Social Democratic Responses to Antisemitism and The'judenfrage'in
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Exile and Acculturation: Refugee Historians Since the Second World War
ANTOON DE BAETS Exile and Acculturation: Refugee Historians since the Second World War two forms, intended and unin- tended. Within the domain of historical writing, both exist. A famous example of intended historiographical contact was the arrival B - of the German historian Ludwig Riess ( ), a student of Leopold von Ranke, in Japan. On the recommendation of the director of the bureau of historiography, Shigeno Yasutsugu, Riess began to lecture at the Im- perial University (renamed Tokyo Imperial University in ) in . He spoke about the Rankean method with its emphasis on facts and critical, document- and evidence-based history. At his suggestion, Shigeno founded the Historical Society of Japan and the Journal of Historical Scholarship. Riess influenced an entire generation of Japanese historians, including Shigeno himself and Kume Kunitake, then well known for their demystification of entire areas of Japanese history.1 However, this famous case of planned acculturation has less well-known aspects. First, Riess, who was a Jew and originally a specialist in English history, went to Japan, among other reasons, possibly on account of the anti-Semitism and Anglo- phobia characteristic of large parts of the German academy at the time. Only in did he return from Japan to become an associate professor at the University of Berlin.2 Second, Riess and other German historians (such as Ernst Bernheim, whose Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie, published in , was popular in Japan) were influ- ential only because Japanese historical methodology focused before their arrival on the explication of documents.3 Riess’s legacy had unexpected I am very grateful to Georg Iggers, Shula Marks, Natalie Nicora, Claire Boonzaaijer, and Anna Udo for their helpful criticism. -
When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919
German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares Darwin College Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2019 PREFACE I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any other work that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the Faculty of History. All translations are my own unless specified in the text. i ABSTRACT German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares The First World War confronted German politicians with a range of unprecedented, vital questions in the spheres of domestic as well as foreign policy. As the fortunes of war shifted, so did borders, populations and national allegiances. In a period of acute and almost constant political crisis, the German government faced issues concerning citizenship, minority rights, religious identity, nationhood and statehood. My dissertation analyses these issues through the prism of the so-called 'Jewish Question'. -
Friedrich Ebert – Reden Als Reichspräsident (1919–1925)
Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Reichspräsident-Friedrich-Ebert-Gedenkstätte Edition Friedrich Ebert Reden Band 1: Reden als Reichspräsident (1919–1925) Friedrich Ebert – Reden als Reichspräsident (1919–1925) Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Walter Mühlhausen Mitarbeit bei Recherche, Annotation und Redaktion: Sebastian Parzer Die Stiftung wird gefördert aus Mitteln der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien (BKM). Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-8012-4234-3 © 2017 by Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH Dreizehnmorgenweg 24, 53175 Bonn Umschlag: Jens Vogelsang, Aachen Satz: just in print, Bonn Druck und Verarbeitung: CPI books, Leck Alle Rechte vorbehalten Printed in Germany 2017 Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: www.dietz-verlag.de Foto rechte Seite: Friedrich Ebert bei der Ansprache an Bergarbeiter in Hamm am 18. März 1923 (Dok. 73 B). Abb. Seite 6: Entwurf der Ansprache für den Neujahrsempfang des diplomatischen Korps 1923, mit hand- schriftlichen Korrekturen von Friedrich Ebert (Dok. 67). 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis Ein Wort des Dankes ...................................................... 8 Vorwort des Bundespräsidenten .......................................... 9 Einleitung: Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert als Redner ................... 11 Zur Einrichtung der Edition.............................................. -
Visual Arts in the Urban Environment in the German Democratic Republic: Formal, Theoretical and Functional Change, 1949–1980
Visual arts in the urban environment in the German Democratic Republic: formal, theoretical and functional change, 1949–1980 Jessica Jenkins Submitted: January 2014 This text represents the submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in partial fulfilment of its requirements) at the Royal College of Art Copyright Statement This text represents the submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Royal College of Art. This copy has been supplied for the purpose of research for private study, on the understanding that it is copyright material, and that no quotation from this thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. Author’s Declaration 1. During the period of registered study in which this thesis was prepared the author has not been registered for any other academic award or qualification. 2. The material included in this thesis has not been submitted wholly or in part for any academic award or qualification other than that for which it is now submitted. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the very many people and institutions who have supported me in this research. Firstly, thanks are due to my supervisors, Professor David Crowley and Professor Jeremy Aynsley at the Royal College of Art, for their expert guidance, moral support, and inspiration as incredibly knowledgeable and imaginative design historians. Without a generous AHRC doctoral award and an RCA bursary I would not have been been able to contemplate a project of this scope. Similarly, awards from the German History Society, the Design History Society, the German Historical Institute in Washington and the German Academic Exchange Service in London, as well as additional small bursaries from the AHRC have enabled me to extend my research both in time and geography. -
IN FO R M a TIO N to U SERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master. UMI Films the Text Directly From
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Lapo's Life and Work
ch1.qxd 10/18/1999 2:02 PM Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Lapo’s Life and Work In the years that preceded the more or less permanent reentry of Pope Eugenius IV into Rome, the Renaissance humanist movement was in the middle of an interesting phase. At that time a large component of its members consisted of intellectuals who lacked ‹xed institutional places. Humanism—this new ars whose curricular focus was the studia humani- tatis—had still to ‹nd its place in society and was dependent largely on patrons. One practitioner of this new art was the Florentine Lapo da Cas- tiglionchio the Younger, who died in 1438 at the age of thirty-three. One of his most interesting cultural bequests to us is a treatise that he wrote in the year of his death, entitled De curiae commodis, or On the Bene‹ts of the Curia. In this dialogue, Lapo offers us a portrait of the papal curia that is written elegantly, learnedly, earnestly, and even angrily. It is a human document that is alive with information not only for intellectual historians but for social and cultural historians as well. The goal of this study is to discuss this dialogue in its intellectual and social contexts. A critical edition of the Latin text along with an annotated English transla- tion follows the discussion. This ‹rst chapter offers an examination of Lapo’s life and work, fol- lowed by a brief look at the historiography on the dialogue. Chapter 2 deals with the literary context of the dialogue and examines a compli- cated passage on the virtues, which I believe can serve as an interpretive key for the piece as a whole. -
Reformation History and Political Mythology in the German Democratic Republic, 1949–89
Robert Walinski-Kiehl Reformation History and Political Mythology in the German Democratic Republic, 1949–89 It is perhaps ironic that a Marxist state such as the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), which rejected all notions of divinity and the supernatural, should have paid so much atten- tion to the history of the sixteenth-century Reformation. Many of the key events of the Lutheran Reformation had occurred of course in the Saxon-Thuringian territories which were now enclosed within its borders, but this alone does not account for the intense interest that was displayed by the GDR in sixteenth- century history. Geographical proximity was of less importance than the fact that the nineteenth-century pioneer of Marxism, Frederick Engels, had shown a keen interest in events during the Reformation era. His 1850 study, The Peasant War in Germany, represented the first attempt to write history from a historical materialist perspective.1 In the GDR’s search to construct a viable, Marxist-based historical discipline that was distinct from, and in opposition to, its Western ‘bourgeois’ variant, Engels’ work acquired a special status. However, in the GDR, the Reformation era was more than just a topic of historiographical interest; it can be seen to have constituted an important founda- tion myth for this communist state. Recently, scholars have begun to focus more closely on the cultural significance of politi- cal myths for modern states. While formerly political myths were perceived rather prosaically as fictions, propaganda or simply lies, in the last few years they have been viewed in a more sophis- ticated light. -
Letters from Clara Zetkin
Worlds of Women International Material in the Collections of ARAB Letters from Clara Zetkin Martin Grass ARAB-WORKING PAPER 1 2010 1 ARAB-WORKING PAPER 1 WORLDS OF WOMEN INTERNATIONAL MATERIAL IN THE COLLECTIONS OF ARAB Labour movement archives and library Stockholm Box 1124 S-11181 Stockholm, Sweden TEL +46-18-412 39 00 www.arbark.se Letters from Clara Zetkin Martin Grass This is a version corrected in March 2012. Other versions of this text published in: Arbetarhistoria, no 136 (2010:4), p. 49-60. http://www.arbetarhistoria.se/136/ Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, Heft 2011/III, p. 34-57. For a list of Wow Papers, see page www.arbark.se/wow © Copyright 2010, Martin Grass All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the publisher. Worlds of Women – International Material in ARAB’s collections (WoW) is a project at ARAB to highlight and promote research on working women’s transnational relations. Through distribution of these works ARAB hopes to encourage international research and exchange. The project is financed by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond ARAB-Working Papers is an online publication series inaugurated by the Labour movement archives and library, Stockholm (ARAB). Editors: Ulf Jönson, Kalle Laajala& Silke Neunsinger Cover image: Karl Punkau, Leipzig, ARAB photo collection 2 Correspondence in various forms–from circulars to personal letters–was the main contact and information medium during the early socialist transnational cooperation, also for women’s organizations and between women. -
The Karl Marx
LENIN LIBRARY VO,LUME I 000'705 THE TEA~HINGS OF KARL MARX • By V. I. LENIN FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY U8AARY SOCIALIST - LABOR COllEClIOK INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS 381 FOURTH AVENUE • NEW YORK .J THE TEACHINGS OF KARL MARX BY V. I. LENIN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS I NEW YORK Copyright, 1930, by INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS CO., INC. PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. ~72 CONTENTS KARL MARX 5 MARX'S TEACHINGS 10 Philosophic Materialism 10 Dialectics 13 Materialist Conception of History 14 Class Struggle 16 Marx's Economic Doctrine . 18 Socialism 29 Tactics of the Class Struggle of the Proletariat . 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARXISM 37 THE TEACHINGS OF KARL MARX By V. I. LENIN KARL MARX KARL MARX was born May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier, in the Rhine province of Prussia. His father was a lawyer-a Jew, who in 1824 adopted Protestantism. The family was well-to-do, cultured, bu~ not revolutionary. After graduating from the Gymnasium in Trier, Marx entered first the University at Bonn, later Berlin University, where he studied 'urisprudence, but devoted most of his time to history and philosop y. At th conclusion of his uni versity course in 1841, he submitted his doctoral dissertation on Epicure's philosophy:* Marx at that time was still an adherent of Hegel's idealism. In Berlin he belonged to the circle of "Left Hegelians" (Bruno Bauer and others) who sought to draw atheistic and revolutionary conclusions from Hegel's philosophy. After graduating from the University, Marx moved to Bonn in the expectation of becoming a professor. However, the reactionary policy of the government,-that in 1832 had deprived Ludwig Feuer bach of his chair and in 1836 again refused to allow him to teach, while in 1842 it forbade the Y0ung professor, Bruno Bauer, to give lectures at the University-forced Marx to abandon the idea of pursuing an academic career. -
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UTOPIE 185-D 16.02.2006 10:59 Uhr Seite 247
UTOPIE 185-D 16.02.2006 10:59 Uhr Seite 247 UTOPIE kreativ, H. 185 (März 2006), S. 247-256 247 THEODOR BERGMANN Paul Levi – Tragik eines deutschen Revolutionärs zwischen den Parteien »Von den Parteien Haß und Gunst umtobt, schwankt sein Charakterbild in der Geschichte.« Schiller, Wallenstein »Die Kommunisten taten Unrecht, ihn einen Abtrünnigen, die Sozialdemokraten, ihn einen Bekehrten zu nennen. Er war ein internationaler revolutionärer Sozialist aus Rosa Luxemburgs Schule, hat es nie verleugnet.« Carl von Ossietzky Lange war Paul Levi ignoriert, fast vergessen, wenig Gegenstand marxistischer Forschung. In letzter Zeit wurde es um diesen großen Revolutionär wieder lebendiger. Jetzt aber sind die Fronten verkehrt, und die zwei Hauptströmungen der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung Theodor Bergmann – möchten ihn für sich reklamieren. Hier soll versucht werden, ein an- Jg. 1916, Prof. Dr., Agrarwissenschaftler und deres Bild zu zeichnen, das ihm gerechter wird, wiewohl ich mir Historiker; Spezialist für die meiner Subjektivität durchaus bewusst bin. Geschichte der kommu- Sein Lebensweg und seine bedeutende politische Leistung sind nistischen Bewegung, bereits von Jörn Schütrumpf1 gewürdigt worden, so dass ich die bio- zahlreiche Beiträge graphischen Daten übergehen kann. in UTOPIE kreativ. Die kommunistische Kontroverse um Paul Levi, bis dahin unum- strittener Vorsitzender der KPD, beginnt mit der Märzaktion 1920. Die Redaktion Mit der Offensivtheorie hatte August Thalheimer einen theoreti- UTOPIE kreativ gratuliert schen Fehler begangen, der der Rechtfertigung der verfehlten März- Theodor Bergmann aktion dienen sollte. Levis öffentliche Distanzierung galt als Diszi- zu seinem Jubiläum. plinbruch und Verzicht auf Solidarität in gefährlicher Zeit. Clara Zetkin berichtet,2 wie sie mit Lenin rang, um ihn, der gerade einmal 1 Jörn Schütrumpf: seinen Kopf verloren habe, der kommunistischen Bewegung zu er- Unabgegoltenes.