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Social Democratic Responses to Antisemitism and The'judenfrage'in Social Democratic Responses to Antisemitism and theJudenfrage in Imperial Germany: Franz Mehring (A Case Study) PhD Thesis Lars Fischer Hebrew and Jewish Studies Department University College London ProQuest Number: U642720 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642720 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis examines German attitudes towards Jews in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, focusing on a dimension of political discourse typically noted for its resistance to antisemitism: Social Democracy. Most scholarship on the dealings of Imperial German society with matters Jewish tends to focus specifically on self-defined antisémites and overt manifestations of antisemitism. In contrast, this study examines how a broader set of prevalent perceptions of (supposedly) Jewish phenomena was articulated by theoretically more sophisticated Social Democrats. Their polemics against antisémites frequently used the term 'antiSemitic' simply to identify their party-political affiliation without necessarily confronting their hostility to Jews, let alone did it imply a concomitant empathy for Jews. While the party-political opposition of Social Democracy against party-political antisemitism remains beyond doubt, a genuine anathematization of anti- Jewish stereotypes was never on the agenda and the ambiguous stance of Franz Mehring (1846- 1919) was in fact quite typical of attitudes prevalent in the party. The first two chapters argue that neither Mehring’s critique of ‘philosemitism’ nor his dealings with Marx’s Zur Judenfrage made him as exceptional a figure among his peers as has generally been suggested. The third chapter addresses the criticism levelled at Mehring in 1903 for his support of the former antisemitic deputy, Hans LeuB, suggesting that the one issue that criticism did not hinge on was LeuB’ stance on matters Jewish. The final chapter deals with an instance in which Mehring denounced Bernstein as an antisémite (1904). It not only illustrates how the attitude towards the person saying something detrimental about Jewry could be rather more decisive when it came to classifying someone as antisemitic than the content or context of the detrimental remark itself but also how pronouncements could address matters Jewish without it being in any way obvious to us that they do so. Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms 5 Introduction 7 The historiography of Socialism’s dealings with antisemitism and matters Jewish 10 German Social Democracy and the Marxist project 12 When is an anti-antisemite an anti-antisemite? 17 The ‘philosemitism’ discourse 23 Chapter 1 : Playing va banque with a double safety net. Social Democracy's stance on antisemitism and matters Jewish and the spectre of ‘philosemitism’ 26 Chapter 2: Beating the Life out of liberal philosemitism. Mehring's dealings withZur Judenfrage 42 A one-sided perception o f capital as money. The first great misunderstanding 43 A sound theory of Jewish emancipation. The second great misunderstanding 47 The duty o f the Jews to oppose reactionary politics in all spheres and selflessly. The third great misunderstanding 50 The, to our mind, most important passage. The availability of Zur Judenfrage 59 Mehring’s role in the popularisation ofZur Judenfrage 64 The train of thought anyone can grasp. Wilhelm Liebknecht andZur Judenfrage 67 As a competitor the Jew is perceptible everywhere. August Bebel andZur Judenfrage 72 Transcending the Jewishness o f bourgeois society. Matters Jewish in Die heilige Familie 88 Beating the Life out of liberal philosemitism. Mehring’s specific spin onZur Judenfrage 92 Chapter 3: The former antisemitic deputy who came with Mehring’s warm recommendation: The case of Hans LeuB 102 You live solely on lies: Ambushed in Dresden 102 More than dull anti-Jewish incitement: The antisemitic deputy Hans LeuiJ 111 Boycotted by the bourgeois world: LeuB turns to Mehring 115 Take the case o f Hans LeuJ3: Dresden 1903 118 Leufi’ collaboration with the Vorwarts was exclusively Mehring’s doing: Eisner and Gradnauer intervene 120 The whole truth indeed! Mehring responds 122 The whole truth indeed? A letter to Wilhelm Bios 125 Leuji ’ contributions merited publication. Why was the collaboration with LeuB deemed problematic? 128 He also used to act with indescribable contempt towards the party. The intervention of theFraktion 130 Corrupt expressions o f cultural depravity: A reference to LeuB’ stance on matter Jewish at last? 138 A development similar to mine: The ‘conversion’ of Hellmut von Gerlach 141 The sensible ones oppose such an over estimât ion o f Jewry. LeuB on antisemitism and matters Jewish 149 Yet another great misunderstanding: Antisemitism and matters Jewish in Dresden 162 Chapter 4: Several exceptionally unsympathetic qualities o f German Jewry. Mehrings vs. Bernstein (1904) 181 There are other psychological enigmas among us. The conflict erupts 183 Working with double concepts. Das Neue Montagsblatt intervenes 189 Days of reckoning and ultimate lessons. Matters come to a head 192 Bibliography 201 Unpublished Archival Material 201 Printed Sources Franz Mehring 202 General 209 Secondary Literature Franz Mehring 222 Antisemitism 229 Socialists and Antisemitism or Matters Jewish 236 Hegel, Young Hegelians, Karl Marx andZur Judenfrage 241 Socialism, Nationalism, and the GermanSonderweg 245 General 250 Acronyms and Abbreviations ABARS Bebel, August. Ausgewahlte Reden und Schriften 3 [ed. Anneliese Beske, Gustav Seeber et al.] Munich: KG Saur, 1995: 363-398. Idem. Ausgewahlte Reden und Schriften 7-9 [ed. Anneliese Beske, Eckhard Müller] Munich: KG Saur, 1997. AfS Archiv fUr Sozialgeschichte AGSA GrUnberg, Carl, ed. Archiv fiir die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung. AHR American Historical Review BUSH Bulletin of the International Institute of Social History BzG Beitrage zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung BWABE Blumenberg, Wemer, ed.August Bebels Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Engels. [Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der deutschen und osterreichischen Arbeiterbewegung 6] London, The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1965. BWABK Kautsky, Karl Jr., ed. August Bebels Briefwechsel mit Karl Kautsky. [Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der deutschen und Osterreichischen Arbeiterbewegung NSer. 2] Assen: Van Gorcum, 1971. BWEBE Hirsch, Helmut, ed., Eduard Bernsteins Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Engels. [Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der deutschen und osterreichischen Arbeiterbewegung NSer. 1] Assen: Van Gorcum, 1970. CEH Central European History DBJ Deutsche Biographisches Jahrbuch DZfPh Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Philosophie FES Schriftenreihe Schriftenreihe des Forschungsinstituts der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung FeuillNZ Feuilleton section of theNeue Zeit Fonds 201 Russian Centre for Preservation and Research of Modem Historical Documents (RCChlDNI, former IML/CPA), Fonds 201: Franz Mehring Fri eke Fricke, Dieter. Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 1869-1917 1-2. Berlin: Dietz, 1987. GS Mehring, Franz.Gesammelte Werke 1-15. [ed. Thomas Hohle, Hans Koch, Josef Schleifstein] Berlin: Dietz [1960 ff., 2"^* ed.] 1976. GSA Mehring, Franz.Gesammelte Schriften und Aufsatze in Einzelausgaben. [ed. Eduard Fuchs] Berlin: Soziologische Verlagsanstalt, 1929 ff. GWU Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht HZ Historische Zeitschrift IRSH International Review of Social History IWK Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung JbA Jahrbuch fur Antisemitismusforschung JCH Journal of Contemporary History JHI Journal of the History of Ideas JMH Journal of Modern History JSS Jewish Social Studies LBIYB Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook LVZ Leipziger Volkszeitung LW Lenin, V. I.Werke 1-42. Berlin: Dietz, 1955-1973. LYB Lessing Yearbook MEGAl Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich.Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt/Main: Marx-Engels Verlag, 1927-1935. MEGA2 Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich.Gesamtausgabe. Berlin: Dietz, 1975 ff. MEW Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich.Werke 1-39. Berlin: Dietz, 1956 ff. Montagsblatt Das neue Montagsblatt NachlaB Quarck Archiv der soziaien Demokratie (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn), Àltere NachlaBe: Marx Quarck. ndl neue deutsche literatur NJMH Neue Jiidische Monaishefte NPL Neue Politische Literatur NZ Neue Zeit RLGB Luxemburg, Rosa. Gesammelte Briefe 1-6. [ed. Annelies Laschitza, Giinter Radczun et al.] Berlin: Dietz, 1982-1993 RLGW Luxemburg, Rosa. Gesammelte Werke 1-5. [ed. Giinter Radczun et al.] Berlin: Dietz, 1970-1975 SAZ Sachsische Arbeiter-Zeitung LBI Schriftenreihe Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts SMH Sozialistische Monatshefte SPW Sozialistische Politik und Wirtschaft ST Schwabische Tagwacht TAJb Tel Aviver Jahrbuch fiir deutsche Geschichte', previously: Jahrbuch des Instituts fiir deutsche Geschichte (Tel Aviv) WaM Welt am Montag WB Weimarer Beitrage ZfG Zeitschrift fiir Geschichtswissenschaft ZfS Zeitschrift fiir Sozialforschung ZRGG Zeitschrift
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