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International College for Girls ( Autonomous) SEMESTER I PAPER I: ANIMAL DIVERSITY I Paper Code: ZOL 111 TOPICS Teaching UNITS Hours Principles of classification-Salient features and classification UNIT upto orders in non-chordates. I 15 Structural organization in different classes of non-chordates. Protozoa-Type study (Paramecium) and study of : UNIT 10 II • Locomotion • Osmoregulation • Nutrition • Reproduction UNIT Origin of metazoa-Metamerism and symmetry. III 5 Porifera and coelenterate UNIT Type study (Leucosolenia and obelia) 10 IV • Canal system • Corals and coral reefs • Polymorphism in hydrozoa. UNIT Ctenophora-affinities-Type study (Pleurobrachia). 5 V Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER II: ANIMAL DIVERSITY I Paper Code: ZOL 112 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes I Type Study: Taenia solium, Ascaris • Reproduction 9 • Parasitic Adaptations UNIT Economic Importance of: II • Protozoa 9 • Corals and coral reefs • Helminths UNIT Annelida III Type Study : Earthworm and Leech 9 • Coeloem • Excretory Sytem UNIT Mollusca IV Type Study: Pila ,Unio and Sepia 10 Torsion And distorsion in Gastropods Economic Importance of Mollusca UNIT Onychophora 8 V Affinities and Type Study Peripatus Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER III : Cell Biology Paper Code: ZOL 113 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Diversity of cell size and shape. I 7 Cell theory. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Cellular organelles-separation and characterization. UNIT Cellular energy transactions- II 10 Role of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Cell junctions. Cell adhesion, and the extracellular matrix. Membrane transport of small molecules and the ionic basis of membrane excitability UNIT Intracellular compartments and protein sorting. III • Vesicular traffic in the secretory and endocytic 10 pathways (GERL System) • Cell signaling with reference to c-AMP and IP 3 DAG system UNIT Cytoskeleton IV 6 Cell-division cycle. • The mechanics of cell division. UNIT Tissues V • Epithelial tissues: Structure functions and types - 12 (a) simple epithelia-squamous. cuboidal. columnar, ciliated, pseudostratified (b) compound-stratified and transitional • Connective Tissues: Structure, function and types- Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) (a) Connective tissue-proper-areolar. adipose, white,fibrous, yellow elastic, reticular.mucous (b) Skeletal- cartilage (hyaline, fibrous and calcified cartilage) and bones (dried, decalcified and mammalian) (c) Vascular tissue: Structure, function and types- Blood (plasma and corpuscles) and lymph • Nervous tissue: Structure, function and types -Myelinated and nonmyelinated • Muscular: Structure, function and types Visceral/smooth. Skeletal/ striated and cardiac Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) Paper IV: Biochemistry I Paper Code: ZOL 114 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours Biochemistry UNIT • Meaning, history, scope and significance 7 I Basic Chemical Concepts: • Bonds and functional groups UNIT Amino acids and peptides II • Properties and structure. 8 UNIT Carbohydrates III • Classification, structures and clinical significance 12 • Oxidation of glucose through glycolysis. Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation; • Elementary knowledge of interconversion of glycogen and glucose in liver: • Role of insulin. UNIT Lipids IV • Classification, structures and clinical 10 significance. • Beta-oxidative pathways of fatty acids: • Brief account of biosynthesis of triglycerides. • Cholesterol and its metabolism UNIT Vitamins V • Discovery, structures and functions. 8 Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) Suggested readings: Conn et al : Outlines of Biochemistry (Wiley). Conn. Stumph RK. Bruening and Doc : Outlines of Biochemistry (Wiley). Davenport : An outline of animal development (Addison-Werley). De Robertis and DeRobertis : Cell and Molecular Biology (Saunders College) Edward Gasque : Manual of Laboratory L. Ed. In Cell Biology (W.C. Brown Publishers) Hyman. L.H : The Invertebrates. Vol.1 (McGraw Hill). Hyman. L.H : Th6 Invertebrates. Vol.11 (McGraw Hill). Lodish et al : Molecular Cell Biology (Scientific American Books.) Stryer. L : Biochemistry (Freeman). Invertebrate Zoology; Barns, R. D; W. B. Saunders Co. Textbook of Zoology; Shivpuri, Jacob, D. and Vyas. D.K.; Ramesh Book Depot. Text book of Invertebrate Zoology I; Sandhu, G.S; Campus Books. Text book of Invertebrate Zoology II; Sandhu, G.S ; Campus Books. Modern Textbook of Zoology Invertebrates; Kotpal; Rastogi Publications. Cell Biology and Genetics; Kohli, K.S;Ramesh Book Depot Genetics; Winchester, A.M; Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Cell and Molecular Biology; De Robertis and De Robertis; Saunders College. Cell Biology; Powar, C.B; Himalayan publishing House. Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER-V : PRACTICALS Paper Code: ZOL 115 Animal Diversity- I Museum Specimens and Slides: • Protozoa: euglena; Trypanosoma; Giardia; Entamoeba; Elphodium; Foraminifeferan shell; Monocystis; Plasmodium; Paramecium; Paramecium showing binary fission and conjugation; Opalina; Nyctotherus; Balantidium; Vorticella. • Porifera: Leucosolenia; Euplectella; Spongilla.L.S. and T.S. of Sycon; Spongin fibres; Gemmules. • Coelenterata: Millipora; Physalia; Vallela; Aurelia; Alcyonium; Gorgonia; Pennatula; Sea Anemone; Stone coral; Obelia-Polyp& Medusa. • Ctenophora: Any one. Animal Diversity- II Museum Specimens and Slides: • Platyhelminthes: Taenia; Planaria; Fasciola.,T.S. of Taenia through mature proglottid; Cysticerous. • Aschelminthes: Ascaris • Annelida: Nereis; Heteronereis; Aphrodite: Chaetopterous; Arenicola; Glossiphona; Pontobdella; Polygordius.,T.S. body of Nereis. • Onychophora: Peripatus • Mollusca: Chiton; Aplysia; Cyprnea; Mytillus; Pearl oyster; Dentalium; Loligo; Octopus; Nautilus.,V.S. shell; T.S. Gill of Pila; Glochidium. Anatomy: • Earthworm : External features; General viscera; Alimentary canal; Nervous system; Reproductive system. • Pila: External features; Pillial organs; Nervous system. Permanent Preparations : Gill lamella, Radula and T.S. ospharidium of Pila. Microscopic Techniques: • Organization and working of optical microscopes: Dissecting and compound microscopes. • General methods of microscopically permanent preparations: Narcotization; Fixing and Preservation; Washing; Staining and Destaining, Dehydrations, Cearing and Decolourization; Mounting, General idea of composition, preparation and use of- 1. Fixatives: Formalin and Bouin's fluid 2. Stains: Borax carmine; Acetocarmine; Acetoorcein; Haematoxylin and Eosin. Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) Collection and Culture methods: • Collection of animals from their natural habitat during field trip e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium; Euglena; Planaria; Earthworm; Daphnia; Cyclops etc. • Culture of Paramecium in the laboratory and study of its structure, life processes and behaviour, collection and study of invertebrate parasites: Rectal ciliates of frog. Cell Biology Exercises of Cell Biology : • Squash preparation of the study of Mitosis in Onion root tip. • Squash preparation of the study of Meiosis in Grasshopper/ Cockroach testis. • Study of giant chromosomes in salivary gland of Chironomous/ Drosophila larva. Biochemistry Exercises of Biochemistry • Detection of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in animal tissues. • Identification of mono, di and polysaccharides in the given samples. • Demonstration of principle of paper chromatography. Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) SEMESTER II PAPER –I : BIOCHEMISTRY II Paper Code: ZOL 211 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Proteins 12 I • Classification, structural properties. • Essential and non-essential amino acids • Transformation of amino acids:Deamination. transamination. decarboxylation. • Synthesis of enzymatic protein and urea, fate of ammonia (ornithine cycle) • Fate of carbon skeleton. UNIT II Nucleic acid and nucleotides • Structural properties and functions. 8 UNIT Nucleic Acid III • Catabolism and Biosynthesis 8 UNIT Nature of enzyme classification. IV • Co-enzymes.nd Co-factors. 10 • Inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive and noncompetitive). • Isoenzymes. • Factors contributing to catalytic efficiency. UNIT V Mineral Metabolism: • Iodine. 7 • Iron. • Calcium. • Zinc Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER II- ANIMAL DIVERSITY III Paper Code: ZOL 212 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Arthropoda I 12 • Crustacean larval worms • Vision in Arthropods • Metamorphoses in insects • Social life, • Mouth parts • Economic importance of insects UNIT Comparative study of following in prawn, cockroach, II scorpion. Trilobites. 15 • Bloodvascular system • Reproductive system • Respiratory system • Excretion system UNIT Principles and Practices of: III • Sericulture 5 • Lac culture • Apiculture UNIT Economic Importance of Arthropoda : IV • Crustacea and larvae. 8 • Insect as parts ot human society and thier management UNIT Economic Importance of Mollusca including an outline 5 V idea of Pearl culture. Total Teaching Hours 45 Department of Zoology International College for Girls ( Autonomous) PAPER III– MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Paper Code: ZOL 213 UNITS TOPICS Teaching Hours UNIT Genes and chromosomes I • Nature of generic
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  • Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S

    Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S

    C H A P T E R 2 0 8 Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S. Garcia Although common names frequently are used to describe morphologic forms according to age, host, or nutrition, parasitic organisms, these names may represent different which often results in several names being given to the parasites in different parts of the world. To eliminate same organism. An additional problem involves alterna- these problems, a binomial system of nomenclature in tion of parasitic and free-living phases in the life cycle. which the scientific name consists of the genus and These organisms may be very different and difficult to species is used.1-3,8,12,14,17 These names generally are of recognize as belonging to the same species. Despite these Greek or Latin origin. In certain publications, the scien- difficulties, newer, more sophisticated molecular methods tific name often is followed by the name of the individual of grouping organisms often have confirmed taxonomic who originally named the parasite. The date of naming conclusions reached hundreds of years earlier by experi- also may be provided. If the name of the individual is in enced taxonomists. parentheses, it means that the person used a generic name As investigations continue in parasitic genetics, immu- no longer considered to be correct. nology, and biochemistry, the species designation will be On the basis of life histories and morphologic charac- defined more clearly. Originally, these species designa- teristics, systems of classification have been developed to tions were determined primarily by morphologic dif- indicate the relationship among the various parasite ferences, resulting in a phenotypic approach.