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Narratives of Self and Captivity by Women Political Prisoners in Germany 1915-1991

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Narratives of Self and Captivity by Women Political Prisoners in Germany 1915-1991 1 Re-capturing the Self: Narratives of Self and Captivity by Women Political Prisoners in Germany 1915-1991 Kim T. Richmond PhD, German Studies The University of Edinburgh 2010 2 My signature certifies that this thesis represents my own original work, the result of my own original research, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council for funding this project as well as a research trip to Berlin in the summer of 2008. My thanks also go to those who assisted me in my research: Annelies Laschitza, Christoph Rinser, the Bundesarchiv Berlin, Jürgen Ritter, Thomas Gaevert, Elisabeth Graul, the staff at Hohenschönhausen prison and the employees at the Stollberg Stadtsbibliothek, all of whom provided valuable knowledge. The staff at the German Department of Edinburgh University have been enthusiastic and supportive throughout the project and have always been ready to listen and to give advice. In particular I would like to thank Bill Webster for his support during my first year and my supervisor Sarah Colvin, for her guidance, insight and enthusiasm throughout the breadth of the thesis. I have received much support from my friends and family, for which I am extremely grateful. In particular, I’d like to thank Fiona, Ana and Neil. I wish to dedicate this thesis to Hilary and Rosy. 4 Abstract Re-capturing the Self: Narratives of Self and Captivity by Women Political Prisoners in Germany 1915-1991 This project represents one of the few major pieces of research into women’s narratives of political incarceration and is an examination of first person accounts written against a backdrop of significant historical events in twentieth-century Germany. I explore the ways in which the writers use their published accounts as an attempt to come to terms with their incarceration (either during or after their imprisonment). Such an undertaking involves examining how the writer ‘performs’ femininity within the de-feminising context of prison, as well as how she negotiates her self-representation as a ‘good’ woman. The role of language as a means of empowerment within the disempowering environment of incarceration is central to this investigation. Rosa Luxemburg’s prison letters are the starting point for the project. Luxemburg was a key female political figure in twentieth-century Germany and her letters encapsulate prevalent notions about womanhood, prison, and political engagement that are perceptible in the subsequent texts of the thesis. Luise Rinser’s and Lore Wolf’s diaries from National Socialist prisons show, in their different ways, how the writer uses language to ‘survive’ prison and to constitute herself as a subject and woman in response to the loss of self experienced in incarceration. Margret Bechler’s and Elisabeth Graul’s retrospective accounts of GDR incarceration give insight into the elastic concept of both the political prisoner and the ‘good’ woman. They demonstrate their authors’ endeavours to achieve a sense of autonomy and reclaim the experience of prison using narrative. All of the narratives are examples of the role of language in resisting an imposed identity as ‘prisoner’, ‘criminal’ and object of the prison system. 5 Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction: ‘Die Absicht des schreibenden Gefangenen ist die Bewahrung seiner Identität.’ ............................................................................................................ 7 The prison and twentieth-century German Studies............................................................. 7 Prison, self and narrative................................................................................................... 10 The political prisoner: context and labelling .................................................................... 15 Gender subversion, criminal labelling and punishment.................................................... 18 Audience, performance and agency in the text................................................................. 24 Chapter One: ‘Ich bin hier ach! so schwach’: Rosa Luxemburg’s prison letters 32 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 32 ‘Shameful’ weakness and femininity................................................................................ 39 Public strength and masculinity........................................................................................ 48 Negotiating female authority ............................................................................................ 50 Prison as a ‘feminising’ space?......................................................................................... 56 Conclusion: the public Luxemburg versus the personal function of her prison letters .... 61 Chapter Two: ‘Das Wort schiebt sich gnädig isolierend zwischen mich und das nackte Erlebnis der Haft’: narratives of survival in two prison diaries................ 66 Introduction: published letters and diaries........................................................................ 66 Female political prisoners in the Third Reich and the ‘rewriting’ of the self................... 69 Luise Rinser’s Gefängnistagebuch............................................................................. 74 The dehumanisation and defeminisation of imprisonment............................................... 79 Non-ideal prisoners........................................................................................................... 81 The ideal female political prisoner ................................................................................... 83 National Socialist criminals .............................................................................................. 88 Conflict and self-awareness .............................................................................................. 91 Conflicting narratives........................................................................................................ 95 Writing as survival in Lore Wolf’s Ich habe das Leben lieb ................................... 98 The maternal, strong political prisoner ........................................................................... 103 Cultural narratives and writing for survival.................................................................... 107 Wolf as leader ................................................................................................................. 111 Autonomy within the prison narrative ............................................................................ 115 6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter Three: ‘War ich nicht selbst jemand?’ Locating the maternal self in Margret Bechler’s Warten auf Antwort. .................................................................. 126 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 126 The function of prison autobiography............................................................................. 130 The pursuit of authenticity in collaborative autobiography............................................ 137 The role of Bechler’s audience ....................................................................................... 141 The ultimate female victim ............................................................................................. 147 From non-prisoner to non-criminal inmate: the empowerment of prisonisation............ 158 Bechler’s ideological trajectory ...................................................................................... 167 Negotiation between two worlds .................................................................................... 173 The feminine political prisoner....................................................................................... 178 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 185 Chapter Four: ‘Die Gefangene ist die Überlegene’: agency and femininity in Elisabeth Graul’s Die Farce..................................................................................... 191 Introduction: disempowerment in prison and prison writing.......................................... 191 Prison writing and its readers.......................................................................................... 196 Autobiography, truth and literary truth........................................................................... 199 Authenticity and authority in Graul’s prison narrative................................................... 204 Prison as damaging ......................................................................................................... 211 ‘Deviance’ in the prison microcosm............................................................................... 217 Self-representation as a child.......................................................................................... 222 Authority and the ‘real’ maternal self (the real outcome of prison) ............................... 225 Incorrigible political prisoner and feminine reformer ...................................................
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