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Patterns of Sound Correspondence Between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons

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Patterns of Sound Correspondence Between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 262 August, 2016 Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons Part I by Chau H. Wu Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. Manuscripts should be submitted as electronic files, preferably in Microsoft Word format. You may wish to use our sample document template, available here: www.sino-platonic.org/spp.dot. Beginning with issue no. 171, Sino-Platonic Papers has been published electronically on the Web at www.sino-platonic.org. Issues 1–170, however, will continue to be sold as paper copies until our stock runs out, after which they too will be made available on the Web. Please note: When the editor goes on an expedition or research trip, all operations (including filling orders) may temporarily cease for up to three months at a time. In such circumstances, those who wish to purchase various issues of SPP are requested to wait patiently until he returns. If issues are urgently needed while the editor is away, they may be requested through Interlibrary Loan. You should also check our Web site at www.sino-platonic.org, as back issues are regularly rereleased for free as PDF editions. Sino-Platonic Papers is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons Part I Chau H. Wu Address for editorial correspondence: Chau H. Wu, Ph.D. 824 Fair Lane Northbrook, IL 60062-3530 USA e-mail: [email protected] 1 Chau H. Wu, “Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons,” Part I, Sino-Platonic Papers, 262 (August 2016) Dedicated to the memory of my parents, Joshua Wu 吳約書 and Tse-yu Chou 周慈玉. The language I learned at their knees begins to yield its hidden, peculiar history. 2 Chau H. Wu, “Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons,” Part I, Sino-Platonic Papers, 262 (August 2016) I should tell you that in this city [Zayton1] they have a peculiar language. — Marco Polo Language is the archives of history. — Ralph Waldo Emerson Unsere Sprache ist auch unsere Geschichte. — Jacob Grimm 1 Choânchiu (Quánzhōu) 泉州. Polo used the name given by Arab traders for the city he claimed to be “one of the two greatest seaports in the world,” the other being his home city, Venice (Polo, vol. 2, p. 236). The name Zayton transliterates the Arabic word for ‘olives’ (Ibn Battúta, p. 287). 3 Chau H. Wu, “Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons,” Part I, Sino-Platonic Papers, 262 (August 2016) IN TRO DUC TI O N Modern research in archaeology, historiography, ethnography and other fields has shown that since earliest antiquity there have long been continuous, extensive contacts between the East and the West. These contacts, not only material but also cultural, were made through the long, tortuous Silk Road linking city-states in Central Asia, with the Steppe Land in Upper Eurasia serving as a superhighway. Inevitably, the cultural contacts also involved linguistic exchanges. Many researchers have presented evidence of such language contacts. The primary focus has been on lexical similarities between Chinese and Indo-European languages. The earliest paper to present the lexical similarities in a very rigorous way with the aim of excluding similarities merely due to coincidence was written by Samuel Stehman Haldeman, who made a presentation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1856, whose proceedings were published in 1857 (Haldeman). About 15 years later Joseph Edkins (1871) published a book presenting a number of Chinese words similar to their Indo-European counterparts. By the beginning of the twentieth century the Indo-European field had matured and attempts at reconstructing Middle Chinese and even Old Chinese had also begun. With the advances in these fields, sporadic studies were initiated to compile lexical similarities between Chinese and Indo-European (Ulenbrook 1967; Ulving 1968). As the reconstruction of Old Chinese further developed, comparative studies continued to flourish with ever increasing levels of scientific rigor. This is seen in a pioneer study published by Professor Tsung-tung Chang of Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany (1988). Independently, Zhou Jixu was conducting a similar study at Sichuan University, China (2002a). These are followed by further publications by Zhou (2002b, 2003, 2006), Wei (2005), and by Tan (2006). Interestingly, Østmoe (1995) found a large number 4 Chau H. Wu, “Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons,” Part I, Sino-Platonic Papers, 262 (August 2016) of Tai (especially Thai) words resembling old Germanic. He put forward a hypothesis that Tai received not only Sinitic but also Germanic influences. The present study also attempts to present lexical correspondences between the Western and Eastern languages, and differs from all the above (except Haldeman’s and Østmoe’s works) in three major aspects. Firstly, it compares written lexicons of Germanic, Latin, Greek and Romance languages with a living language, modern Taiwanese, whereas the studies cited above are concerned with comparing reconstructed Old Chinese (that is, reconstructed sounds, because its script was not alphabetic or syllabic) — or even Proto-Chinese — with Proto-Indo-European. Thus, the present study is based on known sounds whereas the earlier studies suffer from the fact that, as Wei succinctly puts it, “the reconstruction is built on an edifice of inferences” (Wei 2005). Reconstruction of Middle Chinese has a solid linguistic basis because of the thorough investigation of the rime systems in the successive series of official rime books following the publication of Qièyùn 切韻 by Lù Fǎyán 陸法言 in 601 CE. However, because of the lack of rime books and the qièyùn system before 601, the sound system of Old Chinese has to be based on inferences. Therein lies an unknown degree of uncertainty. Secondly, the present study borrows the methodology of multiple sequence alignment analysis (MSAA) commonly employed in studies of the structure–function relationship of cellular proteins. Proteins are long chains of amino acids strung together that are then folded up like origami to form various kinds of architecture. All the proteins in our bodies are made up of building blocks drawn from only 20 kinds of amino acids. This is similar to a word made up of letters drawn from an alphabet of, say, 26 letters (taking the example of English). When a certain kind of protein, for instance, insulin, from various animal species is aligned and compared, one finds that several segments of the protein look alike across all species. These segments must be important for a certain function of the protein. Thus, the technique of aligning all the proteins to find the same segments (which are conserved throughout evolution) and to deduce their function is the basis of the MSAA. In this study, the technique is applied to Taiwanese words in comparison with those of older European languages. The results are a great surprise in that Taiwanese words show correspondences to old Germanic, Latin, Greek and Romance languages in regular patterns. Whereas previous studies compared whole words (albeit reconstructed), the present study examines patterns of segment strings 5 Chau H. Wu, “Patterns of Sound Correspondence between Taiwanese and Germanic/Latin/Greek/Romance Lexicons,” Part I, Sino-Platonic Papers, 262 (August 2016) in words so that the correspondences deduced are found to be highly regular; the comparison enables us to discern important details that were missed by previous investigations. Thirdly, all the previous studies were centered on reconstructed Old Chinese whereas this study focuses on Taiwanese, a variety of Southern Min that in turn is a member of the Min group. If we assume that Min as a subfamily is a member of the larger Sinitic family, as is the traditional view, it must have departed from the main stock of Sinitic fairly early, starting with the Qin and Han dynasties in the second, or even third, century BCE (Schuessler [D2–9], p.
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