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CHARITY, RELIEF and DEVELOPMENT: CHRISTIAN AID in ETHIOPIA 1960S-I990s

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CHARITY, RELIEF and DEVELOPMENT: CHRISTIAN AID in ETHIOPIA 1960S-I990s CHARITY, RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT: CHRISTIAN AID IN ETHIOPIA 1960s-I990s ONDINE BARROW PhD School of Oriental and African Studies ProQuest Number: 10673205 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673205 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis is about a charity, Christian Aid (CA) and the experience of that charity working in Ethiopia over three decades. The thesis looks at the evolving capabilities of CA in the world of relief and development. It asks whether CA has learned anything from its experience. The study looks at CA from the beginning of the 1960s through major famines and through a process by which charities have grown from small apolitical organisations to prominent political players, both in the southern countries where they work, and in the northern countries where they undertake publicity, lobby and advocacy. With changing priorities and demands on aid, practical experience on its own, has not been enough to ensure a coherent institutional response. There is a significant danger that CA has not had time to reflect on what has happened. This thesis provides an institutional memory, a historical reflection on CA's own development. The thesis sets CA in the context of development in general and Ethiopia in particular. It looks at the charity as an organisation, at its evolution and positioning within the broader institutional and theoretical setting. It explores the different levels of policy and concern within the organisation. The various paradigm shifts in development policy over the past 30 years are examined, setting up debates that had real meaning for the charity around a set of specific policy concerns in Ethiopia. The main body of analysis focuses on CA's performance in Ethiopia. The charity's experience of famine in the mid-1970s and mid-1980s is explored and its response analysed. How CA articulated development policies in Ethiopia from the late 1980s is examined. Throughout, the focus is on how CA has positioned its mandate, how theory related to practice and how the experiences of the past have informed the present. i CONTENTS Glossary of Abbreviations iv List of Tables and Charts v List of Maps v Map of Ethiopia, Provinces and Major Towns vi Introduction: The Challenges of Charity 1 1. Christian Aid: a non-governmental organisation 2 2. Institutionalising Memory 8 3. Theory and Interpretation 11 4. Method and Sources 14 5. Chapter Outline 17 Chapter 1: The Institutional History of Christian Aid: a process of adaptation 21 1. The Origins of Christian Aid 1945 to c. 1960 21 2. The Evolution of Christian Aid 1960-90 28 2.1 A development mandate & the social justice debate 1960-73 28 2.2 1974-75: the watershed years 40 2.3 The search for professionalism: clarifying objectives and strategy 49 2.4 1987: the year of commitments 55 3. Christian Aid in the 1990s 58 4. A Process of Adaptation Reconsidered 66 Chapter 2: Christian Aid. Famine. Relief and Development: a theoretical perspective 74 1. Conceptions of Famine: understanding its nature and causes 75 2. Disaster Relief: the difficulties and effects of responding to crisis 81 2.1 The theoretical setting 82 2.2 The institutional setting 87 3. Sustainable Development: exploring its meaning 96 3.1 No shortcuts to progress 96 3.2 New approaches to sustainable development: rethinking the relief-development continuum 101 4. Conclusion 107 Chapter 3: The 1971-75 Ethiopian Famine 108 1. ‘Famine’ Discovered 109 1.1 Vulnerability to famine in rural Ethiopia 112 1.2 Profile of the famine 1971-75 120 1.3 A political economy of famine in Ethiopia 1971-75 126 2. Christian Aid and the 1971-75 Famine 139 2.1 A background to Christian Aid and famine in Ethiopia 139 2.2 Christian Aid and the 1971-75 famine 142 3. Groping For a New Role 155 Chapter 4: The 1983-85 Ethiopian Famine: ‘function’ re-examined 162 1. War and Famine 166 1.1 The state and famine relief 1983-85 175 2. The International Politics of Relief 179 3. Conclusion 190 Chapter 5: The Ethiopian Famine 1983-85: a political economy framework for action 194 1. The Emergency Relief Desk 1981-85 195 2. Organisational Adaptation in Conflict Situations: the Emergency Relief Desk in Ethiopia 1981-91 200 3. T he Cross-B order Operation Evaluated 1981 -91 215 4. Christian Aid in Ethiopia 1981-91: an analysis of capability 234 Chapter 6: Christian Aid and Rural Development in Southern Ethiopia 1985-97 241 1. ‘Alternative’ Development: theory and practice 242 2. A New Storyline: reality or rhetoric? 248 Ill 2.1 The plan 249 2.2 The outcome 252 2.3 Discussion 259 3. Christian Aid and the Freedom From Hunger Campaign Programme in southern Ethiopia 1985-97 261 4. Understanding Development: lessons for Christian Aid 266 Conclusion: Lessons: the past historic and the future imperfect 270 1. Christian Aid and lessons from the past 270 2. Christian Aid and lessons for the future 282 2.1 Broadening the research agenda 282 2.2 Linking good practice with good theory 285 2.3 Development education 290 Bibliography 293 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS CA Christian Aid ERA Eritrean Relief Association ERD Emergency Relief Desk EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front FAD Food Availability Decline FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FFHC Freedom From Hunger Campaign NGO Non-governmental Organisation OLF Oromo Liberation Front ORA Oromo Relief Association REST Relief Society of Tigray TPLF Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front UN United Nations w c c World Council of Churches V LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS 1.1 Christian Aid: Income from Official Sources (£) 1982-89 50 1.2 Christian Aid: Major Sources of Income (£) 1970-79 70 1.3 Christian Aid: Analysis of Project Expenditure (£) 1970-79 71 1.4 Christian Aid: Major Sources of Income (£) 1980-89 72 1.5 Christian Aid: Analysis of Project Expenditure (£) 1980-89 73 3.1 Cereals Production and Net Food Availability Per Caput 1972-84 114 3.2 History of Drought and Famine in Ethiopia 159 4.1 Main Feature of Warnings of and Responses to the 1983-85 Ethiopian Famine 192 5.1 Christian Aid Grants to Ethiopia (£) 1979-1984 199 5.2 Cash Programmes in Tigray 1982-87 226 5.3 Cash Programmes in Eritrea 1982-87 226 5.4 Emergency Relief Desk: Cash Donations 1981-91 238 5.5 Emergency Relief Desk: Cash Donations Per Donor 1981 -91 239 5.6 Emergency Relief Desk: Food Donations 1981-91 239 5.7 Emergency Relief Desk: Total Donations 1981-91 240 LIST OF MAPS 3.1 Ethiopia: Topography 111 3.2 Ethiopia: famine stricken zones 1971-75 123 4.1 Northern Ethiopia 1983-85 165 Map: Ethiopia - Provinces and Major Towns it?; ETHIOPIA ERITREA MAMDAN Mmmwi f M - y Mnwri • IS) % * % »* - V ‘H( V'1 TIQRAY 'hh'YEMEN. L'W ’C ■■’ >ki \ □ONDER Mokelo OwK^r WOLLO OOJJAM D ose VDotwe Meikoe eroera WOLLEQA SMEWA Dlro Dnwn fJair;-! ADDIS . Hntnr Nokem lo <*> ABABA O ofe r ^ Aaoln ■:::■*. Jlm a : *% ULUBABOR . • ARSI HARERGHE • Goba KAFFA BALE SIDAMO y m m JVrtum SOMALIA A Cl | '9"7?e flt . 2001 ■ - .v :r..- ? •"„ ■.. •„ Mogadishu IhdlSri c* thsihlil iMHMMlAi J t Source: Africa Walch, /sv/Y Days: 30 years of war and famine in Ethiopia, (Human Rights Watch: New York, 1991) 1 Introduction THE CHALLENGES OF CHARITY This study is about a charity, Christian Aid (CA) and the experience of that charity working in Ethiopia over three decades.1 A prominent and long-established British aid agency, CA has been involved in the major post-war disasters, its development grants go to over seventy countries in the world, it has a strong campaigning and lobbying profile, and an impressive international reputation. This thesis looks at the evolving capabilities of CA in the world of relief and development. It asks whether CA has learned anything from its experience. There are three reasons for writing a thesis on this subject. One is that the role of CA in particular and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in general are expanding and that within what has been dubbed the ‘new world order’2, they are increasingly acting asmechanisms of international public policy. The contemporary aid industry has become an important subject of discussion and research.3 The hope that research and practical thought about charity may benefit from a historical perspective is one reason for this first attempt to provide one. 1 For the sake of clarity within this analysis, Eritrea (which gained independence from Ethiopia in April 1993) is included in references to Ethiopia. 2 The ‘new world order’ constitutes the post-Cold War balance of power in North-South relations envisioned by President Bush in his inaugural speech. It was hoped that the end of the cold war would establish the habit of co-operation between the superpowers and that the United Nations would thus be able to fulfill its intended role as the framework for a world society in which disputes would be settled without war. In the literature on the aid industry, the ‘new world order’ is characterised by the enhanced role of NGOs, in which such tilings as the principle of non-interference, especially in relation to humanitarian aid, is less firmly supported.
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