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ED 112 453 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION PUB DATE AVAILABLE from DOCUMENT RESUME EA 007 422 Atkinson, Norman Educational Co-Operation DOCUMENT RESUME ED 112 453 EA 007 422 AUTHOR Atkinson, Norman TITLE Educational Co-Operation in the Commonwealth: An Historical Study. Series in Education, Occasional Paper No. 1. INSTITUTION Rhodesia Univ., Salisbury. PUB DATE 74 NOTE 274p. AVAILABLE FROM The Library, University of Rhodesia, E.O. Box MP.45, Mount Pleasant, Salisbury, Rodesia ($5.10 Rhodesian) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; *Educational Coordination; *Educational History; *Educational Planning; *Educational Policy; Higher Education; Instructional Media; International Education; *International Organizations; International Programs IDENTIFIERS *British Commonwealth ABSTRACT This book provides an historical assessment of educational cooperation within the British Commonwealth, during both the imperial and postimperial periods. However, the author makes no attempt to examine the educational policies or institutions of the individual territories or countries, except as they have affected the development of international cooperation. Individual chapters examine the nature of the modern Commonwealth, educational policy during the imperial period, educational cooperation in the Commonwealth since 1945, adult education in the Commonwealth, higher education in the Commonwealth, the use of instructional media in the Commonwealth, and international relations between the Commonwealth and other nations. (Author/JG) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hatdcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). ErBs is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. EDUCATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE COMMONWEALTH An Historical Study Series in Education Occasional Paper No. 1 (1972) by NORMAN ATKINSON M.Lrrr., Ph.D.(Dus.), Dip.ED.(LoND.). READER IN COMPARATIVE EDUCATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF RHODESIA "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICRO FICHE ONLY HAS BEEN GRANTED BY c.61 A-) TO ERIC AND 4A ZATIONS OPERAT ING UNDER At EEmENTS WITH THE NA TIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERM'S SALISBURY SION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER " UNIVERSITY OF RHODESIA W 1974 2 (C) UNIVERSITY OF RHODESIA ISBN 0 86924 000 5 This new Series incorporates the Occasional Papers formerly issued under the following heading: Faculty of Education. 'This association must depend, not on the old concept of a common allegiance, but upon the new principle of a common idealism.' Harold Macmillan in the House of Commons, 22 March 1961. Printed in Rhodesia by Sebri Printers, Msasa, Salisbury 3 CONTENTS Page 1. A NEW COMMONWEALTH 7 2. IMPERIAL LEGACY 15 Steps towards an imperial education policy the Imperial Education Conferences Education for local development; Lugard and Guggisberg; activities of the Colonial Office Advisory Committee for Africa the Advisory Committeere-constitutedtoservethe Colonial Empire as a whole; Sir Percy Nunn and the education of teachers for the Empire the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts moves towards self- government for the Colonies;criticisms of British imperial educational policy the case for and against British paternalism 3. PARTNERSHIP 64 The emergence of new independent states within the Commonwealth; changing relationships in educational co-operation the Colombo Plan theSpecial Commonwealth African Assistance Plan and the Afro- Anglo-American Programme education for the 'good life' as envisaged by the Oxford Conference of 1959 work of later Commonwealth Education Conferences; establishment of the Commonwealth Secretariat Britain's aid to former dependent territories prag- matism for an age of rapid development; Gandhi and Nyerere 4. ADULT EDUCATION., 103 A widening educational gap between developed and developing countries; education for political responsi- bility community development; example of the West Indies the role of the universities extra- mural departments in overseas universities; a new approach in Rhodesia education for women adult education to interpret and support the processes of change - 4 5. HIGHER EDUCATION 129 Establishment of the British university tradition over- seas the Universities Congresses; establishment of the Universities Bureau the Asquith Commission and the foundation of university colleges in the Colonies the Ashby Commission and the foundation of universities in new states special relationship with London University; the Inter-University Council for Higher Education in the Colonies later Universities Congresses and a wider sharing of responsibility for co-operation towards a richer academic tradition 6. RESEARCH 175 A close relationship between research and educational development; the beginning of Commonwealth studies in United Kingdom Universities the Scarbrough Report delays in developing a co-ordinated research policy for the Colonial Empire; impact of the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts; work of the Colonial Research Committee establishment of the Institute of Development Studies 7. METHODS AND MEDIA 194 The coming of the film and wireless; efforts to preserve the freedom of the media from outside control; overseas services of the B.B.C.; the Plymouth Report and the extension of broadcasting in the Colonies the Royal CommonwealthSocietyandtheCommonwealth Institute the British Council; re-organisation after the Drogheda Report; the teaching of English as a second language efforts of the Ottawa Conference towards closer co-operation in the use of mass media; educational television; an Australian-Japanese survey of television requirements; the origins of C.E.D.O. public examinations 8. BRIDGE BUILDING 226 Transcriptof Documents 238 Bibliography 251 INDEX 266 5 AUTHOR'S PREFACE This workisintendedto provide an assessment of educational co-operation in the Commonwealth, during both the imperial and post-imperial periods. There has been no attempt to examine the educational policies or institutions of individual territories, except in sofarasthey haveaffectedthe developmentofinternational co-operation. Acknowledgement is due to the following for allowingme to examine manuscripts and other documentary material intheir keeping: the Deputy Keeper, Public Record Officer, London; the Librarian, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library, London; the Librarian, Royal Commonwealth Society, London; the Trustees of the British Museum; the Trustees of the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Rhodes Trustees. Oxford; the Librarian,BritishBroadcasting Corporation Library, London; the Librarian, British Council Home Library, London; the Librarian, London University Institute of Education; the Librarian, London University Institute of Commonwealth Studies. Advice and help has been generously given by a number of distinguished authorities on Commonwealth affairs, amongst whom I am particularly indebted to the following: Professor Nicholas Mansergh, Master of St. John's College, Cambridge; Professor Robert Craig, Principal and Vice- Chancellor of the University of Rhodesia; Professors L. J. Lewis and Bruce Pattison of London University; Emeritus Professor Basil Fletcher of Leeds University. Assistance in a variety of wayswas made available by Dr J. A. Maraj, Director, and his colleagues of the Commonwealth SecretariatEducationDivision.Assistanceontechnicalmatters was provided by Mr Dennys Mitchell and other members of the staff of the Centre for Educational Development Overseas, London. Miss Fiona Cadell contributed invaluable advice on matters of literary presentation. Mrs T. Birch, Mrs D. Craig, Mrs J. McCabe and Mrs V. Salmon rendered a high standard of secretarial service. Mrs S.Jack went to a great deal of trouble in preparing the manuscript for publication, and corrected the proofs. To colleagues and studentsat the University of Rhodesian I am grateful for stimulating discussion and practical experience of some of the most difficult problems of educational co-operation in the modern Commonwealth. N.D.A. November 1973 6 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME A.R. Annual Register B.B.C. British Broadcasting Corporation British Council B.M. British Museum Cd. Command Papers, Third Series, 19004918 Cmd. Command Papers, Fourth Series, 19194956 Cmnd. Command Papers, Fifth Series, 1956 - C.O.I. Central Office of Information, London Col. Colonial Office Papers C.R. Colonial Review C.S. Commonwealth Survey K.C.A. Keesing's Contemporary Archives O.Q. Overseas Quarterly P.R.O. Public Record Office, London T.E.S. Times Educational Supplement H.M.S.O. Her Majesty's Stationery Office U.N.E.S.C.O. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation 7 CHAPTER 1 A NEW COMMONWEALTH The most obvious feature of the modern Commonwealth isits diversity. As an assortment of independent states, witha variety of
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