

1. Flowers in lax panicles. Sepals 5. No petals. Anthers never cleft and not apiculate.

3. Leaves uneven-pinnate, leaflets 3 —7, alternate, symmetric, primary nerves pinnately arranged.

Bracteoles present, inserted on the receptacle or at its base. Disk present. Stigma small. Anthers smooth. Ovary densely curly hairy. Pod not samaroid, smooth 3. Kingiodendron

Leaves 3. even-pinnate, leaflets 2, opposite, asymmetric, primary nerves flabellately arranged from the base. Bracteoles absent. disk. Anthers No Stigma peltate. warty. Ovary glabrous. Pod samaroid, smooth 4. Hardwickia

1. CYNOMETRA

Linne, [Act. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1741) 78] Gen. Pi. ed. 5 (1754) 179; Sp. Pi. (1753) 382;

Illustr. t. f. Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. Lamk, 2 (1797) 331, 1, 2; Boerl., 1, 2 (1890) 337, 678;

in E. & Nat. Pfl. Fam. Taubert P., 3, 3 (1892) 129, pro sect. Eucynometra Baker; Harms, ibid. Nachtr. Bull. I (1897) 193; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 391; Leonard, Jard. Bot. Fl. Brux. 21 (1951) 373 —400; Congo Belg. 3 (1952) 309—327; Mem. Ac. Roy. Belg.

Cl. — Malab. Sc. 30, 2 (1957) 56, 94. Iripa [Rheede, Hort. 4 (1673) t. 31] Adans., Fam. 2

— Herb. — (1763) 508. [Cynomorium Rumph., Amb. 1 (1741) t. 62—63.] Cynomora

Hedw., Gen. Pi. (1806) 304. — Lectotype species: C. cauliflora L.

— Metrocynia Thou., Gen. Nov. Madag. (1806) 22, p.p., quoad fruct. Fig. I—3. Trees (or shrubs). Growth flush-wise, flushes in buds before development. Buds small,

is For *) Propergenericidentification only possible with flowers. a key to the genera based on the wood

anatomy, see p. 7. M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Inio-Maksian and Pacific Cynometreae 13

with numerous brown scales in two ranks. New leaves developing in bright pink tassels. the leaflets Leaves i-pinnate, I—3(—6)-jugate, rarely simple (unifoliolate), opposite,

asymmetric and the midrib acroscopic; basiscopic side of the base of the leaflet often the side leaflets and auriculate, acroscopic cuneate; entire mostly glabrous; petiolules short. the caducous usually very Stipules present in buds, very tender, (in Indo-Mal.) immediately after the unfolding of the bud, leaving no scar. Racemes mostly spherical in cauli- outline, sometimes elongated (fig. 2a), sessile, dense, i(—2) per axil, exceptionally

florous and then 3 —5 together. Rachis tender. Bracts scale-like, lower ones broad-

reniform, gradually becoming ovate and acute halfway through the raceme (fig. 2a),

mostly persistent, appressed-hairy, often glabrescent. Bracteoles caducous after anthesis, with tuft ofhairs the and with line ofhairs usually lengthwise folded, obovate, a at top a

running down the dorsal side, rarely glabrous. Flowers bisexual. Receptacle campanulate,

under the ripening fruit circumscissile, not present under the ripe fruit. Sepals 4 (rarely 5) reflexed anthesis. Petals Disk absent. imbricate, at 5, narrow, free, glabrous (fig. 2b). another alter- Stamens (8 —)io (—15), in one species I stamen sterile, in species stamens few nately shorter and longer, sometimes with a hairs; anthers medi-dorsifix, lengthwise ofthe dehiscent, introrse, c. i mm long, the connective very often cleft below the insertion

with fdament, mostly apiculate at apex. Ovary (in Indo-Mal.) i(—2) ovules, mostly almost glabrous inside, always stalked; stipe central (fig. ia) or excentric, rarely merged the lateral wall of the Pod thickened with receptacle (fig. ib). woody, on a ± stipe, i(—2)- indehiscent. seeded, flat to ± globular, smooth or rugose, sometimes warty, the Distribution: Pantropical, in the West Pacific found eastwards as far as Micronesia,

Solomons, and Fiji. All Indo-Pacific under conditions and Ecology: species grow everwet climatic are forest nowhere localities the constituents, gregarious or dominant. Most are in lowland

and on many labels the habitat is noted as banks of rivers or streams or as swamps, so that

one the that there for soil conditions. The gets impression is a preference waterlogged

highest altitude is reached by C. simplicifolia and C. malaccensis which are both recorded to confined the and go up to 1300 m. C. ramiflora is to back-mangrove throughout its large characteristic coastal also recorded for the range for this forest; C. iripa is back-mangrove

but is found in mixed forest as well.

Uses: According to Burkill (Diet., 1935) the timber is light red to dark brown, close- for the grained, hard, and durable. Burgess (Timbers of Sabah, 1966, p. 347) mentioned

C. and without Cynometreae two species: C. inaequifolia (syn. polyandra) C. ramiflora, any records His is C. on the provenance of the wood samples. ‘C. inaequifolia’ probably

which in the often mistaken for C. It is unadvisable to elmeri, past was inaequifolia. highly information without voucher give on properties of plants reference to specimens. Indo-Malesian form Notes. The species a truly homogeneous assemblage. Still, some is species have some characteristic individual deviations: in C. copelandii one stamen

sterile; C. glomerulata has only 8 stamens (but it must be noted that I know it only from has under the and the type); C. falcata no stipe ovary pod; C. cauliflora is cauliflorous; C. has i-foliolate opelandii has 4—6-jugate leaves; C. simplicifolia leaves; C. ramiflora var. bifoliolata has distinct long petiolules.

ofthe which in African be As to the insertion stipe, genera of Cynometreae is assumed to character is used in there is a significant and therefore frequently keys to genera, a fairly large variation. Usually it is inserted centrally in the receptacle (fig. ia), but in C. ramiflora

it little off and it is is found a centre; in C. iripa C. warburgii distinctly obliquely inserted, and finally, in C. mirabilis, it is distinctly merged laterally with the wall of the receptacle

(fig. ib)! These observations show that there is here a series ofneat intergrades from the No. 14 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, I, 1970

central insertion in position of of the ovary towards a completely lateral one one genus.

This shows that Taubert was correct in not attaching too much value to this character.

the it his the African At same time shows that Leonard'sopinion in assigment of Cynometra in which he all with (1957, p. 56—57), assigned species anadnate ovary to different genera,

not admitting any to Cynometra, is untenable.

C. The ovary is glabrous inside, but those of iripa, C. mirabilis, and C. novoguineensis

form an exception. Three viz. species have a typically rugose or warty pod, C. ramiflora (fig. ic), C. iripa lesser C. C. has smooth (fig. Id), and to a extent cauliflora. glomerulata rugose and pods, forms the of the distal beak-like and both being warty. In pod C. iripa part is pointing in aslant (fig. Id), a character already present the pistil in wich the syle is not in a straight line with the ovary.

The number of nerves has always been counted on the basiscopic leaf-half, as they are there best observed.

ofovules cited be The number is usually to 1—2 (sometimes even to 3—4 in non-Indo-

Malesian spp.). I have tested this character in many specimens and have foundthat in our area the ovules are mostly solitary but that 2 ovules occasionally occur. and leaves seldom herbarium Buds, stipules, limp young are present in specimens, but the bud scales often adult scars of the are visible on the plants.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

C. I. Leaves unifoliolate I. simplicifolia

Leaves 1. 1—3(—6)-jugatc.

2. Leaves 4—6-jugate Stamens 10, one sterile 2. C. copelandii

Stamens 2. Leaves 1 —3-jugate. (8—)io(—15), all fertile.

3. Leaves (2—)3-jugate, never exclusively 2-jugate.

4. Leaflets all of approximately the same size.

5. Bracteoles inserted at the base of the pedicel.

in 6. Rachis of inflorescence 2.6—6.5 cm. Style a straight line with the dorsal side of the

C. ovary, 4 —5 mm long. Leaflets 3.8—5.3 by 1.7—1.9 cm 3. dongnaiensis Rachis ofinflorescence curved the in 6. 2—3 cm. Style 0.5—3 mm long, over ovary flower, C. malaccensis straightened after anthesis. Leaflets 4—8.5 by 1.8—3 cm. ... 4. Bracteoles inserted the in line with the dorsal side of the 5. on pedicel. Style a straight ovary,

up to 2.3 mm long. Leaflets 2.5—4 by 1 —1.5 cm. Rachis of inflorescence 12—20 mm.

5. C. bourdillonii

4. Lower pair ofleaflets smaller than the two upper pairs, 1.3—3 by 0.7—1.3 cm and 4.5—7 by

2 in dorsal side mm long. —3 cm respectively. Style a straight line with the of the ovary, 4 6. Rachis of inflorescence up to 7 mm C. beddomei

Leaves 3. 1 —2-jugate or i-jugate.

7. Pod rugose (already clearly visible in the immature state, often even on the developing ovary)

or warty.

8. Inflorescence cauliflorous, consisting of 4 or 5 small racemes crowded together on hard

trunk. Leaves C. knots on the i-jugate. Only known cultivated 7. cauliflora 8. Inflorescence(s) i(—2), axillary.

in from of 9. Style not line with the dorsal side of the ovary, but aslant, away the centre aslant Ovarial wall the flower. The distal part ofthe pod beak-like and pointing (fig. 2). in the inside hairy. Sepals reflexed anthesis, but distal part curls up again. Leaves

1 —2-jugate 8. C. iripa

in line with the dorsal of the from the of 9. Style part ovary, neverpointing away centre the flower. Ovarial wall inside glabrous. Sepals reflexed in anthesis, but straight.

rhomboic in outline. Petiole Leaf-rachis 10. Young pod 2—3 mm. 1 —1.5 cm; apex of leaflets acuminate-cuspidate. Leaves 2-jugate 9. C. glomerulata outline. Petiole Leaf-rachis of 10. Young pod elliptic in 3—15 mm. 1.3—4 cm; apex

leaflets acute-acuminate. Leaves 1 or 10. C. ramiflora 1-, —2-, 2-jugate. ... M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-MaUsian and Pacific Cynometreae 15

section Fig. 1. Cynometra. — a. C. inaequifolia A. Gray, longitudinal through ovary; stipe centrally

6. — inserted, x b. C. mirabilis van Meeuwen, ditto section throughovary; stipe unilaterally merged with

the receptacle, x 6. — c. C. ramiflora L., pod, X 2/3. — d. C. iripa Kostel., pod, x 2/3 (a. Merrill 1861,

Nur b. Miranda 20528, c. Hoffmann 6557, d. Haniff & 7475).

surface sometimes 7- Pod not rugose or warty, generally smooth, unwrinkled, slightly knobbly in and spp. 12 14. with the wall of the 11. Stipe of the ovary over its entire length merged laterally receptacle. hairs C. mirabilis Ovary wall inside lined with a few curly appressed II.

inserted 11. Stipe ofthe ovary centrally or obliquely in the receptacle, neverentirely merged with the wall of the receptacle.

12. Leaves 2-jugate. Midrib of leaflets straight.

13. Leaflets coriaceous, obtuse to acute at apex (tip sometimes emarginate). Ovary pubescent and with scattered longer hairs.

14. Leaflet pairs of about equal size; margin flat; base of leaflets auriculate at the

basiscopic side; petiole 11—23 mm. Rachis of inflorescence 7 —20 mm.

Pedicels 8—10 mm, patently long-hairy, sometimes ± glabrescent. Bracts

mm. —1 —6 mm 12. C. insularis 7 —9 Stipe of ovary 0.5 mm; style 5 .

14. Upper pair of leaflets 11—20 by 4 —8 cm, lower pair 4—8.5 by 1.8—5 cm; base margin ± recurved; ofleaflets notauriculate; petiole 6—15 mm. Rachis

ofinflorescence 10—12mm. Pedicels 10—17 mm, pubescent. Bracts 4—5 mm.

of C. Stipe ovary 1.5 mm; style 4 mm 13. inaequifolia

13. Leaflets thinnish, acuminate to spathulate (tip broad-emarginate); margin flat;

leaflets lower 1.8—2 upper pair of 3.5—4.5 by 1.1—1.9 cm, pair by 0.7—0.9 cm;

petiole 2 mm. Rachis ofinflorescence 2—3 mm. Pedicels 2 mm, short-pubescent.

Bracts minute of (sec. F. v. M.). Stipe ovary very short; style 2 mm. C. minutiflora 14.

12. Leaves i-jugate.

15. Ovary sessile, short-puberulous; style 1.5 mm. Leaflets with normal texture,

midrib curved; base of the leaflet acute; petiole 3 mm. Inflorescence small, rachis

4—5 mm. Pedicels 4—5 mm, puberulous. Bracts 3 mm long. Pod unknown

(3 sheets) 15. C. falcata

*15« Ovary not sessile, possibly mostly glabrous (only known with certainty in C.

*) The following 5 species are all inadequatelyknown as either flowers or pods have not been collected. which is Moreover, ofC. warburgii(of the lost) and ofC. I had only onesheet. Therefore, w type. * . novoguineensis„ is there is neither their variability nor their exact circumscription possible at this stage. Only of C. craibii a reasonable that it is a its unusual C. deviates small certainty good species by pod. novoguineensis by very feature in flowers, a further only seen C. minutiflora. 16 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. I. 1970

C. C. in C. craibii, travancorica, and warburgii; novoguineensis glabrous or laxly hairy at apex).

16. of Valves the pod paper-thin. Leaflets (ob)ovate-oblong to falciform, 4.5—6.5 and Petals by 1.7—3 cm, apex acute acuminate-cuspidate. Sepals 2.5 mm. Stamens anthers and 2.5 mm. 2—2.5 mm; cleft apiculate (3 sheets).

16. C. craibii

16. thin in Valves ofthe pod not so (unknown C. novoguineensis and C. warburgii).

17. Rachis of inflorescence 4 mm. Bracts 1 mm. Pedicels 4 —5 mm. Sepals

Petals Stamens connective 2 mm. 1 mm. 2 mm; apiculate. Style 2 mm.

Leaflets 4—7 by 1 —3 cm, not very asymmetric, acuminate; midrib at

—6 unknown 1 —1.4 cm from acroscopic margin; petiole 4 mm. Pod

(2 sheets) 17. C. novoguineensis

17. Rachis of inflorescence 3 —6 mm. Bracts 1 —3 mm. Pedicels 2—4 mm.

—6 Sepals 3 —3.5 mm. Petals 4—4.5 mm. Stamens 5 mm. Style 1—3.5 mm.

Leaflets 3.2—15 by 0.8—4 cm, midrib at3—12 mm fromacroscopic margin.

18. —6 Bracts Rachis of inflorescence 5 mm. 3 mm. Pedicels 3 —4 mm.

Sepals 3.$ mm. Petals 4.5 mm. Stamens 5—6 mm; connective not

0.8— apiculate. Style 3.5 mm. Leaflets 3.2—6.5 by 2.7 cm (midrib

at 3 —11 mm from acroscopic margin), obtuse, not acuminate; petiole

18. C. 2—4 mm. Pod unknown (2 sheets) warburgii

18. Rachis of inflorescence up to 6 cm. Bracts 1—3 mm. Pedicels

Stamens 2—4.5 mm. Sepals 3 mm. Petals 4 mm. with ± apiculate

connective. Style 1 mm. Leaflets 3.5—8.5 by 1 —2.8 cm (midrib at

8—11 mm from acroscopic margin), acuteto ± acuminate, tip obtuse

or emarginate; petiole 4 —6 mm. Pod flattish, sutures thickened,

2—2.2 by 1.1 cm, inner suture ± straight, outer widely curved

(5 sheets) 19. C. travancorica

18. Flowers unknown. Leaflets 3.5—15 by 1.3—4 cm (midribat 6—12 mm

from acroscopic edge), acuminate, apex blunt (tip emarginate);

petiole 4 —8 mm. Pod flattish,along sutures ± thickened, inner suture

—6 straight, outer one widely curved, 4 by 2.5—3.5 cm (many sheets).

20. C. elmeri

I. Cynometra simplicifolia Harms, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 3 (1902) 186; Merr., Philip.

ibid. — J. Sc. i (1906) Suppl. 63; 5 (1910) Bot. 37; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 255. T.: Cuming

1134 (holotype f, isotypes in BM, C, G, K, L, M, NY). Crudia ed. spicata (non Willd.) Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 261; ibid. 3, 2 (1878) 121, p.p.

C. — luzoniensis Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1909) Bot. 266; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 255. T.:

Merrill 2128 (holotype lost?, isotype in US).

C. simplicifolia var. oblongata Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 37; En. Philip. 2 (1923)

255. — Lectotype: Ahem's coll. FB 2978 (holotype lost?, isotypes in K, NY, US). Small either tree, 4 —6 m. Leaves simple (i-foliolate), symmetric, 2.5—16 by 1—6 cm, narrowly triangular, or nearly broadly ovate and short-acuminate, or (ob) ovate-oblong

with acuminate or lanceolate or cuspidate tip; base rounded or auriculate; nerves 5 —7 pairs; petiole 1—8 mm, short patent-hairy as are the branches, glabrescent. Rachis of in- florescence 6—8 mm, hairy, glabrescent. Bracts 2.5 by 2.5 —3(—4) mm, ciliate, hairy. Bracteoles 2 mm long, inserted at the base of the pedicel or 0.1 —0.2 mm above it. Pedicels

sometimes minute. 5 —10 mm, patently, laxly hairy, glabrescent. Receptacle Sepals 2 mm

with few hairs. Petals cleft at long, a 2.5 mm long. Stamens io (or Ii); connective base, and with apiculate. Ovary densely hairy, hairs partly longer curly, glabrescent; style 3 mm, occasional hair. Pod orbicular an (nearly) sessile, or kidney-shaped, mature 4.5 by 3.5 by 0.3 cm.

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, throughout, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Basilan).

In thickets and forests the of to Ecology: open, dry on slope mountains, up 1300m. Knaap-van Meeuwen: M. S. The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 17

Leafl. Bot. 8 2. Cynometra copelandii (Elm.) Elm., Philip. (March 27, 1915) 2734;

Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 10 (April 23, 1915) Bot. 13; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 254. — Gleditschia

Leafl. — Elmer copelandii Elm., Philip. Bot. 2 (1910) 695. T.: 12234 (holotype f, isotypes in BO, L).

— leaflets Tree, 15 m. Leaves 4 ó-jugate; sessile, (ob)ovate-oblong to oblong, 1.8—2 by

—3.8 0.5 cm, with a few hairs on the midrib on both sides, glabrescent, apex very deeply from emarginate; midrib at 1.5 (at base) to 3 mm (at tip) the acroscopic margin; nerves thickened rachis 6—9 pairs, barely visible; margin by a vein; petiole c. 0.3 cm, 3—3.5 cm, Rachis of hairs. both densely, patently hairy. inflorescence 2.5—4.5 mm, with Bracts up

Bracteoles inserted and mm to 9 mm long, hairy, glabrescent. 1.5—3.5 mm long, at 0.25 1 above base of pedicel respectively. Pedicels up to 7 mm, patently densely hairy. Re-

mm with a few hairs on the back. ceptacle minute, c. 0.25 mm. Sepals up to 4 long, Petals

6 4.5 mm long. Stamens 10, c. mm long, one sterile; connective cleft at base, apex apiculate.

in the Fruit Ovary laxly long-hairy; stipe 0.5 mm; style up to 4 mm, hairy lower half. unknown.

Distribution: Philippines (Sibuyan I.). Only known from the type collection.

Ecology: Forests, 250 m.

Notes. Merrill (1915, I.e.) stated that the species is 'anomalous in Cynometra in that the does obstacle for ovules are solitary'. This not seem a serious its accommodation in the Malesian found ovules Cynometra since in species I very rarely two in an ovary or two

in In Africa this mentioned seeds a pod. number seems to vary much more, as Leonard

(1957, p. 56): 'ovules 1—2( —3 —4)' for the genus.

is the characters within Malesian It true that two of are unique Cynometra, to wit, the of and of greater number leaflets the occurrence one sterile stamen; otherwise, it fits perfectly the general characteristics of other species.

Fl. Cochin. Fl. 3- Cynometradongnaiensis Pierre, For. 5 (1899) t. 389; Gagnep., Gén.

1.-0.2(1913) i55;Merr.,En. Philip. 2 (1923) 254 (‘dongnainsis’). — Lectotype : Pierre 352, ad flumenBe, in praefectura Bienhoa (holotype in P, isotypes in A, 80, E, G, K, L, US).

Tree, 15—20 m. Leaves 3-jugate; leaflets (ob)ovate-oblong to oblong, 3.8 —5.3 by

6—8 1.7—1.9 cm, apex obtuse, obliquely emarginate; midrib at mm from the acroscopic rachis both margin; nerves 6—9 pairs; petiole 3 mm, 4 —4.5 cm, deeply grooved, laxly

Rachis of inflorescence 2—8 pubescent. 2.6—6.5 cm, densely curly hairy. Bracts mm long, appressed-hairy. Bracteoles 1.5 (—2.5, sec. Pierre) mm, inserted at base of pedicel.

Pedicels mm mm 3.5—5.5 mm, densely patent-hairy. Receptacle 0.5 deep. Sepals 3—4

long, glabrous. Petals sec. Pierre 4.25 mm long. Stamens: connective apiculate, cleft at base. Pod Ovary densely curly hairy; stipe 0.5—1.5 mm; style 4—5 mm, glabrous. unknown.

Distribution: Cochinchina, ? Philippines.

Notes. Undoubtedly related to C. bourdillonii but well distinct from that species. See the key. known collected four different Pierre 3s2 is from two localities, on dates: i. Lectotype: ad flumen Be, in praefectura Bienhoa, collected 2—1872 (in A, BO, E,

G;K, fl.; L).

2. Ad Noc, in praefectura Baria, collected6—1866 (in BM, BO, K), 12—1866 (in K), and

1—1868 (in A, BM, BO, E, G, L).

Merrill (1923, I.e.) cited under C. dongnaiensis three collections from the Philippines,

viz. 'Cebu, Mindanao (Butuan, Davao), FB 6488 Espinosa, 20563 Miranda, 26244 Ceballos'.

I have the Unfortunately, neither seen any duplicates of these numbers in herbaria con- 18 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. I, 1970

Fig. 2. Cynometra malaccensis van Meeuwen. a. Habit, X 2/3; b. sectioned flower, X 6; c. pods, X 2/3 (a—c. Maingay 589).

suited, nor other Philippine collections which can be referred to this species, so the record remains questionable.

4. Cynometra malaccensis van Meeuwen, sp. nov. — Fig. 2. C. Asa in Fl. Ind. As. inaequifolia (non Gray) Baker Hook, ƒ, Br. 2 (1878) 267; Prain, J.

Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 199 (‘inaequalifolia’); Ridl., Fl. Mai. Pen. I (1922) 635; Craib, Fl. M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Maksian and Pacific Cynometreae 19

Prod. Mai. Siam. En. I (1928) 540; Burk., Diet. Ec. Pen. (1935) 730; Corner, Wayside

f. — T.: Kochummen Trees (1940) 392, 127. CF 94633 (holotype in L, isotype in KEP).

alta. Folia — foliola vel Arbor, 20—40 m 2 3-Jugata; ovato-oblonga, obovato-oblonga

1.8 oblonga, 4—8.5 cm longa, —3 cm lata, plerumque acuminata, emarginata; costa

mm a nervi —8 rhachis 6— 15 margine acroscopo remota; 5 —7 paria; petiolus 3 mm; Rhachis 5 —6 cm, juvenilis puberulus. inflorescentiae 2—3 cm, puberulus. Bracteae 2—9

ad mm longae, tomentosae, interdum glabrescentes. Bracteolae 3 —4 mm longae, pedicelli Pedicelli ad interdum basin insertae. 4—8 mm, strigosi tomentosi, laxe pilosi. Receptacul-

um excavatum 1.25 —2 mm altum. Sepala 3 —4 mm longa. Petala 2 —4 mm longa.

videtur ad 6 antherae connectivo Stamina 3 mm, ut usque mm accrescentia; ± apiculatae, lanatum vel basi fisso. Ovarium sericeum, villosum; stipes 0.8—1.5 mm; stylus 0.5—3 mm,

conspicue brevis ac curvatus. Legumen orbiculare, planum, leve, 4—5 cm longum, 4 cm

latum, 0.4 —0.5 cm crassum, marginem versus paullo incrassatum.

leaflets to Tree, 20—40 m. Leaves 2 —3-jugate; (ob)ovate-oblong oblong, 4—8.5 by midrib from the 1.8—3 cm, mostly acuminate, emarginate; at 6—15 mm acroscopic

—8 rachis —6 when margin; nerves 5 —7 pairs; petiole 3 mm, 5 cm, puberulous young. Rachis ofinflorescence 2 —3 cm, puberulous. Bracts 2—9 mm long, tomentose, sometimes

inserted base of Pedicels glabrescent. Bracteoles 3—4 mm long, at pedicel. 4 —8 mm,

strigose to tomentose, sometimes laxly hairy. Receptacle 1.2$—2 mm deep. Sepals 3—4 Petals anther mm long. 2 —4 mm long. Stamens 3 mm, finally up to 6 mm; ± apiculatc,

connective cleft at base. Ovary sericeous, woolly or villous; stipe 0.8—1.5 mm; style short and curved in the after anthesis. 0.5—3 mm, conspicuously flower, straightened Pod thickened orbicular, flat, smooth, 4—5 by 4 by 0.4—0.5 cm, somewhat towards the margin. Distribution: India (Assam), Peninsular Thailand (Puket), Malay Peninsula (Malacca;

Selangor: Gintive Simpah Road; Perak; Pahang).

Ecology: Forests, 50 —1300 m.

Notes. Following Baker (I.e.), this species was always misinterpreted as C. inaequifolia

A. Gray. The latter is, however, a species endemic in the Philippines and related to C. which different of ramiflora belongs to a distinctly group species.

C. malaccensis is closely related to the other 3-jugate Indo-Chinese Cynometras: C. bourdillonii, C. dongnaiensis, and C. beddomei.

malaccensis shows resemblance the fruit and the the Though C. a great in shape of

leaflets with the latter differentiated the leaf C. elmeri, is at once by i-jugate (see fig. 3)

bourdillonii Bull. Fl. Madras 5. Cynometra Gamble, Kew (1908) 446; Pres. 3 (1919)

414. — T.: Bourdillon 1617 (holotype in ? CAL, n.v., isotype in K).

18 m. Leaves leaflets and Tree, up to 3") ugate '> obovate-oblong oblong, sometimes ±

obtuse, obliquely midribat mm spathulate, 2.5—4 by 1—1.5 cm, apex emarginate; 5 —7 from the visible acroscopic margin; nerves 6 pairs, beneathbut scarcely so above; glabrous for of the midrib rachis except the proximal part above; petiole 3.5—4 mm, 3.5—4 cm, Rachis very deeply grooved above, both laxly pubescent. of inflorescence 12—20 mm,

6 densely patent-hairy. Bracts up to mm long, appressed-hairy, ciliate, striate. Bracteoles

both inserted above the base of the Pedicels to 3 mm long, at 2 mm pedicel. up 5 mm,

mm ciliate. Petals pubescent. Receptacle I—2 mm deep. Sepals 3 long, hairy, 3.5 by 1 mm. and connective cleft Stamens alternately 5 7 mm; at base, apex apiculate. Ovary densely

brown to to Pod long hairy; stipe 0.8 mm, excentric; style up 2.5 mm, hairy up halfway. the globular, 1.7 by 1.7 by 1.5 cm, grooved near seams.

Distribution: India (Madras, S. Kanara). Known from only 2 collections.

2 20 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. I, 1970

Gamble stated to have found and the found Notes. 3 4 sepals. In isotype (K) I just 4 normal the of the flowers he sepals, as is in genus; one investigated was obviously in-

complete. Furthermore, Gamble 'frequently' observed black glands on the undersurface

These due of the leaflets. spots are to a fungus, as I could observe on the isotype. between bourdillonii and beddomei the under See for a comparison C. C. note the latter.

6. Cynometra beddomeiPrain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 478; Brandis, Ind. Trees

(1906) 255; Gamble, Kew Bull. (1908) 446; Fl. Pres. Madras 3 (1919) 414. — Lectotype: Beddome Tambacheri fl. 2545, Wynaad, at Ghat, 2500 ft, in (holotype in ? CAL, n.v.,

isotype in Z).

A large tree. Leaves 2—3-jugate; leaflets (ob) ovate-oblong to oblong, lower leaflets

1.3—3 by 0.7—1.3 cm, upper ones 4.5—7 by 2—3 cm; apex obtuse, very slightly emar- in in ginate; midrib at 3—7 mm from acroscopic margin the lower and at 11 mm the

of in the lower leaflets in the leaflets upper pair leaflets; nerves 5 pairs, upper ones 8;

rachis both Rachis of inflorescence to glabrous; petiole 5 mm, 1—3.5 cm, puberulous. up

Bracts 6 their 7 mm, hairy. up to mm, tomentose or glabrous. Bracteoles unknown, visible the scars at i and 3 mm above the base of pedicel. Pedicels 9 to 10 mm, puberulous.

mm Petals 6 mm Filaments mm anthers unknown. Sepals 4 long, laxly hairy. long. 9 long; Pod Ovary tomentose and with a few long hairs; stipe 1.5 mm; style 4 mm. unknown.

Distribution: India (Wynaad, S. Kanara). Known from only 2 collections.

Notes. Gamble(Kew Bull. 1908,446) is correct in stating that C. beddomei is specifically distinct from C. bourdillonii. Aside from the differences used in the key, he stated that they of also differ in fruit, but did not specify in which way. This is unfortunatesince the fruit

C. beddomei is unknownto me. The situation became more complicated as one ofthe two which indicated the of specimens Prain as types C. beddomei proved to belong to C. collected Beddome mentioned his Flora bourdillonii. It is a specimen by in S. Kanara and in

Baker this Sylvatica (1873) 316 as probably representing a new species. also mentioned

in Hooker Fl. Br. Ind. 2 268 but under C. specimen ƒ, (1878) ‘inaequifolia ’. his 'Mr. Beddome Furthermore, Prain stated in a note to description of C. beddomei that

Dr. the in flower and in sent King two specimens from Wynaad, one one very young

with the this is mentioned tab. Fl. —'. The fruit, note Cynometra n. sp. ; at 316 Sylvatica Flora latter statement is surely not true because the specimen Beddome mentioned in tab. and from the The Sylvatica 316 was from S. Kanara not Wynaad. Beddomespecimen 'in flower' the of 'in from Wynaad is lectotype C beddomei. TheBeddomespecimen very

which unknown to was used Gamble for his com- young fruit', is me, probably by Mr parison between C. bourdillonii and C. beddomei.

cauliflora Pi. 7. Cynometra Linne, [Act. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1741) 382] Sp. (1753) 382;

t. Prod. & Prod. Gaertn., Fruct. 2 (1791) 350, 156;DC., 2 (1825) 509; W. A., (1843) 293; Pi. Kostel., Allg. Med. Pharm. Fl. 4 (1835) 1341; Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 201; Hassk., Fl. Jav. Rar. (1848) 413; Benth. in Miq., Pi. Jungh. (1852) 265; Miq., Ind. Bat. I, 1 (1855) in 78; Hoola van Nooten, Fl. Fr. Java (1863) t. 21; Kurz, Fl. Burma 1 (1877) 416; Baker

Hook /, Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 268; Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 45, ii (1876) 289; F.-Vill.,

Fl. ed. t. Novis. App. (1880) 71; Naves in Blanco, Filip. 3, 4 (1880) 213; Vidal, Sinopsis, Notizbl. Atlas (1883) 24, t. 42 f. F; Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 479; Harms,

Berl.-Dahl. 3 (1902) 188; Brandis, Ind. Trees (1906) 253; Back., Voorl. Schoolfl. Java Schoolfl. fam. (1908) 103; Java (1911) 423; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1,1 (1912) 128, 21;

Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2(1912) 363; Merr., Int. Rumph. Herb. Amb.(1917) 233; En. Born.

1921) 293; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 254; Heyne, Nutt. Pi. (1927) 726; Ochse & Bakh., Fruits M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Mjlaian and Pacific Cynometreae 21

& Cult. Dutch Ind. t. Diet. Prod. Mai. Pen. Fruit East (1931) 59, 23 ; Burk., Ec. (1935) 730;

Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 391; Masamune, En. Phan. Born. (1942) 340; Back. & Fl. Bakh./, Java 1 (1963) 526. —T.: Cynomorium Rumph., Herb. Amb. I (1741) t. 62. Beibl. C. cauliflora L. a subsessilis et p elongatis Hassk., Flora (1842) 95; Pi. Jav. Rar.

(1848) 413; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1855) 78. — T.: herb. Reinwardt s.n. (holotype in L).

C. acutiflora Vidal, Rev. Pi. Vase. Filip. (1886) 118. — T.: Vidal 1278 (n.v.).

Tree, 3 —15 m. Leaves i-jugate; leaflets (ob)ovate, (ob)ovate-oblong to (ob)ovate- obtuse lanceolate, 5.5 —16.5 by 1.6—5.6 cm, apex or slightly acuminate, emarginatc;

—16 —8 midrib at 5 mm from acroscopic margin; nerves 7—io(—14) pairs; petiole 2 mm, glabrous, sometimes pubescent; petiolules very short, sometimes pubescent. Inflorescence small rachis cauliflorous: 4 or 5 racemes crowded together on hard knots on the trunk;

Bracteoles 5 —30 mm, glabrous. Bracts 1—10 mm long, ciliate. 1.5 mm, inserted at above the base Pedicels 1.25 —1.5 and 1.5—2 mm respectively of the pedicels. 3 —6.5 mm, laxly pubescent or glabrous. Receptacle c., 1—2 mm. Sepals 4 (rarely 5), 2—4 mm long.

Petals mm long. Stamens (8 —)I0 varying in one plant; connective cleft at base, 3—4 —9 > apiculate; filaments seldom with I—2 hairs. Ovary rather densely hairy, with long and

—6 Pod short hairs; stipe 0.75 mm; style 5 mm, hairy up to halfway. fleshy, rugose, 2.7—3 by 1.8—2 by 1 cm, glabrescent.

Distribution: Only known in the cultivated state, possibly a cultigen, according to

Burkill probably derived from East Malesia from where it spread since Europeans arrived in the Archipelago, so that Rumphius, writing between 1653 and 1692, said that it was in few with for scarcely known the western islands, except that a people, a fancy it, had carried from Amboina Malacca the oflast and it to Batavia. In it was in early part century,

from in it was taken there to Penang. Now it is also cultivated India.

Ecology: Forests at low altitude, in gardens.

The ofthe brownish the Uses: taste green, kidney-shaped pods of namnam, only name in

various in West Malesia that of the languages 0avanese, Sundanese, Malay), suggests an there apple; they can be eaten raw, but are better stewed with sugar (Burkill, I.e.). But is

of this: it variation opinion about Heyne (I.e.) finds tasteless to tart; Ochse (I.e.) says that

fruits rather and should be cooked and eaten as fully ripe are savoury compote; they are also used as seasoned additions to food known as ‘rudjak’, or pickled. Koorders noted in The NE. Celebes two races, one with sweet and one with sour fruit. single name and the occurrenceof sour fruit in East Malesiaoffer some additionalevidence ofits eastern origin.

8. Med. Pharm. — Cynometra iripa Kostel., Allg. Fl. 4 (1835) I34 1 - T.: Iripa Rheede,

— Hort. Malab. 4 (1673) t. 31. Fig. I d.

C. W. Prod. — C. mimosoides Baker in ramiflora var. fl & A., (1834) 293. ramiflora var. Str. Hook./, Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 267; F.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 71; Ridl., J. Br. R.

As. Soc. Pen. — C. 59 (1911) 99; Fl. Mal. 1 (1922) 635; Disp. Plants (1930) 284. ramiflora ssp. bijuga Prain var. mimosoides Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 198, 478. — C. mimosoides Prain, Ree. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1903) 303; Brandis, Ind. Trees (1906) 708;

Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 3 (1919) 414. — C. bijuga var. mimosoides Merr., Philip. J. Sc.

Fl. Trans. Nat. Hist. 5 (1910) Bot. 36; Alston, Handb. Ceyl. Suppl. (1931) 94; Hosokawa,

Phan. — Wallich Soc. Form. 32 (1942) 15; Masamune, En. Bom. (1942) 340. Lectotype:

Cat. 5 817 A (holotype in ? CAL, n.v., isotypes in BO, G).

C. ramiflora var. bijuga (non Span, ex Miq.) Bth., Fl. Austr. 2 (1864) 296, quoad specim. Fl. Bibl. austral., excl. syn. C. bijuga Span.; Bailey, Queensl. (1900) 46; Domin, Bot. 22,

Heft 89 (1929) 800.

C. ramiflora (non L.) Britt., 111. Bot. Cook's Voy. 1 (1900) 26, t. 81. BLUMEA VOL. 22 XVIII, No. i, 1970

Shrub m. leaflets or tree, 3 —8 Leaves I—2-jugate, of lower pair smaller than those of the former the latter upper pair, (ob)ovate to elliptic, 1.5—5.5 by 0.9 —-3.5 cm, (ob)ovate-

oblong to oblong, 2.5 —9 by 1—4.5 cm; apex rounded, always emarginate, sometimes midrib and lower and mucronate; at 0.4 —1.4 cm 0.8—2.1 cm respectively in upper pair

from acroscopic margin; nerves 5—7 pairs; petiole 4 mm, racliis 13 mm, petiolules 1 mm, all short Bracts hairy. Rachis of inflorescence 3—4 mm, densely pubescent. 1 mm, very

Bracteoles inserted and mm above the base small, hairy, glabrescent. 2 mm, at 0.25 2 of

—6 0.8—1 the pedicel. Pedicels 4 mm, patently short-hairy. Receptacle mm deep. Sepals

in 4—5. 2-5 —3-5 111111 long, anthesis reflexed but the distal part curving up again; with

rather hairs. Petals Stamens anthers long very narrow, 2 by 0.3 mm. 3 —5 mm; 0.5 mm

long, connective cleft at base, ± apiculate. Ovary densely, patently long-hairy, inside inserted the hairy; stipe I mm, not quite in middle ofthe receptacle but a little bit higher

on the wall; style 3 —3.5 mm, glabrous, not in line with the dorsal side of the ovary, but

aslant, away from the centre of the flower. Pod deeply rugose (fig. id), short patent-hairy, distal beak-like the part and pointing aslant. Distribution: Ceylon, India (Bengal, Sundribuns), Andaman Is., Burma (near Rangoon,

Tenasserim), Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula (Kedah, Setul, Kuala Lumpur, Malac-

ca), Java, Philippines (Panay, Tablas, Mindanao), Micronesia, Marianas(Guam), Australia

(N. Queensland).

littoral or the but also found in the Ecology: Mangrove swamps, scrub; on near beach, hills up to 500 m. in Notes. For no obvious reason C. iripa was considered the past as a variety of C.

ramiflora. It is, however, in many respects quite different and is by no means its closest the ally. The hairs lining the inside of ovary (a feature it shares with C. mirabilis), the not

the of the totally reflexed sepals, and shape its pod, are unique characteristics in genus. should It be noted that C. ramiflora does not occur in Australia; all records were listed

under the name C. ramiflora L. var. bijuga Bth. by Bentham and subsequent authors, and

from the — though this name is based on C. bijuga Span, Lesser Sunda Islands which is C.

ramiflora — the Australian material belongs to C. iripa. Bentham's description, though not the fits well. he mentioning more decisive characters, C. iripa Furthermore, wrote:

'widely spread over E. India and the Archipelago, most frequently with 2 pairs of leaves and (recte leaflets!) in Ceylon the Archipelago, with 1 pair only on the continent ofIndia, but be the two can scarcely distinguished, even as varieties'. This statement agrees with the

distribution of C. ramiflora, but does not fit that of C. iripa which is not widely spread in

the Malesian Archipelago. Also, C. iripa never has i-jugate leaves. Bailey (I.e.) of course followedBentham and added that the habitatof C. ramiflora var. bijuga is the mangroves of

the tropical beach. Domin (I.e.) provided a good survey ofAustralian literature concerning

C. iripa (under the name C. ramiflora var. bijuga).

Bull. — 9. Cynometra glomerulata Gagnep., Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 24 (1952) 317. Lectotype: J. & M. S. Clemens 362s (holotype in P, isotypes in K, NY). leaflets of lower Small tree. Leaves 2-jugate; (ob)ovate-oblong to oblong, pair 2.5—3 by 1—1.1 cm, of upper pair 5.5 —10 by 2—3.5 cm, apex acuminate-cuspidate, tip obtuse; midrib in lower and 8 —16 and upper pair at 3—4 mm from acroscopic margin respecti- rachis vely; nerves 7 and 10 pairs respectively; petiole 2 —3 mm, 1—1.5 cm, glabrous. Racemes rachis small; 0.5—1 cm, virtually glabrous. Bracts 2.5 by 1.5 mm, ciliate, gla- brescent. Bracteoles above base the unknown, their scars at 0.5 and 1 mm the of pedicel.

Pedicels 7 mm, laxly pubescent. Receptacle proportionally deep, 1 mm. Sepals 4 (? 5).

Petals Stamens 3 mm long, glabrous. 1—2.2$ mm long. 8, 5 mm; anthers 0.8 mm long, M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacifc Cynometreac 23

connective cleft at base, apiculate. Ovary densely long hairy; stipe comparatively long' the 1.25 mm; style 3.5 mm, hairy, glabrescent near top. Young pod very rugose, mature

still but wrinkles rather flattened out pod 4.1 by 3.2 by 2 cm, thin-woody, wrinkled, immature been compared to those of the young pods. Also unwrinkled pods have found.

In all pods the surface is warty.

Distribution: Laos, Annam. Known from 3 collections only. Ecology: Near river.

8 Notes. This species is an exception within the genus in having instead of 10 stamens. establish whether this is However, more material will be necessary to an exceptional

occurrence within the species or not. stated that there found is the rule in the Gagnepain are 5 sepals; I only 4 as genus. Be- how- sides, according to him the sepals should be emarginate; in the isotype I examined, the ever, sepals are not emarginate, but their apex is blunt and rounded as is usual in the

genus.

10. Cynometra ramiflora Linne, [Act. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1741) 79] Sp. Pi. (1753) 382, Med. Pharm. Fl. excl. syn. Iripa Rheede; DC., Prod. 2 (1825) 509; Kostel., Allg. 4 (1835)

1341; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, I (1855) 78; Thw., En. Ceyl. Pl. (1859) 97; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. 2 ii Fl. Burma Baker (1873) 315, t. 315; Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 45, (1876) 289; 1 (1877) 415;

& in Hook./, Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 267; F.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 71; Koord. Val.,

& Bijdr.Booms. Java2 (1895) 51; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochin. 5 (1899) t. 389; K. Sch. Laut.,

Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 347; Harms, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 3 (1902) 188; Ind. Voorl. Schoolfl. Brandis, Trees (1906) 255; Back., Java (1908) 103; Merr., Phihp. Schoolfl. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 37; Back., Java (1911) 423; Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1,

1 (1912) fam. 128, 21; Koord., Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 363; Atlas Baumart. Java 1 (1913) t.

18; Merr., Int. Rumph. Herb. Amb. (1917) 254; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 1 (1922) 635; Merr.,

En. Handb. Fl. Bot. Philip. 2 (1923) 255; Aiston, Ceyl. Suppl. (1931) 93; Kaneh., Mag. Prod. Mal. Woods Tokyo 45 (1931) 283; Burk., Diet. Ec. Pen. (1935) 731; Record, Trop.

81 — & (1945) 19; Glassm., Bern. P. Bish. Mus. Bull. 209 (1952) 75. C. ramiflor a var. a W. Prod. A., (1834) 293. — C. ramiflora ssp. genuina Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 198,

— Amb. 478; Ridl., Disp. Plants (1930) 284. T.: Cynomorium sylvestre Rumph., Herb. 1

(1741) t. 63. — Fig. 1 c. Anal. Ind. C. polyandra (;non Roxb.) Miq., Bot. i (1850) 11. Fl. Ind. C. bijuga Span. [Linnaea 15 (1841) 201, nom. tiud.] ex Miq., Bat. 1, 1 (1855) 78;

Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 45, ii (1876) 129, 289; Merr., En. Born. (1921) 295; En. Philip.

Fl. Siam. En. En. Phan. 2 (1923) 254; Craib, 1 (1928) 539; Masamune, Born. (1942) 340; Trans. Hosokawa, Nat. Hist. Soc. Form. 32 (1942) 14; Glassm., Bern. P. Bish. Mus. Bull.

— C. Fl. Austr. 209 (1952) 75. ramiflora var. bijuga Bth., 2 (1864) 296, pro nomen.-C. ii ramiflora ssp. bijuga Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, (1897) 198, 478, p.p.; Back. & Bakh. f.,

Fl. — Java I (1963) 526. T.: an unpublished drawing no 6 of Spanoghe (in L).

C. En. Pi. Baker in Hook, ramiflora var. heterophylla Thw., Ceyl. (1859) 97; f., Fl. Br.

Ind. — C. 2 (1878) 267. ramiflora ssp. bijuga var. heterophylla Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66,

ii — T.: Gardner Caltuna (1897) 198, 478. s.n., Ceylon, Trincomalec, Dist. (holotype in PDA?, n.v.).

Trachylobium verrucosumi (non Gaertn.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 7 (1886) 457. schumanniana Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. C. Harms, 3 (1902) 186; in K. Sch. & Laut., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1905) 275. — T.: Hollrung 736 (holotype f, isotypes in BO, L).

C. Leafl. 8 — whitfordii Elm., Philip. Bot. (1915) 2734. T.: Elmer 13463 (holotype f, BLUMEA No. 24 VOL. XVIII, I, 1970

isotypes in A, BO, E, G, GH, K, L, US, Z, the isotype in NY is wrongly numbered 1364S).

carolinensis Fl. f. C. Kaneh., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 455; Micron. (1933) 133, 45;

En. Micron. Pi. — T.: Kanehira in in (1935) 330. $10 (holotype ?, ti.v., isotype NY). carolinensis Pi. nud. C. var. glabrescens Kaneh., En. Micron. (1935) 330, nom. — T.:

Kanehira 1915 (holotype in TAI). hosinoi C. Kaneh., En. Micron. Pi. (1935) 330. — T.: Kanehira 2140 {holotype in TAI, isotype in US). neo-caledonica C. Guillaumin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 83 (1936) 307; Fl. Anal. Nouv. Calci

(1948) 156. — Lcctotype: Balansa 3662 (holotype in P, isotypes in A, L).

—26 if Tree, 4 m. Leaves I- or i- and 2-jugate, more seldom 2-jugate only; 2-jugate, leaflets of lower usually smaller than those of but sometimes both pair upper pair, pairs those of equal, the lower pair 1,2—6.5 by 0.5 —3.5 cm, (ob)ovate, elliptic, orbicular, thoseof (ob)ovate-oblong, or oblong, upper pair 4.5 —20 by 2.5 —7 cm, (ob)ovate-oblong ovate-lanceolate of lower of to oblong, (ob) or lanceolate; apex leaflets acute, upper

leaflets acute but more often acuminate (tip can be emarginate); margin flat; midrib at

lower 2.5—13 mm from acroscopic margin in pair, at 13—30 mm in upper pair; nerves

and 8—16 rachis both sometimes 4—7 pairs respectively; petiole 3 —15 mm, 15 —40 mm, patent-hairy and then sometimes glabrescent, usually glabrous; petiolules indistinct.

of inflorescence Rachis 13—25 mm, densely hairy and glabrescent, or glabrous. Bracts

I—11 mm long, appressed-hairy, usually glabrescent, sometimes glabrous. Bracteoles

3 —4 mm long, inserted at or near the base of the pedicel. Pedicels 7—15 mm, densely

patent-hairy or pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, or glabrous. Receptacle c. 1—1.25 mm

—6 with few hairs the sometimes hairedall deep. Sepals 4 mm long, usually a near tip, over, sometimes Petals glabrous. 5 —8 mm long, lanceolate, sometimes with a small mucro.

Stamens anthers 0.8—1 io (once li, once 13, once 15); comparatively small, orbicular, mm

connective cleft often long, at base, not or very slightly apiculate. Ovary densely, curly

i inserted a little offthe of the with hairy; stipe mm, centre receptacle; style 4 —5.5 mm, few hairs Ovules sometimes Pod a up to halfway. 2. ovate or elliptic, the tip pointing up short (fig. i c), thick-woody, deeply rugose, patent-hairy, glabrescent, 2.2—5 by 1.3—4

0.8 by —1.5 cm.

Distribution: From India throughout SE. Asia and Malesia to the Pacific, not in Australia

(see note under C. iripa).

of the Ecology: Characteristic constituent back-mangrove forest. Its dispersal is by way of its easily floating pod. The layers of fiber in the pericarp, radiating from its centre, Also found contain numerous little air pockets. inland, up to 400 m.

the brown Uses: According to Heyne (Nutt. Pi. 1927, 726) dark timber is heavy and hard but in not very durable and only available small quantity. The Notes. species is rather variable, and this variability caused some confusion in the with of the past, especially C. iripa. Most the synonyms were based on differences in number and size of leaflets, characters of minor importance and, moreover, never con- sistent. C. iripa was included in C. ramiflora with the varietalepithet ‘mimosoides’ in various combinations. It is, however, entirely different from C. ramiflora; the only character they

_ share is a deeply rugose pod, but even the shape of the pod is different. all Australian specimens ascribed to C. ramiflora as var. bijuga belong to C. iripa.

Kanehira based two new species and a variety on specimens from the Caroline Is. It is that the size of the leaflets in somewhat true is, on the average, the Carolines smaller than in viz. and Indo-Malesia, 4.5 —11 by 1.8—4.5 cm 8 —20 by 3.2—7 cm, respectively. Furthermore, specimens from the Caroline Is. tend to be more hairy than M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwbn: The InJo-Malesian and Pacific Cynomelreae 25

those from elsewhere. However, none of these tendencies justifies the distinction of a species restricted to the Carolines.

Harms based C. schumanniana on differences in the numberof flowers in the raceme and in the length of the petiole. In these respects the type specimen falls well within the range of variation. The same holds for C. neo-caledonica Guillaumin.

It is possible that C. brachymischa Harms, described from New Guinea, must be referred to C. ramiflora. See under Doubtful species.

— C. ioa. var. bifoliolata (Merr.) van Meeuwen, comb. nou. i bifoliolata Merr., Philip. J.

Sc. 12 (1917) Bot. 272; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 254. — T.: Barros FB 24211 (holotype f» isotypes in K, US).

Petiolules distinct, J—8 mm.

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon: Cagayan Prov.; Mindanao: Agusan and Davao Prov.).

Three collections seen.

Ecology: On river banks, at low altitude.

mirabills — FB 11. Cynometra van Meeuwen, sp. nov. T.: Miranda 20528(holotype in

— b. L, isotypes in BO, UC, US). Fig. I Arbor glabra, 10—20 m alta. Folia i —2-jugata, paria sub-aequalia; foliolaovata, ovato- ad vel oblonga, obovata, obovato-oblonga elliptica oblonga, 6.5 —10 cm longa, 3—5 cm lata, apice acuminata, interdum paullo cmarginata; costa 1.1—2 cm a margine acroscopo

nervi 6 rhachis Rhachis remota; —7 paria; petiolus 0.5—1 cm; (si 2-pinnata) 4.5 —7 cm. inflorescentiae 10 mm, glaber vel pilis paucis munitus. Bracteae 1—11 mm longae, Bracteolae ad glabrescentes. parvae, angustae, 1—4 mm longae, plerumque pedicelli basin dimidiam Pedicelli insertae, interdum una eorum ad insidens. 18—26 mm (in alabastro multo breviores), glabrescentes. Receptaculum excavatum, 1—1.5 mm altum.

Sepala 5—6 mm longa, glabra. Petala 7 mm longa. Stamina interdum pilis paucis munita; connectivum solum basi non fissum, apiculatum. Ovarium toto lanatum vel pilis paucis ovarii intus munitum; paries pilis appressis crispis lineatus; stipes c. i mm, per totam

ad lateralem c. vel longitudinem parietum receptaculi adnatus; stylus 5.5 mm, glaber immaturum mihi solum apice excepto pilosus. Legumen notum, planum, laeve, 3 X 1.7 x

0.2 cm.

lower of Glabrous tree, 10—20 m. Leaves I—2-jugate, upper and pair largely the same leaflets size; (ob)ovate, (ob) ovate-oblong to elliptic or oblong, 6.5 —10 by 3 —5 cm, apex acuminate, sometimes slightly emarginate; midrib at 1.1—2 cm from acroscopic margin; nerves rachis cm. Rachis ofinflorescen- 6—7 pairs; petiole 0.5 —1 cm, (if2-pinnate) 4.5—7

or with a few hairs. Bracteoles ce io mm, glabrous Bracts I—n mm, glabrescent. small,

of 18 narrow, I—4 mm, usually both at base pedicel, sometimes one halfway. Pedicels

—26 mm (in bud much shorter!), glabrescent. Receptacle 1—1.5 mm deep. Sepals 5—6 Petals few mm long, glabrous. 7 mm long. Stamens occasionally with a hairs; connective

cleft inside not at base, apiculate. Ovary woolly hairy or only with a few hairs; ovary wall linedwith curly appressed hairs; stipe c. I mm, over its entire length on oneside laterally

with the wall of the or merged receptacle (fig. ib); style c. 5.5 mm, glabrous hairy except the Pod near tip. only known immature, then flat, smooth, 3 by 1.7 by 0,2 cm.

Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao: Butuan, Surigao Prov.; Sulu Is.: Tawitawi), N. Borneo (Bettotan, Sandakan, Kinabatangan R., Banggi I.).

the seashore or m. Ecology: Near along rivers, o—150

Note. FB both identifiedand Miranda FB 20528 (type) and Rafael & Ponce 20504 were cited Merrill C. by (En. Philip. 2, 1923, 254) as bijuga var. mimosoides (Baker) Merr., which 26 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. i, 1970

Kostel. mirabilis shares a few characters with others the is C. iripa C. C. iripa, among lining inside of the wall but otherwise of the ovary with hairs, they are quite different.

insularis Arb. 166. 12. Cynometra A. C. Smith, Sargentia I (1942) 38; J. Arn. 31 (1950)

— T.: Degener 15491 (holotype in A, isotypes in L, MICH, NY, US). leaflets Tree, up to 25 m. Leaves 2-jugate; ovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong to oblong,

in the narrow halfof the leaflet greatest width near the apex, in the broader half greatest

—16 obtuse width near the base or halfway, rarely obovate, 5 by 2.3—7 cm, apex (tip

midrib mm from the emarginate); at 7—23 acroscopic margin; nerves 6—9 pairs, scarcely visible because of the thick leaf-texture, Rachis °f glabrous; petiole 11—23 mm, glabrous. inflorescence 7—20 mm, densely long-hairy, sometimes glabrescent. Bracts 7—9 mm the median ciliate. Bracteoles long, long-hairy, especially densely so on part, 3—4 mm the the long, inserted at base of pedicel. Pedicels 8—10 mm, patently long-hairy, some-

times slightly glabrescent. Receptacle 0.8—1 mm deep. Sepals 4-(—5, once noted), 4 mm filaments anthers long. Petals 9 mm. Stamens 10—12 mm; glabrous or with a few hairs;

1.5 mm long, connective cleft at base, apiculate. Ovary densely pubescent and with scattered Pod long hairs; stipe 0.5—1 mm; style 5 —6 mm, glabrous. 4—5 by 3—3.5 by surface 2—2.5 cm, sometimes slightly knobbly, rough. Distribution: Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni).

Ecology: In forests, 50—500 m.

Note. Distinctly allied with C. falcata but not conspecific.

13. Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray, Bot., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. i (1854) 473;

Novis. Pl. F.-Vill., App. (1880) 71; Vidal, Rev. Vase. Filip. (1886) 118; Merr., Philip. J.

Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 63; ibid. 5(1910) Bot. 36; Sp.Blanc. (1918) 169; En. Philip. 2 (1923)254.

— T.: Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped., Luzon, Los Bafios (holotype not located in GH and US;

in — paratype Cuming 1297 seen BM, K). Fig. I a. Schotia Fl. ibid. ed. speciosa (non Jacq.) Blanco, Filip. (1837) 356; ibid. ed. 2 (1845) 251;

3, 2 (1878) 100. lower of leaflets much smaller than the Tree, up to 20 m. Leaves 2-jugate; pair upper

the lower the ones, pair being (ob)ovate or elliptic, 4 —8.5 by 1.8—5 cm, upper pair all (ob)ovate-oblong or oblong, 11—20 by 4—8 cm, coriaceous, margin slightly recurved,

glabrous; apex obtuse, tip sometimes emarginate; midrib in the smaller leaflets at 7—9

mm, in the larger ones at 8—30 mm from acroscopic margin; nerves 6 and 9—10 pairs

6— respectively; petiole 15 mm, rachis 2.5 —5.5 cm. Rachis of inflorescence 10—12 mm,

Bracts Bracteoles densely pubescent. 4 —5 mm, very densely hairy. 1.5—2 mm, inserted

at and mm the Pedicels 0.2—0.25 0.75 on pedicel. 10—17 mm, pubescent. Receptacle c.

i—1.5 mm deep, the stipe centrally attached (fig. 1 a). Sepals 4 mm long, laxly pubescent.

Petals mm Stamens anthers connective cleft 4 long. 6— 7 mm; 0.8 mm long, at base, very inconspicuously apiculate. Ovary densely pubescent and with scattered longer hairs;

with few hairs. Pod with a stipe i.j mm; style 4 mm, a flat, 4—4.5 by 2—2.5 by 0.7 cm,

rough surface, but not rugose.

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Negros).

Ecology: Forests at low and medium altitudes.

Notes. This species is closely allied to C. ramiflora L. but easily separated from it, as can be observed from the key.

It is endemic in the Philippines. However, since 1878 this species has been erroneously the reported to occur in SE. Malay Peninsula. This was caused by a wrong identification made Baker by (in Hook. /, Fl. Br. Ind. 2, 1878, 267), an error perpetuated until the M. Knaap-van Meeuwen: S. The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cyr.ometreae 27

revision. The which Baker in revision present specimens to referred are this distinguished This related as a new species, C. malaccensis. is not closely to C. inaequifolia.

Hosokawa (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Form. 32,1942,16) stated that C. inaequifolia occurred the variable has hi the Carolines. His specimens belong to C. ramiflora, though it a slightly

smooth pod. This is, however, the only character that points towards C. inaequifolia; the in C. leaf texture, etc., are just the same as ramiflora. Ridley (Kew Bull. 1938, 279) erroneously recorded C. inaequifolia from Borneo by

reducing C. elmeri to it.

minutiflora — 14. Cynometra F. v. M., Austr. J. Pharm. (April 1886) 123. T.: Chalmers SE. New Guinea in s.n., (holotype MEL). Branchlets thin. leaflets of lower smaller than Tree or shrub, 3 m. Leaves 2-jugate; pair

the 1.8—2 the latter those of upper pair, former by 0.7—0.9 cm, 3.5—4.5 by 1.1—1.9 cm,

(ob)ovate-oblong or oblong, acumen acute or spathulate, at the tip broad-emarginate, and midrib the small leaflets the from mucronate; in at 3 —4 mm, in larger ones at 7 mm

the acroscopic margin; nerves 5 and 7 pairs respectively; petiole 2 mm, rachis 12 mm, both short of patent-hairy. Rachis inflorescence 2—3 mm. Bracts minute, almost ovate,

glabrous (sec. F. v. M.). Bracteoles unknown, but their scars visible just above the base of the number pedicels. Pedicels 2 mm, short-pubescent. Receptacle minute. Sepals exact un- Petals unknown. anthers known, 2 by 1.5 mm, with a few hairs. Stamens io, 2—4 mm;

connective cleft 0.5 mm, at base, hardly apiculate. Ovary very shortly stipitate, glabrous or

with Pod 8 i or 2 hairs; style 2 mm, glabrous. small, by 7 by 4 mm, rough and somewhat

knobbly, on a 2 mm long stipe.

Distribution: New Guinea. Three collections.

—600 Ecology: Forests, 300 m. This known from Note. very rare species is only to me the type sheet and two other due the specimens. The absence of the petals is probably to advanced state of anthesis of It is in the flowers. the most delicate representative of the genus the Old World.

U.S. 15. Cynometra falcata A. Gray, Bot., in Wilkes, Expl. Exped. 1 (1854) 472; Fl. Seem., Vit. (1865) 71; Home, A Year in Fiji (1880) 260; A. C. Smith, Sargentia I Ark (1942) 38; J. Am. 31 (1950) 165. — T.: Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped., Mba, Viti Levu (holotype in US).

leaflets 6—8 base Tree, 4 m. Leaves i-jugate; falcate-ovate-oblong, by 2—3cm; obtuse,

acute or cuneate; midrib curved, at 8—12 mm from the acroscopic margin: nerves c. 8 leaf pairs, hardly visible; texture not particularly thick; petiole 3 mm, petiolules 1—2

both rachis mm mm, glabrous. Inflorescence small; 4—5 mm, short-puberulous. Bracts 3

long, puberulous. Bracteoles unknown, narrow scars near the base of the pedicel. Pedicels

unknown. From the ofthe 4—5 mm, puberulous. Sepals, petals, stamens etc. scars stamens

one can deduce that there are not more than 10. Ovary patently short-hairy, sessile; style the 1.5 mm, glabrescent near tip. Distribution: Fiji (Viti Levu: Mba; Vanua Levu: Mathuata). Known from three col- lections only.

Note. Known only from the type and from sterile collections made by Home, in 1877—

1878, and by A. C. Smith in 1947. It is allied to, but well distinct from C. insularis, the only other Cynometra of Fiji.

craibii i6. Cynometra Gagnep., Not. Syst. 2 (1912) 235; Fl. Gén. I.-C. 2 (1913) 151;

Fl. Siam. — T.: Harmand Craib, En. 1 (1928) 539. 36 (holotype in P, n.v., isotypes in BO, E,K). BLUMEA VOL. No. 28 XVIII, I, 1970

leaflets Tree, 20—25 m. Leaves i-jugate; (ob)ovate-oblong or oblong to falciform, and midrib from the 4.5 —6.5 by 1.7—3 cm, apex acute cuspidate-acuminate; at 5 —9 mm

—6 Racemes acroscopic margin; nerves 5 —9 pairs; petiole 5 mm, pubescent or glabrous.

1 (rarely 2, twice observed) in a leaf-axil; rachis 1—4 mm, glabrous. Bracts broader than ciliate. Bracteoles long, 1.5 by 2 mm, 1 mm long, glabrous, one inserted at 1 mm above the base ofthe pedicel, the other at its base. Pedicels 3 mm, glabrous. Receptacle c. 1 mm. anthers Sepals 2.5 mm long, glabrous. Petals 2.5 mm long. Stamens 2—2.5 mm long;

connective 0.8 mm long, cleft at base, apiculate. Ovary glabrous; stipe 0.25 mm; style

Pod observed in sterile unknown. 5 by 3.2 by 0.2 cm, pericarp paperthin (once a pod).

Distribution: Thailand, Laos. Three collections seen.

Notes. Kerr and have flowers which and 8417 8417A are thickened distorted by gall insects.

Gagnepain stated that this species is related to 'C. travancorica but differs from it by, other its C. amongst things, glabrous ovary. travancorica, however, also has a glabrous concluded from the the ovary. As far as can be scant material, major difference between the two lies the structure and of the species in appearance pod.

Arb. — 17- Cynometra novoguineensis Merr. & Perry, J. Arn. 23 (1942) 397. T.: bb 25712 (holotype in A, isotypes in BO, L).

leaflets or sometimes lanceolate, Tree, 19 m. Leaves i-jugate; (ob) ovate-oblong oblong,

1 leaflets midrib from the ± falcate, 4—7 by —3 cm; not very asymmetric; at I—1.4 cm leaflets acroscopic margin; glabrous, very inconspicuously veined, apex acuminate, tip Rachis of inflorescence less than with few emarginate; petiole 4—6 mm. 4 mm, very flowers. Bracts 1 mm. Bracteoles unknown. Pedicel 4—5 mm, glabrous. Receptacle minute. Sepals 5, 2 mm long. Petals 1 mm long. Stamens 2 mm long; connective cleft,

the ± apiculate. Ovary glabrous or laxly hairy at top; style 2 mm; stipe very short; once found the Pod with a few hairs lining ovary cavity. unknown. col- Distribution: New Guinea (Hollandia, Bernhard Camp). Known from the type lection which is in flower and an additional sterile collection (bb 25713).

Ecology: Swampy locality at 50 m.

Note. See the discussion concerning its relationship with C. travancorica, C. warburgii, and

C. elmeri under the latter species.

Berl.-Dahl. i8. Cynometra warburgii Harms, Notizbl. 3 (1902) 187; Merr., En Philip.

— in B 2 (1923) 255. Lectotype: Warburg 12427 (holotype f, no isotypes seen). leaflets Tree, io m. Leaves i-jugate; (ob)ovate-oblong, oblong, or lanceolate, 3.2—6.5 from by 0.8—2.7 cm, glabrous; apex obtuse (tip not emarginate); midrib at 3 —11 mm the Rachis ofinflorescence —6 acroscopic margin; nerves 7 pairs; petiole 2—4 mm. 5 mm, the ciliate. Bracteoles their glabrous. Bracts 3 by 2 mm, glabrous on back, unknown, scars visible the above base. Pedicels Receptacle minute. on pedicel just its 3—4 mm, glabrous. Petals Stamens anthers Sepals 3.5 mm long. 4.5 mm long. 5 —6 mm long; 0.8 mm, con- cleft inserted nective at base, not apiculate. Ovary glabrous, obliquely in the receptacle;

Pod stipe 0.8 mm; style 3.5 mm. unknown. from collections Distribution: Philippines (Luzon: Prov. of Ilocos Norte). Known 2 from the only, apart type. In forests low and medium altitudes. Ecology: chiefly near streams, at of the with the Note. See the discussion relationship species C. travancorica, C. novo- guineensis, and C. elmeri under the latter species. S. M. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 29

Cynometra travancorica Beddome, Fl. Sylv. 2 (1873) t. Baker in Hook. f. 19- 316, 316; , Ind. Fl. Madras Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 267; Brandis, Trees (1906) 255; Gamble, Pres. 3 (1919)

— Beddome in 413. Lectotype: 2542, Tinnevelly Ghats (holotype CAL, n.v., isotype in BM). leaflets often Tall tree. Leaves i-jugate; falciform, (ob) ovate-oblong, oblong, or (ob-)

—2.8 obtuse lanceolate, 3.5 —8.5 by 1 cm; apex acute to ± acuminate, tip or emarginate; midrib the at 8—11 mm from acroscopic margin; nerves 6 —8 pairs; leaflets glabrous,

—6 of inflorescence concolorous, lower surface reticulate-veined; petiole 4 mm. Rachis

6 Bracts and ciliate. Bracteoles mm up to mm, ± puberulous. I—3 mm, puberulous 2 with the of long, very narrow (0.2 mm), only a few hairs at the tip, inserted near base the mentioned pedicel. Pedicels 2—4.5 mm, glabrous. Receptacle 0.25 mm deep. Sepals 4 (5

Petals mm anthers 0.8 mm by Beddome), 3 mm long, glabrous. 4 long. Stamens: long,

cleft 0.8 connective at base, very slightly apiculate. Ovary glabrous; stipe mm; style I mm.

Pod flat (also when mature and fertile ?), 2—2.2 by 1.1 by 0.1—0.2 cm, the inner suture thickened. nearly straight, the outer one widely curved; edges ±

Distribution: India (W. Ghats, S. Travancore, Tinnevelly, Tambacheri Ghats, Wynaad;

largely according to literature).

Ecology: At 700—1000 m.

The sheet ofBeddome from has a few leaves with or two Notes. 302 Travancore one leaflets the these supernumerary minute on petiole; are c. 2—4 mm long, are not always and for another of leaflets present, early caducous, hardly seem to account pair as they are The does show in the attached at different height. petiole not any difference texture at because all other height of their insertion as it should do if they were 'real' leaflets, in there from the of first of species is an abrupt transition petiole to rachis at insertion the pair leaflets.

The species is closely related to C. elmeri. See note under that species.

20. Cynometra elmeri Merr., PL Elm. Born. (1929) 98. — T.: Elmer21386, N. Borneo,

the number — Tawao (Merrill published incorrectly as 21368). Fig. 3.

C. inaequifolia (non A. Gray) Ridl., Kew Bull. (1938) 279; Masamune, En. Phan. Born.

(1942) 340 ('‘ianaequalifolia’). leaflets Tall tree, 10—25 m. Leaves i-jugate; (ob) ovate-oblong or oblong, ± falcate,

midrib 6 mm 3.5—15 by 1.3—4 cm, apex acuminate, tip blunt and emarginate; at —12

the —8 from acroscopic margin; nerves 5 —7 pairs, slender; petiole 4 mm. Infructescence:

and No of mm. rachis 4.5 cm, thick lignified. scars bracteoles visible. Pedicels (in fruit) 10

Pod pendulous, flat, but along the sutures slightly thickened, inner suture ± straight, outer beak the of the suture widely curved, with a small on inner suture side apex, 4 —6 by

2.5—3.5 by 0.7 cm, surface rough.

Distribution: North Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Rizal Prov., one collection).

Forest Ecology: near mangrove swamps, 50 —300 m. elmeri Indian Notes. C. belongs to a group of three Malesian and one species which

would at a first glance be supposed to be conspecific. They are

from Guinea. all guineensis New They are the more suspect by occupying separate ranges,

and known. More material lead future by being rare, by being inadequately may to a emendation of the present conclusion.

C. travancorica is only known from four collections, one in flower and three with with immature (?) fruit (possibly aborted or non-developed ovules). C. elmeri is only known from fruiting material which is quite abundantly available. BLUMEA VOL. No. 30 XVIII, l, 1970

A Fig. 3. Cynometra elmeri Merr., leaves and pod, nat. size (Wood SAN 4137).

C. of which the is I know from additional in warburgii, type lost, two collections, one

flower and one sterile, which I believe to have correctly identified.

C. novoguineensis is known only from the rather poor type (bb 25712), which is only in and from the sterile collection bb flower, 25713.

The of these four needs comment. keeping apart species some A slight character ofdistinction is foundin the tip of the leaflets: in C. travancorica it is acute-acuminate, in C. elmeri and C. novoguineensis it is acuminate, and in C. warburgii

it is obtuse.

The connective of the anthers is unfortunately only known in C. travancorica and C.

warburgii ; in the former it is apiculate, in the latter it is not. I found this a constant character in other species and hence it may be so in this case.

The length ofthe style does not show much variation within the species. This does not with the of and which show go parallel size the sepals petals also do not much variation within of for a species. The respective sizes these three flower parts are C. travancorica,

C. warburgii, and C. novoguineensis: style length 1, 3.5, and 2 mm; sepal length 3, 3.5, and

and these different somewhat different 2 mm; petal length 4, 4.5, 1 mm. Through ratios, flowers types of are shown by these three species.

A single interesting character of C. warburgii is that the stipe of its ovary is attached obliquely to the wall of the receptacle. In C. travancorica and C. novoguineensis the stipe is inserted centrally at the bottom of the receptacle. However, in C. ramiflora the place of attachment whereas may vary, in C. mirabilis it is perfectly constant. From this follows M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Maksian and Pacific Cynometreae 31

that stipe insertion is not always constant in all species and I have refrained from using it

in the key, leaving it for future checking.

A similar statement must be madeabout the size, shape, and surface of the pod. This is unknown in C. warburgii and C.1 novoguineensis. One sterile or immaturepod is known of

C. travancorica. Of(C. elmeri I had abundant mature pods on hand. Their shape is similar that to in C. travancorica, only differing slightly in degree oflignification, size, and colour.

But it is hard to tell the stage of maturity of the pod of C. travancorica and what further it before changes may undergo reaching full maturity.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

Bot. — T.: Schlechter Cynometra brachymischa Harms, Jahrb. 55 (1917) 46. 19772 (holotype in B f).

Branches slender, glabrous. —6 mm leaflets Leaves i-jugate, 4 petioled; inequilateral,

obliquely lanceolateto oblong-lanceolate, at base obliquely obtuse (basiscopically rounded), short at apex long-acuminate, glabrous, 14—25 by 4 —7 cm. Racemes very (‘büschelformig’), striate. Pedicels sessile, pauci- to multiflorous. Bracts broad, obtuse, scarious, very short.

Receptacle short, hairy. Sepals 4, Hairy, 5 —6 mm long, 'probably partly connate in an infundibuliformtube'. Petals 5, lanceolate, unguiculate, acute, membranous, not exserted. filiform Stamens 10, with glabrous filaments. Ovary small, sessile, hirsute; style elongate,

filiform, basally puberulous; stigma minute, not capitellate. (Translated from the Latin

type description).

Distribution: East New Guinea (Waria R. area, Herkules R.: Govidjoa).

Mountain Fl. Ecology: forest, 1300 m. June. remarked that his material he dared describe Notes. Harms though was scanty to it, distinct the finding it by 'i-jugate, very short-petioled leaves, large leaflets, and short,

fascicle-like racemes'. He was not certain about the partial connation of the sepals. details have been mentioned the Unfortunately many not in description. The with which it from the is C. the only species I can compare description ramiflora,

leaflets of which are also sometimes long-acuminate. But the mountain locality seems to exclude this known from admitted- identity. Basally connate sepals are not any Cynometra;

ly Harms himself doubtedthis observation, obviously made on immatureflowers. Or did solve he confuse this connate part with the receptacular tube? Topotype material must the problem.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

Bot. I 222 Cynometra densiflora Elm., Leafl. Philip. (1907) = Erythrophloeum dcnsiflorum (Elm.)

Merr. & Rolfe, Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1909) Bot. 267.

Mem. Cynometra pinnata Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 268; ed. Willd. (1793) 329; DC., Prod. 2 (1825) 509;

L4g. (1825) 458; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. I.-C. 2 (1913) 155 = Ormosia pinnata (Lour.) Merr., Lingn. Sc. J.

14 (1935) 12.

2. MANILTOA

Scheffi, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 20; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. I, 2 (1890) 337,

& Pfl. Nachtr. Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 407, 678, 680; Harms in E. P., Nat. Fam. 1 (1897) 193;

3 (1902) 189; Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 47; Funke, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 40 (1929) 45, t. 11, t. f. Arb. 13, 5; White, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. 57 (1946) 23; A. C. Smith, J. Arn. 31 (1950)

Flow. Pi. — sect. Maniltoa Taubert & 166; Hutch., Gen. 1 (1964) 244. Cynometra in E. P.

Pfl. — Maniltoa Eumaniltoa Nat. Fam. 3, 3 (1892) 129. sect. Harms, series Paucijugae Harms, BLUMEA VOL. No. 32 XVIII, I, 1970

— — b. M. mariettae Fig. 4. Maniltoa. a. M. rosea (K. Sch.) van Meeuwen, habit, X 2/3. van Meeuwen,

X sectioned flower, X 4. — c. M. brassii Merr. & Perry, young pod, X 2/3; d. flower rachis, 2/3 (a. C. T.

White b. T. & Smith & d. Brass 10301, C. White, Dadswell L.S. 1661, c 3780). M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynomelreae 33

series Plurijugae Harms, sect. Polyandrosiphon Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 48—49. —

Type species: M. schefferi K. Sch. ■ — Fig. 4—6. Prod. Baker Hook. Fl. Cynometra sect. Pseudocynometra W. & A., (1834) 294; in /, Br.

Taubert — Ind. 2 (1878) 268; in E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 3 (1892) 129. Pseudocynometra

O. Kuntze in Post & Kuntze, Lexic. (1903) 464. — Maniltoa sect. Pseudocynometra Harms,

Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 48. — Type species: C. polyandra Roxb.

Sch. in & Wilh. Schizosiphon K. K. Sch. Hollr., Fl. Kais. Land (1889) 101, non Kiitz.

Ind. — 1843 ( Cyanoph .); Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. 1, 2 (1890) 678, 680. Schizoscyphus K.

& Sch. ex Taubert, Bot. Centralbl. 41 (1890) 265 ; in E. P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 3 (1892) 130;

Gen. Flow. Pi. — Hutch., 1 (1964) 238. Type species: S. rosea K. Sch.

Trees. Growth flush-wise, flushes developing from large buds. Buds covered by 2- ranked, brown, caducous bud-scales veined lengthwise (fig. 5a); new leaves developing in

white tassels. Leaves leaflets bright or pink i-pinnate, (i—)2—15-jugate; opposite, asym- and the midrib the metric acroscopic (fig. 5a, 6a); mostly glabrous. Stipules present in caducous after of the buds, very tender, immediately the unfolding bud, leaving no scar. Racemes axillary, sessile, globular, contracted, dense. Rachis usually sturdy (fig. 4d).

Bracts scale-like, veined lengthwise, lower ones broad-reniform, gradually becoming lanceolate ovate to halfway through the raceme (fig. 6b), mostly persistent, appressed- hairy, glabrescent or not. Bracteoles caducous, either linear, flat, small (not exceeding

5 mm), or larger (5—20 mm), obovate to spathulate, folded lengthwise with an apical of line of hairs down tuft hairs and usually a running the dorsal side. Receptacle either and then circumscissile the tube-like campanulate under ripening fruit (fig. 5h, i), or

(fig. 4b), containing the ovary, and then spathaceous-disrupting when the fruit ripens both under the fruit. (fig- 4c), in cases not present ripe Sepals 4 (rarely 5, in M. yokotai), reflexed anthesis. Petals all absent in M. imbricate, at 5 (very occasionally some or brassii), narrow, free (fig. 5b, c), glabrous. Disk absent. Stamens c. 15—8o, filaments often connate with few at base, sometimes a hairs; anthers medi-dorsifix, lengthwise introrsely dehis- often cleft below of cent, c. i—2 mm long, very the insertion the filament, mostly apicu- with sessile the late at apex (fig. 4b, jf). Ovary i(—2) ovules, glabrous inside, or stalked, Pod stipe central, in one species excentric. woody, flat to globular, indehiscent. Seed globular, cotyledons smooth, semi-globular.

Distribution: India and Asia SE. (i sp.), Malesia (Celebes I sp., Moluccas 2 spp., New

Guinea Australia and the Pacific Is. 10 spp.), (1 sp.), (Carolines 1 sp., Solomons 2 spp.,

Tonga i sp., Fiji 4 spp.). low Ecology: In primary forests at altitudes, o—50o( —1250 )m, often in swampy found localities, M. brassii even occasionally in the mangrove. The highest altitude is recorded for M. polyandra, up to 1300 m.

In New Guinean lowland forests Maniltoa seems always regularly represented though it is made for never gregarious. According to a summary, me by Mr W. Vink, in five forest the northcoastof surveys along West New Guinea, together covering an areaof c.

ha, Maniltoa was by —2.1 trees cm diameterbreast 50000 represented 0.5 over 35 height which unusual these mixed per hectare, is a not frequency in rain-forests.

of the and Uses: Because beautifully coloured young leaves flowers, and as flowering

Maniltoas esteemed ornamentals starts at a very young age, are in Java; cf. Bruggeman,

Indisch Tuinboek ed. 2 (1948) 205—206, col. fig. 195—196. Notes. be within the the with sessile Two groups may recognized genus: (i) group a the ovary enclosed by tubular receptacle (M. brassii, M. rosea, and M. mariettae) and (2) the with a stalked not the group ovary enveloped by receptacle. the latter is cluster of M. M. Among group a species (M. floribunda, minor, yokotai, and BLUMEA 34 VOL. XVIII, No. I, 1970

M. grandiflora) which are characterized by very small linear bracteoles, not exceeding these all the 5 mm; are confined to Pacific.

M. cynometroides from New Guinea is rather isolatedwithin Maniltoain having not such flowered and such densely racemes not a sturdy flower rachis as the other species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

and fruit the I. Ovary sessile, entirely or at least lower part enveloped by the tubular receptacle which

disrupts spathaceously as the ovary starts developing.

2. Leaves 2—5-jugate;leaflets glabrous, (ob)ovate-oblongto oblong, (ob)ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,

—6 7 —23 by 3 cm; rachis laxly pubescent, usually glabrescent. Receptacle 1.5—6 mm deep, funnel-

sometimes shaped, partially or entirely enclosing the ovary, with hairs inside. Pedicels sturdy, into 2—10 mm long, tapering the receptacle. Sepals 10—16 mm, glabrescent. Stamens connateat

base over 0.25—2 mm I. M. brassii

2. Leaflets hairy beneath. Receptacle cupular,entirely enclosing the ovary. Pedicels slender, 7—12 mm,

8—10 distinctly set off" from the receptacle. Sepals mm. Stamens connate at base over 1.5—3 mm.

3. Leaves 4—11-jugate; leaflets (ob)ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, laxly hairy beneath, often only

on the midrib, 2.2—13 by 0.7—2.7 cm; rachis hairy. Receptacle 9 —10 mm deep, glabrous on

rosea both faces. Sepals glabrous or with a few hairs 2. M.

3. Leaves 2—3-jugate, (ob)ovate, elliptic, (ob)ovate-oblong and oblong, lower surface laxly hairy,

rachis in- and outside 5 —10 by 2.5—4.5 cm; glabrous. Receptacle 4—5 mm deep, densely hairy. M. mariettae Sepals densely hairy 3.

1. Ovary and fruit stalked, not enclosed by the campanulate receptacle, the latter circumscissile.

Bracteoles and Pacific but also 4. very short narrow, not exceeding 5 mm, glabrous. Islands, compare

M. schefferi sub 4 second lead.

5. Leaves (2—)3(—4)-jugate, rachis 3.5—4 cm, leaflets 5 —10 by 3—6 cm. Pedicels, bracts, rachis of

and rachises of leaves with short hairs. inflorescence, ovary, young densely set thick, transparent,

Sepals 10—15 mm 4. M. floribunda

5. Pedicels etc. without such transparent hairs.

6. Leaves —6 2—6 Pedicels 1 —2-jugate, rachis 1.5 cm, leaflets 3.5—10.5 by cm. densely patent- M. hairy. Ovary densely vclutinous or long-hairy. Sepals 5.5 —13 mm 5. yokotai 6. Pedicels puberulous, glabrescent. Ovary puberulous, often glabrescent.

7. Leaves (1—)2—3(—4)-jugate, rachis 2—5 cm, leaflets 3 —8.5 by 1.5—5 cm. Sepals 9 —15 mm. 6. M. grandiflora

7. Leaves 1—2-jugate, rachis 1.3—2 cm, leaflets 2.5—4.5 by 1—3.5 cm. Sepals 5.5—7 mm.

7. M. minor

Bracteoles folded with tuft of hairs the and line 4. 3—20 mm, often lengthwise or spathulate, a at top a of hairs running down the dorsal side.

8. Leaves 2-jugate, rachis 1.2—2 cm; upper leaflets larger than the lower ones, upper 3.5—5 by

1.8— lower midrib at and 2 4 cm, 2—3 by 1—1.5 cm, obovate-cuneate, very excentric, 4 mm respectively from the acroscopic margin 8. M. cynometroides

8. Leaves but rachis not exlusively 2-jugate, predominantly 3- or more-jugate, 1.5—23 cm; upper

leaflets occasionally larger than the lower ones; not obovate-cuneate. Midrib from the 9. very excentric, 1—5 mm acroscopic margin. Leaves M. 10. 10—15-jugate. Pedicels 15—30 mm. Ovary densely long-hairy . 9. plurijuga hairs. 10. Leaves 2—3(—5)-jugate. Pedicels 5—15 mm. Ovary glabrous or with a few scattered

10. M. stcenisii

9. Midrib not so extreme, 6—25 mm from the acroscopic margin. base 11. Leaflets sessile, conspicuously auriculate on the basiscopic side. Filaments connate at

over 2—4 mm II. M. browneoides

11. Leaflets not sessile, notconspicuously auriculate. Filaments connateat base over 0.2—1 mm. of 12. Leaves 2—3-jugate; rachis puberulous or glabrous. Petiolules 2—3 mm. Tip the

leaflets obtuse. of the Stipe ovary 1—3 mm. the of 13. Leaflets glabrous, those of lower pair usually asymmetrically rhomboid, the the rhomboid in the broad two upper pairs (ob)ovate toelliptic; pair always with with the basiscopic half 2—4 lateral nerves runningparallel acroscopic margin, from the base the M. reaching up to near apex 12. psilogyne Leaflets Asiatic 13. hairy on the midrib beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong. mainland.

13. M. polyandra M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 35

Leaves 12. 2—5-jugate; rachis glabrous, petiolules 2—10 mm; leaflets acuminate to of the cuspidate. Stipe ovary 2.5—10 mm. —6 14. Leaves 4 —5(—7)-jugate; leaflets 4—10.5 by 2.3 cm, acuminate-cuspidate. Venation above faintly impressed, nerves beneath finely prominent. Stipe of the

—10 M. lenticellata ovary 5 mm 14. acuminate. Veins 14. Leaves 2—5-jugate;leaflets 7 —20by 3—10 cm, distinct,reticulate.

of the M. schefferi Stipe ovary 2.5—5 mm 15.

1. Maniltoabrassii Merr. & Perry, J. Arn. Arb. 23 (1942) 398. — T.: Brass 1428 (holo-

— d. type in A, isotype in K). Fig. 4 c & Shrub leaflets or tree, up to 10 m. Leaves 2—J-jugate; variable in shape, size, and leaf-texture according to their age and probably their place on the tree: 7—23 by 3—6 cm,

(ob)ovate-oblong, oblong, (ob)ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, tip leaf-rachis usually emarginate, sessile; petiole 0.5 —1.5 cm, 3 —21 cm, both laxly pubescent,

Bracts usually glabrescent. Rachis 2.5 —4 cm densely hairy, glabrescent (fig. 4d). 2.5 —3 »

cm, densely appressed-hairy. Bracteoles 9—15 mm. Pedicels 2 —10 mm, hairy, sturdy,

into the sometimes tapering receptacle. Receptacle funnel-shaped, 1.5—6 mm, inside lined when the with hairs, usually splitting lengthwise enclosed ovary starts developing

—16 Petals all (fig. 4c). Sepals 10 mm, glabrescent. i6—19 mm; not always present (even

in young buds). Stamens 2 sometimes with a single hair; filaments 15—24 mm, 3 —43 1 base connate at over 0.25—2 mm (fig. 4c); connective apiculate. Ovary densely appressed-

hairy, glabrescent, sessile, partially or entirely enclosed by the receptacle; style 14—22

mm. Mature pod 20—25 by 15 —18 by c. 10 mm.

Distribution: New Guinea. Known from 8 collections.

Ecology: Mangrove swamp or swamp forest, up to 100 m. Field Bark Wood cream-brown. notes: smooth, dirty grey-green.

— Sch. 2. Maniltoarosea (K. Sch.) van Meeuwen, nov. comb. Schizosiphon roseus K. in

& Kais. K. Sch. Hollr., Fl. Wilh. Land(1889) 101; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1890)

680. — Schizoscyphus roseus K. Sch. ex Taubert, Bot. Centralbl. 41 (1890) 265; Warb.,

& Pfl. Sch. & Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 331; Taubert in E. P., Nat. Fam. 3, 3 (1892) 130; K.

Fl. — B Laut., Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 347. T. : Hollrung 492 (holotype in f,

isotypes not inWRSL or LE) . Neotype: NGF 10226K. J. Whiter (K, BRI). — Fig. 4a & b.

M. urophylla Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 51, pro folia, excl. infl.; Kaneh., Bot. Mag.

Tokyo 56 (1942) 363 (' ulophylla’). — T.: Ledermann 8848 (holotype in B f, isotypes not in

WRSL and LE).

m. — leaflets ovate-lanceolate and Tree, 6—9 Leaves 4 1 i-jugate; sessile, (ob) lanceolate,

acute often or acuminate, emarginate, 2.2—13 by 0.7—2.7 cm, laxly hairy beneath, only the main leaf-rachis on nerves; petiole 5 —11 mm, hairy or puberulous; 3.5—17 cm,

Bracteoles 8 densely hairy. Rachis 2 cm. Bracts I—4 cm, sericeously hairy. mm. Pedicels

7—9 mm, hairy. Receptacle cupula-shaped, 9—10 mm deep, glabrous, splitting length- when wise ovary starts developing. Sepals 10 mm long, glabrous or with a few hairs.

Petals Stamens above the connate filaments 9 mm. 25 —35. receptacle over 1.5—3 mm;

22 mm; connective apiculate. Ovary sessile, completely enclosed by the receptacle; style

24 mm. Pod unknown. Distribution: New Guinea. Known from 5 collections. noted from Ecology: Once 70 m.

Notes. and rosea form a distinct this M. brassii, M. mariettae, M. group in genus. They sessile share a ovary completely or partially enclosed by a deep receptacle. After anthesis

the swelling ovary causes the receptacle to split; the location of this split is random. Earlier

35 BLUMEA VOL. No. XVIII, I, 1970 36

Maniltoa Fig. 5. floribunda A. C. Smith. a. Leaf bud, x 2/3; b. sectioned flower, X 2/3; c. petal

X 2/3; d. sepal, X 2/3; e. ovary, x 4; f. anthers, x 4; g. infructescence, x 2/3; h. very young pod, x 2; i. circumscissile A. C. A. C. very young pod with receptacle, x 2 (a. Smith 4502, b—f. Smith 4588, g—i. A. C. Smith 4627). M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Maksian and Pacific Cynometreae 37

authors assumed this a character of generic rank, butin my opinion itis only a consequence the absence the of of a stipe under ovary. the conclusion I reached about the conspecificity of M. urophylla with M. rosea by deduction from the descriptions rather than by actual comparison of the specimens. As be from the the of both have been lost can seen typification holotypes species and no isotypes could be located. Harms' description of the inflorescence of M. urophylla differs totally from that of but he this M. rosea; stated (literatim): 'racemi e ratnulo orti (?)'. From I conclude that the inflorescence Harms had available was not attached to his specimen. As Harms stated himself, he could find no difference between the leaves of M. urophylla and M. rosea.

Furthermore, I did not find any flowering specimen fitting his description of M. urophylla.

From these facts I deduce that the specimen Harms described was a sterile M. rosea with a loose inflorescence ofone ofthe more common Maniltoas like M. schefferi or M. browneoides.

3- Maniltoa mariettae van Meeuwen, no v. sp. — T.: C .T. White, Dadswell & Smith NGF i66i (holotype in BRI).

Arbor Folia — foliola parva. 2 3-J ugata; ovata, obovata, elliptica, ovato-oblonga,

vel obtusa vel — obovato-oblonga oblonga, acuminata, emarginata, 5—10 cm longa, 2.5

8 4.5 cm lata; pagina inferior laxe pilosa; Costa a margine acroscopo —12 mm remota;

6—12 rhachis petiolus mm; petioluli 2 mm, pilosi, glabrescentes ; 3—11 cm, glaber.

Rhachis inflorescentiae 2—2.5 cm, pilosus. Bracteae 2 cm longae, adpresse pilosae. Bracteo- lae ad eius basin insertae. Pedicelli 8 9—10 mm longae, pedicellam 2 mm supra —12 mm, dense sed flores pilosi, prope magis pilosi, graciles. Receptaculum cupuliforme, 4 —5 mm

utrinque, dense pilosum, longitudinaliter fissum cum ovario in legumen evoluto. Sepala

8 mm dense Petala 6—10 filamenta longa, pilosa. mm longa. Stamina: 8—15 mm, praeter connectivum receptaculum longitudine 2—2.5 mm connata; apiculatum. Ovarium omnino receptaculo inclusum, sessile, dense longe pilosum; stylus 12—15 mm, pilum

unicum munitus. Legumen (probabiliter immaturum) 2.7 cm longum, 1.8 cm latum,

16 0.5 cm crassum, rugosum, glabrum; pedicellus mm. Small tree. Leaves 2—3-jugate; leaflets (ob)ovate, elliptic, (ob)ovate-oblong, or oblong, obtuse midrib at distance of or acuminate, emarginate, 5 —10 by 2.5—4.5 cm; a 8—12 mm from the lower surface 6—12 acroscopic margin; laxly hairy; petiole mm, petiolules leaf-rachis Rachis 2 mm, glabrescent; 3—11 cm, glabrous. 2—2.5 cm, hairy. Bracts 2 cm, inserted the its appressed-hairy. Bracteoles 9—10 mm, on pedicel 2 mm above base.

Pedicels 8—12 mm, densely hairy, especially towards the flower, slender. Receptacle

both when the cupular, 4—5 mm, densely hairy at faces, splitting lengthwise ovary starts

mm. filaments developing. Sepals 8 mm, densely hairy. Petals 6—10 Stamens: 8—15 mm, the connate beyond receptacle over a length of 2—2.5 mm; connective apiculate. Ovary completely enclosed by the receptacle, sessile, densely long-hairy; style 12—15 mmwith an occasional hair. Pod (probably immature) 2.7 by 1.8 by 0.5 cm, rugose, glabrous; pedicel 16 mm. Distribution: from collections. New Guinea (Morobe Dist.: Yalu). Known 3

creeks rain-forest at low altitude. Ecology: Near or streams, on margin, very Note. little Named after my first-born daughter.

4. Maniltoa floribunda A. C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 31 (1950) 169. — T.: A. C. Smith

4588 (holotype in A, isotypes in BRI, L, S, U, US). — Fig. 5.

— — leaflets —6 Tree, up to 23 m. Leaves (2 )3( 4)-jugate; 5 —10 by 3 cm, (ob)ovate to

elliptic, apex somewhat acuminate or obtuse, tip emarginate; nerves 6—12 pairs; young BLUMEA VOL. No. XVIII, I, 1970 38

shoots short-hairy; adult parts glabrous; petiole 1.7—2 cm; leaf-rachis 3.5—4 cm. Rachis

— covered and somewhat hairs which also 2.5 4 cm, by short, thick, transparent occur on the leaf and often the pedicels, bracts, ovary, on young rachises, on sepals. Bracts 2—3.5 Bracteoles cm. 2—4 mm. Pedicels 15—30 mm. Sepals 10—15 mm. Petals 10—15 mm.

Stamens: fdaments 18—27 mm long; connective apiculate. Ovary 7-5—8-5 by 2.5—3.5

and with hairs when mm, puberulous some longer young; stipe c. 4 mm; style 13 —15 mm. Pod unknown.

Distribution: Polynesia: Fiji (Viti Levu, various localities).

Ecology: In forests, along streams, at 200—600 m.

Field notes: Leaf buds rich brown. Petals and filaments white, ovary pinkish.

Maniltoa 5. yokotai (Kaneh.) Hosokawa, J. Jap. Bot. 13 (1937) 277 ('yokotae’). - f. Cynometra yokotai Kaneh., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 454; Fl. Micron. (1933) 134,

— Kanehira 46; J. Dep. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 4 (1935) 330. T.: 1277 (holotypc in

FU ?, isotype in NY).

Arb. — Smith M. vestita A. C. Smith, J. Arn. 31 (1950) 170. T.: A. C. 6442 (holotype in A, isotypes in BRI, L, S, US).

Tree, 10—20 m. Leaves I —2-jugatc; leaflets (ob)ovate, elliptic, (ob)ovate-oblong, or

obtuse —6 midrib oblong, or acuminate, emarginate, 3.5 —10.5 by 2 cm; at 1.5—3 cm

from the acroscopic margin; nerves 6 pairs; petiole 4 —10 mm; petiolules 0.1—2 mm;

leaf-rachis —6 cm. Rachis 12 mm patent-hairy. Bracts i—2 densely short- 1.5 —35 > cm,

Bracteoles inserted the base of the Pedicels — hairy. 2 —3.5 mm, at pedicel. 10 25 mm, Petals patent-hairy. Receptacle 1—2 mm deep. Sepals 4—5, 5.5—13 mm, hairy. 7—12 with few filaments connective mm long. Stamens i6—25, occasionally a hairs; 9—15 mm; velutinous apiculate. Ovary or densely long-hairy; style 4—10 mm, glabrous or hairy up Pod to halfway; stipe 2—3 mm. 3.5—4.5 by 3 —3.5 by 1.5—2 cm. Distribution: Carolines (Truk, Tol) and Fiji (Vanua Levu, Ongea Levu). In all 8 col- lections.

Ecology: Forests, 150—1250 m.

Field notes: Flowers white.

consisted of three Notes. The Fijian specimens, until now attributed to M. vestita, the and collections: type {A. C. Smith 6442), a Home specimen (Home 922), an unnum- bered collection from the latter in condition. Bryan Jr., very poor The the know from specimens from Carolines I are five homogeneous collections.

Home's specimen is in perfect agreement with those from the Carolines, but the flowers

of Smith's specimens were somewhat larger than those from the Carolines and the ovary between and is more velutinous. I could not find differences in the leaves the Fijian Caroline plants, both being I—2-jugate, of the same size, and with the same type of col- venation and texture. As it does not seem reasonable to retain a species based on one

lection which shows a slightly larger flower and some difference in the hairiness of the

ovary, I have tentatively reduced M. vestita.

M. yokotai forms together with M. grandiflora, M. minor, and M. floribunda a distinct

Pacific Islands The four of them share short bracteoles not group. very exceeding 5 mm, while all Asiatic the Papuan and SE. species have as a rule much longer bracteoles.

Maniltoa 6. grandiflora (A. Gray) ScheflF., Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 1 (1876) 20, quoad nomen. excl. descriptio; &P.,Nat.Pfl. Fam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 194; Notizbl. Berl.- ,

Dahl. Bot. A. C. Arn. 3 (1902) 191; Jahrb. 55 (1917) 48; Smith, Sargentia 1 (1942) 36; J.

Arb. — 31 (1950) 167. Cynometra grandiflora A. Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Bot. 1 (1854) S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: M. The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 39

— in A. 47o. T.: Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped., Vanua Levu (lectotype US; Gray, I.e. fig. B).

Arb. — Smith M. brevipes A. C. Smith, J. Arn. 31 (1950) 168. T.: A. C. 66oo (holotype in A, isotypes in BISH, BRI, L, S, US).

Bull. f. — M. amicorum A. C. Smith, Bern. P. Bish. Mus. 220 (1959) 132, 11. T.: Yuncker 16168 (holotype in US, isotype in GH).

— — — leaflets Tree, 3 —20 m. Leaves (i )z 3( 4)-jugate; 3 —8.5 by 1.5—5 cm, (ob)ovate,

elliptic, (ob)ovate-oblong, or oblong, apex obtuse, sometimes slightly emarginate, nerves

6—9 pairs; petiole 1—5 mm, usually glabrous; rachis 2—5 cm. Rachis 7 —30 mm,

glabrescent, usually with hairs left at the base of the pedicels. Bracts to 3.5 cm, densely

Bracteoles Pedicels or hairy to glabrous. 1.5—5 mm. 11—23 mm, puberulous glabrous. Stamens: filaments Sepals 9—15 mm, glabrous. Petals 8—19 mm. not connate at base;

anthers slightly or clearly apiculate. Ovary puberulous, glabrescent to finally glabrous; Pod stipe 2 —3 mm; style 5 —10 mm, glabrous or hairy. obliquely ellipsoid, up to 5 by 5

by 2 cm.

Distribution: Polynesia: Fiji (VitiLevu, VanuaLevu, Wakaya, Koro, Taveuni, Kanathea, and and Solomon Is Ongea Levu), Tonga (Vava'u group Eua), (Robroy I.).

tidal creeks and m. Ecology: Along up to 500

Field notes: Flowers white.

all Notes: As can be observed from the description there exists variability in hairiness in

of the used Smith to differentiatebetween parts plant. A variability in sizes, by A. C. (1950)

M. grandiflora and M. brevipes, can be notedtoo. Both characters are insufficient to recog- The characters the nize any groups within this species. of M. amicorum knit three species

recognized by A. C. Smith even closer together.

A. Scheffer's introduction of a new genus Maniltoa based on Cynometra grandiflora Gray done The he be was correctly. New Guinean specimens which thought to conspecific

with the Fijian specimens ofCynometra grandiflora proved, however, to represent another Sch. species, M. schefferi, as pointed out by K. Schumann(in K. & Hollr., Fl. Kais. Willi.

Land, 1889, 101).

Maniltoa Arb. — 7- minor A. C. Smith, Sargentia I (1942) 37; J. Arn. 31 (1950) 169.

T.: A. C. Smith 1333 (holotype in GH, isotypes in A, BO, K, NY, UC, US).

Tree, c. 7—15 m. Leaves i —2-jugate; leaflets 2.5—4.5 by 1—3.5 cm, (ob)ovate or

—8 elliptic, emarginate; nerves 5 pairs; petiole 7 —11 mm; petiolules 1—3 mm; leaf- Bracts rachis 1.3—2 cm. Rachis I—2 cm, hairy, more sparsely so towards the apex. and ciliate. Bracteoles Pedicels 0.7—i cm, hairy 1—-2 mm. 10—17 mm, puberulous, with hairs. glabrescent. Sepals 5.5 —7 mm long, glabrous or a few Petals 5—7 mm long. filaments base Stamens: 7—8 mm, connate at over 0.25—I mm; connective apiculate.

Ovary by mm, nearly glabrous or densely puberulous; stipe 1 mm; style 5 —7 . 4—5 1.5 mm, glabrous or with a few hairs. Pod 7.5 by 5 by 1 cm.

Distribution: Polynesia: Fiji (Viti Levu, Ovalau, Moala, Matuku).

Field notes: One tree was recorded at 200 m. Smith noted his ofthe that has the Note. A. C. in description species it 5 sepals. In type specimen I found only 4, the usual number in the genus.

8. Maniltoa cynometroides Merr. & Perry, J. Arn. Arb. 23 (1942) 397. — T.: Brass 6go3 (holotype in A, isotypes in BM, BO, BRI, L). leaflets than lower Tree, 21—30 m. Leaves 2-jugatc, upper larger ones, upper ones lower both 3.5 —5 by 1.8—4 cm, ones 2 —3 by 1—1.5 cm, obovate-cuneate, obtuse, midrib the emarginate, very excentric, 2 and 4 mm respectively from acroscopic margin, BLUMEA 40 VOL. XVIII, No. i, 197 c

6—8 invisible visible nerves pairs, nearly above, barely beneath; petiole 7 —10 mm;

Rachis — leaf-rachis 12—20 mm. 4 li mm, densely puberulous, glabrescent. Bracts up to

Bracteoles —6 Pedicels i cm. 5 mm. 7—9 mm, densely puberulous, glabrescent. Sepals

5 mm long. Petals unknown. Stamens 25; filaments 3 mm, connate at base over 0.2 mm;

connective with apiculate. Ovary densely long-hairy; stipe 0.25 mm; style 3 mm, long

hairs. Pod I 2—2 —2 cm. 1.5—5 by - by 0.5 Moluccas Distribution: (Morotai, one coll.), Key Is (one coll.), New Guinea (various sterile coll. localities), and Polynesia: Fiji (Matuku, one Milne a. 1855).

Ecology: Rather common, o —ioo m, once at 530 m. Several times reported from pri-

forest soil. mary on sandy

Notes. have been collected in in The Many specimens fruit, but hardly any flower. of specific epithet is suggestive Cynometra and refers to the habit, but the flower characters of point clearly to Maniltoa. This is the only representative the genus widely ranging from the Moluccas eastward through New Guinea, and in Fiji. There are no recent collections

made in Fiji, but Milne's specimen, though sterile, can hardly be misinterpreted.

— Pr 9. Maniltoa plurijuga Merr. & Perry, J. Arn. Arb. 23 (1942) 398. T.: Brass

Versteegh 13539 (holotype in A, isotypes in BO, BRI, L). Tree (10—)25 —40 m. Leaves io—15-jugate, leaflets oblong to lanceolate, 2.5 —5.5 by

0.6 midrib from the —2 cm, very excentric, at 1—2.5 mm acroscopic margin, tip obliquely leaflets emarginate; sessile, base rounded to auriculate on the basiscopic side, usually

glabrous, sometimes along the midrib with a few hairs, nerves invisible on both sides;

leaf-rachis cm. both Rachis petiole 5 —11 mm, 8.5 —23 hairy. 3—4-5 cm, densely hairy. Bracteoles Pedicels rather Bracts 0.4—4 cm, densely silky. 7 mm. 1.5—3 cm, densely with few scattered hairs. Petals hairy. Receptacle 2—2.5 mm deep. Sepals 13—18 mm, a

Stamens free filaments 9—13 mm. 30 —32, to connate over 0.75 mm; 13—18 mm; rather connective apiculate. Ovary densely long hairy; style 5—7 mm; stipe 7 mm.

1.6 Immaturepod 15 by 9 by mm, with a few hairs left. Distribution: New Guinea (common).

Ecology: Primary forests, o—-650 m, at river-sides, on ridges, both on alluvial clay and limestone.

Field Bark wood brown heartwood notes: grey, brown, or black; sap pink, light to red;

orange-red to dark brown; sometimes buttressed. Trees often reach proportionally large

18 diameters, e.g. n m high by 45 cm0 at breast height, 12 m by 40 cm0, m by 44 cm

0, 23 m by 75 cm0,27 m by 90 cm0.

Maniltoa steenisii — T.: in 10. van Meeuwen, nov. sp. Hoogland 4581 (holotype BRI). Arbor vel mediocris. Folia foliola basi parva 2 —3(—4—5)-jugate; sessilia, lanceolata, auriculata latere interdum rotunda usque ad in abaxiali, apice oblique emarginata, obtusa,

nonnumquam mucronata, supra obscure viridia nitidula, subtus pallidius opaca, pilis dimidia solum paucis in marginis parte repertis exceptis glabra; nervi 3—4, conspicui in folii ad folii rhachis parte dilatata, praesertim paginam inferiorem; petiolus 5 —9 mm; flaccidis solum 1.5—4 cm, pilosa. Stipulae uno tempore cum foliis juvenilibus repertae,

13—17 mm longae, 2 —3 mm latae, cirro 10—17 mm longo terminatae, valde caducae,

cicatricibus destitutis. Gemma expansa mox cirrus tener 2 cm longus prolongatio folii

rhachis Rhachis Bracteae cm apparet. i—2.1 cm, dense pilosa. 0.2—2.2 longae, pilosae,

Bracteolae mm Pedicelli Pedicelli glabrescentes. 3—12 longae. (5—)9—15 mm. atque

receptacula laxe vel dense pilosi, interdum glabrescentes. Receptaculum 1—1.5 mm altum. Petala Sepala 7—10 mm longa, laxe pilosa pilis brevissimis vel longiusculis. 7—10 M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwfn: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cytiometreae 41

interdum — basi filamentis 8 mm mm longa, pilo unico terminata. Stamina 15 18, libera, longis, interdum pilis paucis munitis, connectivo apiculato. Ovarium 3 —5 mm longum,

vel 8— 2—2.5 mm diam., pauce pilosum glabrum; stipes 2—3 mm; stylus 14 mm, glaber.

cm non bene Legutnen 3- 2 longum, 2.3 cm latum, 0.8 cm crassum, probabiliter maturum. medium-sized d.b.h. Small to tree, 4—13 m high, s —11 cm Leaves 2—3(—4—5)- leaflets midrib jugate; lanceolate, 3.5—10 by 1.2—3.5 cm, very excentric, at 1.2—5 mm from the acroscopic margin, tip obliquely emarginate (sometimes obtuse or mucronate), base rounded to auriculate on the basiscopic side; leaflets sessile, dark green and ± glossy underneath the above, paler and dull, glabrous except for a few hairs along margin up to visible in the broader and halfway; nerves only part especially beneath, 3 —4 pairs; leaf-rachis petiole 5 —9 mm, 1.5—4 cm, both hairy; a 2 cm long filiform prolongation the of leaflets buds but caducous. beyond upper pair is present in unfolding is very early with the Stipules only found together young limp leaves, 13—17 by 2—3 mm, ending

a filiform Rachis 1 2 1 in acumen 10—17 mm long, very early caducous, leaving no scar. —- - Bracteoles Pedicels cm, densely hairy. Bracts 0.2—2.2 cm, glabrescent. 3—12 mm.

(5—)9—15 mm- Pedicel and receptacle laxly to densely hairy, sometimes glabrescent.

—10 short to rather Petals Receptacle I—1.5 deep. Sepals 7 mm, very long, laxly hairy.

7—10 mm, with an occasional hair at the tip. Stamens 15—18, not connate at the base; filaments 8 sometimes with a few connective mm, hairs; apiculate. Ovary. 3—5 by 2—2.5 with few hairs Pod mm, a or glabrous; stipe 2—3 mm, style 8—14 mm, glabrous. 3.2

0.8 by 2.3 by cm, probably not fully mature.

Distribution: West New Guinea (along Idenburg River) and East New Guinea:Northern

Div. (4 coll.), Central Div. (1 coll.), and Gulf Dist. (1 coll.).

Ecology: Rain-forest, at 30—100 m. Field notes: Bark grey-brown to brown, underbark green or red-brown. Sapwood

white to dark straw-coloured, heartwood brown. Flowers white to pink. Notizbl. II. Maniltoa browneoides Harms, Berl.-Dahl. 3 (1902) 190; Bot. Jahrb.

Bekn. Fl. fam. — 55 ( I9I 7) 49; Back., Java (em. ed.) 5 (1941) 118, p. 7 . Pseudocynometra

browneoides Deutsch. Monatsschr. — Forbes (Harms) O. Kuntze, Bot. 21 (1903) 173. T.:

1204a (holotype in B f, isotype in BM). — Fig. 6.

M. gemmipara Scheff. ex Back., Voorl. Schoolfl. Java (1908) 103; Funke, Arm. Jard. Bot.

f. & ed. Btzg 40 (1929) t. 11, t. 13, 5; Schimper v. Faber, Pflanzengeogr. 3, 1 (1935) 483.

f. f. — Sehen. Back. Bakh. Fl. 139, 484, 140. M. grandiflora [non (A. Gray) ] & ƒ, Java

— T.: culta I (1963) 526. Backer s.n., at Weltevreden (Djakarta) (holotype in L).

M. megalocephala Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 52, f. 2. — T.: Ledermann 7895, 787,7

(syntypes in B f, not present in LE, W, or WRSL).

Leaves variable in and Tree, 10—30 m. ( 2—)3(—4)-jugate, shape, size, texture according and their the leaflets auriculate to their age probably place on tree; sessile, conspicuously

the on basiscopic side, (ob)ovate, elliptic (ob)ovate-oblong, or oblong, 4.5 —20 by 3 —8

cm, apex mostly ± acuminate, tip usually obtuse and emarginate; petiole 1—2 cm,

rugose; leaf-rachis 5.5 —21 cm, puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules only found together

with the Rachis limp young leaves, 17—22 cm long, leaving no scar. 14—25 mm, puber-

—6 ulous or pubescent, glabrescent. Bracts 4 cm, sericeous, glabrescent. Bracteoles at and above base of Pedicels 3 mm pedicel, 13—19 mm. 16—34 mm, puberulous, glabrescent.

— 8 with few hairs the Receptacle 1.5—2.5 mm deep. Sepals 13 1 mm, sometimes a near

tip. Petals 11 —19 mm long. Stamens 6o—80, connate over 2 —4 mm; filaments 17—29

connective with few mm; apiculate. Ovary 15—3° nun, appressed-hairy or a hairs; stipe with occasional hair. Pod 3—4 mm; style 15—17 mm, an 2.2—2.5 by 1.2—1.3 by 1.1 cm, off above the probably not fully mature, breaking stipe. BLUMEA 42 VOL. XVIII, No. i, 1970

Fig. 6. Maniltoa browneoides Harms. a. Leaf, X 2/3; b. inflorescence, x 2/3 (a. & b. Kostermans 11058).

Distribution: New Guinea. Cultivated in Java, Kangean L, and N. Sumatra. Rather in rain in Ecology: common, forest, swampy localities, o—75 m, onceat 400 m.

Field notes: Flowers white, anthers brown. Bark not fissured, reddish to black. Buttresses

up to I m. The of browneoides based Notes. description M. by Harms is on Forbes 1204a from Java. This taken from the Garden was a cultivated specimen growing in Botanic at Bogor under the number from Forbes from I—i— 3 3 and raised seed or seedlings brought by New

Guinea.

Judging from Harms' description, based on two Ledermann collections which un- fortunately are lost, M. megalocephala is doubtless conspecific with M. browneoides. The the two species seem to differ in sizes only. Conspicuous differences in size of the found in other leaflets can be at various heights on a single tree, as can be observed collections.

of the of with white One 4 syntypes M. schefferi K. Sch.,: 'Teysmann, N. Guinea', flowers belongs to M. browneoides.

M. gemmipara is first mentioned as a name by Treub in his book 's-Lands Plantentuin M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 43

then the Maniltoascultivated teBuitenzorg 18 Mei 1817—18 Mei 1892' (1892) 93. From on in the Botanic Gardens this In Harms Maniltoa Buitenzorg carry name. 1902 published the Voorl. browneoides. In 1908 Backer validated name M. gemmipara by publishing it in the he Fl. Schoolfl. Java (1908) 103. Later, concluded (Bekn. Java (em. ed.) 5, 1941, fam. 118, The p. 7) that the name M. gemmipara must give way to the earlier M. browneoides. con-

fusion arose because all the Maniltoas cultivated at Bogor were called M. gemmipara in the M. browneoides and M. though really two species of Maniltoa grow gardens: Both from cultivated also schefferi. originated New Guinea and occur in Java outside the M. Botanic Gardens. Former identifications as M. gemmipara are mostly referable to schefferi.

I found two unnumbered specimens collected by Backer in 1908 at Weltevreden where

These M. I consider them to they were cultivated. specimens carry the name gemmipara. the be types of M. gemmipara. They are conspecific with M. browneoides.

— Schlechter 12. Maniltoa psilogyne Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 50. T.: 16934 (holotype in B f, isotypes in A, E, G, K, L, S, Z).

— Ledermann M. hunsteiniana Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 51. T.: 8193(holotype in B f, isotypes in BM, K). leaflets of the lower Tree, 10—25 m. Leaves 3-jugate; 3 —10 by 1.5—4.5 cm, pair

usually asymmetrically rhomboid, of the two upper pairs (ob)ovate to elliptic; the rhom- in the broad boid pair always with 2—4 lateral nerves basiscopic half running parallel with the from the base near the acroscopic margin, reaching up to apex; tip obtuse, both emarginate; petiole 5 —12 mm, petiolules 2—3 mm, puberulous, sometimes gla-

—8 brous; leaf-rachis 4.5 cm, puberulous or glabrous. Rachis I—3.5 cm, appressed long- hairy, glabrescent. Bracts 1—2 cm, appressed hairy or glabrous. Bracteoles 5.5 —8 mm.

8 Pedicels —20 mm, densely hairy or glabrous. Receptacle I—2 mm deep. Sepals 7 —io mm, usually glabrous. Petals 6—12 mm. Stamens c. 20, very shortly connate at base; filaments 7—12 mm; connective apiculate. Ovary usually with hairs on the swollen side, sometimes Pod glabrous; stipe 1.5—3 mm; style 5—9 mm. unknown. Distribution: New Guinea (fairly common).

Ecology: Forests, o—400 m.

Field notes: Flowers white.

Notes. Harms (I.e. 51) stated the main differences between M. psilogyne and M. hun- derived from steiniana as follows (I have added those which can be his diagnoses). M. rather rachis and rachis psilogyne: thin, glabrous to subglabrous ovary; 5 —13 cm. How- he is which reconciled with is ever, stated that the rachis short, cannot be 5 —13 cm; this

for M. hunsteiniana: rachis probably a printing error 5 —13 mm. stout, hairy I—2 cm hirsute for long; ovary along the dorsal margin, the rest glabrous.

In theisotypes ofM. psilogyne I found the rachis with a few hairs near the insertionof the rachis thin. pedicels; r cm, but not particularly

In the isotypes of M. hunsteiniana I found the rachis hairy. Rachis 1.2 cm, but not particularly stout.

Other material which I refer to M. psilogyne showed a rather densely hairy rachis. As there characters are no other differentiating characters but, indeed, only in common such and the the is hun- as the conspicuous venation size and shape of leaves, it clear that M. steiniana and M. psilogyne are conspecific.

Harms in 13. Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. Nachtr. 1 (1897)

Berl.-Dahl. — 194; Notizbl. 3 (1902) 191; Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 48. Cynometra polyandra BLUMEA VOL. No. 44 XVIII, I, 197 c

Roxb., [Hort. Beng. (1814) 32, nometi] PL Corom. 3 (1820) 84, t. 286; DC, Prod. 2 .

Fl. Ind. ed. & (1825) 509; Mém. Lég. (1825) 458; Roxb., Carey 2 (1832) 372; W. A., Prod. Baker in Fl. Ind. (1834) 294; Hook./, Br. 2 (1878) 268; Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, Ind. ii (1897) 200; Brandis, Trees (1906) 255; Gagnep., Fl. Gén. I.-C. 2 (1913) 154; Ridl.,

Fl. Mal. & Fl. Pen. 1 (1922) 636; Kanjilal Das, Assam 2 (1938) 134. —T.: Roxburgh 2241

(K); Roxburgh Pi. Corom. t. 286, cf. Sealy, Kew Bull. (1956) 329.

— — —6 Lofty tree. Leaves 2 3 J uë ate ; leaflets 3.5 by 1.5—2.5 cm, ovate-oblong to oblong,

tip emarginate, midrib hairy below, glabrescent; petiole 5 mm, leaf-rachis 5 cm, both

Rachis — Bracts —6 puberulous. 7 I0 nun, tomentose. 2 mm, puberulous, glabrescent.

Bracteoles —6 the Pedicels 4.5 nun, at 1—2 and 4—5 mm high on pedicel. 11—25 mm,

the tomentose. Receptacle 1 mm deep. Sepals 5-5 —7 mm, glabrous or tomentose near

Petals 6—8 mm. base over villous or apex. Stamens c. 5°> at connate 0.25 mm, glabrous within filaments (this varies even one flower); 10—13 mm; connective apiculate. Ovary inserted off the of the and adnate woolly-villous; stipe 1 mm, obliquely centre receptacle the Pod smooth. to wall; style 5—7 mm. 5.5—6 by 3.5—4 by 1—1.5 cm, glabrous, rough,

Distribution: (largely from literature): Assam, (Cachar, Khasia), Silhet, East Bengal,

Cambodia, Chittagong; in Malesia: Penang, Malaya.

Ecology: There is only scant information about the ecology. It has been found in the

hills, at 1300 m.

Notes. Miquel (Anal. Bot. Ind. I, 1850, 11) misidentified a specimen of Cynometra Merrill ramiflora from Borneo as Cynometra polyandra. (En. Born. i92i,295)andMasamune

(En. Phan. Born. 1942, 340) copied this erroneous record. malaccensis and when Cynometra M. polyandra are very much alike sterile.

— Roxb. 13a. var. kurzii (Prain) van Meeuwen, nov. comb. Cynometra polyandra var.

kurzii — loc. Hill Prain, J. As. Soc. Beng. 66, ii (1897) 200, 479. T.: Kurz s.n., Gort.

'Apl. 1890' (lectotype in CAL, no isotypes seen). Pod in Leaves as in typical M. polyandra. very rugose even mature state, 6 by 3—4.5 cm,

flat, with a pronounced beak.

Distribution: Burma (2 collections). has Note. Since the original discovery by Kurtz this apparently extremely rare variety

been found only once (Meebold, 1912). The final decision on its taxonomie status will

its depend on other characters, e.g. those of the flower which are as yet unknown.

Maniltoa lenticellata Arb. 8 — Poole 14. C. T. White, J. Arn. (1927) 130. T.: Lane 203 (holotype in A, isotype in BRI).

leaflets —6 Large tree, 10—30 m. Leaves 4—5(—7)-jugate; 4 —10.5 by 2.3 cm, (ob)ovate, elliptic, (ob)ovate-oblong, to oblong, acuminate-cuspidate, emarginate; venation above

faintly impressed, nerves beneath finely prominent; petiole 5 —20 mm; petiolules 3—7

leaf-rachis —18 Rachis —6 mm; 10 cm. 3 cm, glabrescent. Bracts 1.3—5 cm, appressed-

Bracteoles —8 Pedicels 111111 deep. hairy. 5 mm. 14—30 mm. Receptacle 2.5—4 Sepals Petals Stamens filaments 13—15 mm. 12—18 mm. connate over 0.2—I mm; 14—23 mm;

connective apiculate. Ovary long-stalked, puberulous, glabrescent to finally glabrous

1.8 stipe 5 —io mm. Pod 2.5 by by 0.7 cm.

Distribution: New Guinea.

Ecology: Rain forest, o—900 m.

Field white notes: Large buttresses, up to 2 m. Flowers cream.

15. Maniltoa scheflferi K. Sch. in K. Sch. & Hollr., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 101; Ind. Pfl. Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. 1, 2 (1890) 680; Harms in E. & P., Nat. Fam. Nachtr. 1 M. Knaap-van Meeuwen: S. The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 45

(1897) 194; in K. Sch. & Laut., Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1905) 275;

Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 49. — M. grandiflora [non (A. Gray) SchefF.] Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot.

Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. Btzg i (1876) 20, quoad description. Bocrl., i, 2 (1890) 407; K. Seh. &

Fl. Deutsch. Südsee — Laut., Schutzgeb. (1900) 347. Pseudocynometra schefferi O. Kuntze,

Deutsch. Monatsschr. — Bot. 21 (1903) 173. Lectotype: Teysmantt s.n., Doré, NW. New Guinea (L).

Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. — M. hollrungii Harms, 3 (1902) 189; Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 49.

O. Monatsschr. — Pseudocynometra hollrungii Kuntze, Deutsch. Bot. 21 (1903) 173. T.:

Hollrung 68g (holotype in B f, no isotypes known). leaflets Tree, 5 —40 m. Leaves 2 —5-Jugatc; 7—20 by 3—10 cm, (ob)ovate, elliptic,

(ob)ovate-oblong to oblong, (ob)ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, tip usually

midrib from the 6 emarginate, at 13—25 mm acroscopic margin; nerves —9 pairs; petiole

leaf-rachis both 1.5—2.5 cm, pubcrulous, glabresccnt; petiolules 2—10 mm, 5 —25 cm, the usually glabrous, sometimespuberulous. In buds stipules of 25 —35 by 1 —2 mm were

tendril the leaf- found, very early caducous, leaving no scars. A long hispid prolonging rachis after but Rachis is present right the unfolding of the bud, drops soon. 2 —6 cm,

puberulous, sometimes glabrescent. Bracts 0.5—5 cm, appressed-hairy, sometimes glabres-

sometimes cent. Bracteoles 5 —15 mm. Pedicels 1.5—3 cm, pubescent, glabrescent. Sepals

—18 Petals 6.5 mm, glabrous or hairy. 8—n mm (insufficiently known). Stamens 30—35;

filaments connective up to 0.75 mm connate, 14—18 mm; apiculate. Ovary densely with appressed-hairy or pubescent, glabrescent maturity, or glabrous; stipe 2.5 —5 mm; Pod style 5 —10 mm. 2.5—3.5 by 1.5—2.5 by 0.3—1.5 cm.

Distribution: Celebes (known from 5 sterile collections), Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera,

Batjan, Ambon, TanimbarIs), New Guinea (fairly common), Solomon Is. (Guadalcanal),

Australia (N. Queensland, known from one sterile collection).

Ecology: Often near a river or along the seacoast, at 30—100 m.

of the the Pacific Notes. M. schefferi is one two Papuan species that extends into (viz. is the in Solomons) and the only representative of genus Australia.

Many specimens of M. schefferi were erroneously referred to M. gemmipara. For a discussion of that name see under M. browneoides. retained The and other mentioned M. hollrungii is not by me. type is lost, specimens by Ledermann also know the Harms (1917) ( 10747, 10858) are probably destroyed. Hence I species only from Harms' description, but this differs hardly from that of M. schefferi.

Harms himself pointed out that M. hollrungii only differs from M. schefferi in the broader leaflets and thicker rachis. I cannot use these characters since they are too variable in this

other Schumann Lauterbach considered a as in species. K. & (I.e.) already type specimen

(Hollrung 68g) to belong to M. grandiflora (non A. Gray) Scheff, which is M. schefferi. The Teysmanncollection with whiteflowers ('flores alba') from New Guinea belongs to

M. browneoides.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

Fl. Maniltoa peekelii Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 50; Peekei, Illustr. Bismarck Arch.

— T. in B Naturfr. (1945) 703, t. I—IV, unpublished. : Peekel 841 (holotype f). rachis Tree, 20 m; vegetative parts glabrous. Leaves 2—3-Jugate; petiole c. I—2 cm,

—8 leaflets obovate 2 cm; (sub)sessile, inequilateral, obliquely to oblong-obovate or oblong obtuse or ovate, short-acuminate (tip or slightly cmarginate), 5 —9 by 3.6 cm. Young inflorescences enclosed by brownish, rigid, somewhat silk-hairy, scarious-edged bracts BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. t, 1970 46

3 —4 cm long. Racemes rather many-flowered; rachis sturdy, laxly pilose, 2—4 cm; the pedicels laxly pilose, or in upper part subglabrous to glabrous, 2—3 cm or longer. Flowers white-rosa. Ovary stipitate, (sub) glabrous. Distribution: New Britain (Neu-Mecklenburg): Lemakot, Garamate, flat land behind

beach, fl. July 1912 (,Peekel 841).

Notes. Harms added that according to Peekel two other specimens belong to the same Peekel from species, viz. 787, May 1911 (sterile), Namatanai: leaflets with longer, more

6 from emarginate tip, 16—18by —7 cm; and Peekel 825, Febr. 1912 (with fruit), Lemakot in shore forest: leaves lower as type; leaf-buds 10—n cm; bracts 0.5 —2.5 cm, broad,

8—10 all short- upper ones narrow, cm long, caducous; pods flattened, obliquely ovoid,

stiped, one edge rather straight, the other curved, red-brown, not verrucose ('1ohne

rather Vern. Höcker’), ± lepidote, 3 —4 by 2—3 cm: pericarp thick; seed oblong, thick.

nubul or kapsil.

Harms added that this species would be allied to M. psilogyne but differs by broader,

larger leaflets, thicker rachis, and longer pedicels, and from M. hollrungii and M. schefferi the by glabrous ovary.

Neither Harms' description, nor Peekel's drawings give a clear picture of this species. be without Peekei sterile Harms' description can applied any difficulty to M. psilogyne. s

16—18 specimen (no 787) with leaflets of cm belongs in my opinion to M. schefferi. of Harms neither Further notes on no S25 are not ofmuch help either, as pod nor buds

furnish reliable characteristics. New flowering collections from the localities mentioned

shed the of may light on proper identity M. peekelii.

3. KINGIODENDRON

& Nachtr. Indian Harms in E. P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 1 (1897) 194; Troup, Silvicult. Trees 2 Bull. de (1921) 361; Burtt, Kew (1936) 461; Wit, Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III, 18 (1949) 211; Arb. Pi. A. C. Arn. Flow. — Smith, J. 36 (1955) 279; Hutch., Gen. 1 (1964) 255. Fig. 7.

Type species: K. pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) Harms. leaflets Large, handsome, evergreen trees. Leaves uneven-pinnate; 3 —7, alternate, largely equal-sided, with pellucid dots, glabrous; visible both sides; nerves 7—9 pairs, on petiolules swollen and with many annular grooves. Stipules very small, fugacious, leaving scars. Inflorescence an axillary panicle of racemes with a (very) short peduncle, branches rather lax-flowered, glabrous or hairy. Bracts minute, scale-like, persistent. Bracteoles the (i—)2, minute, inserted on short receptacle or at its base, sometimes one or both

with the short. Flowers Disk distinct connate receptacle. Pedicels I—2 mm. in young

with the of the in flowers, connate stipe ovary, becoming obsolete the mature flower. with ciliate. Petals absent. Sepals 5, broadly ovate, convex, usually pellucid dots, Stamens

io, infolded in bud, hairy at base, in anthesis exserted; anthers medi-dorsifix, lengthwise

introrse. in later short dehiscent, Ovary seemingly sessile young flowers, on a stipe which in the is mature flowers sometimes demarcatedagainst ovary by a unilateral constriction, hairy, i-ovuled; style glabrous or hairy. Pod variable; globular, flattened oval, or ellipsoid and flattened outside the seed if the area; venation, present, lengthwise prominent on hard to woody pericarp. Seed ellipsoid, the cotyledons strongly folded. Germination hypogeal. (Troup, vide infra fig. 142, andvan Heel, Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. C, 73,1970). Distribution: India, Malesia (Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea), and the Pacific

(Solomon Islands, Fiji).

Ecology: Evergreen forests, at low and medium altitudes. and M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian Pacific Cynometreae 47

— a. K. — K. Fig. 7. Kingiodendror. pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) Harms, habit, x 2/3. b. platycarpum

8. — K. Merr. & sectioned Burtt, young flower, x c. alternifolium (Elm.) Rolfe, flower beyond anthesis,

x 8; d. pod, x 2/3; e. longitudinal section ofseed, nat.size (a. Hort. Calc. Herb. Hooker (1867),b. Bourdillon

Brass d. FB s.n. (1894), c. 8101, Merrill 2761, e. Rosenbluth 12668). BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. I, 1970 48

wood Field notes : Upon cutting a Kingiodendron tree the produces awhite, cream-yellow, or green clear exudate. Logs float. and Notes. In the herbarium sterile material, sometimes even flowering material has Crudia. sterile be been confused with that of the genus In a state Kingiodendron can distin- guished from Crudia by the characteristic pellucid-dotted leaves, even though some specimens show only a few dots. The fruit of Crudia is a dehiscing pod and the embryo has two large, plano-convex cotyledons. Flowers ofCrudia are arranged in simple racemes, and the anthers the are 4-merous, have a distinct appendage to connective.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

Inflorescence I. glabrous, the racemes with a very tender, more or less tortuous, at least notstraight rachis.

Bracteoles triangular, glabrous. Solomons 4. K. micranthum in the I. Inflorescence hairy, at least lower part. Bracteoles broadly ovate, ciliate.

after anthesis in bud short and to the in 2. Ovary hairy, style glabrous, obliquely appressed ovary, later and distinct Pod a stage enlarging (1.5—2 mm) becoming erect, stigma (fig. 7c). ellipsoid, K. alternifolium 3.7—4.4 by 3.1—4 by 2.1—3.5 cm. Philippines, New Guinea, Solomons. . . 2. of the of the and 2. Ovary woolly, style very short, properly an extension only apex ovary equally hairy (fig. 7b).

Pod Petiolules almost of the thickness 3. broad-ellipsoid, c. 3 —3.5 by 2—3 by 0.6—0.9 cm. same

and colour the darker-coloured. Western Peninsular India. K. as rachis, not ... I. pinnatum

—8 3. Pod flattened, oblong, c. 7 by 4—4.5 by 1 cm. Petiolules thicker and mostly darker coloured

than the rachis. New Guinea, K. Solomons, Fiji 3. platycarpum

Pfl. I. Kingiodendron pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) Harms in E. & P., Nat. Fam.

Pres. — Nachtr. 1 (1897) 194; Gamble, Fl. Madras 3 (1919) 412. Hardwickia pinnata Roxb. Prod. Fl. Ind. ed. [Hort. Beng. (1814) 33, nomen nudum].ex DC, 2 (1825) 487; Carey 2 Fl. Ind. (1832) 425; Miq., Bat. 1, 1 (1855) 80; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. (1872) 255, t. 255; Baker in

in & Nat. Farn. Hook, f., Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 270; Taubert E. P., Pfl. 3, 3 (1892) 130;

Silvicult. Indian Trees — T. Ind. Or. Troup, 2 (1921) 361, fig. 142. : Roxburgh s.n.,

cf. Bull. — (holotype in ? CAL, no isotypes seen; not inK, Sealy, Kew 1956, 345). Fig. 7a.

Tree — up to 30 m by 1.3 m diameter. Leaflets 3 s( —6—7), 4.5—9 by 1.7—4.5 cm, often base (ob)ovate-elliptic, elliptic, quite falcoid, apex acute, acuminate to cuspidate, rounded to rachis —6 not acute; 6.5 —10 cm, petiolules 3 mm, 0.75—1.5 mm thick, darker coloured than the rachis. Inflorescence: racemes 2.5—5.5 cm, pubescent, glabrescent the Bracteoles ciliate. Pedicels in upper part. broadly ovate, comparatively sturdy, 0.5—1.5 the mm, pubescent. Ovary woolly; style very short, properly an extension of the apex of and Pod ovary equally hairy. ellipsoid, c. 3—3.5 by 2—3 by 0.6—0.9 cm, ± flattened out- side the seed area, especially towards the pedicel; stipe 0—1 mm.

Distribution: India (Western Ghats from South Canara to Travancore).

in the in Ecology: Evergreen forests, 300—1000 m. Flowering Jan.-Febr., pods ripening May—June.

Field notes: Wood moderately hard, dark red or reddish brown. 'Germination: The dehisces the the Note. hypogeous. pod slightly at apex, enabling radicle and plumule to emerge; these elongate rapidly, while the cotyledons remain within the pod' (Troup, I.e. 361). In Troup's figure the leaves of seedlings are 2-foliolate.

alternifolium & 2. Kingiodendron (Elm.) Merr. Rolfe, Philip. J. Sc. 4 (1909) Bot.

267; Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 38; En. Philip. 2 (1923) 255; Merr. & Perry, J.

Arb. For. Solom. Isl. — Am. 23 (1942) 398; Walker, Brit. Prot. (1948) 134. Cynometra alternifolia Elm., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1907) 223. — Hardwickia alternifolia Elm., Leafl. M. S. Knaap-van Meeuwen: The InJo-Malesian and Pacific Cynome'reae 49

— T.: Philip. Bot. i (1908) 362. Elmer 7356 (Merr. & Rolfe: '7366') (holotype f, isotype

— from — seen BO). Fig. 7c e.

Tree, — 15—30 m. Leaflets 3—7. 11 r 7 by 1.5—6.5 cm, (ob)ovate-elliptic, elliptic,

(ob) ovate-oblong to oblong, more seldom long-triangular, quite often falcoid, apex

rounded 8 acute, acuminate or cuspidate; base to acute; rachis —14 cm; petiolules 4 —7

darker coloured than the rachis. mm long, 0.75—2.75 mm thick, mostly Inflorescence: rather and racemes 3.5 —12 cm, pubescent, glabrescent, sturdy straight. Bracteoles

broadly ovate, ciliate, attached on the pedicel, appressed to the sepals, or one or both

attached on the short receptacle, or one absent. Pedicels comparatively sturdy, 0.5 —1.5 anthesis the mm, pubescent, sometimes glabrescent. Ovary hairy, after glabrous, style

in and in later glabrous, bud short obliquely appressed to the apex of the ovary, a stage and distinct Pod style enlarging (1.5—2 mm) erect, stigma (fig. 7c). globular, sometimes ± flattened outside the seed towards the ultimate area, especially pedicel, sizes 3.7—4.4 by with 3.1 —4 by 2.1—3.5 cm a pericarp 2—4 mm thick; stipe 0—1.5 mm. Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Masbate, Negros, Leyte, Samar), New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Choiseul).

In 800 Ecology: forests, up to m altitude.

white brown. Field notes: Bark smooth, grey to greyish brown. Sapwood to pale Sap

reported to be dark red or green.

Notes. In sterile state this species cannot be distinguished from K. platycarpum. Ponce FB has flat but this immature. 27821, Leyte, Philippines, a pod, seems surely

3. Kingiodendron platycarpum Burtt, Kew Bull. (1936) 460. — T.: Home 483

(holotype in K, isotype in BO). — Fig. 7b.

— —26 Tree, 5 —30 m. Leaflets 3 5(—6—7), 6.5 by 4—8.5 cm, (ob)ovate-elliptic, elliptic, base rounded (ob)ovate-oblong to oblong, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate, to acute; rachis darker coloured 4—25 cm; petiolules 3 —6 mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm thick, mostly

than the rachis. Bracteoles Inflorescence: racemes 3—15 cm, pubescent, glabrescent. broadly ciliate. Pedicels ovate, comparatively sturdy, 0.5 —1.5 mm, pubescent. Ovary woolly; of the of the Pod style very short, properly an extension apex ovary and equally hairy.

flattened, oblong, often cordate at base, with lengthwise venation, at maturity veins

standing out as thick cords, pod then thick though still flat, and completely lignified,

when —8 thick. fully mature 7 by 4 —4.5 cm, c. 1 cm thick; pericarp very

Distribution: New Guinea, Solomon Is. (Bougainville, S. Ysabel, Guadalcanal), Fiji

(Viti Levu, Serua).

Ecology: Primary forests, 70—550 m. white Field notes: Bark grey, brown, or black. Sapwood or cream. Heartwood pinkish

to red. Sap light green or dark olive.

Note. In sterile state undistinguishable from K. alternifolium.

4. Kingiodendron micranthumBurtt, Kew Bull. (1936) 460. —Lectotype: Waterhouse

B 812 (holotype in K, isotypes seen from A, BISH, BRI, NY).

18 — 5 Tree, —21m. Leaflets 3—4» I0 1( by 4.5—9 cm, (ob)ovate-elliptic to elliptic, sometimes base rachis ± falcoid; apex acute to acuminate, attenuate-acute; 4.5—10 cm;

—8 petiolules 7 mm. Inflorescences glabrous: racemes c. io cm long, slender, not straight.

Bracteoles triangular, glabrous, attached on the short receptacle. Pedicels tender, I—1.25 for few hairs and the mm. Ovary glabrous except a woolly near the stigma at base; style the of the very short, properly an extension of apex ovary. Pod unknown. 50 BLUMF.A VOL. XVIII, No. i, 1970

Distribution: Solomon from the collection. Is. (Bougainville: Siwai). Known only type I.e. the Waterhouse Note. According to Burtt, Waterhouse B 812 is same collection as

Y 172.

4. HARDWICKIA

Roxb., Pi. Coromandel 3 (1811) 6, t. 209.

Deciduous tree, rarely nearly evergreen. Leaves 2-foliolate; leaflets sessile, unequal-sided, without the broad pellucid dots, almost curvinerved, by 4—5 nerves in basiscopic half. their base and round their with trichome- Stipules scale-like, at insertion a few, subulate, like enatia. Inflorescence a lax, axillary or terminal panicle of racemes. Bracts with enatia similar to those found with the stipules. Bracteoles absent. Flowers with a shallow re-

— infolded in ceptacle. Sepals 5, with glands. Petals and disk absent. Stamens io( Ii), bud; with Pod flat and anthers dorsifix, warty. Ovary sessile, glands; ovule I; stigma peltate. samaroid, oblong-lanceolate, parallel and lengthwise veined. Seed apical, exalbuminous, flat. Germination: epigeal (Troup vide infra, fig. 141). India. Distribution: Monotypic, restricted to western

1. Hardwickia binata Roxb., Pi. Coromandel 3 (1811) 6, t. 209; Hort. Beng. (1814) Prod. Fl. Ind. ed. Fl. Ind. 33; DC., 2 (1825) 487; Roxb., Carey 2 (1832) 423; Miq.,

Dalz. & Bomb. Fl. Fl. Bat. 1, 1 (1855) 79; Gibs., (1861) 83; Bedd., Sylv. (1869) 26, t.

26; Bak. in Hook. /., Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1878) 270; Taubert in E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3, 3 ibid. Nachtr. Fl. Madras (1892) 130; Harms in E. & P., I (1897) 194; Gamble, Pres. 3

Indian — (1919) 412; Troup, Silvicult. Trees 2 (1921) 340—361. T.: Roxburgh, Pi.

Coromandel 3 (1819) t. 209.

Grah. H. trapesiformis R. in Wall., Cat. (1831/2) 5809, nomen.

A leafless for moderate-sized to large tree, 18—36 by 0.3—1.5 m diameter, glabrous, a with short time or nearly evergreen, graceful, drooping, slender branchlets and greyish

bifoliolate leaves. semi-orbicular green, coriaceous, Leaflets 2.5—5-2 by 0.7—3.3 cm, or midrib the ovate, asymmetric, apex rounded, base obtuse; nearer to acroscopic margin, the the broad half from the base. 4—5 nerves in basiscopic flabellately arranged very New leaves with red. small. racemes develop in limp tassels, tinged Stipules very Inflorescence: scale-like. Pedicels 3 —5 cm. Bracts minute, I—i.j mm. Flowers 2—4 mm, pale yellowish wide. with green. Receptacle 0.5—0.75 mm Sepals c. 3.5 mm long, broadly ovate, glands.

anthers mm with a caused the cells Stamens: 1.5 long, warty appearance by epidermal which fit like and which small filaments together jigsaw pieces carry a pustule each; 4 mm thin with the of the anthers. long, very as compared size Ovary glabrous, 2.5 mm by wide. Pod 0.75 mm; style 2.5 mm long; stigma 1 mm coriaceous 5—7.5 by 1—1.5 cm.

subreniform, at end and rounded at the other, Seed averaging 1.5 by 0.75 cm, pointed one

to me from one collection with a fairly hard testa (known only: Wight 874). this blocks and Distribution: According to Troup (I.e. 341) species occurs in isolated the drier of the Indian far patches, varying in extent, in parts Peninsula, extending as north as the Banda District, United Provinces. In Madras it occupies well-defined areas. certain in Provinces In Bombay it is fairly common in parts. It occurs locally the Central and Mysore. The remarkable local distribution of the species, which is not altogether accounted for by soil and climate, is somewhat puzzling and has not yet been satisfactorily explained. climate characterized Ecology: H. binata thrives, according to Troup (I.e. 343), in a by a long period of drought, scant to moderate rainfall, and intense heat during the hot season. Knaap-van M. S. Meeuwen: The Indo-Malesian and Pacific Cynometreae 51

The is leafless or for short time of in tree nearly so a towards the end the cold season; the and their when hot season the trees are in leaf, feathery foliage is conspicuous most other leafless. The dimensions of the with On species are tree vary greatly locality. trap for- somewhat stiff of mations, characterized by a shallow and soil, it rarely attains a height

20 m and often does not reach a of than and of height more 10—13 m a maximum girth

m. On soil and other it 1 deeper sandy overlying sandstone, granite, formations may

a of m and a of attain height 25—35 girth 2 —3 m. Uses. The wood is perhaps the hardest and heaviest in India, the specific gravity being used for and house c. 1.4. It is very durable, bridge construction, agricultural implements, used for carts, wheelwork, etc.; the bast yields a strong fibre largely ropes; the branches

are much lopped for manure and fodder. Because of this, almost everywhere the trees and have been mutilated, in most localities the larger trees are old pollards. Large trees

are frequently hollow, owing, it is generally held, to former damage by fire andmutilation, and also the back in the which possibly to repeated dying seedling stage produces a centre of infection for subsequent decay.

Index

New in in names are bold type, synonyms italics. Numbers refer to number of genus and accepted 'Excl.' refers exluded from the 'Doubtful' refers doubtful species or variety. to names genus, tonames in a the genus. Both categories are entered at the end of genus concerned.

Crudia spicata (non Willd.) Blanco I: i Cynometra L. F. Cynometra i minutiflora v. M. 1: 14 Maniltoa sect. (Scheff.) Taub. 2 mirabilis Meeuwen 1: 11

sect. Pseudocynometra W. & A. 2 neo-caledonica Guillaumin 1: 10

Vidal Merr. acutiflora 1: 7 novoguineensis & Perry 1: 17

alternifolia Elm. 3: 2 pinnata Lour.: Excl.

beddomei 1: 6 Prain polyandra Roxb. 2: 13

Merr. Prain bifoliolata 1: 10a var. kurzii 2: 13a

bijuga Span, ex Miq. 1: 10 polyandra (non Roxb. )Miq. 1:10

var. mimosoides Merr. 1: 8 ramiflora L. 1: 10

bourdillonii Gamble 1: Prain 5 ssp. bijuga (Span, ex Miq.) 1: 10 Harms: brachymischa Doubtful var. heterophylla (Thw.) Prain 1: 10

carolinensis 8 Kaneh. 1:10 var. mimosoides (Baker) Prain 1:

var. glabrescens Kaneh. 1:10 ssp. genuinaPrain 1: 10

L. W. & A. 1: cauliflora 1: 7 var. a 10

β elongatisHassk. 1: 7 var. p W. & A. 1:8

α subsessilis Meeuwen Hassk. 1: 7 var. bifoliolata (Merr.) 1: 10a

copelandii(Elm.) Elm. 1: 2 var. bijuga (non Span, ex Miq.) Benth. 1: 8

craibii 16 Gagnep. 1: var. bijuga (Span, ex Miq.) Benth. 1: 10

Thw. densifloraElm.: Excl. var. heterophylla 1:10

Baker 8 dongnaiensis Pierre 1: 3 var. mimosoides 1:

Merr. Britt. elmeri 1: 20 ramiflora (non L.) 1: 8

falcata A. schumanniana Gray 1:15 Harms 1: 10

Harms glomcrulata Gagnep. 1: 9 simplicifolia 1: 1

A. 6 grandiflora Gray 2: var. oblongata Merr. t : 1

hosinoi Kaneh. 1:10 travancorica Bedd. 1:19

inaequifoliaA. Gray 1: 13 warburgii Harms 1: 18

inaequifolia {non A. Gray) Baker 1: 4 whitfordii Elm. 1: 10

A. Ridl. inaequifolia (non Gray) r: 20 yokotai Kaneh. 2: 5 A. C. Smith insularis 1: 12 Cynomora Hedw. 1

iripa Kostel. 1: 8 Cynomorium Rumph. i

luzoniensis Merr. 1: 1 Erythrophloeum densiflorum (Elm.) Meir. &

malaccensis Meeuwen 1: 4 Rolfe: Excl.

mimosoides Prain 1: 8 Gleditschia copelandii Elm. 1: 2

51 No. 52 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, I, 1970

Hardwickia Roxb. 4 Maniltoa

alternifolia (Elm.) Elm. 3: 2 hunsteiniana Harms 2: 12

C. T. binata Roxb. 4: 1 lenticellata White 2: 14

mariettae pinnata Roxb. ex DC. 3: 1 Mceuwen 2: 3

R. Harms trapesiformis Grah. 4: 1 megalocephala 2:11 Iripa Adans. 1 minor A. C. Smith 2: 7 Harms Harms: Kingiodendron 3 peekelii Doubtful

alternifolium (Elm.) Merr. & Rolfe 3: 2 plurijuga Merr. & Perry 2: 9 micranthum Burtt Harms 3: 4 polyandra (Roxb.) 2:13

Harms pinnatum (Roxb. ex DC.) 3: 1 var. kurzii (Prain) Meeuwen 2: 13a

platycarpum Burtt 3: 3 psilogyne Harms 2: 12

Meeuwen Maniltoa Scheff. ? rosea (K. Sch.) 2: 2

sect. Eumaniltoa schefferi K. Sch. 2: 15

Harms steenisii Meeuwen ser. Paucijugae 2 2: 10

ser. Plurijugae Harms 2 urophylla Harms 2: 2

Harms vestita A. sect. Polyandrosiphon 2 C. Smith 2: 5

sect. Pseudocynometra (W. & A.) Harms 2 yokotai (Kaneh.) Hosokawa 2: 5

amicorum A. C. Smith 2: 6 Metrocynia Thou. 1

brassii Merr. & Perry 2: 1 Ormosia pinnata (Lour.) Merr.: Excl.

brevipes A. C. Smith 2: 6 Pseudocynometra O. Kuntze 2

browneoides Harms 2:11 browneoides (Harms) O. Kuntze 2:11

cynometroides Merr. & Perry 2: 8 hollrungii (Harms) O. Kuntze 2: 15

floribunda A. C. Smith 2: 4 schefferi (K. Sch.) O. Kuntze 2:1$

gemmipara Scheff. ex Back. 2:11 Schizoscyphus K. Sch. ex Taub. 2

6 grandiflora (A. Gray) Scheff. 2: roseus K. Sch. ex Taub. 2: 2

& K. grandiflora [non (A. Gray )SchefF.] Back. Schizosiphon Sch. 2 Baich. J. 2: ii roseus K. Sch. 2: 2

grandiflora \non (A. Gray) Scheff.] Scheff. 2: 15 Schotia speciosa (nonjacq.) Blanco 1: 13

Harms 10 hollrungii 2: 15 Trachylobium verrucosum1 (non Gaertn.) Engl. 1: