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EXERCISE 9 PROTOCHORDATA: OBSERVATION and CLASSIFICATION of SPECIMENS BALANOGLOSSUS, HERDMANIA and BRANCHIOSTOMA (AMPHIOXUS ) Structure

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EXERCISE 9 PROTOCHORDATA: OBSERVATION and CLASSIFICATION of SPECIMENS BALANOGLOSSUS, HERDMANIA and BRANCHIOSTOMA (AMPHIOXUS ) Structure EXERCISE 9 PROTOCHORDATA: OBSERVATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIMENS BALANOGLOSSUS, HERDMANIA AND BRANCHIOSTOMA (AMPHIOXUS ) Structure 9.1 Introduction Objectives 9.2 Materials Required 9.3 General Features and Classification of Phylum Hemichordata General Features Classification Features of Two Classes 9.4 Balanoglossus – Type specimen of class Enteropneusta 9.5 General Classification of Group Protochordata 9.6 Subphylum Urochordata General Characters Class Ascidiacea: Type specimen - Herdmania 9.7 Subphylum Cephalochordata General Characters Class Leptocardii: Type specimen – Branchiostoma (Amphioxus ) 9.8 Terminal Questions 9.1 INTRODUCTION This laboratory exercise is based on Unit 11 of Block 3 of the Animal Diversity theory course. You will recall that Hemichordates are vermiform (worm-like) animals which have few characters like those of the chordates, hence the name hemichordata ( hemi : half; chorda : string or cord). Hemichordates belong to the deuterostome branch of the animal kingdom and are enterocoelous coelomates with radial cleavage. They show some of both echinoderm and chordate characteristics. A chordate plan is suggested by gill- slits in the pharynx and a restricted dorsal tubular nerve cord in the collar region. On the other hand, similarity to echinoderms is shown in (i) larval features and (ii) in having an epidermal nerve net. The last major group of the animal kingdom is Phylum Chordata. It is derived from two Greek words, “chorde ” meaning a string or chord (referring to notochord) and “ ata ” means bearing. The chord means stiff, rod-like structure along the back i.e. the chorda dorsalis or notochord (Gr., noton : back, chorda : string). All the chordates possess three outstanding unique characteristics at some stage in their life history, i.e., a dorsal, hollow or tubular nerve cord , a longitudinal supporting stiff but flexible notochord and a series of pharyngeal Protochordata: Observation and gill-slits . A naked skin is hardly seen in chordates. (Some sort of structures Classification of like scales, feathers and hair are usually present). Specimens Balanoglossus , Hardmania , and Phylum Chordata has a superiority over other phyla, in possessing a living Branchiostoma endoskeleton. This living endoskeleton permits greater freedom of movement (Amphioxus) and helps in growth. The present laboratory exercise is based on Unit 11 of the Animal Diversity, theory course in which you have studied Protochordates. Protochordates as you will recall has three basic chordate characters and are considered most primitive chordates. Protochordates (Gr., protos : first; chorde : chord) are all marine, small, primitive or lower chordates, lacking a head, a skull or cranium, a vertebral column and jaws. This group is divided into 2 subphyla: (1) Urochordata and (2) Cephalochordata mainly on the basis of presence of notochord. Protochordates have little economic value but they have great phylogenetic significance for the zoologists and that is why study of Protochordata becomes very important. They show immense affinities and common origin with the living vertebrates. Objectives After performing this exercise, you should be able to • identify Balanoglossus as a hemichordate and give its scientific and common name, • classify Balanoglossus up to the level of class, • mention the habitat and geographical distribution of Balanoglossus , • list characters justifying classification of Balanoglossus and mention special features justifying also the name Hemichordata, • draw a labelled diagram of Balanoglossus , • identify and give the scientific and common name of specimen of Herdmania belonging to the Subphylum Urochordata, list characters justifying their classification and mention special features, if any, • identify and give the scientific and common name of the specimen Branchiostoma belonging to Subphylum Cephalochordata, list characters justifying their classification and mention special features, if any, • draw labelled diagram of each of the identified genera, • mention the habit, habitat, geographical location and economic importance, if any, of each of the identified genera, and • classify the identified Protochordates up to the level of classes. 9.2 MATERIALS REQUIRED 1. Preserved specimens of Balanoglosus , Herdmania and Branchiostoma. 113 Animal Diversity: 2. Compound microscope. Laboratory 3. Drawing sheets, pen, pencil, ruler, eraser. 9.3 GENERAL FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA There are about 90 species of hemichordates. All are marine and live in the open sea or in muddy sediments. Hemichordata were once included in the phylum Chordata and were grouped as invertebrate (backboneless) chordates under ‘protochordates’ (first chordates). They have a dorsal nerve cord, often hollow, developed from the dorsal epidermis. The longitudinal stiffening of stomatochord is no more thought to be the homologue of the notochord and this distinction has justified the separation of the hemichordata from the chordata. Let us review the general features of hemichordates. 9.3.1 General Features Two typical characters of the Hemichordata that can be observed and used to identify them are: i) Soft, worm-like or short unsegmented body. ii) Body is divided into a (i) proboscis (ii) collar and (iii) distinguishably visible trunk. Two more typical features can be seen only after dissecting a hemichordate. These are as follows: i) A ‘notochord’ like projection at the anterior end. It is endodermal in origin and not a notochord (which is mesodermal in origin). ii) An intra-epidermal nervous system. 9.3.2 Classification Phylum Hemichordata has two classes viz. Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. Phylum – Hemichordata Classes: Enteropneusta Pterobranchia 9.3.3 Features of the Two Classes The major characteristic features of two classes are compared in the following table (Table 9.1). Table 9.1: Major characteristics of two classes of Hemichordata. Enteropneusta ( enteron : gut, Pterobranchia (Gr. pteron : wing pneustos : breathe) (feather) + branchion : gills) i) Stalk is absent i) A stalk for attachment ii) Proboscis is cylindrical and ii) A shield like proboscis tapering 114 iii) Collar is without ciliated arms or iii) Collar with ciliated arms or Protochordata: Observation and lophophore lophophore. Classification of Specimen s Balanoglossus , Example – Balanoglossus Example – Cephalodiscus Hardmania , and Branchiostoma (Amphioxus) 9.4 BALANOGLOSSUS – TYPE SPECIMEN OF CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA Balanoglossus (Fig. 9.1) is commonly called tongue worm or acorn worm (balanos : acorn or oak fruit; glossus : tongue). Examine the specimen and note the following features: i) Balanoglossus has a soft, elongated, worm -like body which has a ciliated surface. ii) Body length reaches 10-50 cms and is divided into short conical proboscis , collar and long trunk . iii) Proboscis is cylindrical, taperin g and muscular. Near the base is a proboscis pore which is the opening of the coelom (present within the proboscis) to the exterior. iv) Collar is a short, cylindrical, muscular band enclosing a pair of coelomic cavities ( collar coelom ). The collar opens by a pair of collar pores on the dorsal surface. The rim of the collar encloses the mouth which is permanently open. v) The trunk is superficially ringed and divided into 3 parts (a) anterior branchiogenital part containing genital ridge that carries gonads. This part can be demarcated from the outside as it has gill -slits but the contents cannot be seen without dissection. (b) hepatic region . (c) the posterior end is the trunk region. vi) The mouth lies at the base of proboscis and is encircled by the edge of the collar. vii) In the hepatic region are present double rows of hepatic caecae. viii) Alimentary canal is straight and anus is at the end of the trunk. (Sexes are separate and fertilization is external. Development includes a free-swimming pelagic larva called tornaria larva.) Fig. 9.1: Balanoglossus . 115 Animal Diversity: Habit and Habitat Laboratory Balanoglossus is a marine worm-like animal which lives in a U-shaped burrow made by its proboscis at the bottom of sand in intertidal zone. It feeds on microscopic organic matter and resorts to filter-feeding. Geographical Distribution: Balanoglossus is cosmopolitan or world-wide in distribution. Classification and its Justification Kingdom Animalia Animals; multicellular organisms with cells that lack a cell wall, many capable of movement or movement of some of their body parts or capable of movement at some time of their life cycle; heterotrophic nutrition. Phylum Hemichordata Solitary, soft bodied coelomate with numerous gill slits. Class Enteropneusta Alimentary canal straight, two rows of caecae. Genus Balanoglossus Common Tongue worm or Name acorn worm 9.5 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF GROUP PROTOCHORDATA Position of Protochordates in the Animal Kingdom Kingdom Animalia Animals, multicellular organisms with cells that lack a cell wall, many capable of movement or movement of some of their body parts or capable of movement at some time of their life cycle; heterotrophic nutrition. Phylum Chordata Dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord and paired gill-slits are present. Group Protochordata Marine small forms; notochord is either (Acrania) found in the larval stage or as such persists throughout life; cranium, jaws and paired appendages absent. 116 OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF GROUP PROTOCHORDATA Protochordata: Observation and Classification of KINGDOM : ANIMALIA Specimens Balanoglossus , Phylum Phylum Hardmania , and Branchiostoma
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