CONTENTS .

E = AKING VEN S TH E POCH M E T ,

ERIO D O F R ARA ION P P EP T ,

PERIO D O F N RANCE E T ,

PERIO D O F OCCUPATION O F CO AST

E PROV INC S,

V P RIO D F = O RA ION AND O F O CCU . E O CO PE T

PATION F NLAND ROV INC S 30 O I P E ,

I PERIO D O F E! TENSION AND V ELO M N 34 V . DE P E T , NOTE.

This b o o klet has b een prepared primarily fo r the u se o f Mie sio nary Classes stu dying u nder the direc tio n o f the Edu c atio nal

D epartm ent o f the Stu dent V o lu nteer Mo vem ent fo r F o reign

Mi i n It m er r f intere t t m n thers ss o s. ay h o wev p o ve o s o a y o

’ i n r n f r in e iz ati n wh o are pray ng a d wo ki g o Ch a s evang l o . SKETCH O F THE HISTORY O F PROTES

I TANT MISSIONS IN CH NA.

c h flakin ents . l. The Epo g Ev

s c um Clo ed . At the opening of this century China was as effectually closed to Protestant missionary effort c ou ld it as human power close , nor did there seem to be any immediate probability of a change favorable r i to the int oduct on of Christianity . Centuries of isolation had deprived the Chinese of any apprec ia tion of the value of contact with Western nations . Consummate selb c oneeit kept them from seeking to learn of those who knew more . Furthermore, the examples of the Christianity of the West which the Chinese saw illustrated in the lives of many of the American and European men of commerce tended in i no way to increase their admiration for Christ anity, and left them perfectly satisfied with their o wn relig o ions . Not nly did these obstacles appear when first in Robert Morrison landed China, but the very nature of Christianity itself was such as to make its o a introduction a m st radic l change , for by it the very foundations of China ’s government and social life a i were thre tened . Had Christ anity been able to

enter China as a fourth religion , and take its place on w ordinate i a plane with Confucianism , Buddh sm o MISSIONS IN CH INA

a eu and Taoism , she might have hoped for ready trance ; but being a religion which can tolerate no a o equal , claiming Christ who is the nly Savior of Wo r a o the l¢ and c rrying a Bible which is the nly i revealed written word of God , Christian ty could expect nothing but the greatest opposition . o c o u d Clearly then , nly men of faith l God only c ou ld o en h‘ dw m ’ p ‘ predict that the rusty hinges of China s massive doors should ever swing open to receive the ’ Christ ; and in God s providence the men who first i i stepped upon Ch nese soil in th s century , to lay the foundations for the propagation of Christianity , were min n l pre w e t y men of mighty faith . But even such men did not and could not predict the way in which On these doors would be opened . ly God knew . His servants cou ld o nly wait and watch for the leading of

His hand . We who are privileged to live in the e ook closing decade of the c ntury , as we l back upon u the wonderf l way in which China has been opened, can truly exclaim , “ e in a m steri o u s Go d m o v s y way, ” er to rf rm H is wo nd s pe o . Four great events mark the history of Fm"WWWW. missions in China . Two of them refer u e fi o rt to the opening of the co ntry to missionary , and the other two bear upon the better and more thorough preparation of the missionaries themselves

o h n to do thWe great w rk of reaching C i a for Christ . Opiu m ar. The first of these events which God used to break the bars of seclusion that imprisoned MIM ONS IN CH IN A 4

h first E a d C ina was the war with ngl n . Through her

merchants , Great Britain was sending to China in

vast quantities the vile drug, opium . Some of Chi ’ na s keenest and most fars sighted statesmen saw clearly that opium meant the m in of that great i nation . Consequently, with true patriot sm , they bent their energies upon the work of prohibiting its a i import tion . In desperat on large cargoes of the iez E a d s ed . drug were and thrown overboard ngl n , h incensed at this act, which on the part of the C inese

selfs def n was merely in e se , opened a war in 1 839 to f a ra c orce Chin to legalize the iniquitous t fi . Much E a c i blood was shed , and ngl nd came forth vi tor ous . s TM 0, The re ult was the forming of the Treaty m , fi ° N of anking, which required China to give an indemnity of to cede the Island r of Hong Kong to her Majesty, and to p otect the tr fi c im rtation a in opium , as well as the m of other a commodities . But God m de the wrath of man to praise him by guiding the minds that formed the treaty to throw open five of the great seaport citi es of and China to foreign trade residence, and thus to h mo C ristianity . Canton , A y, Foochow, Ningpo and 1 842 ac c essi l Shanghai , in , became entirely b e to for ei n and r t g nations, Ch is ianity was able to enter and influ enc e lay foundations in these great centers of . “ had Slwllfl : IH a m Previous to this year , trade been Tu b snfi e ranc e r r carried on by , and t ade s ma were subjected to ny restrictions . Foreigners 8 MISSIONS I! CH INA

and e f a e shore , were r garded as an in erior r ce of barb aw l A e rians vassals . ft r the treaty , the Chinese were obliged to regard and treat with foreigners more on

terms of equality . A new impulse was given to and o trade, Protestant as well as R man Catholic i c m ssionaries, under the prote tion of this treaty, five s entered the ports , built house and chapels , e stablished schools , and engaged in public preach “ “ ing . As Dr . Williams has said, Looked at in any e point of view, political , commercial , moral, or int l

lectual , it will always be considered as one of the o turning points in the hist ry of mankind, involving ' the welfare of all nations in its wide z reac hing c onse ” qu e nc es ? The same author states in another place i an n the sign fic c e of this war a d. its consequences in very striking language - “ This war was extraordinary c hiefl in its origin , as growing y out of a commercial misunderstanding ; remarkable in its course as being

waged between strength and weakness , conscious superiority and ignorant pride ; melancholy in its end as forcing the weaker to pay for the opium within its n its borders agai st all laws, thus paralyzing the little moral power its feeble government could exert to protect its subjects ; and momentous in its results as a i introducing, on a basis of acknowledged oblig t ons, on ez half of the world to the other , without any arro m gant de ands from the victors, or humiliating con

‘ ’ n n the Chine e 1 . Nevins Chi a a d s , p . 30

' ' Wam s idd e Kin do m V ol. II . 650. 1 illi M l g , , p H ISSIONS IN CH IN A 9

cessions from the vanquished . It was a turning “ point in the national life of the Chinese race . " rr W A ow u . But the country as a whole was not yet opened . There was need for another providential influ enc e or movement which would completely open d up the doors of the whole nation . This secon e oc h z makin first and p g event, like the , was a war, a Its e war with the same nation as before . cause se ms “ A P i r 1 858 : W. . trivial , as Dr . . Mart n w ote in The quarrel originated in an occurrence of the most trivi al its character, and has grown to present magnitude by a concatenation of events which no human power

e . could have arranged, or human sagacity for seen It presents a striking instance of what is so often notic ed in the co urse of history— God accomplishing His great and wise purposes by allowing man to pursue

” ' tifiable s a u n us . his petty, priv te, and even j end 1 A “ ” native lorcha, the Arrow , had been sailing under the protection of the British !lag without the right to ao c r do , ac o ding to the assertions of the Chinese . For this the Chinese dealt harshly with the owners of fla i c om the ship and took down the g. The Brit sh sidered this an act of disrespect towards their nation al 1 857 emblem and at once began hostilities in , which did not terminate until China had been h nm

‘ Tru tlu ol flemstn. 1 858 bled . In envoys from Great a i n a Brit in, France , Russ a and the U ited St tes assem

’ ‘Wi i s e am i d Kin o m V o l. II . 468 464 . ll M d l gd , , pp , ' Ne ns China and the Chi nes 01 3 2 T vi e, pp, 8 , 0 . 10 ”LESIONS IN CH IN A bled in Tientsin to form a treaty with an embassy from the Chinese government . The articles were ratific atio n agreed upon , but their by all the govern ments concerned was not accomplished until the 1 860 e summer of . This dat thus forms another turn in g point in the history of missions in China , for these treaties which were made with these four na “ tions of the civiliz ed world opened for foreign resi dence and trade two new ports on the Island of For o i mosa , Swat w on the south coast of Ch na , Chefoo N in and Tientsin in the orth , one city Manchuria , Y n and three on the great river angtze . It co ceded the right to travel with passports throughout the e i eighte n prov nces , and contained also a special clause giving protection to foreigners and natives in the propogation and adoption of the Christian Reli “ gion . Thus by a single document the doors were swung wide open , and of the human race were made accessible to the churches of Christendom . Was ever a greater responsibility laid upon the Church of Jesus Christ by any single act of Provi dence ?

c om a Now that the country was opened , it “77 ° re mained to so unite the forces of Jesu s

Christ as to accomplish its speedy evangelization .

s The third epoc h making event in the history of mis. sions in China was the conference of missionaries a si nific anc e held at Sh nghai in 1 877. The g of this

‘ ’ in e hinese 1 Nevins Ch a and th C , p . 8 0. MISSIONS IN CH INA 1 1 gathering can best be expressed in the words which b were used y Dr . Alexander Williamson in one of the H e opening addresses on that occasion . said, “ t n s Union multiplies s re gth . Union makes unit n into armies . Union forms weak i dividual men into

u nc n u r h l nxes omni tent. o q e able p a a . Union is p o ‘ If two of you shall agree on earth as touching any i l th ng they shal ask, it shall be done for them of my ’ e Father who is in H aven , and how much more if ! as if two hundred agree Let therefore try possible, ’ e with God s help, to obtain a more intelligent id a of its if our work in manifold branches , and ascertain we cannot in a higher degree economi z e our means and c n a complish more towards the salvation of Chi a . Hitherto there has been a tremendu ous waste of power . Many do not know what others are doing .

Two, three , are engaged in the very same work , which N o t would be as well, perhaps better done, by one . a few, in their zeal, have undertaken important duties e e u alified for which there are oth rs far bett r q . In short there is no unity of action, and no responsible r e division of labor . Meage as our forc is , not a w little of it is absolutely thrown a ay . fi sw a m. There were ve things which made c m “ . f si nific ant this con erence g . i F rst, it furnished the only opportunity up to that h time , in the history of missions in C ina; for mis ’ sionaries to assemble and co mpare each other s meth

x"Esc o rds o f n hai Co nfere n e 1 1 Sha g c , 877, p p . 60, 6 . 1 2 MISS IONS IN CH INA

ods . It was inevitable that such a conference should in result each one receiving valuable suggestions, and great stimulus for the work which he had in hand . t Secondly, up to this time , here had been no attempt to so divide the field of work as to best econ omiz e i the energies of all the missionaries . Th s con l ference afforded the opportunity , and estab ished a a few settled principles of mission ry comity , which should henceforth be of great service in utilizing to the best advantage the different parts of the mission r ary fo ce . A n . third advantage was the opportu ity for laying large plans of co= operation in such lines of work as could well be undertaken by committees representing f i di ferent m ssionary societies . Uniform text books for the mission schools were thus provided for, and unity in the publication of missionary literature was

A fourth signific ant feature of this conference was the establishing of a system for distributing informa . tion among all the missionari es regarding the differ ent ente rprises which were being undertaken by ' difi erent missionaries in parts of the Empire . A co mmittee was formed whose duty it was to inform the whole missionary body of any new steps which were being taken . Thus the missionaries were able to work as soldiers in one army , each knowing what the other was doing . fifth i ifi t The , and by no means the least s gn c an point, was the united prayer which followed . A very MIBSIONB' IN CH INA 1 8 simple resolution was adopted in these words that we remember each other in special prayer each Sat ” u rda a r y evening here fte . The potency of that single resolution can never be fully known until in ’ o that great c nference of all God s workers above, the battles below will be seen and reviewed in detailed s panorama . We are urely not wrong in counting 1 such a conference as this one which was held in 877, one of the greatest eve nts in the conquest of China for Christ . M W h first 0, Even more momentous t an this e conference , which was att nded by one

twent ssix hundred and y missionaries , was the sec ond great conference of all the missionaries in China held n 1 890 Al thirtee years later , at Shanghai , in . though it did not mark the beginning of an epoch of c o s oper 1 877 ation , as did the conference of , yet by bringing together the riper experience of missionaries who had a labored scores of years , it marked cert inly no less signific antly the opening of an era of ex tension and development along all the lines of activity which had O u a previously been begun . the liter ry side of mis sio nary work it is destined to provide for China what the great translators at the opening of the seventeenth century provided for the English speaking world —a uniform Bible . It was determined by this confer ence that co mmittees of translators should be ap. pointed to revise all the existing versions of the Bible and produce three new versions in the three great languages of Ohina— one in the high classical lan 1 0 H ISS IONB IN CH IN A

na e one g g , in the simple classical , and a third in the ffic ia o l . language , or mandarin In educational mis sions large steps in advance were taken by providing for the creating of a more thorough and complete series of te xts books for mission schools than had yet

been published . In medical missions, the uniting of fi htin all medical missionaries in g g the common foe, s i opium , the taking of steps toward the establ shment a of an asylum for deaf m tes , and the more intelligent discussion of the methods of medical missionary

work, have certainly given an impetus to this form of

missionary enterprise , greater than any yet received

from any other source on any previous occasion . One of the striking developments of the period betwee n 1 877 and 1 890is the increase in the force of A e . t 1 890 women missionari s the conference of , woman ’s work for woman was given a place which makes it now one of the chief lines of missionary o i efi rt. Evangel stic missions received an impulse

s which can scarcely be measured . The watc h c ry seemed to be : more missionaries and greater occupa d An tion of the fiel . app eal for one thousand men within five years was sent to all the Protestant bodies of Christendom . The resolution was adopted that while we regard the educational and literary branches of our work as indispensable and likely to yield large u fruits in the f ture, we nevertheless urge that in view of its paramount importance the evangelistic work be pushed forward with increased vigor and earnestness ” 881 0178 IN CH IN A 1 6

“ in order, if possible, to save the present generation . These four epoc hz making events di five vide the history of missions in China into periods , which we shall study separately in their chronological

1 1 80 to 842 . Period of Preparation , 7 1 842 1 860 Period of Entrance, to . n o t Period of Occupatio of C as Provinces, 1 877 1 860 to . Period of Co s operation and of Occupation of 1 9 1 877 8 0. Inland Provinces, to 1 890 Period of Extension and Development , to the present time

- 1 2 . ll . Period of Preparation. 807 4

In an era when missionaries had no to s legal right live upon Chinese oil , it was necessary that the work done should be of a pne o five parat ry character . There were things which could be atte mpted or accomplished even before the five nation was open to the gospel , and all of these i ° t l nes of work were ia operation in this firs period . Preparation “ Naturally the very first step which y m must be taken was to conquer the lan guage . Robert Morrison , endowed with great lin u istic first g gifts , was providentially the missionary i sent to China . Establishing h mself on the Island of

t nt s n r Macao, he wrestled for we y seve years t ying to

“ 3 0001 1111 o f Shan hai Co nti e nc e 1 890 . 11 11 . g n , , p 1 1 6 MISS IONS IN CH INA

i become a master of the speech of Ch na . His labors were of the most vital importance to all the mission l H e aries who fo lowed him . was not working for m H e n n of hi self . succeeded in prepari g a dictio ary i s n the Ch ne e la guage , together with grammars , which made it possible for those who followed him to enter upon the direct evangelistic labors which it was not t permit ed him to share . Associated with him in lin gu istic work was a handful of other men of much abil it y sent out by other Christian denominations . a Tm lmm 0, Not lone was it necessary to conquer mm“ the language in such a way as to form in dictionaries and grammars, but it was necessary the second place that the Bible itself be translated so that it might form the weapon of attack which the

missionaries might use . In this task Morrison and

= Milne co operated , so that before the close of this period the whole Bible had been translated into the

Chinese tongue . Little do we now appreciate the

magnitude of the work which was thus accomplished . o a Under the m st unfavorable circumst nces, and with diffi c u lt the most language in the world to deal with , a sin le z handed h lmost g , Morrison handed down as is great legacy to the nex t generation of missionaries

the Word of God in the Chinese tongue .

Wo rk me A third line of preparatory work was mm " “ undertaken by the sending of mission aries to the Islands south of China and to the Malay i Peninsula , where large numbers of Ch nese had col

o i n z ed . When it was not permitted to preach direct

1 8 H IBSIONS IN CH INA

firs t healing the sick ; and before the close of the a h ad period, medic l missions vindicated itself before the Church as a powerful pioneer agency in openi ng up a new country for Christ . Such were the lines of preparation m mWa c lose a r which characterized this early pe iod . x Little fruit was seen e cept by the eye of faith . Only four places in the whole Empire of China could claim the residence of a Protestant missionary at the

time the Treaty of Nanking was formed . The Island

of Macao and the City of Canton had been entered, n and work had been begun in Ho g Kong and Amoy . i The only societies which were working in Ch na , or for China, were the London Missionary Society, the American Board of Commissioners for F oreign Mis i s ons , the American Baptist Missionary Union , the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of Amer l ica . Not all of these cou d claim missionaries in o China Proper . The t tal missionary force , including r x wives of missionaries , p obably did not e ce ed twenty 1 842 e in the year . Only two provinc s had been " the u touched , only six converts were in Ch rch . not Despite the small beginnings , it was a period in which the missionaries became discouraged. They knew that it was their lot to do the hidden work of

I"Rec o rds o f Shan hai Co nferenc e 1 g , 890, p . 785 . MISSIONS IN CH IN A 1 9

t laying founda ions, and that to their successors would come the privilege of seeing the Church of Christ built upon these very foundations , rising as an honor and glory to her Lord and Master .

l od f n ran . Il . Pe ri o E t c e

i s m. m , For th rty five years the servants of Christ in China had waite d for the spell r to of the seclusion of centu ies be broken . Many had died during the long vigil ; others had beco me x e hausted . But in due season they who did not faint and fall were granted the glorious privilege of seeing the beginning of the better days . The Treaty of Nanking sounded the death knell of oriental isola

c o nsu m tion ; but it was only the beginning, not the mation of the victory . The eighteen years which follow are not years in which all is encouragement l and progress . Only lega ly had an entrance been i a gained ; the heart of the Ch n man was not changed .

selfs c o m lac e nc His prejudices , his p y, his haughty “ ” disdain of anything barbarian , his worship of the past, remained as before . It was thus the task of the missionaries to secure a truer entrance into the cities which had been made accessible by the signature of the vermillion pencil . “ Canton , the broad city, situated on l the Pearl River, containing a popu ation of over one l million , and holding a position of commercial as we l t as politic al impor ance, might well have been chosen MISSIONS IN CH INA

e as a bas of operations for the missionary army, had ’ it not been for the shameful fact that Canton s c on tact with Western civilization before 1 842 was of such r i a cha acter as to bring all foreigners nto disrepute . s Instead , therefore, of being the center of mi sionary ia flu enc e e , which it might have been , it has for long y ars m d bee n a most unpro ising fiel . But the faith of the bafiled missionaries was not to be by discouragements .

Canton was entered . Dr . Hobson of the London Missionary Society won the c onfidenc e and respect of ul i many through his faithf m nistries of healing . The American Presbyterians sent a force of workers to 1 845 i this city in , includ ng in the number the late D D A. P. . . . Re v . Happer, Dr Kerr , the greatest liv i i ing physician in Ch na , began med cal missionary 1 854 hi work in Canto n in . The work w ch had been done by the American Board in Canton in the pre vio us i 1 845 a period was d scontinued until , except th t l a . . S Dr Parker maintained his hospit Dr . Wells m “ ” di Willia s, the author of The Middle Kingdom , d no small amount of translation and literary work in l did this city during this period . Thus patient y the little band of soldiers battle for Christ during many d dark an trying days , in this great metropolis of

Southern China .

Amo . fi e y Amoy , the next of the v treaty ports i as one moves northward, is situated on a l ttle island a of the same n me, forty miles in circumference . Containing in the city itself a population of with another in the scattered villages of the MISS IONS IN CH INA 21

its island , it holds, from situation , the position of chief port of the Southern portion of the province of i F uhkien. Unl ke Canton , the mission work here was begun under very favorable auspices . Messrs . Steele first s and Boone, the mi sionaries , won their way to the hearts of th e people at once by their generou s se rvices as interpreters to the o ffic ials in the estab e li bing of their relations with the British government .

These missionaries, with others who joined them in 1 844 and later, although commissioned by the Ameri u can board , were members of the Reformed Ch rch m r (Dutch ) in A erica . When this denomination o aniz ed s in 1 85 7 g a eparate Board of Foreign Missions , a the whole mission was transferred to its m nagement . The London Missionary Society entered the island in 1 844 l 1 851 , and the Eng ish Presbyterians in . The work in Amoy has been remarkably fruitful , being now one of the bright spots on the dark map of pa Th e gan China . foundations were laid in prayer and faith by those who toiled in the early morning of these eighteen opening years . Being the capital of the province of F uhkie n influ enc e , Foochow is a center of great . Twice in three years from eight to ten thousand stu dents from all parts of the perfec tu re assemble for the first x degree e aminations , and about the same num ber twice in five years gather from all parts of the whole province to compete for the second degree . i i With a population of more than half a m ll on , e e e never having be n visit d by a for ign enemy, it 22 MISSIONS IN CH INA

would have been a place of great encouragement from first f the , were it not that the evil e fects of opium had formed a prejudice in the minds of the people against first all foreigners . The American Board was the to n J begi operations by transferring Rev . Stephen ohn 1 84 son from Bangkok, Siam , to Foochow in 7. It was the first station of the Methodist Episcopal 1 847 al Church in . The Church Missionary Society e a in 1 850 first ter d the city . The native church was e 1 857 organiz d in with only four members . Truly these were days of small beginnings and persevering faith !

Nln o . i z p N ngpo, a city of a quarter of a million fine of people and the center of a populous country , 1 42 J was also thrown open by the treaty of 8 . Rev . a R . Goddard of the American B ptist Missionary Union entered the city immediately after the treaty a r w s fo med , and was followed shortly by others of the Mc i D B . Cartee m s same mission . Dr . . , a medical sio nar y, was the pioneer of the Presbyterian church 1 844 H e in this city, reaching there in . , too, within

‘ a few months was able to welc ome assoc iate s in the r work . The Church Missiona y Society entered in 1 848 J , and Hudson Taylor did evangelistic work here before the organization of the China Inland

Mission .

5 m m . Shanghai with its people was influ enc also thrown open to Christian es. The door was entered successively by the London Missionary Society (in the Church Missionary Society (ia H IM ONS IN CH INA 23

the Protestant Episcopal Ch urch (in the Southern Baptist Convention (in the Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society (in c ih the Methodist Episcopal Chur h , South , ( and the American Presbyterian Church (in

Ot e r stat ons . h i Being ceded to the British Crown , Hong Kong likewise became in this period a center of missionary operations . Many of the Missionary Societies which began work in China in this period made Hong Kong either a permanent c enter of work it or a temporary point of departure . From , as a n a center, missio ary enterprises were undert ken to all un parts of the Kwangt g province . The island of a Mac o, too , remained a missionary station as it had vi t been in the pre ous period, al hough most of the Missionaries moved either to Canton or to Hong o i n Kong . Swat w was entered by Bapt st Missio aries 1 846 as early as , but it was not made a permanent i station until the beg nning of the next period , when a it also became a tre ty port . Hangchow, in Central i l e Ch na, was temporarily entered by the at Dr . “ Nevins , author of the valuable book entitled China e 1 859 and the Chin se , in the year , but because the treaty did not then permit the residence of mission s arie in the interior, the station was abandoned until ratified after the treaties of Tientsin had been .

Genera m l m . As we are thus brought to the close of this period when entrance into China Proper was n to the c gai ed , we are able record following fa ts

had iz : 1 . Four provinces been entered, v Kwang 24 MISSIONS IN CH INA

F u hkien Chehkian ta in tung, , g and Kiangsu, con in g a population of crowded into a territory

only a little over five times the size of Ohio . 2 h . Five great centers of C inese population, com l influ enc e merce , and po itical had swung wide open i their doors to the rece pt on of Christianity . Some thing over two millions of people were thus actually h made accessible to the gospel of Jesus C rist . 3 e u . Fifteen new missionary organizations had tered i to t these cities within this period , mak ng a al of twenty missionary societies at this time working i i fiftee n i for Ch na . F ve of these were Brit sh socie ties (British and Foreign Bible Society ; Church Missionary Society ; English Baptist ; English Pres byterian ; and Wesleyan Missionary Society ) ; four were Continental societies (Basle Missionary Society ; Rheinish Missionary Society ; Berlin Foundling House ; and Berlin Mission ) ; and six were from r i America (Dutch Refo med ; Method st Episcopal , North ; Seventh Day Baptist ; Southern Baptist Con ’ y e l and enti n ; Methodist Episcopa , South ; Woman s

Union Mission ) . 4 e a i . Probably not mor th n one hundred and s xty r i foreign missiona ies, includ ng wives and unmarried h women , were at work in China at t is time . What were these among so many ? 5 . In the matter of converts , too, it was a day of beginnings . There were less than one thousand baptized communicants in all the Protestant churches 1 0 fift in China in 86 , or an average of less than y for

26 H ISBIONS IN CH INA nature and exten t of th e legal right which granted to Christianity at the beginning of this period .

m h n treat R y . In the Russian treaty (article V III ) “ appear the following words : The Chinese govern i ment , having recognized the fact that the Christ an doctrine promotes the establishment of order and peace among men , promises not to persecute its Chris . tian subjects for the exercise of the duties of their religion ; they shall enjoy the prote ction of all those who profess other creeds tolerated in the Empire ; i The Chinese government, considering the Christ an missionaries as worthy men who do not seek worldly t l to ro o ate advan ages, wil permit them p p g Christian ity among its subjects, and will not hinder them from moving about in the interior of the Empire . A cer tain number of missionaries setting out from the open ports or cities shall be provided with passports signed ” by Russian authorities .

tre t Americ a a y . Article ! ! I! of the American treaty “ s says : The principle of the Christian religion , as professed by the Protestant and Roman Catholic e Church s , are recognized as teaching men to do good, and to do to others as they would have others do to them . Hereafter, those who quietly profess and teach these doctri nes shall not be harassed or perse

o . uted on account of their faith Any person, whether n citizen of the United States or Chi ese convert, who,

‘ ‘ Wi liam s iddle Kin dom V ol. II . l M g , , p 880. MISSIONS IN CH INA 27

c t rac a cording to these tene s , peaceably teaches and p e a tic s the principles of Christi nity, shall in no case ” be interfered with or molested .

3 mm. m ay . The British treaty contains in Article VIII these words : The Christian religion as pre t R l eased by Protestants or oman Catholics , incu cates

the practice of virtue, and teaches man to do as he b i would be done y . Persons teach ng it or professing it l , therefore, shall a ike be entitled to the protection

of the Chinese authorities ; nor shall any such , peace u ofi endi n ably p rsuing their calling, and not g against h ” the laws, be persecuted or interfered wit ? The treaty with France granted like privileges to

Christianity in its thirteenth article .

Answ ered m y“ . Thus were the prayers of the godly s s which for decade past had risen to heaven , and e pe c i l al y those of Dr . Williams during the whole night preceding the day on which the treaties were agreed

upon , answered in a most marvelous way ! The exter nal walls of approach had fallen ; the inner citadels of i prejud ce and superstition still remain unshattered . But the God who removed the outer barriers is able H e will do it to break down the inner ones too ; and , for H e is faithfu l to answer p rayer !

The fie ld . 3 . oc c u pied At the Shanghai Conferenc e L D 1 877 L . . of , the Rev . Carstairs Douglas , , of Amoy, presented a paper in which he showed how much of the Empire of China had been entered up to that

‘ ’ Ws e n do m V ol. II . 860. b id. illiam Middl Ki g , , p fl 28 M1 881 ONS IN CH INA

H e i e time . divided the provinces of Ch na into thr e

o classes , with reference t their occupation by mission o first ary f rces . In the class were placed those pro l vinces which were the most thorough y occupied . i F uhkien Chehkian Th s included , g, Central and East ern h h Kwangtung, Southern Kiangsu, Chi li and S an oc tung, the two latter being the least adequately c u i n p ed of the whole class . In the seco d class were included Manchuria, Hupeh , Kiangsi , Nganhwei , a h u . Western Kw ngt ng, and Northern Kiangsu T ese were regions in which a good commencement had been made , but only in limited districts . The third class embraced the remaining nine provinces of China all n i Proper, with the dependencies except Mo gol a, “ t where darkness reigns unbroken , excep by an occa sional a b itineration , or in two or three inst nces, y stations rece ntly commenced on a small scale ; or by the scattered fragments of Gospel truth which may be gleaned among the superstitious rites and human ” traditions of the Church of Rome . Thus we see that by 1 877 missions had secured somewhat of a foothold in six of the coast provinc es

na u F u hki n Ohehkian of Chi (Kwangt ng, e , g, Kiangsu , u an Shant ng, and Chihli ) , d in Manchuria, while a mere entrance had been made into three of the inland provinces (Kiangsi , Nganhwei and Hupeh ) .

‘ . rbe msm r 3 u y m . Fortunately the statistics for this period are preserved in the records of the Conference of There were at this time two

t B eoo r o f n hai Co nferenc e 1 . ds Sha g , 877, p 487. LH SSIONS IN CH INA 29

thirt s ei ht l n i hundred and y g ma e missio aries in Ch na,

e a tw fifths of whom were from America . There were

thirt s five e two hundred and y female missionari s, over

s o Oi one f u rth of whom were unmarried women . the

sevent s three total (four hundred and y ) , America fur nished two and hundred twelve , and Great Britain

r ’ two hund ed and twenty eight, America having sent out nearly twice as many single women missionaries mis as Great Britain . Thus in seventeen years the sionar : y force had increased about three fold . It 1 8 in this period that we see practically the be i ’ ginn ng of woman 8 work for woman in China , as is evidenced by the fact that sixty three unmarried la dies were giving themselves to the work of reaching a their heathen sisters . Medical missions lso had

e t ent s fo u r gr atly developed . Sixteen hospitals and w y - dispensaries were in constant operation . In the sin gle year of 1 876 over one hundred and thirty thous and patients had been treated by the medical mission ’ aries . Surely many were thus being won to Christ by the love of these , His disciples . At the close of this period there were three hundred and twelve organized

o ne s se ente enth l churches, v of which were entire y

' selfs su ppo rtingj There were thirteen thousand and thirtys five com e in manicant these churches , a number about thir

s o d b fore teen f l larger than it was seventeen years e . I “ he his i Though goeth on way weep ng , bearing forth

* f n i nfe c e 1 . 1 l B eoo rds o Sha gha Co ren , 877, p 486. 71 1 111 . t b id. 80 MISSIONS IN CH INA

the seed ; he shall come again with joy, bringing his w ’ sheaves ith him .

i u Sevent s thr A native m nistry had sprung p . y ee the natives had been ordained to preach gospel . These were supported by five hundred and eighty : m seven other ale workers and ninety Bible women , making a total force of seven hundred and fifty na tive

Wm ood etlee ut work. 5 . In addition to the twenty field 1 860 on the in , ten more opened work in China 1 8 Of e before 77. these two were American (Pr sby ci terian , South , and American Bible So ety) ; and eight were British and Canadian (Methodist New

Connection , Society for the Promotion of Female e t Education in the East, United Pr sby erian of Scot a l nd, United Methodist Free Church , National Bible n Society of Scotland , Irish Presbyteria , Canadian t Presby erian , and Society for the Propagation of the

Gospel ) . - V . Period of Co o peratlo n and of Oc c u patio n - of Inland Pro vinc es . 1 877 90 .

s Cc -om wtlon -ad The key wo rds of the Shanghai Con

3 m m . ference of 1 877 were Co soperatio n and e first Ext nsion . The found expression in such words “ e as these , n ed by one of the speakers : The way of safety, the path of victory , as to its root principle is found in the love of Christ, and consequent love of each other . The practical application is Systematic

‘ B eoo rds o f Shan hai Co nferenc e 1 877 . g , , p 486. MISSIONS IN CH INA 81

Cas op eration by mutual assistance and division of ” labor . The second was eloquently put in the appeal which was sent to the Protestant Churches of the “ i world : Stand ng on the borders of this vast Empire , — e al we on hundred and twenty missionaries , from most every evangelical religious denomination in Eu rop e and America, assembled in General Conference at Shanghai , and representing the whole body of Pro testant missionaries in China— feeling our utter in c l e i su ffic ien y for the great work so rapid y xpand ng, o do most earnestly plead, with one voice, calling up n

” ‘ the whole Church of God for more laborers . 1 It is natural , then , to expect that the period which followed this epoc h q naking conference should likewise be characteri z ed by c omperation and exte nsion : c e s oper ation in translation , in educational lines , in the divi fi eld sion of the , and in the meeting of grave problems ; extension into regions hitherto unknown .

1 m ne aoc c u ie . . l p d In the thirteen years clos ing with 1 890 great advance s were made into the n i terior . Not only did the China Inland Mission de push into hitherto unentered provinces , but the nominational soc e ties also hastened to occupy the nu fi l occupied e ds . Every province in China Proper but one (Hunan ) was entered and stations were estab lished l . All of these provinces which are in and , save h a one (Nganhwei ) , were entered by the C ina Inl nd e Mission . Honan was also ent red by the Canadian

Presbyterians . In Hupeh the chief work was being

I" ‘ n 1 i . 4 B eoo rds o f Shanghai Co nfere c e, 877, p . 448 . t d, p 78. 82 MISSIONS IN CH IN A

n the l a done by the London Missio ary Society, Wes ey n

Missionary Society , and the American Protestant a se Episcopalians , lthough other agencies had also blish i ta ed stations ( Baptist , North ; Establ shed Church of Scotland ; and National Bible Society of

Scotland) . Nganhwei was entered by the Foreign

Christian Missionary Society , and the Methodist

Episcopal Church (North ) , the latter also occupying

a station in Kiangsi . Shansi was occupied by the

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis. l n sions, and the English Baptists, the atter also e ter

ing Shensi . The American Baptists and Methodists, i the Canad an Methodists, the Church Missionary Society and the London Missionary Society had sent small forces into the great western province of Sz c hu en . The remaining four inland provinces of i Kansuh Y Kweic hau the l st ( , Kwangsi , unnan and ) were occupied only by members of the China Inland

Mission .

3 The m ss onar forc e. . i i y This had increased nearly three z fold had i e over what it been th rt en years before . The total foreign missionary force was now twelve

and nine t s six hundred y , of which the United States v Of fi fi e . ve furnished hundred and thirteen these , hundred and eightys nine were men ; of the remainder

ninet so ne three hundred and y were married women , and three hundred and sixteen were single . The most striking fact in these figu res is the great pro i 1 877 portion of unmarried women miss onaries . In they formed but little over ones eighth of the whole

84 MISSIONS IN CH INA

t were British (Established Church of Sco land, Bible h f n and C ristians, Society for the Di fusion of Ge eral d a Christian Knowle ge , Church of Engl nd Zenana n Mission , and Soul Winni g and Prayer Union . )

V I. e riod o f xtensio n and D o me n P E e vel p t . 1 8 - h r 90 t e P esent.

Here we can do little more than prophesy . The reports of 1 894 of the various missionary societies at in work China, however, have been carefully review c d o has , and the acc mpanying table been compiled therefrom , showing the present strength of the missionary force in China . From this table we see that in four years the total number of missionaries in China has increased about fift y per cent . Who can deny that it has been in answer to the petitions of those who have been pray ing for one thousand more within fiv e years from 1 890 men May , ? But it was one thousand who were called for in that appeal ; only about three hundred “ had gone forth in the first four years . And he did not many mighty works there because of their unbe ” li ef . Whose lack of faith has kept the Lord from doing this mighty work ? Table d su fletla showlng the nu mbe r ot M leo h Ch m 111 1 890.

m u n m num y m u m e m gm w m y . 1 890 .

AME F S CIETY N O O .

1 t i English Presb 1 Rheiuish Miss Met o 1 h dist E c South . 1 er n F ou n n e ase B li li g . 1 ; Wes e M l yan issionary Soc i ety W’ 1 9 o man s Union Missio n so Methodist New 2 1 Soc iet [or Pro motion 01 F em ale 2: Unit Presbyterian of Sc otland 2 C na In an M 3 hi l d ission . 2 Amerc an Pr 4 i esbyterian. n t e Met o st F r urc . U i d h di ee Ch h . 22 t Na ona B ible M et 0! 0 . i l , M d 0 0 0 C 0 0 r s i i h Pres arian . Canadian yterian Soc i e to r Prop tion 30 Ame c an Bible 1 sta s e C u rc 01 3 E bli h d h h tland .

A em Ev Pr M . otestant on l 33 ll , tsd Gesc e C r st an 34 Bibl h i i s . 3 F o reign Christian Missions Soc ie 32Sod et or D ifi usion of Ch flan General go wledge F Sod o f riends . it Ame c an Sc andinavian 3 ) Churc h of England Zenana n te ret ren in C U i d B h hrist . m t i880C1e to r Pro motion of F e ale Ed uc a ion. Uni Pres terian o f Sc otland 1 0 C na lnlan Mss on hi i i .

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a an R ev . o h n Batc h e or. With 80 i u stra J p , by J l ll tio n 8y o s. . , “ T h e au tho r has a su b ec t seldo m treated in ou r literatu re and h e eo mmu nim tes h is rat e r exc l usive in fo rm ati o n 1 n fasc i natin g "— and nstruc t e fas o n . H is st e is er . Golde n R u le i iv hi yl v y vivid . “ T h e Ainu are th e abo rigi nes o f Ja and no w nu mbe r o nly some sixtee n o r seve ntee n thou san This rec o rd o f the ir ‘ c arac ter and c u stoms is e flec tiv el en and th e te t is su h y giv ; x p l m ted b num ero us en r vi — Wristian Advo p en y g a n A . . Ch ec c c .

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and H o Use I Morel Musc le w to t, by F rederic k At in A ro th er hat with You n Men s. B C k ly g . . so “ This is vel the b est book for you n men that ' ’ have seen t ae t a 51 C fac ts o t o un m en s fiv es fu . i y ll in th e (nee e nd roc a ms th e e] o f in r erse eranc e . p l i v y p v , tro and man r fi ri e c on s t . Wc au ti C eer f t at no one l , l h i y y h y— ’ w fi nd it stu . Si A nd rew ross s C . ill pid . F irs Batt e and H ow to F i ht h m e F . t l s g T . by A. en a Atkins. F ri d] Ch ts with Yo u ng so “ It is tru e in its 1111 nee att rac t e in its st e an ad i yl , v " mira e in its s r t. I eart c omme nd this tt e o m bl pi i h ily li l v lu e. al Rev . j olm H l. D . D . Th e S iritua A h ete and H ow H e Trains W p l t l , by .

A Bode . Intro du c tio n R ev B F a i s 0 . ll by . . y M ll " , . 5 A work for ou n m en t o nte and rac t c a y g , pi hy p i d p i l. “ Its ower and value lie in the c o nsisten t c arryi ng ou t 01 p — th e c o mpar son between physic al and spiritual m m m l i

Brav e and True hain D a idson. Ta s , by J. T v lk to Y oung Men “ T is is o ne of the books th e wi e istrib u tio n of h " d d not be too reat es re c an g ly d i d .

h h ness Dr. . Thain D a idson Ta s T orou g , by J v . lk

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Altho ufln w 1m m . M h u u dred au u on hav e heen £1 1 “ u ou to su l th e material foe this work t s be e e that th e p pp , i i li v d a mas ustrative matter w b e fou n ent re] new and — ill d i g l:e1 n; nearl 400 pages 01 an! c arefu lly se ec te illustrat ve en ei ts c o er n a e ran e o f su l d p v i g g bjec ts. “ To teac ers and all en a e in B b e nstru c t on it w l h g g d i l i i . il a vo lu me o f great h elp and use fu lness and Furnish re ady t eir an many a nail wit w ic to fasten in a “ e lac e h h d h h h " r p th e tru th s t e ma es re t r e om — Tu h u ms ! a h y y d i o d iv h e. C

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