DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Scientific naturalists and the government of the Royal Society 1850-1900 Thesis How to cite: Harrison, Andrew John (1989). Scientific naturalists and the government of the Royal Society 1850-1900. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1988 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000ded4 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk 31 0003181 6 111111 III I H Ill 111111111111 IIll LLNRE.ft Scientific Naturalists and. the government of the Royal Society 1850-1900 by Andrew John Harrison Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History of Science and Technology, Open University (1988) aoc3 nucer M12t5 Io},e. c4' subm\ss\oci . 2C LO oç ccd: 2L - 1] - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no. Table of Contents 11 Acknowledgements 13.1 Abstract iv List of Abbreviations of Names of Sources V Section I Procedures of the Royal Society Introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE Publication 3 CHAPTER TWO The Government Grant 26 CHAPTER THREE "Rich Engineers, Chemical Traders and Experts" 49 CHAPTER FOUR Referees and Papers 82 Case Study 1 127 Case Study 2 135 CHAPTER FIVE The Royal Society's Foreign Relations 150 Section II Scientific Naturalists and the Royal Society CHAPTER SIX The X Club 167 CHAPTER SEVEN Thomas Huxley and the Place of Scientific 214 Naturalism in the Royal Society CHAPTER EIGHT Running the Royal Society 1870-1885 258 CHAPTER NINE 1885-1900: The Breakdown of Huxleyite Control 313 of the Royal Society CHAPTER TEN Aspects of the Conflict Between the Scientific 378 Naturalists and their Opponents CHAPTER ELEVEN The Rearguard Struggle for "Pure" Darwinian '421 Theory in the Twilight of Huxleyite Power Bibliography 435 - lii - Acknowledgements During the time that I spent at the Royal Society in 1984, I received much willing help from the library staff there, for which I offer my thanks. I was later helped by the efficient staff of the Cambridge University Library Manuscript Room, and by the Archives Department of Imperial College. My thanks are due to Professor Cohn Russell for supervising my work and assisting me through some of its more difficult phases. I am grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Raven Frankland for 'their special permission to study the microfilm of the Raven Frankland Collection of the letters and papers of Sir Edward Frankland. I received much willing help from the secretarial staff of the History of Science Department of the Open University especially Mrs. Pat Dixon. Whilst living in London my accommodation problems were solved by the kind help of Mr. Euan Vaccari. By no means least of those whom I welcome the opportunity to thank is my wife, Denise, whose support and tolerance have been crucial to the efforts I have been able to devote to this project. [he Open Univers2 Higher Degrees Office HI DEZRZS OFFI 2 6 S E P 1988 Ack.. LIEPARY N OPISATION FC1 Pass to... PJsai_ A r;ov1. OF IS: Icc wJ -& 1 ç. 1- if e ,-' cC) confirm that I em ilhir that trrj thesis be ab1e to readers and ttaybe Dtocopied, SUbject to the discretil f the Librarian. slED: ,/ (JL(LA2>1CV\ - iv - Abstract The everyday life of the Royal Society in the second half of the nineteenth century is a largely unworked field within the history of Victorian science. As the principal forum for English science, the Royal Society was a crucial context for' the working out of the major changes in science over the period. The Society made its own singular responses to the developing needs of science for funds to support increasingly expensive researches, and for a more efficient means of publication for the growing number of active workers. These aspects are dealt with at length in the first section. The image of science which was held to by some of its leading practitioners and organisers is very significant in tracing the devel- oping tensions within Victorian science. This led to a widespread sensitivity to any commercial or political involvements on the part of prominent men of science, which might have seemed to compromise their disinterestedness. An area which is very revealing of many character- istic modes of thought entertained by Victorian men of' science, is the evaluation of' scientific performance. Enshrined in the refereeing procedures of the Royal Society, this process provides many insights into the contemporary meaning of the issues of the day. For a long period following 1870 the government of the Royal Society was in the hand of the group of scientific naturalists who surrounded Thomas Huxley. Their personal ambitions and energetic sup- port of the cause of' scientific naturalism contributed to an extremely vigourous phase of the Royal Society's history. A detailed coverage is provided of the spectacular rise and surprisingly rapid decline of the power and influence of this group in this focal point of Victorian science. -v - List of Abbreviations of Names of Sources ASN Marie Boas Hall, All Scientists Now, Cambridge University Press, 1984. LL JDH Leonard Huxley (ed.), Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, John Murray, London, 1918. LL THH Leonard Huxley (ed.) Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, Macmillan, London, 1908. TRS Henry Lyons, The Royal Society 1660-1940, Cambridge, 1944. Phil. Trans. (P.T.) Philosophical. Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Proc. R.S. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. RFC The Raven Frankland Collection of the papers of Sir Edward Frankland. Huxley Papers (ICL) Collection housed at Imperial College London. Catalogue by Warren Dawson. Kelvin Papers (CUL) Cambridge University Library, Add. MS 7342. Stokes Papers (CUL) Cambridge University library, Add. MS 7656. -1- INTRODUCTION The main objective of the research which forms the basis of this work has been to provide a detailed consideration of the way in which certain leading Fellows of the Royal Society took a central part in its organisation and conduct during the second half of the nineteenth century. Publicists of the Royal Society have commonly assumed that basic divisions of interest, and the personal and institutional ten- sions to which these inevitably gave rise, were effectively removed by the reform of the Statutes in 1847. Much primary evidence suggests that this was far from being the case. Recent consideration of the social relations of Victorian science has dwealt largely on the oper- ation of informal networks of influence. The present work represents an attempt to investigate the nature and extent of these networks in the context of the central forum of British science. A major diffi- culty placed in the way of this investigation proved to be similar to that facing many studies of institutional behaviour: the understandable concern for its public image enacted by the institution in question. Frequently the august nature of the Royal Society's perceived position within British scientific life led many of its leading Fellows to realise their interests in its affairs clandestinely whilst maintain- ing an outward appearance of the severest rectitude. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the interest groups whose conflicts had so profound an influence on the conduct of science in this country were united in their concern to maintain the magisterial dignity of its public image. This meant that the tensions referred to above were not usually resolved in the relatively exposed arena formed by the Society's apartments at Burlington House. As a result of this it is necessary to trace out the actions and intentions of several central figures in other scientific contexts than the Royal Society itself. -2- The place of Thomas Huxley in Victorian science has often been described elsewhere. The present work attempts to ascertain more about the place of Huxley and his more active supporters within the Royal Society - recently termed the "Upper House" of British science. Running alongside the involvement of Huxley was that of George Stokes. Contemporarily a less newsworthy focus of affairs than Huxley, in the popular sense, Stokes nevertheless wielded great scientific influence. He occupied the office of Secretary of the Royal Society for 31 years. Of the part played by Stokes, much remains to be established. There is evidence to suggest that the rapid rise and subsequent failure of the enterprise undertaken by the "Huxleyites" involved some individuals and events not hitherto recognised by historians of the period. In recent years a good deal has been written about scientific naturalism, the world picture that Huxley and his followers did so much to promote. The manner which this promotion took place within the Royal Society is examined in detail in the second part of this work. The first part consists of several detailed studies of the institu- tional setting of the Royal Society. These consider the development of routine procedures bound up in the everday institutional life of the Society at Burlington House. -3- CHAPTER ONE PUBLICATION The relative isolation of British science following the climax of Newton's dispute with Leibnitz in 1715, which divided British and Continental mathematicians into mutually hostile camps, produced a legacy of unquestioned insularity that dogged the outlook of British instruments of scientific communication far into the next century.1 An efficient and reliable method of maintaining scientific communica- tion between the European countries began to develop as the newly forming scientific societies of the send half of the seventeenth century began to set up journals to replace personal correspondence.2 In spite of the aura of heroic pioneering which is commonly lent to these early stirrings, it seems that the most impelling motive of work was an increasingly urgent desire to codify a uniform means of securing personal and national priority for particular scientific performances.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Charles Darwin: a Companion
    CHARLES DARWIN: A COMPANION Charles Darwin aged 59. Reproduction of a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, original 13 x 10 inches, taken at Dumbola Lodge, Freshwater, Isle of Wight in July 1869. The original print is signed and authenticated by Mrs Cameron and also signed by Darwin. It bears Colnaghi's blind embossed registration. [page 3] CHARLES DARWIN A Companion by R. B. FREEMAN Department of Zoology University College London DAWSON [page 4] First published in 1978 © R. B. Freeman 1978 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd, Cannon House Folkestone, Kent, England Archon Books, The Shoe String Press, Inc 995 Sherman Avenue, Hamden, Connecticut 06514 USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Freeman, Richard Broke. Charles Darwin. 1. Darwin, Charles – Dictionaries, indexes, etc. 575′. 0092′4 QH31. D2 ISBN 0–7129–0901–X Archon ISBN 0–208–01739–9 LC 78–40928 Filmset in 11/12 pt Bembo Printed and bound in Great Britain by W & J Mackay Limited, Chatham [page 5] CONTENTS List of Illustrations 6 Introduction 7 Acknowledgements 10 Abbreviations 11 Text 17–309 [page 6] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Charles Darwin aged 59 Frontispiece From a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron Skeleton Pedigree of Charles Robert Darwin 66 Pedigree to show Charles Robert Darwin's Relationship to his Wife Emma 67 Wedgwood Pedigree of Robert Darwin's Children and Grandchildren 68 Arms and Crest of Robert Waring Darwin 69 Research Notes on Insectivorous Plants 1860 90 Charles Darwin's Full Signature 91 [page 7] INTRODUCTION THIS Companion is about Charles Darwin the man: it is not about evolution by natural selection, nor is it about any other of his theoretical or experimental work.
    [Show full text]
  • Bloomsbury Scientists Ii Iii
    i Bloomsbury Scientists ii iii Bloomsbury Scientists Science and Art in the Wake of Darwin Michael Boulter iv First published in 2017 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ ucl- press Text © Michael Boulter, 2017 Images courtesy of Michael Boulter, 2017 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Attribution should include the following information: Michael Boulter, Bloomsbury Scientists. London, UCL Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787350045 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 006- 9 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 005- 2 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 004- 5 (PDF) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 007- 6 (epub) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 008- 3 (mobi) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 009- 0 (html) DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.14324/ 111.9781787350045 v In memory of W. G. Chaloner FRS, 1928– 2016, lecturer in palaeobotany at UCL, 1956– 72 vi vii Acknowledgements My old writing style was strongly controlled by the measured precision of my scientific discipline, evolutionary biology. It was a habit that I tried to break while working on this project, with its speculations and opinions, let alone dubious data. But my old practices of scientific rigour intentionally stopped personalities and feeling showing through.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wyley History of the Geologists' Association in the 50 Years 1958
    THE WYLEY HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION 1958–2008 Leake, Bishop & Howarth ASSOCIATION THE GEOLOGISTS’ OF HISTORY WYLEY THE The Wyley History of the Geologists’ Association in the 50 years 1958–2008 by Bernard Elgey Leake, Arthur Clive Bishop ISBN 978-0900717-71-0 and Richard John Howarth 9 780900 717710 GAHistory_cover_A5red.indd 1 19/08/2013 16:12 The Geologists’ Association, founded in 1858, exists to foster the progress and Bernard Elgey Leake was Professor of Geology (now Emeritus) in the diffusion of the science of Geology. It holds lecture meetings in London and, via University of Glasgow and Honorary Keeper of the Geological Collections in the Local Groups, throughout England and Wales. It conducts field meetings and Hunterian Museum (1974–97) and is now an Honorary Research Fellow in the School publishes Proceedings, the GA Magazine, Field Guides and Circulars regularly. For of Earth and Ocean Sciences in Cardiff University. He joined the GA in 1970, was further information apply to: Treasurer from 1997–2009 and is now an Honorary Life Member. He was the last The Executive Secretary, sole editor of the Journal of the Geological Society (1972–4); Treasurer (1981–5; Geologists’ Association, 1989–1996) and President (1986–8) of the Geological Society and President of the Burlington House, Mineralogical Society (1998–2000). He is a petrologist, geochemist, mineralogist, Piccadilly, a life-long mapper of the geology of Connemara, Ireland and a Fellow of the London W1J 0DU Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has held research Fellowships in the Universities of phone: 020 74349298 Liverpool (1955–7), Western Australia (1985) and Canterbury, NZ (1999) and a e-mail: [email protected] lectureship and Readership at the University of Bristol (1957–74).
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions, »
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229.
    [Show full text]
  • Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1
    Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy The Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 2 License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy Author: George Biddell Airy Release Date: January 9, 2004 [EBook #10655] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE AIRY *** Produced by Joseph Myers and PG Distributed Proofreaders AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIR GEORGE BIDDELL AIRY, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., HONORARY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, ASTRONOMER ROYAL FROM 1836 TO 1881. EDITED BY WILFRID AIRY, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. 1896 PREFACE. The life of Airy was essentially that of a hard-working, business man, and differed from that of other hard-working people only in the quality and variety of his work. It was not an exciting life, but it was full of interest, and his work brought him into close relations with many scientific men, and with many men high in the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/3%20Papers%20From%20The%20 Launch%20Of%20Religious%20Literacy.Pdf , Last Accessed 26Th Feb 2017
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Finlow, P. C. (2017). An investigation into the role of religion in the origins, strategic development and internationalisation processes of international non-governmental organisations. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, Universtiy of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/19850/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] City University Department of International Politics An Investigation into the Role of Religion in the Origins, Strategic Development and Internationalisation Processes of International Non-Governmental Organisations by Patricia Claire Finlow MA (City University Feb 2007) A thesis submitted to City University, London in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of International Politics Submitted February 2017 Page 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 6 Part One: Background, Research Design and Theoretical Framework ........................
    [Show full text]
  • The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886
    The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 Sascha Nolden, Simon Nathan & Esme Mildenhall Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H November 2013 Published by the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc, 2013 Information on the Society and its publications is given at www.gsnz.org.nz © Copyright Simon Nathan & Sascha Nolden, 2013 Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H ISBN 978-1-877480-29-4 ISSN 2230-4495 (Online) ISSN 2230-4487 (Print) We gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the Brian Mason Scientific and Technical Trust which has provided financial support for this project. This document is available as a PDF file that can be downloaded from the Geoscience Society website at: http://www.gsnz.org.nz/information/misc-series-i-49.html Bibliographic Reference Nolden, S.; Nathan, S.; Mildenhall, E. 2013: The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886. Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H. 219 pages. The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Sumner Cave controversy Sources of the Haast-Hooker correspondence Transcription and presentation of the letters Acknowledgements References Calendar of Letters 8 Transcriptions of the Haast-Hooker letters 12 Appendix 1: Undated letter (fragment), ca 1867 208 Appendix 2: Obituary for Sir Julius von Haast 209 Appendix 3: Biographical register of names mentioned in the correspondence 213 Figures Figure 1: Photographs
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Magdalen College Record
    Magdalen College Record Magdalen College Record 2017 2017 Conference Facilities at Magdalen¢ We are delighted that many members come back to Magdalen for their wedding (exclusive to members), celebration dinner or to hold a conference. We play host to associations and organizations as well as commercial conferences, whilst also accommodating summer schools. The Grove Auditorium seats 160 and has full (HD) projection fa- cilities, and events are supported by our audio-visual technician. We also cater for a similar number in Hall for meals and special banquets. The New Room is available throughout the year for private dining for The cover photograph a minimum of 20, and maximum of 44. was taken by Marcin Sliwa Catherine Hughes or Penny Johnson would be pleased to discuss your requirements, available dates and charges. Please contact the Conference and Accommodation Office at [email protected] Further information is also available at www.magd.ox.ac.uk/conferences For general enquiries on Alumni Events, please contact the Devel- opment Office at [email protected] Magdalen College Record 2017 he Magdalen College Record is published annually, and is circu- Tlated to all members of the College, past and present. If your contact details have changed, please let us know either by writ- ing to the Development Office, Magdalen College, Oxford, OX1 4AU, or by emailing [email protected] General correspondence concerning the Record should be sent to the Editor, Magdalen College Record, Magdalen College, Ox- ford, OX1 4AU, or, preferably, by email to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Elkington & Co. and the Art of Electro-Metallurgy, circa 1840-1900. Alistair Grant. A Thesis Submitted to the University of Sussex for Examination for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. September 2014. 2 I hereby declare that this thesis is solely my own work, and has not been, and will not be submitted in whole, or in part, to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature:……………………………………… 3 This PhD thesis is dedicated to my wife Lucy and my daughter Agnes. I would like to thank my wife, Dr. Lucy Grant, without whose love, encouragement, and financial support my doctoral studies could not have happened. Her fortitude, especially during the difficult early months of 2013 when our daughter Agnes was ill, anchored our family and home, and enabled me to continue my research and complete this PhD thesis. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Maurice Howard. Having nurtured my enthusiasm for Art History as an undergraduate at the University of Sussex from 1983-1986, when I approached him, 23 years later, about pursuing PhD research into Elkington & Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions
    L « i 1 INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1897 (YOL. 190). A. A b n e y (W. d e W.). The Sensitiveness of the Retina to Light and Colour, 155. iEther in relation to Contained Matter; Constitution o f; mechanical Models of; Radiation across Moving Matter mechanical Reaction of Radiation; Theory of Diamagnetism, &c. (L ar m o r ), 205. B. B xI d e n -P o w ell (Sir G e o r g e ). Total Eclipse of the Sun, 1896.—The Novaya Zemlya Observations, 197. Bakerian Lecture. See R e y n o l d s and Mo o r by . Barometer—Self-recording Frequency-Barometer, by G. U. Yule (P earson and Le e ), 423. Barometric Heights, Frequency-distribution of, at 23 Stations in British Isles ; Correlation of ; Prediction Formulae (Pearson and Lee), 423. Boomerangs, Account of; Air-pressure on ; Trajectories of (W alk er ), 23. C. Cathode Rays, various Kinds ; Electrostatic Deflexion ; Splash Phenomena (T h o m pso n ), 471. Colour, Sensitiveness of Retina to; Extinction dependent on Angular Aperture of Image; Relation of Colour Fields to Intensity of Colour (A b n e y ), 153. Contact Action, Molecular Theory of ; Forcives divided into Molecular and Mechanical; Electric and Magnetic Stresses ; Electrostriction and Magnetostriction (Larmor), 205. Corona, Note by W. H. W e sl e y on Photographs of, obtained in Novaya Zemlya Eclipse of 1890 (B a d e n -P o w e l l ), 197. Cr o o k e s’ Tubes, Dendritic Forms of Luminescence in (T h o m pso n ), 471.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection
    The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection (Front illustration: the Sun without spots, July 27, 1954) By Willie Wei-Hock Soon and Steven H. Yaskell To Soon Gim-Chuan, Chua Chiew-See, Pham Than (Lien+Van’s mother) and Ulla and Anna In Memory of Miriam Fuchs (baba Gil’s mother)---W.H.S. In Memory of Andrew Hoff---S.H.Y. To interrupt His Yellow Plan The Sun does not allow Caprices of the Atmosphere – And even when the Snow Heaves Balls of Specks, like Vicious Boy Directly in His Eye – Does not so much as turn His Head Busy with Majesty – ‘Tis His to stimulate the Earth And magnetize the Sea - And bind Astronomy, in place, Yet Any passing by Would deem Ourselves – the busier As the Minutest Bee That rides – emits a Thunder – A Bomb – to justify Emily Dickinson (poem 224. c. 1862) Since people are by nature poorly equipped to register any but short-term changes, it is not surprising that we fail to notice slower changes in either climate or the sun. John A. Eddy, The New Solar Physics (1977-78) Foreword By E. N. Parker In this time of global warming we are impelled by both the anticipated dire consequences and by scientific curiosity to investigate the factors that drive the climate. Climate has fluctuated strongly and abruptly in the past, with ice ages and interglacial warming as the long term extremes. Historical research in the last decades has shown short term climatic transients to be a frequent occurrence, often imposing disastrous hardship on the afflicted human populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sendino, Consuelo & Taylor, Paul D., 2011. Sir Charles
    Paper in: Patrick N. Wyse Jackson & Mary E. Spencer Jones (eds) (2011) Annals of Bryozoology 3: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp. viii+225. CHARLES LYELL’S FOSSIL BRYOZOANS FROM GRAN CANARIA 123 Sir Charles Lyell’s fossil bryozoans from Gran Canaria Consuelo Sendino and Paul D. Taylor Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 1. Introduction 2. Lyell and his fieldwork on Gran Canaria 3. Busk’s and Lonsdale’s studies of Lyell’s Gran Canaria bryozoans 4. The fossil bryozoans 5. Subsequent studies on fossil bryozoans from Gran Canaria 6. Discussion 7. Summary Appendix. Inventory of Gran Canaria fossil bryozoans in the Busk Collection known or believed to have come from the Charles Lyell Collection 1. Introduction Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was the leading geologist of his day.1 His work proved enormously influential to natural historians seeking to understand both the physical processes involved in the formation of geological structures, and the nature of the fossil record. The key concept of uniformitarianism – ‘the present is the key to the past’ – owes more to Lyell than to any other geologist. Among numerous other notable achievements, he was responsible for the subdivision of the Tertiary into Epochs that could be recognized largely from the proportions of extinct vs. extant species they contained. It is well known that Charles Darwin carried with him on the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle a copy of Volume 1 of Lyell’s Principles of Geology (Lyell 1830). This seminal book allowed Darwin to interpret the geology he saw in terms of gradual physical processes that have shaped the earth over the immensity of geological time; indeed, time sufficient to accommodate Darwin’s emerging belief that the diversity of life developed by the slow transmutation of species from a common ancestor, i.e.
    [Show full text]