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Downloads/3%20Papers%20From%20The%20 Launch%20Of%20Religious%20Literacy.Pdf , Last Accessed 26Th Feb 2017 City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Finlow, P. C. (2017). An investigation into the role of religion in the origins, strategic development and internationalisation processes of international non-governmental organisations. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, Universtiy of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/19850/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] City University Department of International Politics An Investigation into the Role of Religion in the Origins, Strategic Development and Internationalisation Processes of International Non-Governmental Organisations by Patricia Claire Finlow MA (City University Feb 2007) A thesis submitted to City University, London in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of International Politics Submitted February 2017 Page 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 6 Part One: Background, Research Design and Theoretical Framework ......................... 7 Chapter One: Background and Overview ................................................................... 7 1. Background to Research Project ............................................................................... 7 2. The Relevance of Research Questions ....................................................................... 8 a. Transnational Activism in Global Politics ................................................................................ 9 b. Conceptualising Religion and Religious Organisations ......................................................... 11 c. Different Religious Expressions that Pertain to this Research ............................................. 20 d. Religion and International NGOs .......................................................................................... 29 e. Religion and Transnational Social Movements (TSMs) ........................................................ 38 f. Implications for Practitioners ............................................................................................... 39 g. Overseas Expansion and Internationalisation ...................................................................... 39 3. Summary ............................................................................................................... 42 Chapter Two: Research Design and Theoretical Framework ..................................... 44 1. Research Design ..................................................................................................... 44 2. Case Studies: Selection Process .............................................................................. 44 3. Data Gathering ....................................................................................................... 46 4. Analytical Framework: Social Movement Theory ..................................................... 50 a. Assessing the Appropriateness of Social Movement Theory as an Analytical Framework .. 50 b. Adapting Social Movement Theory for the Challenges Posed by a Secular Worldview ....... 51 c. The Application of Social Movement Theory to this Research ............................................. 52 5. Thesis Outline ........................................................................................................ 58 Part Two: Presentation of Data and Analysis ........................................................... 60 Chapter 3: Oxfam’s Beginning and Early Years ......................................................... 62 1. The National Famine Relief Committee (FRC) .......................................................... 62 a. The Political Opportunity Structure: Responding to Famine in War-time Europe ............... 62 b. Repertoires of Contention: Impact of Quaker Faith ............................................................. 65 c. Resource Mobilisation Structures: Reaching Beyond the Quaker Constituency .................. 68 d. Framing the Message ........................................................................................................... 70 e. Combining these Elements into a Nationwide Strategy ....................................................... 72 2. Oxfam’s Beginnings and Early Years to 1948: Provincial to National Organisation .... 72 a. Political Context and Opportunity Structure ........................................................................ 73 b. Mobilisation Structures in Oxford ........................................................................................ 80 c. The Aims of the OCFR and their Changing Repertoire of Contention .................................. 83 d. Message Framing ................................................................................................................. 89 3. Summary and Conclusion ....................................................................................... 93 a. Findings Concerning Oxfam .................................................................................................. 93 b. Implications for Social Movement Theory ........................................................................... 94 c. Implications for Scholarship: Secularisation Theory, International Politics and International Development ............................................................................................................................... 97 Page 2 4. Oxfam: Developments from 1948 to the end of the 1950s ....................................... 97 a. Political Opportunity Structure after the War ...................................................................... 97 b. Resource Mobilisation .......................................................................................................... 99 c. Aims and Repertoires: Changing Priorities of the OCFR ..................................................... 103 d. Framing ............................................................................................................................... 105 5. Summary and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 107 a. Findings: Oxfam in the Post-War Years .............................................................................. 107 b. Implications for Social Movement Theory ......................................................................... 109 c. Implications for Scholarship ............................................................................................... 112 Chapter Four: World Vision: Beginnings and Early Years ........................................ 113 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 113 2. The Emergence of World Vision ............................................................................ 114 a. Political Opportunity Structure .......................................................................................... 114 b. Resource Mobilisation Structures ...................................................................................... 119 c. Aims and Repertoires ......................................................................................................... 122 d. Message Framing ............................................................................................................... 127 3. Summary and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 131 a. Findings: World Vision ........................................................................................................ 131 b. Implications for Social Movement Theory ......................................................................... 133 c. Religious Literacy ................................................................................................................ 134 d. Implications for Scholarship ............................................................................................... 134 Chapter Five: Oxfam 1959 to 1974 - Evolving Priorities and Internationalisation .... 136 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 136 2. Oxfam’s Evolving Priorities ................................................................................... 136 a. Political Opportunity Structure .......................................................................................... 136 b. Resource Mobilisation .......................................................................................................
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