DOCSLIB.ORG

WOMEN's PARTICIPATION in the WORLD COUNCIL of CHURCHES 1948-1991 by Janet Estridge Crawford Submitted to the V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WOMEN's PARTICIPATION in the WORLD COUNCIL of CHURCHES 1948-1991 by Janet Estridge Crawford Submitted to the V ROCKING THE BOAT: WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 1948-1991 by Janet Estridge Crawford submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 1995 CORRECTIONS and ALTERATIONS Page 35, footnote 64, delete last sentence. Page 55, footnote 46, line six, "Carey Hall" not "College". Page 63, second line from bottom, close quotation mark after "come". Page 72, line thirteen, "Ecumenical", not "Economical". Page 85, footnote 6, the last sentence should be attached at the end of footnote 7. Page 87, footnote 10, line eight, "was" before "a consultant". Page 119, line eleven, Muelder, not Meulder. Page 121, footnote 11, line three Dogmatik. Page 123, footnote 15, line two, "image", line ten, "Barth's". Page 124, line one, "insights". Page 126, third line from the bottom, "one woman". Delete italics in title. Page 130, footnote 34, line three, "the" for "those". Page 136, line seventeen, "one woman". Page 144, footnote 69, add: The word "confess" replaced "accept". Page 162, line two of quotation 13, "difficult" not "difficulty". Page 165, footnote 19 cont., line two. Dr. Gibson Winter should be listed once only. Page 169, footnote 32, comma after "May". Page 172, quotation 41, line two, "places" not "placed". Page 179, line eleven, omit "at the" at the end of the line. Page 181, five lines from bottom, omit [sic]. Page 182, line five from the bottom, "theirs" not "their's". Page 192, line four, omit "the" before "theological". Page 201, line eleven, "the" instead of "to". Page 202, footnote 132, line two, "Florentin-Smyth", line three, "European". Page 212, line eight, omit "was" at beginning. Page 223, line four, "harmonizations". Page 224, line four from the bottom, "practical". Page 226, line four from the bottom, omit "the" before "World War II". Page 227, line ten, omit "normally". Page 238, line six, "concern", line sixteen, delete [sic] and insert missing bracket at the end. Page 240, footnote 95, "Fairfax". Page 241, line eight, "Chester House". Page 246, line fourteen, "woman", not "women". 2 Page 263, line eight, insert quotation mark at end. Page 266, footnote 191, insert quotation mark before "vice-chairman". Page 275, line twelve, "questions", last line, "be" not "by", footnote 216, "WCC" not "Wcc". Page 284, line eighteen, "Ortega" not "Orfega". Page 291, line four, insert "many" before "personal". Page 322, line five from the bottom, "most" not "moist". Page 343, footnote 100, line one, "predominance of women" not "men". Page 361, line 10, "equality" not "quality". Page 366, footnote 168, line six, "fifty-fifty" not "fifty-fifth". Page 371, footnote 180, line two, "of" not "or". Page 384, line four, insert "of" after "community". Page 389, line seven, "Berlin" not "Berlini". Page 392, line three from the bottom, "their" for "the" at the end. Page 409, line thirteen, "woman" not "women". Page 434, line three, "woman" not "women". Page 451, line three, "1985" not "1958". Page 455, line twelve, "patriarchal" not "partriarchal". Page 476, last line, comma after "Redeemer", full stop after "Sanctifier". Page 481, line thirteen, insert colon after "emphases", semi-colon after "participation". Page 485, line twelve, "priests" not "priets". Page 487, line five, "past", not "part". Page 496, footnote 149, line three, "volumes" not "columes". Page 505, line three from the bottom, separate "one" from "commissioner". Page 514, line fifteen, omit "often". Page 531, line thirteen, insert "was" after "which". Page 548, footnote 306, "Kässmann". Page 549, line twelve, insert "which" and omit "for" before and after "had". Page 550, line twelve, "Reaction"; line four from the bottom, replace comma after "assemblies" with full stop, begin new sentence "Of .." Page 551, line fourteen "Hyun" not "Hung". Page 552, footnote 315, "Kässmann". Page 553, quotation 319, last line "Hyun" not "Hung". Page 559, line eight, "relate" not "related"; last line, "divisions" not "diversions". Page 560, line eight, insert "work" after "section". Page 561, footnote 348, "Kässmann". 3 Page 563, line fourteen, "the report" not "this report". Page 575, line three, omit "are". Page 577, line nine, capital letter for "Women". Page 611, under BAROT add "d. December 1995" Page 612, under BARROW add "d. December 1995". ABSTRACT When the inaugurating assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC) met in 1948 questions about women's participation in the life and work of the churches, including the ordained ministry, were already on the agenda, placed there by women even though few women participated in any official capacity in the assembly. Since 1948 women's participation has become an increasingly important issue within the life and work of the WCC itself. This thesis, which is based on extensive primary research, documents and discusses women's participation in the WCC from that first assembly in 1948 to the seventh in 1991. By women's participation I understand both the inclusion of women among the representatives of the member churches who participate with some authority in the various policy and decision making bodies within the Council and the contribution of women's experiences, insights and perspectives to its policies and programmes. I argue that although women's participation in the WCC has increased significantly in the period 1948-1991 this increase has occurred only as a result of considerable struggle by women themselves, and that the ongoing pressure from women for their full and equal participation with men gives rise to serious tensions and problems within the WCC today. The basic approach is chronological, with documentation and discussion organised around the seven WCC assemblies held in the period 1948-1991. The slow processes of bureaucratic change through which women's participation has increased are documented in some detail, with particular attention given to their participation in assemblies and on the central committee, these being the two most powerful bodies in the governance of the WCC. Significant changes in the policies and programmes of the WCC resulting from women's participation are discussed, with particular attention paid to the "women's department" which, although its title and mandate have changed more than once, has consistently been the locus of advocacy for women's participation, and the commission on Faith and Order which has addressed theological questions raised by and about women's participation. The conclusion drawn from this study is that women's participation offers a number of significant challenges to the WCC and its member churches in their quest for unity. In Memory of Frances Nancy Crawford LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AACC All Africa Conference of Churches AFT Apostolic Faith Today BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCC British Council of Churches BEM Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry CICARWS Commission of the Churches on Inter-church Aid, Refugee and World Service CIMADE Comité Inter-Mouvements Auprès Des Evacués CMC Christian Medical Commission COPECIAL Permanent Commission for International Congresses of the Lay Apostolate CWU Church Women United CWMC Community of Women and Men in the Church CWME Commission on World Mission and Evangelism DEA Division on Ecumenical Action DEM Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement EATWOT Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians EPS EPS: Ecumenical Press Service ER The Ecumenical Review IMC International Missionary Council JPIC Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation JWG Joint Working Group LWF Lutheran World Federation NCC National Council of Churches NCCCUSA National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA iii NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations PAWM Pre-Assembly Women’s Meeting PCR Programme to Combat Racism PTE Programme on Theological Education RC Roman Catholic RCC Roman Catholic Church SACC South Africa Council of Churches SCM Student Christian Movement SEG Staff Executive Group SODEPAX Joint Committee on Society, Development and Peace SPCU Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity TD Typewritten document TL Typewritten letter TLS Typewritten letter signed UCA Uniting Church of Australia UN United Nations WCC World Council of Churches WCCE World Council of Christian Education WCW Women in a Changing World WELG Women’s Ecumenical Liaison Group WSCF World Student Christian Federation WUCWO World Union of Catholic Women’s Organisations YMCA Young Men’s Christian Associations YWCA Young Women’s Christian Associations iv PREFACE The subject of this thesis is women's participation in the World Council of Churches (WCC) 1948-1991. Although I have written this as a work of academic research my interest in the subject is not wholly academic for I am myself a woman who has participated in the work of the WCC. My first contact with this institution occurred in 1979 when as a newly- ordained Anglican clergywoman in a provincial New Zealand town I organised and led a group which responded to the WCC study on the Community of Women and Men in the Church (CWMC) and subsequently sent a brief report to the WCC office in Geneva. An unforeseen consequence of this was that in August 1980 I went to Geneva where I worked for a year as consultant to the CWMC study programme. Originally employed to analyse and edit the reports sent in by groups around the world, I later became responsible for organising the conference held at Sheffield in July 1981 which was the culmination of the four year CWMC study process. After this I left the WCC and the editorial work was completed later, with a colleague, and published as In God's Image: Reflections on Identity, Human Wholeness and the Authority of Scripture. 1 In 1983 I returned to Geneva where I spent ten months working as a consultant to the WCC Sub-unit on Women in Church and Society, involved in 1 Janet Crawford and Michael Kinnamon, eds., In God's Image: Reflections on Identity, Human Wholeness and the Authority of Scripture (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1983).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vichy France and the Jews
    VICHY FRANCE AND THE JEWS MICHAEL R. MARRUS AND ROBERT 0. PAXTON Originally published as Vichy et les juifs by Calmann-Levy 1981 Basic Books, Inc., Publishers New York Contents Introduction Chapter 1 / First Steps Chapter 2 / The Roots o f Vichy Antisemitism Traditional Images of the Jews 27 Second Wave: The Crises of the 1930s and the Revival of Antisemitism 34 The Reach of Antisemitism: How Influential Was It? 45 The Administrative Response 54 The Refugee Crisis, 1938-41 58 Chapter 3 / The Strategy o f Xavier Vallat, i 9 4 !-4 2 The Beginnings of German Pressure 77 Vichy Defines the Jewish Issue, 1941 83 Vallat: An Activist at Work 96 The Emigration Deadlock 112 Vallat’s Fall 115 Chapter 4 / The System at Work, 1040-42 The CGQJ and Other State Agencies: Rivalries and Border Disputes 128 Business as Usual 144 Aryanization 152 Emigration 161 The Camps 165 Chapter 5 / Public Opinion, 1040-42 The Climax of Popular Antisemitism 181 The DistriBution of Popular Antisemitism 186 A Special Case: Algeria 191 The Churches and the Jews 197 X C ontents The Opposition 203 An Indifferent Majority 209 Chapter 6 / The Turning Point: Summer 1Q42 215 New Men, New Measures 218 The Final Solution 220 Laval and the Final Solution 228 The Effort to Segregate: The Jewish Star 234 Preparing the Deportation 241 The Vel d’Hiv Roundup 250 Drancy 252 Roundups in the Unoccupied Zone 255 The Massacre of the Innocents 263 The Turn in PuBlic Opinion 270 Chapter 7 / The Darquier Period, 1942-44 281 Darquier’s CGQJ and Its Place in the Regime 286 Darquier’s CGQJ in Action 294 Total Occupation and the Resumption of Deportations 302 Vichy, the ABBé Catry, and the Massada Zionists 310 The Italian Interlude 315 Denaturalization, August 1943: Laval’s Refusal 321 Last Days 329 Chapter 8 / Conclusions: The Holocaust in France .
    [Show full text]
  • French Protestant Churches and the Persecution of the Jews in France Michael R
    French Protestant Churches and the Persecution of the Jews in France Michael R. Marrus Generally speaking, French Protestantism was inevitably more sensitive to the predicament of the Jewish minority in France than the Catholic majority. Numbering about 600,000 on the eve of the war, Protestants were divided into several confessional groups, gathered under the umbrella of the Fédération Protestante de France. Themselves a minority, Protestants had a long history of being outside the religious mainstream and carried a historical memory of fierce persecution during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Further, they often had Jewish or German-sounding names, and of course were normally unable to produce baptismal certificates, useful in proving that the bearer was not Jewish. Ever since the advent of the Vichy regime, as pressure mounted against Jews and Freemasons, Protestants harbored fears of “a new clericalism,” of which they too might become victims. In the summer of 1941, Pastor Marc Boegner, president of the Fédération Protestante, heard widespread rumors that Protestants were next on Vichy’s list of enemies. Along with a handful of other Protestants, Marc Boegner was among the first to protest Vichy's anti-Jewish legislation. Of Alsatian background, and profoundly patriotic, Boegner was widely respected at Vichy as a figure of international standing. His words could not be ignored. Under instructions from the Eglise Réformée de France, of which he was also the head, he expressed his objectives in two letters, sent in March 1941, one to the head of government Admiral François Darlan (himself of protestant origins) and the other to Isaïe Schwartz, then Grand Rabbi of France.
    [Show full text]
  • Archives Du Comité D'histoire De La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale Juin 1973-Juillet 1973
    Archives du Comité d’histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale — Résistance intérieure : mouvements, réseaux, partis politiques et syndicats Répertoire numérique détaillé (72AJ/35-72AJ/89) Par Patricia Gillet, avec la collaboration d'Alexandra Hauchecorne et le concours de la mission du projet de Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Deuxième édition électronique Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 2015 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_053870 Cet instrument de recherche a été originellement rédigé en XML/EAD. Ce document est écrit en français. Conforme à la norme ISAD(G) et aux règles d'application de la DTD EAD (version 2002) aux Archives nationales. 2 Archives nationales (France) Préface Informations à l'intention des personnes consultant le fonds mis en ligne 1/ L’exploitation des documents consultés n'est autorisée que dans le cadre d’un usage privé (usage strictement personnel dans le cercle de la famille) ou dans le cadre d’analyses et courtes citations justifiées par le caractère critique, polémique, pédagogique, scientifique ou d'information de l’œuvre à laquelle elles sont incorporées, sous réserve que soient indiqués clairement le nom de l'auteur et la source (cf article L122-5 du code de la propriété intellectuelle). 2/ Toute autre réutilisation (publication, exposition...) au sens du chapitre II de la loi n° 78-753 du 17 juillet 1978, de quelque manière que ce soit, dans le cadre d'activités commerciales ou non, est expressément réservée. Elle devra faire l'objet d'une demande d'autorisation préalable auprès des Archives nationales. 3/ Compte tenu de la difficulté pour les Archives nationales à identifier les ayants-droit de certains documents composant des fonds d'archives mis en ligne, ces documents peuvent apparaître avec la mention "tous droits réservés".
    [Show full text]
  • A Light to the Nations
    A Light to the Nations A LIGHT TO THE NATIONS The Indian Presence in the Ecumenical Movement in the Twentieth Century Edited by Jesudas M. Athyal Foreword by Michael Kinnamon A LIGHT TO THE NATIONS The Indian Presence in the Ecumenical Movement in the Twentieth Century Edited by Jesudas M. Athyal Copyright © 2016 WCC Publications. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in notices or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: [email protected]. WCC Publications is the book publishing programme of the World Council of Churches. Founded in 1948, the WCC promotes Christian unity in faith, witness and service for a just and peaceful world. A global fellowship, the WCC brings together 345 Protestant,Orthodox, Anglican and other churches representing more than 550 million Christians in 110 countries and works cooperatively with the Roman Catholic Church. Opinions expressed in WCC Publications are those of the authors. Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, © copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. Cover design: Adele Robey, Phoenix Graphics, Inc. Book design and typesetting: Michelle Cook / 4 Seasons Book Design ISBN: 978-2-8254-1670-9 World Council of Churches 150 route de Ferney, P.O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland http://publications.oikoumene.org CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Contributors ix Foreword xi Introduction xiii 1. The Indian Ecumenical Symphony: Significant Movements 1 and Persons Jesudas M. Athyal 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Motivations for French Collaboration During The
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2008 Racial Motivations for French Collaboration during the Second World War: Uncovering the Memory through Film and Memoirs Daniela Greene Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Greene, Daniela, "Racial Motivations for French Collaboration during the Second World War: Uncovering the Memory through Film and Memoirs" (2008). All Theses. 383. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/383 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACIAL MOTIVATIONS FOR FRENCH COLLABORATION DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: UNCOVERING THE MEMORY THROUGH FILM AND MEMOIRS _________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History _________________________________________ by Daniela Greene August 2008 _________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Alan Grubb, Committee Chair Dr. Roger Grant Dr. Donald McKale Abstract After France was defeated by the Germans in June 1940, several politicians of the Third Republic formed a new government under Marshal Philippe Pétain in Vichy. The men in the new regime immediately began to make social and political changes which, in their mind, were long overdue. They believed that they could negotiate with the occupation officials in the North and maintain France‟s sovereignty, at least in the “free” Southern zone. They also believed, as did a large part of the French people, that the inadequacies of the republican system had lost France the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonizing Christianity: Grassroots Ecumenism
    DECOLONIZING CHRISTIANITY: GRASSROOTS ECUMENISM IN FRANCE AND ALGERIA, 1940-1965 by DARCIE S. FONTAINE A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of Bonnie G. Smith and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey MAY, 2011 2011 Darcie Fontaine ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Decolonizing Christianity: Grassroots Ecumenism in France and Algeria, 1940-1965 By DARCIE S. FONTAINE Dissertation Director: Bonnie G. Smith This dissertation, “Grassroots Ecumenism: Christianity and Decolonization in France and Algeria, 1940-1965” is the first major study of how French Protestant and Catholic engagement in the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) reshaped Christianity in the modern world and influenced global religious movements like Ecumenical Movement and Vatican II. The moral questions that surfaced during the Algerian War, including the French military’s use of torture, the repression of civilian populations, and debates about the legitimacy of the Algerian nationalist positions forced Christians across the world to rethink the role of Christianity in imperialism and its future in a postcolonial world. This dissertation examines the shifting dynamics of Christianity’s role in the French empire, from the role that Christianity played in supporting the moral foundations for French colonialism in Algeria, to the ways in which Social Christianity, which emerged in France in the 1930s and 40s, undermined these same moral arguments, including the belief that French colonialism was both benevolent and the only means through which Christian interests could be protected in Algeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthodox Women in Ecumenical Dialogue 145
    Orthodox Womell ill Ecumenical Dialogue 143 DISCERNING THROUGH CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES master said to his slave in Jesus' parable of the talents: "Well done, good and trustworthy slave: you have been trustworthy in a few things, I will Orthodox Women put you in charge of many things: enter into the joy of your master" (Matt. 25:21). Our question is: after journeying together for several in Ecumenical Dialogue decades as Orthodox and other Christian women in the ecumenical movement, how can we recognize and multiply the "talent" we are given by God? We do this by using the gift of being created as women in God's TENY PIRRI-SIMONIAN image, and by assuming the responsibility that is ours by being called, together with men. to become co-creators with him. Our journey has shown that we can put our common coin into proper use only by learning about each other, by understanding each other's concerns regarding the journey, by respecting the different speeds with Not long ago I was invited as a staff member of the World Council of which we move in our common quest, and, finally, by discerning an ecu- Churches to speak to a mixed audience of ecumenical partners and menical journey for the glory of the triune God and for the imperative of others about the ecumenical journey of women since 1948. I saw my role standing up together as Christians for life-giving values and issues. Shar- as communicator, interpreting to my audience how women in the ecu- ing with each other means listening to each other's stories - the ecu- menical movement have discerned their place and role in church and menical story and the Orthodox story.
    [Show full text]
  • Fonds Marc Boegner 036Y
    Fonds Marc Boegner 036Y cote boîte dossier date date fin description début 036Y 1 VIE PERSONNELLE 036Y 1 1 1. Curriculum Vitae (7 ff. dactylographiés avec en parallèle les dates du protestantisme, du catholicisme, et de 1881 1970 la politique) 036Y 1 1 2. Aouste : Tommy Fallot : "Entretiens de Pentecôte", mai 1904 (7 ff. dactylographiés) ; "La mort a été 1904 1904 engloutie dans la victoire" (1Cor XV,54), sermon pour les funérailles de T. Fallot (2 versions ms. de 11 et 17 ff. + 1 version dactylographiée de 6 ff.) 036Y 1 1 3. Aouste : M. Boegner : lettre au Consistoire, 20/09/1904 (photocopie, 2 ff.) ; sermon anniversaire de la 1904 1975 mort de T. Fallot, 03/09/1905 (Héb. XII,1, 8 ff. dactylographiés) ; lettre imprimée d'invitation à la consécration, 04/09/1905 (3 p.) ; sermon de consécration, 14/09/1905 (4 ff. dactylographiés) ; sermon d'installation, 22/10/1905 (Apoc III,8, 14 ff. ms + 7 ff. dactylographiés) + service funèbre de M. Boegner, oratoire, 22/12/1970 (3 ff. dactylographiés) + 2 lettres envoyées par Pierre Bolle à Mme Berthoud sur l'installation de Boegner 036Y 1 2 1909 1926 Carnets de notes personnelles : 15 carnets ms. : n°I, 1909-4 mars 1910 ; N°II, 5 mars 1910-10 déc.1910 ; n°III, 12 déc.1910-19 sept.1911 ; n°IV, 20 sept.1911-2 août 1913 ; n°V, 4 août 1913-22 juin 1914 ; n°VI, 26 juin 1914-15 fév.1915 ; n°II, 24 mars 1915-15 fév.1916 ; n°III, 16 fév.1916-6 janv.1917 ; n°IV, 12 janv.1917-19 sept.1917 ; n°VII, 21 sept.1917-2 mai 1918 ; n°VIII, 3 mai 1918-13 nov.1919 ; n°IX, 14 nov.1919-17 août 1920 ; n°X, 20 août 1920-17 juill.1921 ; n°XI, 25 juill.1921-9 juill.1926 ; n°XII, 14 juill.1926-26 sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecumenical Leaders Index Project.Pdf
    The Ecumenical Leaders Index Project The aim of the Ecumenical Leaders Index Project, an endeavor funded by the Episcopal Church Foundation, has been to create a database of information regarding individuals, issues, and events connected with the ecumenical movement during the time period 1935 to 1960. It is hoped-that this data­ base will assist researchers by providing a consolidated source of bio­ graphical information about ecumenical leaders from this time period and by providing improved access to the wealth of relevant documen.tion available in archi~al and manuscript collections at the Yale Divinity School Library., It is also hoped that this'Project may serve as the first steps toward a more comprehensive database which would cover a broader time period and provide access to documentation in ·other repositories. The individuals represented in this Index are the "pioneers", as Willem A. Visser 't Hooft d-escribed them, " who had the imagination and tenacity to translate the ecumenical vision into concrete plans." 1 The Ecumenical Leaders Index provides biographical information on more than 100 men and women who were active in the founding and early development of the World Council of Churches and in the many related movements which fueled the ecumenical flame between the~years 1935 and 1960. The Project staff surveyed all relevant manuscript and archival collections at the Yale Divinity Library to discover correspondence and papers of the 1 Willem A. Visser 't Hooft The Genesis and Formation of the World Council of Churches, p. vii. 1 individuals selected for inclusion in the Index. Information about each document, including a brief content note summarizing its content, has been entered into a database environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Vichy France: "Our" Jews and the Rest
    -------------------------.- Vichy France: "Our" Jews and the Rest SAUL FRIEDLANDER Marchandeau Law ofApril 21, 1939, which forbade From The Years ofExtermination: Nazi Germany incitement on racial or religious grounds: The and the Jews, 1939-1945 floodgates of antisemitic propaganda reopened. A month after signing the armistice [on June 22, On August 16, a National Association of Physi­ 1940], seven days after the demise of the Third cians was established, whose members had to Republic, Marshal [Philippe] Petain's new regime, be born of French fathers. On September 10, the on its own initiative, introduced its first anti­ same limitation was applied to the legal profes­ Jewish measure. One hundred fifty years after the sion.4 And, on October 3, 1940, Vichy, again on emancipation of the Jews of France, the rollback its own initiative, issued its Statut des juifs (Jew­ had started. Of the approximately 330,000 Jews ish Statute.) in prewar France almost half were either foreign­ In the opening paragraph of the statute, a Jew ers or born of foreign parents. And among the was defined as any person descending from at least foreigners, 55,000 had arrived between 1933 and three grandparents of the "Jewish race" or of two 1939 (40JOOO since 1935).1 ... grandparents of the "Jewish race" if the spouse Strident collaborationism was rarely heard in too was Jewish (the German definition referred Vichy during the summer of1940, but traditional to the grandparents' religionj the French, to their native antisemitism was rife from the very first race). The next paragraphs listed all the public " " .1"1 days.
    [Show full text]
  • The London School of Economics and Political Science Universal Rights
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Universal Rights in a Divided World: The Human Rights Engagement of the World Council of Churches from the 1940s to the 1970s Bastiaan Bouwman A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2018 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,992 words. 2 Abstract This dissertation traces the human rights engagement of the ecumenical movement through its most important institutional embodiment, the World Council of Churches (WCC). In doing so, it contributes to the historiography on human rights, on the WCC, and on religious internationalism. The first part of the dissertation argues that from the 1940s to the 1960s, the WCC’s human rights engagement was strongly focused on religious freedom and extended well beyond the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARITY, RELIEF and DEVELOPMENT: CHRISTIAN AID in ETHIOPIA 1960S-I990s
    CHARITY, RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT: CHRISTIAN AID IN ETHIOPIA 1960s-I990s ONDINE BARROW PhD School of Oriental and African Studies ProQuest Number: 10673205 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673205 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis is about a charity, Christian Aid (CA) and the experience of that charity working in Ethiopia over three decades. The thesis looks at the evolving capabilities of CA in the world of relief and development. It asks whether CA has learned anything from its experience. The study looks at CA from the beginning of the 1960s through major famines and through a process by which charities have grown from small apolitical organisations to prominent political players, both in the southern countries where they work, and in the northern countries where they undertake publicity, lobby and advocacy. With changing priorities and demands on aid, practical experience on its own, has not been enough to ensure a coherent institutional response. There is a significant danger that CA has not had time to reflect on what has happened.
    [Show full text]