The British Public in a Shrinking World: Civic Engagement with the Declining Empire, 1960-1970
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
The British Public in a Shrinking World: Civic Engagement with the Declining Empire, 1960-1970 Anna Bocking Welch PhD University of York Department of History September 2012 Abstract This thesis analyses how the British public‘s interactions with the peoples and places of the empire and Commonwealth changed as a result of decolonization. Its central concern is to determine how issues relating to the empire and its decline became part of everyday ‗local‘ experiences within British associational life between 1960 and 1970. It links a rich scholarly tradition of research on the domestic experience of Britain‘s empire to a new and emerging field of research that seeks to understand the institutional and associational makeup of the interconnected postwar world. Chapter One looks at the activities of the Royal Commonwealth Society to assess the afterlife of empire as it was lived by those who had been the most involved. Chapter Two looks at the international work of the Women‘s Institute in order to consider how groups without a specific Commonwealth remit engaged with the spaces of the declining empire. Chapter Three focuses on an individual enthusiast, Charles Chislett, assessing how the personal experiences of one man might resonate across local networks of sociability and public service. Chapters Four and Five on the United Nations Freedom from Hunger Campaign and Christian Aid consider humanitarian engagements with the decolonizing empire, analysing how international and imperial frameworks overlapped in religious and secular practices of aid and development. Using these case studies, the thesis questions the extent to which the impact of decolonization was necessarily traumatic for the British public by considering alternate, optimistic experiences of international friendship, philanthropy and education taking place within civil society. It argues that we must be wary of overstating the importance of empire and decolonization in the lives of the British public and therefore situates its analysis of civil society firmly within the context of globalization and the sense of living in a ‗shrinking world‘ that characterized many engagements with foreign peoples and places. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 7 Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11 Anecdotes and Associations ................................................................................................... 11 Impact, Imprint and Trauma: the Mark of a Declining Empire .............................................. 17 A Shrinking Empire in a Shrinking World: Issues of Scale in 1960s Britain ......................... 21 ‗Glocality‘: Thinking With and Through the Nation .............................................................. 24 The Spaces and Faces: Methodology and Case Studies.......................................................... 30 Allowing For Complexity ....................................................................................................... 33 Chapter One: ‘Time is running out’: Learning, Lobbying and Lunching in the Royal Commonwealth Society ............................................................................................ 37 The Burden of Empire ............................................................................................................ 37 People Like Us: the Membership of the Society ..................................................................... 41 Coming to Terms with the Commonwealth ............................................................................ 48 Turning Rhetoric into Practice ................................................................................................ 53 Knowledge and Education ...................................................................................................... 54 ‗The Hustle is On‘: The Royal Commonwealth Society in Action ........................................ 67 Interaction and Sociability ...................................................................................................... 72 Pragmatism, Stagnation and Enthusiasm – Some Conclusions .............................................. 78 Chapter Two: ‘Be World Wise with the WIs’: Silence and Empire in the International Work of the British Women’s Institute .................................................................................. 81 More than Just Jam and Jerusalem .......................................................................................... 81 International Activity Within a Shrinking World ................................................................... 86 Global Frameworks and Commonwealth Preoccupations ...................................................... 91 Female Philanthropy: Tracing Imperial Legacies within the WI‘s Post-colonial Benevolence ................................................................................................................................................ 98 Home and Away: The Place of Commonwealth Students .................................................... 102 The Old and the New: Dividing the Commonwealth through Family Discourse ................. 108 The Commonwealth as Commonsense: Understanding the Semantics of Silence ............... 117 Chapter Three: Individual Experience and Community Practice: the Amateur Enthusiast at the End of Empire ......................................................................................................... 121 The Public and Private Lives of Amateurs ........................................................................... 121 Chislett Abroad: National Service, International Networks and Tourism ............................ 126 Cameras in the Community: Virtual Mobility and the Rotherham Public ............................ 152 Conclusion: The Amateur as Ambassador ............................................................................ 169 Chapter Four: The Many Faces of Philanthropy: Britain and the UN Freedom from Hunger Campaign ................................................................................................................. 171 5 The National within the International.................................................................................... 171 Benevolent Britain and the Imperial Tradition ...................................................................... 175 The Overlapping Internationalisms of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign ....................... 192 The Public‘s Part in Development - Conclusion ................................................................... 209 Chapter Five: ‘A Shrinking World and a Secular Age’: Christian Aid, the Parish, and the End of Empire .................................................................................................................. 213 A Secular Age or a Secular Outlook? Reinstating Religion within Histories of Decolonization ............................................................................................................................................... 213 Redefining Christian Britain ................................................................................................. 221 Neighbours in Need: The Geographical Reach of Christian Aid .......................................... 225 ‗The Heroic Age of the Christian Missions is Over‘: Redefining Church Aid ..................... 230 Christian Conscience, the Commonwealth and Postcolonial Critique .................................. 234 ‗The Curate‘s Egg‘: Judging the Impact of Christian Aid in the Parish ................................ 241 Conclusion: Humdrum Internationalism ............................................................................... 255 Conclusion: Decolonization, Globalization and Social Responsibility .................................... 257 Time Well Spent: Virtuousness and the End of Empire ........................................................ 257 Visions of the Future in Associational Life: The Distinctiveness of the 1960s .................... 260 Colours and Palettes .............................................................................................................. 263 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 265 List of Commonly Used Abbreviations ................................................................................. 265 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 266 Primary Sources .................................................................................................................... 266 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................ 272 6 Acknowledgements I am grateful to the many people who have made this thesis possible. First I would like to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council who funded this project and the World Universities Network who funded the two months I spent at the University of Washington, Seattle. Second, I am thankful to the staff