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Practical Manual in Zoology

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PRACTICAL MANUAL IN ZOOLOGY EDITOR Dr. A. AMSATH, Associate Professor & CONTRIBUTORS Dr. P. KUMARASAMY, HOD & Associate Professor Dr. S. RAVEENDRAN, Associate Professor Dr.K.MUTHUKUMARAVEL, Assistant Professor Dr.O.SATHICK, Assistant Professor Dr.V.GANAPIRIYA, Assistant Professor Dr.A.MAHARAJAN, Assistant Professor Dr.J.SUGUMARAN, Assistant Professor PG and Research Department of Zoology Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam- 614 701 2014 M. M. A. PUBLICATIONS 6B/2 Ever Gold Complex, Selliamman Kovil Street, Adirampattinam-614 701,Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India Title : PRACTICAL MANUAL IN ZOOLOGY Author : Dr. A. AMSATH Associate Professor and Research Advisor PG and Research Department of Zoology Adirampattinam - 614 701 First Edition : 2010 Revised Edition 2014 Pages : 10 + 313 Copy Right : Author Figures : 240 Page Setup : A4 Font : Arial Price : Rs. 360 Publisher : M. M. A. Publications 269-A Bharathisalai, Karikkadu Pattukkottai - 614 602. Cell: 9443717126 Phone: 04373-236469 Printed at : Hamidia Printers 170/3, Palaniappan Street Pattukkottai - 614601 ii PREFACE Animals have inhabited the earth for millions of years, growing from simple one-celled organisms to the diverse variety we see today. This manual encompasses an overview of the animal kingdom and classification suitable for both B.Sc. and M. Sc. Zoology. The collection of spotters and mountings related to the Functional Morphology and Paleontology of Invertebrates and Chordates. The spotters are presented in a simple way with taxonomical characters and salient features. It also emphasizes the microscopic study of live and preserved specimens. This manual is comprehensive in its representation of the major groups of animal phyla. The experimental parts related to the Genetics, Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology are presented in a simple way with a discussion on all subjects. It contains experiments, selection of which was governed by the following parameters: easy availability of resource material, chemicals and instruments; involvement of a new concept or technique; and reproducibility by the students. This practical manual has a collection of spotters and experiments related to Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biotechnology, Biostatistics and Computer Applications. The experimental parts are presented in a simple way with a discussion on all subjects. It contains experiments, selection of which was governed by the following parameters: easy availability of resource material, chemicals and instruments; involvement of a new concept or technique; and reproducibility by the students. The manual also has a collection of experiments related to the Developmental Biology, Immunology, Animal Physiology, Microtechnique and Environmental Biology. It contains experiments, selections of which are governed by the following parameters: easy availability of resource material, chemicals and instruments; involvement of a new concept or technique; and reproducibility by the students. The experimental parts are presented in a simple way with a discussion on all subjects. The model question papers are given at the end of this manual. We hope that the manual will be more useful to the post-graduate students in understanding the experiments. This practical manual iii will be a boost for the learners. Designing of the manual is such that the students will be benefited as far as the knowledge and examination is concerned. I express my deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt thanks to Janab S. Mohamed Aslam, Secretary and Dr. A. Mohamed Abdul Khader, Principal, Dr. S.V.S. Amanulla Hameed, HOD, Dr. P. Kumarasamy, Associate Professor and Dr. S. Raveendran, Associate Professor, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam-614701 for their encouragement and contributions to take up the assignment of writing a Practical Manual in Zoology for the welfare of the UG and PG student of Zoology community. I welcome any corrections and constructive suggestions to improve this manual and those will be incorporated in the next edition. Author ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. A. Amsath is the author of this manual. He is working as an Associate Professor in Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam. He has shown a keen interest to publish this manual. The other others were contributed and helped him to bring out the manual. He completed his higher studies from B.Sc. to Ph.D. degree at Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli. He has 20 years of teaching and research experiences. He is an author for many books like Basic Biotechnology, Immunology, Apiculture, Entomology and Practical Manual for B.Sc. Zoology, etc. He has published more than 25 research articles in National and International reputed Journals. He has attended and presented more than 30 papers in National and International Seminars/Symposia/Conferences. He has participated in 5 workshops and 4 refreshers courses. He has guided more than 25 M. Phil. Scholars. He has been guiding 7 Ph. D. scholars. One candidate submitted Ph.D. Thesis under his guidance. He has organized 2 National seminars. iv CONTENTS PART - I TAXONOMY A. TAXONOMY OF INVERTEBRATES 9. Octobus………………………. 33 Phylum: Protozoa Phylum: Echinodermata 1. Euglena……………………..….1 1. Feather star…………………..34 2. Amoeba……………………..….1 2. Sea cucumber………………..34 3. Plasmodium………………..…..2 3. Sea urchin……...………….…35 4. Paramecium……………….…..3 4. Starfish………………….…….36 5. Podaphrya………………….….4 5. Brittle star………....………….37 Phylum – Porifera 1. Sycon……………………….….5 B. TAXONOMY OF CHORDATES 2. Hyolonema………………….…6 1. Amphioxus……………………39 3. Spongilla…………………….…7 2. Balanoglossus………………..40 Phylum: Coelenterata 3. Ascdian………………………..40 1. Hydra……………………….…..7 4. Petromyzon……...…………....41 2. Physalla……………………..….8 Pisces 3. Aurelia…………………….….…9 1. Shark………………………….42 4. Sea Anemone………………..10 10 2. Narcine………………………..43 Phylum : Platyhelminthes 3. Trygon………………………...44 1. Planaria……………………….11 4. Mullet……………………….…45 2. Fasciola……………………….12 5. Sucker fish……………………46 3. Taenia………………………...13 6. Cat fish………………………..47 4. Scolex of Taenia……………..13 7. Ophiocephalus…………...….48 Phylum: Aschelminthes 8. Eel……………………………..49 1. Ascaris…………………….…..14 9. Flying fish…………………….50 Phylum: Annelida 10. Syngnathus…………………..51 1. Nereis…………………………15 11. Anabas…………………….….52 2. Arenicola…..……………….…16 12. Protopterus…………………...53 3. Chaetopterus…………………17 Amphibia 4. Tomopteris……………………17 1. Ichthyophis…………………...55 5. Earthworm…………………….18 2. Salamandra…………………..55 6. Leech………………………….19 3. Bufo…………………………...56 7. Protodrilus…………………….20 4. Rhacophorus…………………57 Phylum: Arthropoda Reptilia 1. Prawn…………………………20 1. Chelone………………………58 2. Limulus………………………..21 2. Carapace and Plastron……..59 3. Peripatus……………………...22 3. Sphenodon……………….…..60 4. Centipede……………………..23 4. Draco……………………….…61 5. Millipede………………………24 5. Naja…………………………...62 6. Grasshopper………………….25 6. Krait…………………………...63 7. Scorpion………………………26 7. Viper…………………………..64 Phylum: Mollusca 8. Crocodile……………………..65 1. Chaetoderma…………………27 Aves 2. Neopilina……………………..27 1. Pigeon………………………..66 3. Chiton…………………………28 2. Parrot…………………………68 4. Aplysia………………………...29 29 3. Owl.......................................68 5. Dentalium……………………..29 4. Sparrow…………………….…69 6. Mytilus………………………...30 Mammals 7. Sepia…………………………..31 1. Bat……………………………..71 8. Loligo………………………….32 v 2. Rabbit………………………....72 V. GENETICS 3. Rattus………………………....73 1. Drosophila culture………………106 4. Loris…………………………...74 2. Identifications of mutants………108 3. Identifications of sexes………...110 II. MOUNTING 4. Blood groups ABO and their 1. Parapodium of Nereis……….75 genetic significance…………….111 2. Mouthparts of Lepas…………75 5. Rh blood group and their 3. Sting of honeybee……………75 Genetic significance……………114 4. Pedicellariae of Sea urchin…76 6. Pedigree analysis………………116 5. Scales of Teleost…………….77 7. Human karyotyping…………….117 8. Chromosomal abnormalities…..120 III. SPOTTERS 9. Hardy Weinberg law & A. Larval forms Calculationof gene frequencies 1. Amphiblastula Larva…………79 for dominant, recessive & 2. Parenchymula larva………….79 codominant traits and Multiple 3. Ephyra Larva…………………80 Alleles……………………………122 4. Redia Larva…………………..80 5. Cercaria Larva………………..81 VI. MICROBIOLOGY 6. Metacercaria Larva…………..81 1. Culture of bacteria ………….….125 7. Trochophore Larva…………..82 2. Bacterial growth curve………....128 8. Nauplius Larva……………….83 3. Counting test…………………....129 9. Metanauplius…………………83 4. Antibiotic susceptibility test……132 10. Protozoea larva………………83 5. Preparation of smears and 11. Zoea larva…………………….84 simple staining………………….134 12. Megalopa larva……………….84 6. Specific staining-gram 13. Phyllosoma…………………...85 Staining………………………….135 14. Alima larva……………………85 7. Negative staining……………….137 15. Glochidium Larva…………….85 16. Bipinnaria Larva……………...86 VII. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 17. Echinopluteus ………………..86 1. Micrometry……………………....138 18. Tornaria Larva………………..87 2. Camera Lucida drawings……...140 B. Fossils 3. Human Buccal smear………….141 1. Ammonoids…………………...88 4. Blood smear of Cockroach……142 2. Belemnoids…………………...88 5. Blood smear of Man……………143 3. Nautiloids……………………..89 6. Blood cells as osmometer……..145 4. Echinoderm fossils…………..89 7. Cytochemical detection of carbohydrate……………………147 C. Minor Phyla 8. Cytochemical detection of 1. Chaetognatha………………...91 Protein…………………………...149 2. Rotifera………………………..91 9. Cytochemical detection of 3. Phoronida……………………..92 Lipid……………………………...150 4. Sipunculida……………….…..93 10. Cytochemical detection of DNA……………………………...151 IV. CULTURING OF ANIMALS 11. Cytochemical detection of 1. Vermiculture……………….…94 RNA……………………………...151
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  • Lesser Devil Rays Mobula Cf. Hypostoma from Venezuela Are Almost Twice Their Previously Reported Maximum Size and May Be a New Sub-Species

    Lesser Devil Rays Mobula Cf. Hypostoma from Venezuela Are Almost Twice Their Previously Reported Maximum Size and May Be a New Sub-Species

    Journal of Fish Biology (2017) 90, 1142–1148 doi:10.1111/jfb.13252, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Lesser devil rays Mobula cf. hypostoma from Venezuela are almost twice their previously reported maximum size and may be a new sub-species N. R. Ehemann*†‡§, L. V. González-González*† and A. W. Trites‖ *Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Apartado Postal 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23000, Mexico, †Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar (ECAM), Boca del Río, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Nueva Esparta (UDONE), Boca del Río, Nueva Esparta, C.P. 06304, Venezuela, ‡Proyecto Iniciativa Batoideos (PROVITA), Caracas, Venezuela and ‖Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Received 8 September 2016, Accepted 23 November 2016) Three rays opportunistically obtained near Margarita Island, Venezuela, were identified as lesser devil rays Mobula cf. hypostoma, but their disc widths were between 207 and 230 cm, which is almost dou- ble the reported maximum disc width of 120 cm for this species. These morphometric data suggest that lesser devil rays are either larger than previously recognized or that these specimens belong to an unknown sub-species of Mobula in the Caribbean Sea. Better data are needed to describe the distribu- tion, phenotypic variation and population structure of this poorly known species. © 2017 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: batoids; by-catch; Caribbean Sea; Chondrichthyes; Myliobatiformes. There is limited biological and fisheries information about the body size at maturity, population size, stock, maximum age and length–mass relationships of Mobula hypos- toma (Bancroft, 1831), better known as the lesser devil ray.