Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Looking westwards ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political The role of the Institute for Western Affairs science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- in the construction of the Lubusz Land concept cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing On local historical policy and collective on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. memory in Gorzów Wielkopolski The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most Cultural heritage against a background important Polish research institution well-known internationally. of transformation in 1970s and 1980s Western Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- Poland many – Europe and the main themes are: Polish interest in the early medieval past • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; of Kołobrzeg • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The Greater Poland Uprising in the French and British daily press • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); Rosa Luxemburg against war • security policy; Literary fiction and poverty. The example of Gustav Freytag’s novel Soll und Haben • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Coming to terms with the West German 68ers in the writings of the 85ers al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books The manuscript of the letter of the Polish on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, bishops to the German bishops and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. Post-war migration from Upper Silesia The Institute houses and participates in international research to West Germany projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions Implanting memories. The example of the Emigration Museum in Gdynia and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. ٭ Constructing the state’s geopolitical position in Central Europe For more information visit www.iz.poznan.pl We are also on Facebook, LinkedIn and Scribd. The principle of solidarity among Member States in European Union law The Eurozone crisis The problem of disintegration of international institutions The cultural diplomacy of the EU and the idea of interculturalism Franco-German visions of EU military integration tło 20 % czerni The publication of the English-language version of this issue of “Przegląd Zachodni” is financed under contract No. 642/P-DUN/2019 from resources of the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to science dissemination activities Contents Looking westwards 7 Małgorzata Bukiel, The role of the Institute for Western Affairs (Instytut Zachodni) in the construction and deconstruction of the Lubusz Land concept 1945-1948 25 Krzysztof Wasilewski, Between the Neumark and Volhynia: On local historical policy and collective memory in Gorzów Wielkopolski 43 Marceli Tureczek, Cultural heritage against a background of socio-eco- nomic transformation in 1970s and 1980s Western Poland 61 Paweł Migdalski, The Beginnings of Polish interest in the early medieval past of Kołobrzeg (until the end of the 1950s) 79 Agnieszka Misiurska, The Greater Poland Uprising of 1918-1919 in the French and British daily press 97 Katarzyna Gelles, Rosa Luxemburg against war. On the centenary of her death 117 Anna Kochanowska-Nieborak, Literary fiction and poverty. The impact of literary value construtions in the light of motivation psychology: The example of Gustav Freytag’s novel Soll und Haben 143 Michał Stefański, Coming to terms with the West German 68ers in the writings of the 85ers 159 Wojciech Kucharski, The manuscript of the letter of the Polish bishops to the German bishops composed by archbishop Bolesław Kominek 17 7 Justyna Kijonka, Contexts and reasons of post-war migration from Upper Silesia to West Germany and changes in the consciousness of Aussiedlers from Poland 199 Marek Nowak, Implanting memories of migration: A conceptualisation and the example of the Emigration Museum in Gdynia * 219 Beata Ociepka, Where is Poland? Constructing the state’s geopolitical position in Central Europe 243 Izabela Wróbel, The principle of solidarity among Member States in European Union law. Twilight or renaissance? 267 Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse, The Eurozone crisis. A multitheoretical perspective 287 Artur Niedźwiecki, The liberal paradigm in the face of the disintegration of international institutions 299 Marta Ryniejska-Kiełdanowicz, Magdalena Ratajczak, The cultural diplomacy of the European Union and the idea of interculturalism 315 Sylwia Zawadzka, From soft power to smart power. Franco-German visions of European Union military integration and their criticism Dear Readers, This special edition of the journal of the Institute for Western Affairs in Poznań is a collection of papers selected from the four issues of our quarterly Przegląd Zachodni published in 2019. The papers originally appeared in Polish, and have been translated into English for this edition. Some papers concentrate on issues related to the Western Recovered Territories that were incorporated into Poland in the aftermath of World War II. These lands have been one of the areas of research carried out by our Institute since its establishment in 1944, and the first paper in this collection reflects on the history of this research. The consequences of the huge post-war experiment in resettlement and the territorial changes imposed by politicians continue to attract the attention of historians, cultural analysts and experts in social transformation. Younger researchers follow modern re- search schools, and above all have access to sources and materials that were scarcely accessible 30 years ago. Their contributions are characteristically local, referencing individual narratives and preserving the memory of “small homelands”. The papers which follow address questions about memories preserved and mo- tivations for actions, and concentrate on literary representations and individual and group testimonies of epochs and watershed events. Generational revolts, migration dilemmas, and once rare appeals for reconciliation are now viewed from the perspec- tive of the subsequent huge changes which affected nations and societies. The third group of papers addresses political and legal issues related to the cur- rent situation in Europe and the European Union. Their authors debate the seemingly omnipresent doubts about the efficiency and sustainability of institutional integration of the Old Continent and the political will of EU members to cooperate. However, the main feature of the descriptions and conclusions is the multiplicity of what has been achieved and the advanced forms of cooperation undertaken. For a Europe experienc- ing many crises, it is necessary to recognise the motivations for improvement and appreciate all the achievements that have been made, including the most recent. We wish you a stimulating read. Natalia Jackowska PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2020 MAŁGORZATA BUKIEL* Poznań ORCID: 0000-0002-0627-1843 THE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTE FOR WESTERN AFFAIRS (INSTYTUT ZACHODNI) IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF THE LUBUSZ LAND CONCEPT IN 1945–1948 Concurrently with the final operations of the Second World War, the first initiatives were undertaken to rebuild the Polish state and to bring all spheres of life back to normal. The numbers of specialists were much depleted, and both the political situation of Poland and the issue of its territory were unclear. In spite of these circumstances, there were efforts to institutionalise research on the Western Territories that were to become part of Poland – known from 1945 onwards as the Recovered Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane).1 REGIONS OF THE RECOVERED TERRITORIES The notion of the Recovered Territories encompasses four regions which were adjoined to Poland after WWII. The decision to establish Polish administration there was made in February 1945, and a temporary administrative division into four ad- ministrative areas: Opole Silesia, Lower Silesia, Western Pomerania and East Prussia (Śląsk Opolski, Dolny Śląsk, Pomorze Zachodnie and Prusy Wschodnie) was intro- duced on 14 March 1945 by a resolution of the Council of Ministers.2 Later this ad- ministrative division was modified. The four regions shaped in the 1940s were War- mia-Masuria (Warmia and Mazury) – initially called East Prussia Province (Prowincja * This paper as originally published as: M. Dąbrowska, Rola Instytutu Zachodniego w konstruowa- niu Ziemi Lubuskiej jako nowego regionu 1945-1948, in: Przegląd Zachodni 2019, no. 1, pp.19-36. 1 I use the term Recovered Territories in line with the terminology used in the period discussed, and I distance myself from the ongoing discussion on the terminology. Cf. J. Jasiński, Kwestie pojęcia Ziemie Odzyskane, in: Ziemie Odzyskane/Ziemie Zachodnie i Północne 1945-2005. 60 lat w granicach państwa polskiego, ed. A. Sakson, Poznań 2006, pp. 15-26; H. Tumolska, Mitologia Kresów Zachodnich w pamiętnikarstwie i beletrystyce polskiej (1945–2000), Toruń 2007; A. Sakson Wielki symbol polskiej klęski, czyli uwagi o demitologizacji Ziem Odzyskanych i marginalizacji Ziem Zachodnich i Północnych, in: „Ziemie Odzyskane”. W poszukiwaniu nowych narracji, eds. E. Kledzik, M. Michalski, M. Praczyk, Poznań 2018, pp. 145-153. 2 Protokół