DOCSLIB.ORG

Balanoglossus Clavigerus Delle Chiaje, 1829, Glandiceps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Balanoglossus Clavigerus Delle Chiaje, 1829, Glandiceps TurkJZool 29(2005)141-145 ©TÜB‹TAK FirstRecordforTwoSpecies[ Balanoglossusclavigerus delleChiaje, 1829,Glandicepstalaboti (Marion,1876)]ofthePhylum HemichordataontheCoastofTurkey CemÇEV‹K,DenizERGÜDEN ÇukurovaUniversity,FacultyofFisheries,BasicScienceDepartment,01330Balcal›,Adana-TURKEY Received:19.04.2004 Abstract: Inthisstudy,forthefirsttime,2species(B alanoglossusclavigerus delleChiaje,1829and Glandicepstalaboti (Marion, 1876))belongingtothephylumHemichortada,whichhavenotpreviouslybeenencounteredinTurkishseas,arerecordedfromthe northeasternMediterraneanSea(Yumurtal›kBight,andBabad›lport). KeyWords: Hemichordata,Balanoglossusclavigerus,Glandicepstalaboti,Turkishseas TürkiyeK›y›lar›nda‹lkKezRastlananHemichortadaFilumu’nun‹kiTürü [Balanoglossusclavigerus delleChiaje,1829,Glandicepstalaboti (Marion,1876)] Özet: Buçal›flmada,Türkiyedenizlerindebulunurlu¤udahaönceraporedilmemiflHemichordatafilumuvebufilumaaitikitür Balanoglossusclavigerus (Enteropneusta-Ptychoderidae),Glandicepstalaboti (Enteropneusta-Spengelidae)kuzeydo¤uAkdeniz’den (Yumurtal›kkoyuveBabad›lliman›)raporedilmektedir. AnahtarSözcükler: Hemichordata,Balanoglossusclavigerus,Glandicepstalaboti,Türkiyedenizleri Introduction sessileandsedentarylifeincolonies.Inthesecondgroup Hemichordata,oneofthesmallestphylaintheseas, aretheEnteropneusta,worm-like,benthiccreaturesliving haspreviouslybeentakenintoconsiderationwithinthe buriedinmud.Finally,therearethePlanctospaeriodea, phylumChordata,sincemostofitscharacteristics,such whichconsistofonlyonespeciesandwhosepelagic tornarialarvaeareknown,whiletherearenorecords aspharyngealgillpores,apartiallyneurulateddorsal regardingitsmatureform(Buchsbaumetal.,1987). cord,andastomochordthatbears somesimilaritiesto theChordatanotochord,aresimilartothoseofthe Thezoobenthicstudiesinitiatedbyforeign Vertabrata.However,sinceHemichordatadonothave researchersinTurkishcoastalwatersinthe19th century characteristicssuchasaventralnervecord,a werelaterintensifiedduringthe1950sintheSeaof protostome-likedirectionofbloodflow,aliver-likeorgan MarmaraandtheBosphorus,theAegeanSea,and protrudingdorsallyfromthegut(ratherthanventrallyas eventuallyin‹zmirBayanditsvicinity.Althoughnotat inchordates),anotochord-likepygocordlocatedventrally thedesiredlevelandnumber,suchstudieshaverecently andposteriorly,avenralpostanaltailandadorsal beenconductedintheothercoastalwatersofTurkey. endostyle-likeorgan,theyarecurrentlyevaluatedasa Throughoutthesezoobenthicstudiesconductedin distinctphylum(Hyman,1959;Gerhart,2000). Turkishcoastalwaterstodate,thephylumHemichordata Furthermore,sensitive18SrDNAanalyseshave hasneverbeenrecorded. indicatedthatHemichordataareclosertothe Inthisstudy,2Hemichordataspeciesencountered EchinodermataratherthantotheChordata(Cameronet duringthezoobenthicstudiesconductedinthe al.,2000).TheHemichordata,currentlyknowntocontain YumurtalıkBight,apartof‹skenderunBay,andin 100livingspecies,consistsof3distinctgroups.Oneof BabadılportintheAkkuyuregionofthenortheastern thesearethePterobranchia,smallcreaturesleadinga MediterraneanSeaaredescribed. 141 FirstRecordforTwoSpecies[ Balanoglossusclavigerus delleChiaje,1829,Glandicepstalaboti (Marion,1876)]ofthePhylumHemichordataontheCoastofTurkey MaterialsandMethod Results Thespeciesrecordedinthisstudywereidentified Inthisstudy,2speciesoftheEnteropneustagroupof duringthezoobenthicstudiesconductedinthe thephylumHemichortada,namely Balanoglossus YumurtalıkBightoftheGulfof‹skenderuninthe clavigerus (Enteropneusta-Ptychoderidae)(Figure1)and intertidalzonein1999,andinBabadılportintheAkkuyu Glandicepstalaboti (Enteropneusta-Spengelidae),which regioninaninfralittoralzonein2000(Figure1).The havenotpreviouslybeenencounteredinTurkishseas,are sedimentobtainedfromthesandy-muddybiotopesusing recorded.Thedefinitionsanddistributionsofthese shovelsinthetidalzoneandusingdredgesinthe speciesareasfollows: infralittoralzonewassiftedwitha2mmstandardsieve. Family:Ptychoderidae Thespeciesobtainedinbothstudieswereimmediately takentolaboratoriesandphotographed,andpictures Balanoglossusclavigerus (delleCHIAJE,1829) weredrawnusingabinocularmicroscope.Subsequently, (Figure2,Figure3). theywerestoredin70%alcohol. Material:5individualswereobtained.Locality: Specieswereidentifiedusingarangeofreferences YumurtalıkBight,Meanlength:21cm,meanbreadth:4 (Spengel,1893;VanderHorst,1927;Hyman,1959; mm,meanproboscis:5x3mm,meancollar:3x5mm. Riedl,1983;HaywardandRyland,1990;Cameron, Description: Theelongatedbodyiscylindroidwithout 2002). externalappendagesandofasoftconsistencycovered Figure1.Mapofsamplinglocations. 142 C.ÇEV‹K,D.ERGÜDEN Figure2.Balanoglossusclavigerusdelle(CHIAJE,1829)photograph. Thesespecieswhicharewidelydistributedinthe MediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanliveinU-shaped galleriesthattheydigespeciallyinintertidalzonesin sandyandsandy-muddybiotopes.Theirfecescanbe observedonbeachesassandmoundswithsmallcurls. Family: Spengelidae Glandicepstalaboti(MARION,1876)(Figure4,Figure 5). Material: 3individuals(incompleteinbodyformdue toautotomy)wereobtained.Locality:Babadılport,mean length:5cm(excludingpartswhichareleftbehinddueto autotomy),meanbreadth:6mm,meanproboscis:6x5 mm,meancollar:5x5mm. Description: Likethepreviousspecies,thebodyis elongatedandcylindroidandiscoveredwithmucus. Thereisnoouterskeleton.Lateralsepta,hepatic Figure3.Balanoglossusclavigerusdelle(CHIAJE,1829)drawing. sacculation,synapticulesandperibuccalspacesareabsent. Thegillsarecurled,andarereddish-brownorreddish- withamucoussecretionanddevoidofanyformof orangeincolor.TheythriveparticularlyinNorth-African exoskeleton.Genitalfoldsthin,welldevelopedand coastsalongtheMediterraneanSeaandintheGulfof forming“wings”.Dorsalmarginsofwingsmeet Naples(Italy)insandy-muddybiotopesatdepthsof anteriorlyjustbehindcollar,butthendivergewidely. 30–50m.Theydonotmakedefiniteburrowsbutlive Gonoporesopenneargillslits,atthebaseofwings. buriedinsandyormuddybottoms.Presumably,insuch Numberofbranchialslits200ormore.Anteriorhepatic cases,theanimalisseparatedfromitssurroundingsbya caecapale,closelyandregularlyarranged.Mainmassof mucouslining(Spengel,1893;VanderHorst,1927; caeca isgreenish,denselypackedandirregular(Spengel, Hyman,1959;Riedl,1983;HaywardandRyland,1990; 1893;VanderHorst,1927;Hyman,1959;Riedl,1983; Cameron,2002). HaywardandRyland,1990;Cameron,2002). 143 FirstRecordforTwoSpecies[ Balanoglossusclavigerus delleChiaje,1829,Glandicepstalaboti (Marion,1876)]ofthePhylumHemichordataontheCoastofTurkey Figure4.Glandicepstalaboti(MARION,1876)photograph. S.gurneyi , B.clavigerus , Glossobalanuselongatus , G. minutus,Glandicepstalaboti,andRhabdopleuranormani (HYMAN,1959;ERMS).Ofthese, S.gurneyi was reportedtobeoneoftheLessepsianspeciespenetrating theMediterraneanthroughtheSuezCanal-thoughthis isnotcertain-andwasencounteredforthefirsttimein thesouthoftheMediterraneanonEgyptiancoasts (Alexandria)(Por,1978;Zibrowius,1991). Subsequently,itwasreportedthatthisspecieshadspread uptotheLebanesecoastsinthenorthernMediterranean (Zibrowius,H.pers.comm.).However,thezoobenthic studiesconductedintheTurkishcoastalwatershavenot sofaryieldedanyrecordsregardingthepresenceofthe phylumHemichordata. Ofthespeciesidentifiedthroughthisstudy, B. clavigerus isoneofthemostcommonandwellknown speciesofthephylumHemichordata.Itcanbefoundin Figure5.Glandicepstalaboti(MARION,1876)drawing. almosteverypartoftheMediterraneaninthesandyand sandy-muddybiotopesofintertidalzones. B.clavigerus, whichlivesburiedinsandy-muddy Discussion bottoms,wasfirstencounteredinTurkishcoastalwaters Throughoutthestudiesconductedsofarinthe intheYumurtalıkBight.However,G.talaboti isknownto Mediterranean,particularlyintheWestern bepresentintheGulfofNaples(Italy)inthe Mediterranean,7speciesofHemichordata,whichare MediterraneanandalongthecoastsofAlexandria(Egypt) generallydistributedintemperateandtropicalseas,have andnorthernAfrica.G.talaboti,whichisgenerallyfound beenrecorded.Theseare Saccoglossusmereschkowskii, inmuddybiotopesofinfralittoralzonesatdepthsof30- 144 C.ÇEV‹K,D.ERGÜDEN 350m,has,forthefirsttime,beenrecordedinTurkish Turkishcoastalwatershavevaryinghydrographicand coastsat40mdepthinamuddybiotopeofBabadılport ecologicalcharacteristicsistakenintoconsideration,itis intheAkkuyuregion. highlyprobablethatthediversityofthespeciesisgreater SincetheEnteropneustaleadasolitarylifeburiedin thanwhatisatpresent.Thereisnodoubtthatthrough mudinaquaticsurroundingsfromintertidalzonesto theuseofmoreadvancedtechniquesandequipmentand variousmuddydepths,itisextremelydifficulttoobtain thesamplingofmoreaquaticareastherewillbea them,especiallythosewhichliveatgreaterdepths. remarkableincreaseinthenumberofthespeciesin Furthermore,becausetheyaredelicatecreaturesand Turkishseasinthenearfuture. tendtobreakintofragments,itisdifficulttosecure completespecimens,especiallyinthecaseofthelarger Acknowledgments species. TheauthorsaregreatlyindebtedtoProfessorBurdon Theaquaticareaswheresamplingsareperformedare Jones,QueenslandMuseum,Australia,forhisinvaluable veryfewinnumberbecausethebenthicstudies assistanceintheidentificationofthespeciesand conductedinTurkishseas,asinotheraquaticareas,are obtainingsomeliterature.TheyalsothankProfessor notatthedesiredlevelandnumber.Thismaybe HelmutZibrowius,Centred’OcéanologiedeMarseille, regardedasoneofthefactorsthatpreventathorough CNRS,UniversitéAix-Marseille,France,forsupplying reflectionofthediversityofthespeciesinTurkishseas. informationaboutthedistributionof S.gurneyi inthe However,whenthefactthattheseasneighboring MediterraneanSea. References Buchsbaum,R.,Buchsbaum,M.,Pearse,V.andPears,J.1987.Living Hyman,L.H.1959.TheInvertebrates,SmallerCoelomateGroups.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
    FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Anatomical Description of a Miniaturized Acorn Worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy
    An Anatomical Description of a Miniaturized Acorn Worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Worsaae, Katrine, Wolfgang Sterrer, Sabrina Kaul-Strehlow, Anders Hay-Schmidt, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2012. An anatomical description of a miniaturized acorn worm (hemichordata, enteropneusta) with asexual reproduction by paratomy. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48529. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048529 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11732117 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA An Anatomical Description of a Miniaturized Acorn Worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy Katrine Worsaae1*, Wolfgang Sterrer2, Sabrina Kaul-Strehlow3, Anders Hay-Schmidt4, Gonzalo Giribet5 1 Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Bermuda Natural History Museum, Flatts, Bermuda, 3 Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 4 Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America Abstract The interstitial environment of marine sandy bottoms is a nutrient-rich, sheltered habitat whilst at the same time also often a turbulent, space-limited, and ecologically challenging environment dominated by meiofauna. The interstitial fauna is one of the most diverse on earth and accommodates miniaturized representatives from many macrofaunal groups as well as several exclusively meiofaunal phyla.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemichordate Phylogeny: a Molecular, and Genomic Approach By
    Hemichordate Phylogeny: A molecular, and genomic approach by Johanna Taylor Cannon A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 4, 2014 Keywords: phylogeny, evolution, Hemichordata, bioinformatics, invertebrates Copyright 2014 by Johanna Taylor Cannon Approved by Kenneth M. Halanych, Chair, Professor of Biological Sciences Jason Bond, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Leslie Goertzen, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Scott Santos, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Abstract The phylogenetic relationships within Hemichordata are significant for understanding the evolution of the deuterostomes. Hemichordates possess several important morphological structures in common with chordates, and they have been fixtures in hypotheses on chordate origins for over 100 years. However, current evidence points to a sister relationship between echinoderms and hemichordates, indicating that these chordate-like features were likely present in the last common ancestor of these groups. Therefore, Hemichordata should be highly informative for studying deuterostome character evolution. Despite their importance for understanding the evolution of chordate-like morphological and developmental features, relationships within hemichordates have been poorly studied. At present, Hemichordata is divided into two classes, the solitary, free-living enteropneust worms, and the colonial, tube- dwelling Pterobranchia. The objective of this dissertation is to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of Hemichordata using multiple datasets. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to Hemichordata and outlines the objectives for the dissertation research. Chapter 2 presents a molecular phylogeny of hemichordates based on nuclear ribosomal 18S rDNA and two mitochondrial genes. In this chapter, we suggest that deep-sea family Saxipendiidae is nested within Harrimaniidae, and Torquaratoridae is affiliated with Ptychoderidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunicata 4 Alberto Stolfi and Federico D
    Tunicata 4 Alberto Stolfi and Federico D. Brown Chapter vignette artwork by Brigitte Baldrian. © Brigitte Baldrian and Andreas Wanninger. A. Stolfi Department of Biology , Center for Developmental Genetics, New York University , New York , NY , USA F. D. Brown (*) EvoDevo Laboratory, Departamento de Zoologia , Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá , Colombia Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM) , Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) , San Pedro , Santa Elena , Ecuador e-mail: [email protected] A. Wanninger (ed.), Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia 135 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_4, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2015 [email protected] 136 A. Stolfi and F.D. Brown Above all , perhaps , I am indebted to a decidedly the phylogenetic relationships between the three vegetative , often beautiful , and generally obscure classes and many orders and families have yet to group of marine animals , both for their intrinsic interest and for the enjoyment I have had in search- be satisfactorily settled. Appendicularia, ing for them . N. J. Berrill (1955) Thaliacea, and Ascidiacea remain broadly used in textbooks and scientifi c literature as the three classes of tunicates; however, recent molecular INTRODUCTION phylogenies have provided support for the mono- phyly of only Appendicularia and Thaliacea, but Tunicates are a group of marine fi lter-feeding not of Ascidiacea (Swalla et al. 2000 ; animals1 that have been traditionally divided into Tsagkogeorga et al. 2009 ; Wada 1998 ). A para- three classes: (1) Appendicularia, also known as phyletic Ascidiacea calls for a reevaluation of larvaceans because their free-swimming and tunicate relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Professor Spengel's Monograph on Balanoglossus.1 by E
    REVIEW OF SPENGEL'S MONOGRAPH ON BALANOGLOSSDS. 385 A Review of Professor Spengel's Monograph on Balanoglossus.1 By E. W. MacBridc, B.A., Fellow of St. John's College; Demonstrator in Animal Morphology to the University of Cambridge. With Plates 29 and 30. THE eighteenth monograph of the Naples series lies at length before us. As a monument of patient industry and a mine of anatomical facts it stands in the foremost rank of zoological treatises. It contains minute descriptions of all the known species of Balanoglossus, as well as complete dis- cussions, not only as to the relationship of this interesting form to various phyla of the animal kingdom, but also as to the special morphology of every organ in the body of Balanoglossus. As the conclusions at which Professor Spengel has arrived are at variance with the views as to the relationship of the Enteropneusta which have been widely held in England for the last ten years, it seemed to me that a short account of the principal additions to our knowledge contained in the mono- graph might be useful to zoological students who lack the time necessary to peruse so huge a tome as the one before us. I shall append to the account of the new facts brought to light a short discussion on Professor Spengel's views as to the phylogenetic position of the Enteropneusta, as it seems to me that he has adduced nothing which militates in the slightest 1 "Die Bnteropneusten des Golfes vou Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabscbnitte," J. W. Spengel, 'Series of Naples Monographs,' No.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Divergent Body Plans with Similar Genetic Pathways
    Heredity (2006) 97, 235–243 & 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/06 $30.00 www.nature.com/hdy SHORT REVIEW Building divergent body plans with similar genetic pathways BJ Swalla1,2,3 1Center for Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; 2Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250-9299, USA; 3Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949-3140, USA Deuterostome animals exhibit widely divergent body plans. second way of evolving a divergent body plan is to become Echinoderms have either radial or bilateral symmetry, colonial, as seen in hemichordates and tunicates. Early hemichordates include bilateral enteropneust worms and embryonic development and gastrulation are similar in all colonial pterobranchs, and chordates possess a defined deuterostomes, but, in chordates, the anterior–posterior dorsal–ventral axis imposed on their anterior–posterior axis. axis is established at right angles to the animal–vegetal Tunicates are chordates only as larvae, following meta- axis, in contrast to hemichordates and indirect-developing morphosis the adults acquire a body plan unique for the echinoderms. Hox gene sequences and anterior–posterior deuterostomes. This paper examines larval and adult body expression patterns illuminate deuterostome phylogenetic plans in the deuterostomes and discusses two distinct ways relationships and the evolution of unique adult body plans of evolving divergent body plans. First, echinoderms
    [Show full text]
  • TREATISE ONLINE Number 109
    TREATISE ONLINE Number 109 Part V, Second Revision, Chapter 2: Class Enteropneusta: Introduction, Morphology, Life Habits, Systematic Descriptions, and Future Research Christopher B. Cameron 2018 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline Enteropneusta 1 PART V, SECOND REVISION, CHAPTER 2: CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA: INTRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY, LIFE HABITS, SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH CHRISTOPHER B. CAMERON [Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal QC, H2V 2S9, Canada, [email protected]] Class ENTEROPNEUSTA MORPHOLOGY Gegenbaur, 1870 The acorn worm body is arranged [nom. correct. HAECKEL, 1879, p. 469 pro Enteropneusti GEGENBAUR, into an anterior proboscis, a collar, and a 1870, p. 158] posterior trunk (Fig. 1). Body length can Free living, solitary, worms ranging from vary from less than a millimeter (WORSAAE lengths of less than a millimeter to 1.5 & others, 2012) to 1.5 meters (SPENGEL, meters; entirely marine; body tripartite, 1893). The proboscis is muscular and its with proboscis, collar, and trunk; proboscis epidermis replete with sensory, ciliated, coelom contains heart-kidney-stomochord and glandular cells (BENITO & PARDOS, complex; preoral ciliary organ posterior- 1997). Acorn worms deposit-feed by trap- ventral; collagenous Y-shaped nuchal skel- ping sediment in mucus and transporting eton extends from proboscis through neck it to the mouth with cilia. A pre-oral ciliary before bifurcating into paired horns in organ on the posterior proboscis (BRAMBEL & collar; paired dorsal perihaemal coeloms COLE, 1939) (Fig. 2.1) directs the food-laden associated with collar dorsal blood vessel; mucous thread into the mouth (GONZALEZ anterior trunk pharynx perforated with & CAMERON, 2009). The proboscis coelom paired gill slits that connect via atria to contains a turgid stomochord (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Manual in Zoology
    PRACTICAL MANUAL IN ZOOLOGY EDITOR Dr. A. AMSATH, Associate Professor & CONTRIBUTORS Dr. P. KUMARASAMY, HOD & Associate Professor Dr. S. RAVEENDRAN, Associate Professor Dr.K.MUTHUKUMARAVEL, Assistant Professor Dr.O.SATHICK, Assistant Professor Dr.V.GANAPIRIYA, Assistant Professor Dr.A.MAHARAJAN, Assistant Professor Dr.J.SUGUMARAN, Assistant Professor PG and Research Department of Zoology Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam- 614 701 2014 M. M. A. PUBLICATIONS 6B/2 Ever Gold Complex, Selliamman Kovil Street, Adirampattinam-614 701,Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India Title : PRACTICAL MANUAL IN ZOOLOGY Author : Dr. A. AMSATH Associate Professor and Research Advisor PG and Research Department of Zoology Adirampattinam - 614 701 First Edition : 2010 Revised Edition 2014 Pages : 10 + 313 Copy Right : Author Figures : 240 Page Setup : A4 Font : Arial Price : Rs. 360 Publisher : M. M. A. Publications 269-A Bharathisalai, Karikkadu Pattukkottai - 614 602. Cell: 9443717126 Phone: 04373-236469 Printed at : Hamidia Printers 170/3, Palaniappan Street Pattukkottai - 614601 ii PREFACE Animals have inhabited the earth for millions of years, growing from simple one-celled organisms to the diverse variety we see today. This manual encompasses an overview of the animal kingdom and classification suitable for both B.Sc. and M. Sc. Zoology. The collection of spotters and mountings related to the Functional Morphology and Paleontology of Invertebrates and Chordates. The spotters are presented in a simple way with taxonomical characters and salient features. It also emphasizes the microscopic study of live and preserved specimens. This manual is comprehensive in its representation of the major groups of animal phyla. The experimental parts related to the Genetics, Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology are presented in a simple way with a discussion on all subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Semester I Paper I: Animal Diversity I
    International College for Girls ( Autonomous) SEMESTER I PAPER I: ANIMAL DIVERSITY I Paper Code: ZOL 111 TOPICS Teaching UNITS Hours Principles of classification-Salient features and classification UNIT upto orders in non-chordates. I 15 Structural organization in different classes of non-chordates. Protozoa-Type study (Paramecium) and study of : UNIT 10 II • Locomotion • Osmoregulation • Nutrition • Reproduction UNIT Origin of metazoa-Metamerism and symmetry. III 5 Porifera and coelenterate UNIT Type study (Leucosolenia and obelia) 10 IV • Canal system • Corals and coral reefs • Polymorphism in hydrozoa. UNIT Ctenophora-affinities-Type study (Pleurobrachia). 5 V Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER II: ANIMAL DIVERSITY I Paper Code: ZOL 112 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes I Type Study: Taenia solium, Ascaris • Reproduction 9 • Parasitic Adaptations UNIT Economic Importance of: II • Protozoa 9 • Corals and coral reefs • Helminths UNIT Annelida III Type Study : Earthworm and Leech 9 • Coeloem • Excretory Sytem UNIT Mollusca IV Type Study: Pila ,Unio and Sepia 10 Torsion And distorsion in Gastropods Economic Importance of Mollusca UNIT Onychophora 8 V Affinities and Type Study Peripatus Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER III : Cell Biology Paper Code: ZOL 113 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Diversity of cell size and shape. I 7 Cell theory. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Cellular organelles-separation and characterization. UNIT Cellular energy transactions- II 10 Role of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Cell junctions. Cell adhesion, and the extracellular matrix. Membrane transport of small molecules and the ionic basis of membrane excitability UNIT Intracellular compartments and protein sorting.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Biodiversity: a Taxonomic Inventory of Fauna
    Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna Irish Wildlife Manual No. 38 Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna S. E. Ferriss, K. G. Smith, and T. P. Inskipp (editors) Citations: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Section author (2009) Section title . In: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photos: © Kevin G. Smith and Sarah E. Ferriss Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editors: N. Kingston and F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2009 ISSN 1393 - 6670 Inventory of Irish fauna ____________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................3 Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Basal Deuterostome Nervous Systems
    © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2015) 218, 637-645 doi:10.1242/jeb.109108 REVIEW Evolution of basal deuterostome nervous systems Linda Z. Holland* ABSTRACT nervous system to that of the adult (Figs 1, 2). All five classes of Understanding the evolution of deuterostome nervous systems has echinoderms (crinoids, holothurians, asteroids, ophiuroids and been complicated by the ambiguous phylogenetic position of the echinoids) have indirect development with pelagic larvae, although Xenocoelomorpha (Xenoturbellids, acoel flat worms, direct development has evolved independently in several lineages. nemertodermatids), which has been placed either as basal bilaterians, Within the echinoderms, crinoids are basal to ophiuroids, asteroids, basal deuterostomes or as a sister group to the hemichordate/ echinoids and holothurians. Adult echinoderms have in common a echinoderm clade (Ambulacraria), which is a sister group of the circumoral nerve ring plus five radial nerve cords (Fig. 2, Fig. 3C). Chordata. None of these groups has a single longitudinal nerve cord The nerve ring and the outer parts of the nerve cord belong to the and a brain. A further complication is that echinoderm nerve cords are ectonerual compartment, whereas the inner layer of the nerve cords not likely to be evolutionarily related to the chordate central nervous is the hyponeural system. These two systems were thought to be system. For hemichordates, opinion is divided as to whether either separate; however, fine-structural studies and histochemistry of one or none of the two nerve cords is homologous to the chordate neurotransmitters in sea cucumbers have indicated that both systems nerve cord.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Chordate Body Plan: New Insights from Phylogenetic Analyses of Deuterostome Phyla
    Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla Chris B. Cameron*†, James R. Garey‡, and Billie J. Swalla†§¶ *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; †Station Biologique, BP° 74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France; ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5150; and §Zoology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Edited by Walter M. Fitch, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved February 24, 2000 (received for review January 12, 2000) The deuterostome phyla include Echinodermata, Hemichordata, have a tornaria larva or are direct developers (17, 21). The and Chordata. Chordata is composed of three subphyla, Verte- three body parts are the proboscis (protosome), collar (me- brata, Cephalochordata (Branchiostoma), and Urochordata (Tuni- sosome), and trunk (metasome) (17, 18). Enteropneust adults cata). Careful analysis of a new 18S rDNA data set indicates that also exhibit chordate characteristics, including pharyngeal gill deuterostomes are composed of two major clades: chordates and pores, a partially neurulated dorsal cord, and a stomochord ,echinoderms ؉ hemichordates. This analysis strongly supports the that has some similarities to the chordate notochord (17, 18 monophyly of each of the four major deuterostome taxa: Verte- 24). On the other hand, hemichordates lack a dorsal postanal ,brata ؉ Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Hemichordata, and Echi- tail and segmentation of the muscular and nervous systems (9 nodermata. Hemichordates include two distinct classes, the en- 12, 17). teropneust worms and the colonial pterobranchs. Most previous Pterobranchs are colonial (Fig. 1 C and D), live in secreted hypotheses of deuterostome origins have assumed that the mor- tubular coenecia, and reproduce via a short-lived planula- phology of extant colonial pterobranchs resembles the ancestral shaped larvae or by asexual budding (17, 18).
    [Show full text]