DOCSLIB.ORG

4 Ff, ,U . < • <>••• ^ T Ha^S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

'Ihufan I nüu y silfio á r 4/ J&rtB®"4"*! C hantai •»«aWHM L. »m u,,, L. L«nnK »Ff feo/ ■noi- )« V " SJ fi/ini , ÍS ^ "r? tiuinftv, 5 KìnWuii^ •IjüiWiu , -Buimd I ^Satíhonfa“ Ä W 1' .M ía la '' r Öreup ? . t«1"' í-.Yilliu «han. hVi/JS t’uiin últ¿ T . luj/nl Chiúnfl. Kirutujvi ta& 'U hvpir -°iJitil SfhHUÍUJWt IJíum«flnu 1 l,fíovd,y.. ».-«flit«“'" t¿I»d » s7 \ boiiyrnlxiti t M* »“.ffV, n¡) 3 n * » » r / 1' Triufhuiffxr pr*¡¿>¡u» \ i. jiíh««**' iLqU-L——---- p/l/Urt ’XjùùTÌg^i: ..fi/uVuiíí O Í IíirJeiu \ UII0W* m u n “'W ir # 'TKmn éUJiJì \#CUUl. [UM« Li. vÇ « to/zjìT ü ¿7/i)í /u ff»!»/' « i ï ^ Ti/j/ltfpOu) ¿¡¿¿iMuPtf- H'W“ ym íM¿:r¿4 ulgrjni ÍÍPV., 'tl 1 Sitingtibfi WG J.iuya. L v lù u ì a jí 'y fu each au xi^w, ¡ m . utgyitA fç5£ià.</y4' \ll SlUl t e rptitg “ ".y Typini»"-11 n u t u llllK » ” P '"l/S lialLi jlaiiijwi V//. ; ,:v:" pouflM1 í jsjtùukK»-*'-” onfjdiuA Formata. f f , , u . <■■■•■<>••• jh ii.f» "!) Haiiks ÿ *$<ufui'anA Siti ¿sii p e * i h - i WnUUs*' ¿ A V » ^ n - c b o S . ^ T hA^S' '“‘‘fiait. ThaiVY^uyen VtU- H i * s ñ ú x ; (IN rin. SAMK SCAI.I ^Kv-.ui;Oai jA û jD ÿ 7>m 'tDXawTll '. Ounu/tfj s i i 1 a .Voruoyl: Tung rtmsü A s m a n S C .C am i ní /UKÍ- . , . T\than V.' ~r^Ik¿IÍ5tillL Sipht'n.jalr I llianli Hoa Ñ tlÜ, , T o v a Z? \sM Íff liin T o ru jM P 3/: PREPARED FOR THE fun4 I’ l ir a b a u i CHINA INLAND MISSION U'fit/wpust' tTu/m htJfi/tJ Mt*sti'n •'ittuivn* ¿ V OuJ<^ Sima Tinhorn \/u t>n /Alii htHUUi v\ ./w/i/4;<iyt T b f fu/ 1 4 lì * Arr^ Pen* F r u i & i k i & f/W1 ■—- SovtLJ. ^X'-Rnu^Rmua Scale o f English Miles MamphaA# u l f o i ■Pnom1 L»rf?en»v' - - — » ■ ■ » — ■ — — — .—j Stun/br/fa Cfiop U stiib* -i5.(7isinns/ C rtv. l.ond/*t l.omiiMi Pnblislied b\-the ('lim a lillaii'i .M ission.(» PvrlaucJ Itoail > h in a s il l io n s C%**• ’ M . EDITED BY J. HUDSON TAYLOR, M.R.C.S., F.R.G.S. 1879. L o n d o n : MORGAN AND SCOTT, 12, PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS, E.C. HAZELL, WATSON, AND VINEY, PRINTERS, LONDON AND AYLESBURY. + C -M riT I 3?rrfat& HE issue of the fourth volume of C h i n a 's M il l io n s affords opportunity for remark concerning the purpose T for which it is published. “ Of making many books there is no end ; ” and yet all will admit that the books are all too few which plead the cause of the perishing millions of China. This, however, is our design in the publication of C h in a ’s M il l io n s . In its pages we have sought to call attention to the spiritual need and claims of China, and to deepen and extend the desire to rescue the perishing, to care for the dying, to tell them of Jesus, the mighty to save. How far we have failed to do, in this respect, all we have desired, few but ourselves can know; but our endeavour has not been in vain. Letters are continually being received, telling of interest in mission work in China awakened or deepened through reading C h in a ’ s M il l io n s ; one writes, “ I had never felt any interest in the poor Chinese until one of the first numbers was sent me by a friend. Now, if it were possible, I would willingly become a missionary.” Another, who read the paper in New Zealand, was led to desire to go to China as a missionary; and relinquishing a comfortable position, he has come over to England to offer for the work. Thus, and in many other ways, have we had encouragement and abundant confirmation of the view expressed in the following words, which we quote from our first number :— “ Why is not a deeper interest felt in China by the people of England ? and more especially, why does not the Church evince more concern and feel more responsibility about China’s perishing millions ? We think that one reason is, that China and its people are not present to them. They have never seen its glorious hills, its noble rivers, its fertile plains: nor its crowded cities, its populous towns, its countless villages, and therefore they do not realise their existence. To enable them to do this will be our aim ; and by illustrations and descriptions of places, individuals, and circumstances, we shall hope to bring more vividly before our readers China’s Millions and their spiritual need.” * We firmly believe that as more is known about China, more will be done for China. Missionary intelli­ gence is essential to missionary effort. Deeper sympathy, more active and self-denying endeavours will be the result of a fuller knowledge of the actual state of things in the mission field, and of what is being done by the missionary labourers. The more definite the information the better, hence our estimate of the value of illustrations and maps. By their use we have been enabled to do more than we could have done by mere description. For instance, a glance at the missionary journeys indicated on the large map published by the Mission, shows in a more striking manner than any description could do, that the country is practically open for evangelistic work; while it enables the friends of the Mission better to understand the extent and importance of the journeys taken by their missionary brethren. The remarkable journey of Mr. Cameron,'recorded at some length in the following pages, deserves special attention. It will be seen that he has gone through large tracts of country hitherto but little known; and we venture to say, that whether viewed from a missionary or geographical standpoint, his narrative, as given in this volume, contains not less of interest and value than many a costly book of travel. We believe that these pioneer journeys will have no mean place in the development of mission work in China. Referring to them in the report read at our annual meeting, we said— * All the numbers of C h in a ’ s M il l io n s , from the commencement, containing much information of permanent value, and about one hundred and fifty illustrations of China and its people, may be had in four volumes, for 4s. ; or with coloured maps, etc., handsomely bound, cloth gilt, at 3s. 6d, each, or i2-\ the set of four volumes, carriage free. IV PREFACE. “ Our brethren who have been permitted to take them have given practical demonstration to the Church of God that China is open for evangelistic work, that the people of China are accessible, that if they be treated with courtesy and kindness, that if on the part of the missionary there be no assumption of national superiority, no undue insistence upon treaty rights, but rather the according to the Chinese, willingly and not by constraint, the respect due to people in their own country, friendly intercourse is possible, and in many cases even welcomed, “ If nothing beyond this had been accomplished by these journeys there would be ample cause for thankfulness ; but all along the routes the people have been freely spoken to, the object of the missionary has been plainly stated, and portions of Scripture and statements of Christian truth, in tract or book form, have been widely distributed. ” Mr. A. Wylie— than whom, from his long experience in China as agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, few if any, either in China or England, can speak with greater authority— said, in reference to the China Inland Mission— “ I am glad to think that ere long its agents will have traversed the most distant provinces of China, and the news of a Saviour will have reached to every part of the country. I do not remember the exact words, but it has been well said in the report that we cannot fully judge of the significance of the journeys that are being undertaken at the present time. That I verily believe ; there is far more in the effect of these journeys than can be by any means gauged. I may refer to a secondary benefit arising from these journeys. It renders the natives familiar with European appearances, which is no small matter— it is breaking the ice. Again, they are able to make known to the natives the objects of the missionaries coming to China. This is by no means understood by the natives, comparatively few of whom can appreciate the motives for which missionaries come. I have been much interested in reading the journeys of many of the agents of this society, and especially that of my friend Mr. McCarthy; and we know that there are many other remarkable journeys already accomplished, and others are being accomplished which will tell for much good in the future. ’’ In several provinces, where for a time itinerant work was the only work possible, stations have now been opened. The converts who may be gathered in these stations will, we trust, become the evangelists of their respective provinces.
Recommended publications
  • Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*

    Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*

    Breaking Down the Barriers, 785-816 2013-1-050-037-000234-1 Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: * Morphology and Syntax Hilary Chappell (曹茜蕾) EHESS In Chinese languages, when a direct object occurs in a non-canonical position preceding the main verb, this SOV structure can be morphologically marked by a preposition whose source comes largely from verbs or deverbal prepositions. For example, markers such as kā 共 in Southern Min are ultimately derived from the verb ‘to accompany’, pau11 幫 in many Huizhou and Wu dialects is derived from the verb ‘to help’ and bǎ 把 from the verb ‘to hold’ in standard Mandarin and the Jin dialects. In general, these markers are used to highlight an explicit change of state affecting a referential object, located in this preverbal position. This analysis sets out to address the issue of diversity in such object-marking constructions in order to examine the question of whether areal patterns exist within Sinitic languages on the basis of the main lexical fields of the object markers, if not the construction types. The possibility of establishing four major linguistic zones in China is thus explored with respect to grammaticalization pathways. Key words: typology, grammaticalization, object marking, disposal constructions, linguistic zones 1. Background to the issue In the case of transitive verbs, it is uncontroversial to state that a common word order in Sinitic languages is for direct objects to follow the main verb without any overt morphological marking: * This is a “cross-straits” paper as earlier versions were presented in turn at both the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, during the joint 14th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics and 10th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, held in Taipei in May 25-29, 2006 and also at an invited seminar at the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing on 23rd October 2006.
  • Sketch of the History of Protestant Missions in China

    Sketch of the History of Protestant Missions in China

    CONTENTS . E = AKING VEN S TH E POCH M E T , ERIO D O F R ARA ION P P EP T , PERIO D O F N RANCE E T , PERIO D O F OCCUPATION O F CO AST E PROV INC S, V P RIO D F = O RA ION AND O F O CCU . E O CO PE T PATION F NLAND ROV INC S 30 O I P E , I PERIO D O F E! TENSION AND V ELO M N 34 V . DE P E T , NOTE. This b o o klet has b een prepared primarily fo r the u se o f Mie sio nary Classes stu dying u nder the direc tio n o f the Edu c atio nal D epartm ent o f the Stu dent V o lu nteer Mo vem ent fo r F o reign Mi i n It m er r f intere t t m n thers ss o s. ay h o wev p o ve o s o a y o ’ i n r n f r in e iz ati n wh o are pray ng a d wo ki g o Ch a s evang l o . SKETCH O F THE HISTORY O F PROTES I TANT MISSIONS IN CH NA. c h flakin ents . l. The Epo g Ev s c um Clo ed . At the opening of this century China was as effectually closed to Protestant missionary effort c ou ld it as human power close , nor did there seem to be any immediate probability of a change favorable r i to the int oduct on of Christianity .
  • The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy

    The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy

    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 92 January, 1999 The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy by Christine Louise Lin Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
  • The History of Peh-Oe-Ji

    The History of Peh-Oe-Ji

    2002 台灣羅馬字教學 KAP 研究國際學術研討會 THE HISTORY OF PEH-OE-JI Henning Klöter Leiden University Research School CNWS PO Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] 0. Introduction Peh-oe-ji (hereafter: POJ) literally means 'vernacular script'. In this paper, POJ refers to the missionary romanization system for the Hoklo language which was introduced to Taiwan by Western missionaries during the late 19th century. By restricting the term POJ to one particular romanization system, I intend to avoid terminological misunderstandings which may arise from broader definitions. This paper outlines the history of alphabetic orthographies for Southern Min dialects devised by Western missionaries. Section 1 introduces early systems of Southern Min romanization developed Spanish missionaries. The description of the gradual development of POJ during the 19th century is based on a number representative works, which are introduced in section 2. Section 3 investigates orthographic changes proposed by individual missionaries. Lastly, in section 4, I discuss the functional change of POJ vis-à-vis the Chinese character script. 1. Spanish approaches to the Romanization of Hoklo First Southern Min sources in a Romanized script date back the 16th century. These were compiled by Spanish Dominicans and their translators working among the Chinese community in Manila. The introduction of romanization was a gradual process, as the translators initially relied on the use of characters as used by the Chinese immigrants. One early translation in the Hoklo language is the Doctrina christina en letra y lengua china 'The Christian doctrine in the Chinese script and tongue' (hereafter: Doctrina), the first part of which was presumably written soon after 1587 by Chinese interpreters working with the missionaries Miguel de Benavides and Juan Cobo (cf.
  • ICTM Abstracts Final2

    ICTM Abstracts Final2

    ABSTRACTS FOR THE 45th ICTM WORLD CONFERENCE BANGKOK, 11–17 JULY 2019 THURSDAY, 11 JULY 2019 IA KEYNOTE ADDRESS Jarernchai Chonpairot (Mahasarakham UnIversIty). Transborder TheorIes and ParadIgms In EthnomusIcological StudIes of Folk MusIc: VIsIons for Mo Lam in Mainland Southeast Asia ThIs talk explores the nature and IdentIty of tradItIonal musIc, prIncIpally khaen musIc and lam performIng arts In northeastern ThaIland (Isan) and Laos. Mo lam refers to an expert of lam singIng who Is routInely accompanIed by a mo khaen, a skIlled player of the bamboo panpIpe. DurIng 1972 and 1973, Dr. ChonpaIrot conducted fIeld studIes on Mo lam in northeast Thailand and Laos with Dr. Terry E. Miller. For many generatIons, LaotIan and Thai villagers have crossed the natIonal border constItuted by the Mekong RIver to visit relatIves and to partIcipate In regular festivals. However, ChonpaIrot and Miller’s fieldwork took place durIng the fInal stages of the VIetnam War which had begun more than a decade earlIer. DurIng theIr fIeldwork they collected cassette recordings of lam singIng from LaotIan radIo statIons In VIentIane and Savannakhet. ChonpaIrot also conducted fieldwork among Laotian artists living in Thai refugee camps. After the VIetnam War ended, many more Laotians who had worked for the AmerIcans fled to ThaI refugee camps. ChonpaIrot delIneated Mo lam regIonal melodIes coupled to specIfic IdentItIes In each locality of the music’s origin. He chose Lam Khon Savan from southern Laos for hIs dIssertation topIc, and also collected data from senIor Laotian mo lam tradItion-bearers then resIdent In the United States and France. These became his main informants.
  • Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. in Five

    Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. in Five

    GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT. BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E., M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. III. RANGOON: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME III. Page. Page. Page. Ralang 1 Sagaing 36 Sa-le-ywe 83 Ralôn or Ralawn ib -- 64 Sa-li ib. Rapum ib -- ib. Sa-lim ib. Ratanapura ib -- 65 Sa-lin ib. Rawa ib. Saga Tingsa 76 -- 84 Rawkwa ib. Sagônwa or Sagong ib. Salin ib. Rawtu or Maika ib. Sa-gu ib. Sa-lin chaung 86 Rawva 2 -- ib. Sa-lin-daung 89 Rawvan ib. Sagun ib -- ib. Raw-ywa ib. Sa-gwe ib. Sa-lin-gan ib. Reshen ib. Sa-gyan ib. Sa-lin-ga-thu ib. Rimpi ib. Sa-gyet ib. Sa-lin-gôn ib. Rimpe ib. Sagyilain or Limkai 77 Sa-lin-gyi ib. Rosshi or Warrshi 3 Sa-gyin ib -- 90 Ruby Mines ib. Sa-gyin North ib. Sallavati ib. Ruibu 32 Sa-gyin South ib. Sa-lun ib. Rumklao ib. a-gyin San-baing ib. Salween ib. Rumshe ib. Sa-gyin-wa ib. Sama 103 Rutong ib. Sa-gyu ib. Sama or Suma ib. Sai Lein ib. Sa-me-gan-gôn ib. Sa-ba-dwin ib. Saileng 78 Sa-meik ib. Sa-ba-hmyaw 33 Saing-byin North ib. Sa-meik-kôn ib. Sa-ban ib.
  • Gazetteer of Upper Burma. and the Shan States. in Five Volumes. Compiled from Official Papers by J. George Scott, Barrister-At-L

    Gazetteer of Upper Burma. and the Shan States. in Five Volumes. Compiled from Official Papers by J. George Scott, Barrister-At-L

    GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA. AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E,M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. I. RANGOON: PRINTRD BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME I Page. Page. Page. A-eng 1 A-lôn-gyi 8 Auk-kyin 29 Ah Hmun 2 A-Ma ib ib. A-hlè-ywa ib. Amarapura ib. Auk-myin ib. Ai-bur ib. 23 Auk-o-a-nauk 30 Ai-fang ib. Amarapura Myoma 24 Auk-o-a-she ib. Ai-ka ib. A-meik ib. Auk-sa-tha ib. Aik-gyi ib. A-mi-hkaw ib. Auk-seik ib. Ai-la ib. A-myauk-bôn-o ib. Auk-taung ib. Aing-daing ib. A-myin ib. Auk-ye-dwin ib. Aing-daung ib. Anauk-dônma 25 Auk-yo ib. Aing-gaing 3 A-nauk-gôn ib. Aung ib. Aing-gyi ib. A-nsuk-ka-byu ib. Aung-ban-chaung ib. -- ib. A-nauk-kaing ib. Aung-bin-le ib. Aing-ma ib. A-nauk-kyat-o ib. Aung-bôn ib. -- ib. A-nauk-let-tha-ma ib. Aung-ga-lein-kan ib. -- ib. A-nauk-pet ib. Aung-kè-zin ib. -- ib. A-nauk-su ib. Aung-tha 31 -- ib ib ib. Aing-she ib. A-nauk-taw ib ib. Aing-tha ib ib ib. Aing-ya ib. A-nauk-yat ib.
  • Memorials of Rev. Carstairs Douglas ... Missionary of the Presbyterian

    Memorials of Rev. Carstairs Douglas ... Missionary of the Presbyterian

    ''FOR PRIVATt CIRCULATION, MEMORIALS ASIA OF REV. CARSTAIRS DOUGLAS, M.A., LL.D, MISSIONARY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF ENGLAND AT AMOY, CHINA. LIBRARY ANNEX 2 18 7 7 ^ n 6 u : WATERLOW AND SONS LIMITED, PRINTKKS, LONDON WALL. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION ON CHINA AND THE CHINESE Library Cornell University BV 3425.A6D73 3 1924 023 084 662 MEMORIALS OF REV. CARSTAIRS DOUGLAS, M.A., LL.D., MISSIONARY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF ENGLAND AT AMOY, CHINA. 18 7 7 '^ onhan : WATERLOW AND SONS LIMITED, PRINTERS, LONDON WALL. The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023084662 THE ABOVE PHOTOGRAPH IS COPIED FROM ONE TAKEN WHEN HE WAS ABOUT 42 YEARS OF AGE, .. MEMORIALS OF REV. CARSTAIR8 DOUGLAS. CONTENTS. PAGE. Portrait taken during his last visit to Britain . Frontispiece. 1. Notes of his Life, Eddcation and Training, Objects, Habits, and . Work, by one of his Brothers . 5 2. Extracts from his Letters .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 3. Extracts from his Preface to his Dictionary of the Amoy Language 45 4. Extract from Dictionary of Amoy Language 47 5. His Closing Days, by Rev. Wm. McGregor, Amoy . 49 6. His Missionary Career, by Eev. W. S. Swanson, Amoy . 56 7. Extract from Letter of Rev. Dr. Talmage, of the American Dutch Reformed Church Mission, Amoy . 70 8. Extracts from Letters of Rev. H. L. Mackenzie, Swatow . 73 9. Missions in China of Presbyterian Church of England ; Staff, Stations, and I-ondon Office-Bearers .
  • The Development of the Southeast Asian-Chinese Border Zone

    The Development of the Southeast Asian-Chinese Border Zone

    The Development of the Southeast Asian Border Zone A Social Theory Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Florian Anderhuber aus Graz Bonn, 2019 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzende/Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuerin/Betreuer und Gutachterin/Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Gutachterin/Gutachter) Prof. Dr.Ralph Kauz, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.10.2019 Table of contents I. Theoretical background………………………………………………………………………… 7 1. Introduction and questions………………………………………………………….………….7 1.1. Terminology…………………………………………………………………….……….11 1.2. Theoretical background…………………………………………………………...……..12 1.2.1. The state of border studies…………………………………………………...…...12 1.2.1.1. Basic constructivism and spatial dimensions in border studies……..........13 1.2.1.2. Temporal dimension of border studies……………………………….......20 1.2.1.3. Criteria of demarcating space…………………………………………….23 1.2.2. Considerations of the role of the state……………………………………………27 1.2.3. The nexus between social and state borders……………………………….……..29 1.2.4. Borders as result of state-formation and territorialization………………………..32 1.2.5. State-sanctioned performance of otherness…………………………………........36 1.3. States and borders as social actions……………………………………………………...38 1.4. Agency of borders…………………………………………………………………….…39 1.5. Integrating borderlands: state-action within the national and international system……..44 1.6. The nexus of border-creation and institutionalization………………………..………….48 1.7. The case for Southeast-Asian – Chinese borderlands: a global perspective………...…..51 1.7.1.
  • 白話字的起源與在台灣的發展the Origins of Pe̍h

    白話字的起源與在台灣的發展the Origins of Pe̍h

    國立台灣師範大學台灣語文學系 博士論文 指導教授：賀安娟（Ann Heylen）博士 白話字的起源與在台灣的發展 The Origins of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī and Its Development in Taiwan 研究生：陳慕真 撰 2015 年 12 月 本論文獲得科技部 104 年度獎勵人文與社會科學 領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文獎勵，謹此誌謝。 摘要 本文以白話字為研究主題，探討白話字從十九世紀至今百餘年來的發展，分 析白話字在麻六甲的起源，在中國廈門的形成，以及在台灣從清末、日治時期， 到戰後的發展。透過白話字於不同時期的歷史梳理與分析，本文指出，白話字在 台灣的發展主要呈現兩條主要的脈絡：一為從 1865 年開始，由英國長老教會的 宣教師所發展的白話字運動 ── 這條主線在教會內穩定的發展，從日治時期延 續到戰後，直到 1969 年國民黨政府全面禁止白話字為止；另一條脈絡源於日治 時期的 1920 年代，白話字運動與台灣文化啟蒙運動相結合，並在戰後 1950 年代 由台灣省議員所接續，此後因為高壓的國語政策而沉寂，直到 1980 年代才在政 治解嚴的風潮下，隨著台語文運動而再次出現於台灣社會。這兩條脈絡顯示出白 話字在台灣的發展轉變為：（一）推動者：從西方宣教師轉變為台灣本地知識份 子，（二）訴求對象：從長老教會的信徒，擴及至台灣社會大眾，（三）推動目 的：從傳揚基督教，達成信仰教育，改變為以普及知識，達成社會教育，（四） 認同取向：從對基督教的信仰認同，發展為對台灣民族的認同。從這些轉變的過 程顯示出白話字一開始作為西方宣教師創制的文字系統在台灣本土化的痕跡。 從 1885 年《台灣府城教會報》創刊開始，台灣基督長老教會就開創了以白 話字閱讀、書寫、出版、傳播的時代，直到戰後的 1969 年為止。在長老教會的 推動下，白話字已經穩固的成為基督徒社群共通的文字。在 1885 年至 1969 年這 段台灣的「白話字時代」中，以白話字出版之書籍、刊物，總數量至少近千冊， 內容涵蓋了文學藝術、宗教信仰、歷史文化、兒童教育、醫學知識等領域。這些 成果顯示，以白話字所構築的知識體系已然健全，並成熟的體現在各領域。白話 字除了是教會信徒領受基督信仰的文字工具外，也是台灣人以台語獲取各種現代 化知識的重要途徑。 本文的另一個重點，在於指出「白話字傳播圈」的概念 ── 從十九世紀白 話字的傳播路線來看，首先是從南洋的麻六甲（1820 年代），繼而到中國廈門 （1850 年代），最後來到台灣（1865 年代）。就歷史的進程而言，台灣居於「白 話字傳播圈」的末端。然而，經過百餘年來歷史的發展，隨著東南亞華人和中國 閩南人的政治情勢、族群結構、語言式微、宗教信仰等主客觀因素，福建話和閩 南話的白話字在當地並未有穩定和長足的發展。相較於此，1980 年代後，隨著 台語文運動的成果，使得台灣在白話字上取得優勢和主導權，逐漸躍居為新加坡、 馬來西亞和中國閩南的白話字輸入中心。換言之，台灣從歷史上「白話字傳播圈」 的末端，逐漸發展成為具有「白話字傳播圈」中心的條件。 關鍵詞：白話字、台語、教會羅馬字、台語文運動、台灣基督長老教會、《台 灣教會公報》、台灣宣道社、白話字時代（1885-1969）、台灣文學 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to study the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī since the nineteenth century and to analyze its origins in Malacca, its formation in Amoy, and its development in Taiwan from the sunset of the Qing dynasty to the post‐war period. The survey results of the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī indicate that the development of Pe̍ h-ōe-jī in Taiwan has two major contexts.
  • BURMA Entrenchment Or Reform? Human Rights Developments and the Need for Continued Pressure

    BURMA Entrenchment Or Reform? Human Rights Developments and the Need for Continued Pressure

    July 1995 Vol. 7, No. 10 BURMA Entrenchment or Reform? Human Rights Developments and the Need for Continued Pressure I. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................3 Summary of Recommendations .....................................................................................................................5 II. THE PATTERN OF ABUSE.................................................................................................................................6 Political Prisoners ..........................................................................................................................................7 The Political Process......................................................................................................................................9 The National Convention.............................................................................................................................10 Forced Labor................................................................................................................................................13 Discrimination Against Minorities...............................................................................................................15 III. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES DURING COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS ......................................19 The Renewed Offensive in the Karen State.................................................................................................20
  • China and the February 1, 2021 Coup D'etat in Burma: Beijing's

    China and the February 1, 2021 Coup D'etat in Burma: Beijing's

    Volume 19 | Issue 10 | Number 1 | Article ID 5600 | May 15, 2021 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus China and the February 1, 2021 Coup d’Etat in Burma: Beijing’s Geopolitical Nightmare Donald M. Seekins Abstract: Despite its oft-stated commitment to non-interference in the domestic affairs of foreign countries, the People’s Republic of China has intervened on many levels in Burma’s conflict-ridden society, both before and after 1988. It is in 2021 Burma’s largest economic partner in terms of trade, aid and investment, and has fit Burma into its continent- and ocean-spanning One Belt/One Road Initiative. In chronically unstable border areas, it has a major influence on armed insurgent groups such as the Kokang Group and the United Wa State Army. Beijing’s top priority has been to ensure political stability, and it found Aung San Suu Kyi a willing and China's 'Burma Road' project, part of the able partner after she became “State broader Belt-and-Road infrastructural Counselor” in 2016. But the coup d’etat of initiative. February 1, 2021 has cast a shadow over the Beijing-Naypyidaw relationship and Burma’s future. Keywords: Burma (Myanmar), China, One This article assesses relations between the Belt/One Road Initiative, State Law and Order People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Restoration Council/State Peace and the Union of Myanmar, or Burma, in light of the Development Council, State Administrative military coup d’état which took place on Council, Aung San Suu Kyi. February 1, 2020. This event caused an unexpected crisis in ties between the two neighboring countries, which the Burmese have traditionally described as pauk paw relations, those between “distant cousins.