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Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Portraying the Here it is told and put forth how the ancient ones, those called and named Teochichimeca, people of Aztlan, Mexitin, Chicomoz- Aztec Past toca, as they sought and merited the land here, arrived and came into the great altepetl, the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan, the place of renown, the sign, the site of the rock tuna cactus, in the midst of the waters; the place where the eagle rests, where the eagle screeches, where the eagle stretches, where the eagle eats; where the serpent hisses, where the fish fly, where the blue and yellow waters mingle—where the waters burn; where suffering came to be known among the sedges and reeds; the place of encountering and awaiting the various peoples of the four quarters; where the thirteen Teochichimeca arrived and settled, where in misery they settled when they arrived. Behold, here begins, here is to be seen, here lies written, the most excel- lent, most edifying account—the account of [Mexico’s] renown, pride, history, roots, basis, as what is known as the great altepetl began, as it commenced: the city of Mexico Tenochtitlan in the midst of the waters, among the sedges, among the reeds, also called and known as the place where sedges whisper, where reeds whisper. It was becoming the mother, the father, the head of all, of every altepetl everywhere in New Spain, as those who were the ancient ones, men and women, our grandmothers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers, great-great-grandparents, great- grandmothers, our forefathers, told and established in their accounts -
"Comments on the Historicity of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and the Toltecs" by Michael E
31 COMMENTARY "Comments on the Historicity of Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and the Toltecs" by Michael E. Smith University at Albany, State University of New York Can we believe Aztec historical accounts about Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tollan, and other Toltec phenomena? The fascinating and important recent exchange in the Nahua Newsletter between H. B. Nicholson and Michel Graulich focused on this question. Stimulated partly by this debate and partly by a recent invitation to contribute an essay to an edited volume on Tula and Chichén Itzá (Smith n.d.), I have taken a new look at Aztec and Maya native historical traditions within the context of comparative oral histories from around the world. This exercise suggests that conquest-period native historical accounts are unlikely to preserve reliable information about events from the Early Postclassic period. Surviving accounts of the Toltecs, the Itzas (prior to Mayapan), Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Tula, and Chichén Itzá all belong more to the realm of myth than history. In the spirit of encouraging discussion and debate, I offer a summary here of my views on early Aztec native history; a more complete version of which, including discussion of the Maya Chilam Balam accounts, will be published in Smith (n.d.). I have long thought that Mesoamericanists have been far too credulous in their acceptance of native historical sources; this is an example of what historian David Fischer (1970:58-61) calls "the fallacy of misplaced literalism." Aztec native history was an oral genre that employed painted books as mnemonic devices to aid the historian or scribe in their recitation (Calnek 1978; Nicholson 1971). -
LOS REYES DE TOLLAN Y COLHUACAN·
LOS REYES DE TOLLAN y COLHUACAN· HANNSJ. PREM La historia del centro de México se pierde algunos siglos antes de la conquista española en el crepúsculo entre historia, leyendas y mitos. Exactamente en este momento transitorio se sitúa lo que las fuentes nos cuentan sobre la ciudad de Tollan, sus reyes, su esplendor y su caída. A pesar de lo poco que se conoce sobre el lugar histórico (no el escenario mítico) de Tollan, éste ocupa un papel central en el desarro llo de la configuración histórica del centro de México que existía en el momento de la conquista española, como lo han destacado los investi gadores eminentes Wigberto Jiménez Moreno y Paul Kirchhoffy, más tarde, Nigel Davies. Los acontecimientos acaecidos en Tollan1 o, mejor dicho, el significado atribuido a ellos en tiempos posteriores, no tienen importancia decisiva para la historia sólo del área adyacente, especial mente del Valle de México, sino también para regiones mesoamericanas más lejanas, como para el mejor entendimiento de la época posclásica temprana en la región Maya, fundamentalmente la de las tierras bajas. Las fuentes procedentes del Valle de México y las regiones vecinas ponen de manifiesto que casi cada "grupo étnico" tenía ciertas relacio nes, a veces bastante efímeras, con Tollan. Pero solamente Colhuacan, una ciudad pequeña de poca importancia política al momento de la Conquista española, reclamaba de manera comprensible y al parecer más o menos plausible una conexión dinástica con Tollan. Sin embargo, con una única excepción2 las fuentes disponibles no proceden de Col huacan misma sino que son referencias desde el punto de vista de Tenoch * Una versión española anterior fue preparada con la ayuda de Nydia Heber. -
Ancient Nahuatl Poetry - Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature Number VII
Ancient Nahuatl Poetry - Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature Number VII. Daniel G. Brinton The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, by Daniel G. Brinton This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Ancient Nahuatl Poetry Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature Number VII. Author: Daniel G. Brinton Release Date: April 30, 2004 [EBook #12219] Language: (English and Nahuatl) Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT NAHUATL POETRY *** Produced by David Starner, GF Untermeyer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team [* Transcriber's note: The following substitutions have been made for diacritical marks in the original text which are not available at DP: For vowels with a breve: [)a], [)e], [)i], [)o], [)u]. For vowels with a macron: [=a], [=e], [=i], [=o], [=u]. *] ANCIENT NAHUATL POETRY, CONTAINING THE NAHUATL TEXT OF XXVII ANCIENT MEXICAN POEMS. BRITON'S LIBRARY OF ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LITERATURE, NUMBER VII. WITH A TRANSLATION, INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND VOCABULARY. BY DANIEL G. BRINTON 1890 PREFACE. It is with some hesitation that I offer this volume to the scientific public. The text of the ancient songs which it contains offers extreme and peculiar difficulties to the translator, and I have been obliged to pursue the task without assistance of any kind. Not a line of them has ever before been rendered into an European tongue, and my endeavors to obtain aid from some of the Nahuatl scholars of Mexico have, for various reasons, proved ineffectual. -
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT for DISTRIBUTION Figure 0.3
Contents Acknowledgments ix A Brief Note on Usage xiii Introduction: History and Tlaxilacalli 3 Chapter 1: The Rise of Tlaxilacalli, ca. 1272–1454 40 Chapter 2: Acolhua Imperialisms, ca. 1420s–1583 75 Chapter 3: Community and Change in Cuauhtepoztlan Tlaxilacalli, ca. 1544–1575 97 Chapter 4: Tlaxilacalli Religions, 1537–1587 123 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Chapter 5: TlaxilacalliNOT FOR Ascendant, DISTRIBUTION 1562–1613 151 Chapter 6: Communities Reborn, 1581–1692 174 Conclusion: Tlaxilacalli and Barrio 203 List of Acronyms Used Frequently in This Book 208 Bibliography 209 Index 247 vii introduction History and Tlaxilacalli This is the story of how poor, everyday central Mexicans built and rebuilt autono- mous communities over the course of four centuries and two empires. It is also the story of how these self-same commoners constructed the unequal bonds of compul- sion and difference that anchored these vigorous and often beloved communities. It is a story about certain face-to-face human networks, called tlaxilacalli in both singular and plural,1 and about how such networks molded the shape of both the Aztec and Spanish rule.2 Despite this influence, however, tlaxilacalli remain ignored, subordinated as they often were to wider political configurations and most often appearing unmarked—that is, noted by proper name only—in the sources. With care, however, COPYRIGHTEDthe deeper stories of tlaxilacalli canMATERIAL be uncovered. This, in turn, lays bare a root-level history of autonomy and colonialism in central Mexico, told through the powerfulNOT and transformative FOR DISTRIBUTION tlaxilacalli. The robustness of tlaxilacalli over thelongue durée casts new and surprising light on the structures of empire in central Mexico, revealing a counterpoint of weakness and fragmentation in the canonical histories of centralizing power in the region. -
Itinerarios – Revista De Estudios Lingüísticos, Literarios, Históricos Y
INSTITUTO DE ESTUdiOS IBÉRICOS E IBEROAMERICANOS UNivERSidAD DE VARSOviA ITINERARIOS Revista de estudios lingüísticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos Vol. 19 Varsovia 2014 SUMARIO ARTÍCULOS Julia Madajczak Los nobles nahuas: señores y vasallos. Un análisis filológico del término pillotl ... 9 Roberto Martínez González Más allá del alma: el enterramiento como destino de los muertos entre los antiguos nahuas y otros pueblos de tradición mesoamericana ............. 25 Alejandro Sheseña El papel de las cuevas en las guerras de los antiguos mayas . 53 Ewa Kubiak La pintura de batalla en el Virreinato del Perú: Victorias de Carlos V en el Museo de la Casa de la Moneda en Potosí (Bolivia) .................... 75 Tomasz Kościński La literatura vasca contemporánea: ¿una literatura minoritaria y periférica? ... 95 Juan Pascual Gay Sergio Pitol: el “sedimento autobiográfico” ................................ 113 Fernando Vizcaíno Octavio Paz frente a la autonomía indígena ................................ 131 Oscar Misael Hernández Adolescentes mexicanos y construcción de identidades masculinas en la experiencia migratoria a Estados Enidos ............................. 147 Nuestros autores ................................................... 163 Normas editoriales ................................................ 165 Julia Madajczak LOS NOBLES NAHUAS: SEÑORES Y VASALLOS. UN ANÁLISIS FILOLÓGICO DEL TÉRMINO PILLOTL1 Resumen: El artículo presente se centra en el análisis etnolingüístico del vocablo náhuatl pillotl. Por un lado, trata de aclarar una relación entre varios términos que incluyen el morfema pil, como pilli (noble), pillotl (nobleza o niñería), -pil (hijo de alguien), -pillo (sobrino de una mujer) o su homónimo que describe un estatus noble. Por otro lado, demuestra cómo la forma posesiva -pillo se utiliza en las fuentes escritas del siglo XVI. Esta última parte del análisis permite concluir que un -pillo, “un noble de alguien”, se podía ver desde dos perspectivas que dependían de un punto de referencia. -
Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans. -
Read Book Aztec
AZTEC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Gary Jennings | 754 pages | 16 May 2006 | St Martin's Press | 9780765317506 | English | New York, United States Aztec PDF Book The high productivity gained by those methods made for a rich and populous state. There was an appeal process, with appellate courts standing between local, typically market-place courts, on the provincial level and a supreme court and two special higher appellate courts at Tenochtitlan. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies. The Aztec ruling dynasty continued to govern the indigenous polity of San Juan Tenochtitlan, a division of the Spanish capital of Mexico City, but the subsequent indigenous rulers were mostly puppets installed by the Spanish. MacLeod, Murdo The main deities worshipped by the Aztecs were Tlaloc , a rain and storm deity , Huitzilopochtli a solar and martial deity and the tutelary deity of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl , a wind , sky and star deity and cultural hero, Tezcatlipoca , a deity of the night, magic, prophecy and fate. Witton, M. Aztec I is characterized by floral designs and day- name glyphs; Aztec II is characterized by a stylized grass design above calligraphic designs such as s-curves or loops; Aztec III is characterized by very simple line designs; Aztec four continues some pre-Columbian designs but adds European influenced floral designs. For example, the southern peripheral zones of Xoconochco were not in immediate contact with the central part of the empire. These feathers were obtained through trade and tribute. The Cihuacoatl was always a close relative of the Huey tlatoani; Tlacaelel , for example, was the brother of Moctezuma I. -
The Basin of Mexico Pp
Cambridge Histories Online http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ The Cambridge World Prehistory Edited by Colin Renfrew, Paul Bahn Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139017831 Online ISBN: 9781139017831 Hardback ISBN: 9780521119931 Chapter 2.19 - The Basin of Mexico pp. 986-1004 Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139017831.067 Cambridge University Press 2.19 THE BASIN OF MEXICO LINDA R. MANZANILLA Introduction Palerm, Piña Chan, Sanders and Wolf. The research objectives concerned environmental and settlement-pattern changes, Mesoamerica is one of the few areas in the world where archaic patterns of land use, relations between settlements, social, state societies emerged. In this vast territory that includes political and ceremonial control and so on (Sanders, Parsons & more than half of Mexico, as well as Guatemala, Belize and Santley 1979: 3). Twelve years later another conference took parts of Honduras and El Salvador, different types of states place, also headed by Eric R. Wolf, and a book was published coexisted in the so-called Classic Period (100–900 CE). This with the research results (Wolf 1976). chapter will deal with one of the major regions where large During the fifteen years after the first conference (1960–74), multiethnic states and cities developed, a volcanic and seis- William T. Sanders headed a large settlement-pattern project mic region characterised by a lacustrine environment and a in this important area, particularly around the lacustrine basin diversity of resources (obsidian to the northeast, aquatic ani- and immediate piedmont, as well as in the Valley of Teotihuacan mals and plants, forest resources, agricultural land, volcanic (Sanders, Parsons & Santley 1979). -
Later American Civilizations
Chapter Later American 12 Civilizations Before You Read: Preview Map Create a chart like the one below to help you see at a glance what the chapter is about. Refer to your chart as you read. What is the title? Later American Civilizations What is the Big Idea? What were these civilizations? Where were they located? Big Ideas About Later American Civilizations Belief Systems Belief systems and religions may shape governments and societies. Two large empires rose in the Americas at about the same time. The Aztec empire developed in the Valley of Mexico in Mesoamerica. The Incan empire arose in South America. Religion was very important in the everyday lives of the Aztecs and Inca. Integrated Technology INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to ClassZone.com for • Interactive Visuals • WebQuest • Quizzes • Starting with a Story • Homework Helper • Maps • Research Links • Test Practice Ancient Inca • Internet Activities • Current Events 987 Toltecs make Tula in the Valley of Mexico their capital. (warrior statue) L 939 1099 Kingdom of Dai Viet Christians and Muslims founded in Southeast Asia. battle at Ascalun during the First Crusade. L 392 120°W 100°W 80°W 60°W40°W The Americas, A.D. 1200–1500 ATLANTIC Gulf of OCEAN Mexico Tropic of Cancer 20°N Tenochtitlán AZTEC MESOAMERICA Caribbean Sea Aztec Inca Equator 0° A N D The ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán E SOUTH AMERICA can be seen in Mexico City today. S Cuzco M O PACIFIC INCA U 20°S OCEAN N T Tropic of Capricorn A I N S N W E 40°S S Typical Inca stonework is shown in these 0 500 1,000 miles temple remains in Cuzco, Peru. -
Se Ha Propuesto Que En El Periodo
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA e ha propuesto que en el periodo com- pos surgieron de un tiempo mítico y es una ma- prendido entre la caída de Tula y la ex- nifestación de lo sagrado, una “hierofanía”, lo que pansión de los centros hegemónicos de permite la sacralización de su lugar de llegada. la Cuenca de México (Azcapotzalco, la STriple Alianza), entre los años 1150 y 1350 d.C., Ahora bien, en este trabajo nos centrare- la región del Altiplano Central se caracterizó por mos en el grupo de los tlahuicas, quienes ocu- la llegada de grupos migrantes norteños (chichi- paron la región poniente del actual estado de mecas) que se incorporaron a las poblaciones Morelos. Principalmente, nos interesa plantear locales, con la consecuente reestructuración dos escenarios, el primero, está relacionado a la política de la región con formas de organización integración del grupo migrante a dicha región; el pluriétnicas y una constante lucha entre los nue- segundo, propone cómo en la fundación de los vos centros urbanos con el propósito de estable- nuevos centros urbanos podemos observar la cer un sometimiento político de la región para la presencia de las varias etnias que formaban el obtención de tributo. grupo tlahuica. De tal manera, los cambios provocados por Para cumplir con estos objetivos la infor- los grupos migrantes en las culturas locales fue- mación con la que se cuenta es escasa, tanto ron irreversibles, iniciados con la fundación de producto de investigaciones arqueológicas como nuevos asentamientos y caracterizados por una la que se encuentra en las fuentes documentales constante actividad política que les permitiría a del siglo XVI, de ahí que para subsanar parcial- estos nuevos grupos formaciones de alianzas, mente esta carencia de datos para conocer los tanto para la legitimación de su derecho a gober- primeros años de los tlahuicas se proponga lle- nar, como para consolidar su posición regional. -
Land, Water, and Government in Santiago Tlatelolco
ABSTRACT This dissertation discusses conflicts over land and water in Santiago Tlatelolco, an indigenous community located in Mexico City, in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The specific purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies that the indigenous government and indigenous people in general followed in the defense of their natural resources in order to distinguish patterns of continuity and innovation. The analysis covers several topics; first, a comparison and contrast between Mesoamerican and colonial times of the adaptation to the lacustrine environment in which Santiago Tlatelolco was located. This is followed by an examination of the conflicts that Santiago Tlatelolco had with neighboring indigenous communities and individuals who allied themselves with Spaniards. The objective of this analysis is to discern how indigenous communities in the basin of central Mexico used the Spanish legal system to create a shift in power that benefitted their communities. The next part of the dissertation focuses on the conflicts over land and water experienced by a particular group: women. This perspective provides insight into the specific life experience of the inhabitants of Santiago Tlatelolco during Mesoamerican and colonial times. It also highlights the impact that indigenous people had in the Spanish colonial organization and the response of Spanish authorities to the increasing indigenous use of the legal system. The final part discusses the evolution of indigenous government in Santiago Tlatelolco from Mesoamerican to colonial rulership. This section focuses on the role of indigenous rulers in Mexico City public works, especially the hydraulic system, in the recollection of tribute, and, above all, in the legal conflicts over land and water.