Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy Barbara J

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00229-6 - Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy Barbara J. Becker Index More information

Index

Abbott, Francis (1799–1883), 67–9 Brewster, David (1781–1868), 17, 20, 21, 107, 110 Abney, William de Wiveleslie (1843–1920), 182, 185, Brodie, Frederick (1823–96), 36 196, 198, 199, 202, 208, 211, 213–14, 260 Brothers, Alfred (1826–1912), 159, 165 Acland, Henry Wentworth (1815–1900), 9, 89 Browning, John (1835–1925), 114, 154, 155, 159, Adelaide Gallery, 29 171, 332 Airy, George Biddell (1801–92), 8, 53–4, 91, 120–2, Buchler and Co., 281 132, 135, 137, 138–9, 140–2, 158–9, 162, 208, Buijs-Ballot, Christoph Hendrik Diedrik (1817–90), 222, 332, 335 108–9, 111 testimony, Devonshire Commission, 140–1 Bunsen, Robert (1811–99), 15, 20–2, 187, 330, 333 amateur astronomers, 12–13 Burchell, William John (1781–1863), 67 Anderson, Thomas David (1853–1932), 251 Archer, Frederick Scott (1813–57), 31 Cameron, Julia Margaret (1815–79), 182 Astronomical Register, 15, 52, 144 Campbell, William Maxwell, 152 Astronomy and Astrophysics, 249, 258 Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938), 9, 247, Astrophysical Journal, 249, 253 252–4, 258, 293, 312, 316 astrophysics Cannon, Annie Jump (1863–1941), 291 early development, 11–12 Carnegie Institution, 292–4 Huggins on, 1897, 345–6 Carrington, Richard Christopher (1826–75), 70, 85 turn of the twentieth century, 291–2, 326 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712), 35–6 Auwers, Arthur von (1838–1915), 66 Cavendish, William, 7th Duke of Devonshire Ayrton, Hertha (1854–1923), 235 (1808–91), 137, 139 Cayley, Arthur (1821–95), 15, 142, 144 BAAS, presidential addresses, 246 Chacornac, Jean (1823–73), 67 Baily, Francis (1774–1844), 91 Chevallier, Temple (1794–1873), 91 Baker, Henry (1698–1774), 205 Christie, William Henry Mahoney (1845–1922), 122, Ball, Robert Stawell (1840–1913), 94 208, 222, 245, 312 Barnard, Edward Emerson (1857–1923), 260 City of London School, 30 Baxendell, Joseph (1815–87), 87–9, 90, 96, 338 Clark, Alvan (1804–87), 129, 331 Beer, Wilhelm Wolff (1797–1850), 95 Clark, Alvan Graham (1832–97), 256 Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846), 13 Clark, George Bassett (1827–91), 256 Birmingham, John (1816–84), 86, 337–8 Clerke, Agnes Mary (1842–1907), 4, 11, 49, 94, 95, Birt, William Radcliff (1804–81), 95 155, 229, 273, 274, 291, 299 Bishop, Sereno Edwards (1827–1909), 202 Columbian Exposition, 1893, 255 Bolzano, Bernard (1781–1848), 107 comets Bond, George Phillips (1825–65), 51, 70 1843, 32 Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859), 31, 38 1858, Donati’s, 39 Bontemps, Georges (1801–82), 127 b 1881, 224 Bowen, Ira Sprague (1898–1973), 226 Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), 14, 329 Boyle, Robert (1627–91), 15, 16 Congress on Mathematics, Astronomy and Boys, Charles Vernon (1855–1944), 280 Astro-Physics, 1893, 255–6, 294 Bradley, Edward [Cuthbert Bede] (1827–89), 182 Connolly, Thomas Francis, 295 Bradley, James (1693–1762), 107 Cooke and Sons, 129–30 Brashear, John Alfred (1840–1920), 316 Cooke, Thomas (1807–68), 39, 127–8, 154, 331

375

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00229-6 - Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy Barbara J. Becker Index More information

376 Index

Cornu, Marie Alfred (1841–1902), 258, 261, 344 Flammarion, Camille (1842–1925), 36 Cortie, Aloysius Laurence (1859–1925), 300 Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens (1857–1911), 291 crater Linné, 95 Floyd, Richard Samuel (1843–90), 180 Crookes, William (1832–1919), 8, 22, 48, 144, 158, Foster, Michael (1836–1907), 280 162–4, 268, 270, 276, 301 Fowler, Alfred (1868–1940), 244 electrical apparatus, 205 Frankland, Edward (1825–99), 268 spinthariscope, 276 Fraunhofer lines, 46, 53, 109, 163–4, 331 Curie, Marie Sklodowska (1867–1934), 275–81 British response to, 20–1 Curie, Pierre (1859–1906), 276, 281 discovery of, 19 Kirchhoff and Bunsen interpretation of, 21 Dallmeyer, John Henry (1830–83), 159 Fraunhofer, Joseph von (1786–1826), 4, 18–20, 23, 49, Darwin, George Howard (1845–1912), 245, 250 58, 110, 127, 154, 229, 330–2, 345 Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943), 212 celestial spectra, 19, 47, 49 Davy, Humphrey (1770–1829), 274 Fresnel, Augustin Jean (1788–1827), 19 Dawes, William Rutter (1799–1868), 113, 325, 331 Frost, Edwin Brant (1866–1935), 272, 300 mentor to William Huggins, 41 Royal Astronomical Society, Gold Medal, 38 Gassiot, John Peter (1797–1877), 98 willow leaves controversy, 85–6 Geissler tube, 83 De la Rue, Warren (1815–89), 8, 9, 22, 31, 77, 85, 86, Gill, David (1843–1914), 8, 186, 203–4, 205–6, 91, 96, 126, 130–1, 134, 138, 150, 153, 155–6, 208–14, 222, 227, 256, 259, 274–5, 301, 302, 305, 159–60, 161, 182, 208 307, 308, 309, 310, 324 Mars, 36–7 Gladstone, John Hall (1827–1902), 159 Descartes, René (1596–1650), 16 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–98), 161 Deslandres, Henri-Alexandre (1853–1948), 257 Goldschmidt, Herman (1802–66), 88 Devonshire Commission, 136–7 Good Words, 176–8 Dewar, James (1842–1923), 187, 250, 279–80, 301, Goodwin, Harry Manley (1870–1955), 249 316, 345 Gopal, Ram Chandra Rao (1833–97), 152 Dewhirst, David, 313 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824–96), 203 diffraction grating, 19–20 Grant, Robert (1814–92), 14 Donati, Giovanni Battista (1826–73), 4, 23, 39, 53, Great Exhibition, 1851, 31, 134–5 58, 340 Great Grubb Equatorial, 171 Doppler, Christian Andreas (1803–53), 6, 23, 99, Cambridge University, 296 107–9, 274, 339 removal from Tulse Hill, 297–8 Doppler’s principle, 107–8, 109, 111–14, 120–2, Great Melbourne telescope, 83, 126–7 303, 306 Greenwich Observatory tests of, 108–9 Jupiter’s satellites, 137 Draper, Anna Palmer (1839–1914), 224–5 motion in the line of sight, 121–2, 222, 311–12 Draper, Henry (1837–81), 9, 179, 180, 193, 224–5, spectrum analysis, 53–4 242, 248 timekeeping, 137, 138 Memorial, 224–5 Grubb and Son, 129–30, 131–2 Draper, John William (1811–82), 9 Grubb, Howard (1844–1931), 126–30, 134, 206, 213, Dunér, Nils Christoffer (1839–1914), 258, 261, 340 296–8, 343 Dunkin, Edward (1821–98), 204 Grubb, Thomas (1800–78), 83, 126, 127–8, 130 Dupré, August (1835–1907), 73 Guinand, Pierre Louis (1748–1824), 18, 114, 127 Dupré, Friedrich Wilhelm (c. 1835–1908), 73 Dyson, Frank Watson (1868–1939), 28, 316 HMS Captain, 160, 162 William Huggins obituary, 311–12 Haig, Charles Thomas (1834–1907), 153 Hale, George Ellery (1868–1938), 9, 28, 215, 247–9, Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1882–1944), 301 251, 253, 254–5, 262, 267, 268, 270–1, 272–3, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom and Emperor 274, 278, 292–5, 298–300, 304, 316, 324–6, of India (1841–1910), 24, 275, 301 343, 346 Eginitis, Demetrius (1865–1934), 215 100-in telescope, 304 Ennis, Jacob (1807–90), 111 Astrophysical Journal, 258–9 Euler, Leonhard (1707–83), 107 ﬂocculi, 293 Royal Society of London, Foreign Member, 299 Faraday, Michael (1791–1867), 22 Rumford spectroheliograph, 293 Fath, Edward Arthur (1880–1959), 258 Snow telescope, 294 Faye, Hervé (1814–1902), 250 solar corona out of eclipse, 256–7, 259–60 Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis (1819–96), 108–9, solar rotation, 295 111, 113, 339 spectroheliograph, 247–8, 256

Index 377

sunspots, 295 Great Grubb Equatorial, 134, 149, 343 tower telescope, 294–5 Hale, relationship with, 248 Yerkes Observatory, 260–2 high-dispersion spectroscope, 114 Yerkes telescope, 255–6 historical image, 28, 46, 64–5, 105, 149, 176, 180–1, Halley, Edmond (1656–1742), 67, 104, 114, 315 215, 221, 236, 267, 292, 316 Hardcastle, Joseph Alfred (1868–1917), 302–3 Jupiter, 39 Harkness, William (1837–1903), 157, 164 knighthood, 271 Harriot, Thomas (1560–1621), 16 Lockyer, ally, 75–6 Harrison, James Park, 96 Lockyer, competitor, 92 Hartwig, Carl Ernst (1851–1923), 222 Lockyer, criticism from, 233–4, 269–70 Hastings, Charles Sheldon (1848–1932), 301 Lockyer, response to, 269–70 Hawarden, Clementina Elphinstone, Countess of Rosse Mars, 34–5, 36–8 (1822–65), 182 Maxwell, letter from, 112, 113, 274–5, 303, 305, helium 306–7, 308–9, 310 discovery of, 268–9 meteoritic hypothesis, 250–1 spectral lines, 270–1 meteors, 93–4 Herschel, John (1837–1921), 84, 151–2 Miller, collaboration with, 50–2, 57–8, 98 Herschel, John Frederick William (1792–1871), 8, 13, motion in the line of sight, 120–1 22, 65, 66, 87, 150, 151 motion in the line of sight, others’ response to, Good Words, 177 222–3, 338–40 Herschel, William (1738–1822), 11, 13, 35, 37, 67, 72, move to Tulse Hill, 33–4 88, 106, 335 nebular spectra, 334–7 scientific papers, 301, 302–1, 302–3 Nova Aurigae, interpretation, 252 Hind, John (1823–95), 66, 87, 154 Oliveira bequest, 129 Holden, Edward Singleton (1846–1914), 9, 180, 193, Order of Merit, 275 199, 203, 207, 214, 224–5, 242–3, 245, 246–7, photography, 1863, 59, 179, 180–1, 333–4 301, 326 priority concerns, 193–4 Huggins Observatory, Cambridge University, 298, Royal Astronomical Society, Fellow, 33 312–13 Royal Astronomical Society, Gold Medal, 98, 204 plaque, 312–13 Royal Astronomical Society, President, 246 Huggins, Margaret Lindsay (1848–1915), 29, Royal Microscopical Society, Fellow, 31 170–1, 343 Royal Society of London, Fellow, 78 crafting William Huggins’s historical image, 302–13 Royal Society of London, President, 267, 273–4 death of, 316 Royal Society of London, Royal Medal, 98 early life, 176 Saturn, 40, 50–1 first notebook entry, 183 self-registering spectroscope, 163–4 initiative, 184–6 solar corona, theory of, 205 interest in astronomy, 176 solar prominences, 92–3, 154–6, 342–3 Larmor, correspondence with, 301–14 spectra, maps of, 56–7, 334 move from Tulse Hill, 313–14 spectra, terrestrial metals, 54 photography, 182, 183–6 star colour, 110 Wellesley College gift, 9–10, 315 stellar evolution, 250 Huggins, William (1824–1910), 24–4, 150 T Coronae, 337–8 aurorae, 233–4 telescope, 1842, 32 BAAS, President, 246, 249 telescope, 1853, 33 BAAS, presidential address, 246–7, 249–51 telescope, 1858, 39, 127, 132 Bakerian lecture, 205–6, 209 thermometrics, 96–8 chief nebular line, 303, 306–7, 308, 309, 310 thermopile, 97–8 comets, 340–1 Yerkes Observatory, 260–1 compound spectroscope, 171 Huggins, William and Margaret coronagraph, Cape, 206, 208 Atlas of Representative Spectra, 7, 272, 298 coronagraph, prototype, 196–7 chief nebular line, 226, 229–32 crater Linné, 95 collaboration, 184, 186–7, 235 death of, 300–1 Comet b 1881, 228–9 double-image micrometer, 113 correspondence, 8–9, 324–5 early life, 29 first co-authored paper, 232–3 education, 29–30 marriage, 178–9 entrepreneurship, 31, 40–1, 60–1, 82, 98–9, 149, meeting, 178 221, 240, 267, 325–6 memorial, St Paul’s Cathedral, 316 funeral of, 301 photography, 180, 181, 343–5

378 Index

Huggins, William and Margaret (cont.) meteoritic hypothesis, 226–9, 240–1 photography, Orion nebula, 193 solar eclipse expedition 1870, 160–1, 165 photography, solar corona out of eclipse, 194–8, solar eclipse expedition 1871, 165 259–60 solar eclipse expedition 1882, 192–3 radium glow experiments, 276–86 solar prominences, 154–6 S Andromedae, 223 Lodge, Oliver (1851–1940), 276, 279 Scientiﬁc Papers of Sir William Huggins, 298–300 Loewy, Benjamin (1831–92), 138 Hussey, William Joseph (1862–1926), 293 Lohrmann, Wilhelm Gotthelf (1796–1840), 95 Huygens, Christian (1629–95), 35, 107 Lyot, Bernard (1897–1952), 257

Inquirer, 279–80 Mädler, Johann Heinrich (1794–1874), 67, 95 International Union for Co-operation in Solar Research, Mars 1904, 294 nineteenth-century observations, 36 International Union for Co-operation in Solar Research, early telescopic observations, 35 1910, 304 Maunder, Edward Walter (1851–1928), 121, 222–3, 311–12, 316 Janssen, Pierre Jules (1824–1907), 153, 154–6, 170, Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–79), 109–10, 111, 112, 261, 342 115, 120, 274–5, 305, 306, 310, 325, 339 motion in the line of sight, 113, 305–6, 308–9 Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1851–1922), 214 McClean, Frank (1837–1904), 274, 345 Kayser, Heinrich (1853–1940), 253–4 meteor showers Keeler, James Edward (1857–1900), 9, 243–6, 247, 1832, 32 257, 262, 340 1866, 93–4 Kenwood Physical Observatory, 247 Miller, William Allen (1817–70), 4, 8–9, 20, 21, 29, Kew Gardens, solar observations, 138 47–51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 61, 72, 75, 84, 90, 94, Kincaid, Sidney Bolton (1849–98), 89, 90, 112–13 105–6, 109–11, 113, 115, 130, 170, 177, 224, 227, Metrochrome, 112 311, 325, 331–4, 338, 341 Kirchhoff and Bunsen BAAS address, 1845, 48 ‘Chemical analysis by spectrum-observations’, 48 BAAS address, 1861, 47, 49 apparatus, 15, 55 death of, 171 Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824–87), 4, 6, 15, 46, 47, 55, 158, on history of spectrum analysis, 15–19 187, 330–2, 334 Pharmaceutical Society soirée, 47, 49 radiation law, British response to, 21–2 photography, 180–1 Klinkerfues, Friedrich Wilhelm (1827–84), 111, 339 Royal Astronomical Society, Gold Medal, 98 T Coronae, 88–9 Ladd, William (1815–85), 171 Moigno, François-Napoléon Marie (1804–84), 109 Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834–1906), 247 Molyneux, Samuel (1689–1728), 107 Larmor, Joseph (1857–1942), 8, 235, 236, 267, 273, Monteﬁore, John, 29, 316 275, 276–86, 296, 298–9, 300, 301–13, 316, 325 Monteﬁore, Julia, 29, 182, 316 Lassell, William (1799–1880), 9, 51, 126, 132, 158–9, Mt Etna, 256, 257 196, 372 Mt Krakatoa, 201–2 Lawrance, H. A., 197–8 Mt Wilson Observatory, 293–5, 316 LeSueur, Albert Adolphus Adalbert (1849–1906), 126 Murray, George, 301 Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (1811–77), 66 Murray, John (1863–1943), 301 Lick Observatory, 203, 242–3, 245, 247, 252–3, 260, 293, 316, 331 Narrien, John (1782–1860), 13 Lick, James (1796–1876), 180, 203, 240, 242 Nasmyth, James (1808–90), 85 Linné, Carl von (1707–78), 95 National Academy of Sciences, 292, 294 Lister, Joseph (1827–1912), 273, 275, 328 Nature, 7, 161, 240, 269–70, 273, 286, 295, 307 Liveing, George Downing (1827–1924), 187, 241–4, nebulae 250, 345 ‘Cat’s Eye’ (NGC 6543), 72, 75 Lockyer, Joseph Norman (1836–1920), 7, 8–9, 53, 69, Andromeda (M31), 70, 73 70, 75, 99, 110–11, 143–5, 149, 159, 163, 170, chief nebular line, 226 179, 197, 230, 240–1, 243–7, 249–51, 254, 258, illustrating observations of, 70–1 262, 272, 295, 342, 360 Orion (M42), 66, 69, 70, 82 aurorae, 233 nebulae, variable Bakerian lecture, 227 Hind’s, 66, 70 chief nebular line, 232–4 Merope, 69, 70 early solar observations, 92–3 η Argus [Carinae], 67–9 helium, 268–9 nebulium, 229

Index 379

Newall, Hugh Frank (1857–1944), 9, 53, 296–8, 301, Roscoe, Henry Enﬁeld (1833–1915), 8, 20–3, 48, 312–13, 316, 345 89, 193 William Huggins obituary, 303–11 lectures on spectrum analysis, 49–50 Newcomb, Mary Caroline Hassler (1840–1921), 162 Royal Astronomical Society Newcomb, Simon (1835–1909), 161, 180, 194 admission of women, 291 Newton, Hubert Anson (1830–96), 93–4, 340 founding of, 13 Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 330 membership 1860–70, 134 Noble, William (1828–1904), 164, 233 response to Huggins’s nebular work, 77–8 novae, 87 Royal Society of London Nova Aurigae, 251–4, 312 Bakerian lecture, 205 Nova Persei, 254–5 Government Grant Committee, 129, 198–199 S Andromedae, 222, 245 Huggins-Lockyer controversy, 241–2, 243–5 T Coronae, 87, 89–90, 245, 252, 253 response to Huggins’s nebular work, 76–7 Rücker, Arthur William (1848–1915), 241, 244 observatory assistants, invisibility of, 175 Runge, Carl David Tolmé (1856–1927), 270–1 Order of Merit, 275 Russell, John Scott Russell (1808–82), 108 Rutherford, Ernest (1871–1937), 276–86 Paris Exhibition, 1867, 135 Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris (1816–92), 3–4, 23, 53, 179, Parsons, Lawrence, 4th Earl of Rosse (1840–1908), 315, 333 9, 96 Parsons, William, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1800–67), 14, 65, Sabine, Edward (1788–1883), 76, 84, 132, 133–4, 151 72, 94, 126, 335 Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius (1824–84), 95, 338 Paschen, Heinrich Friedrich (1865–1947), 270 Schröter, Johann Hieronymous (1745–1816), 95 Payne, William Wallace (1837–1928), Schuster, Arthur (1851–1934), 8, 173, 192–4, 196, 250, 249, 258 279, 286, 296 Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1825–91), 23 Secchi, Pietro Angelo (1818–78), 23, 53, 82–3, 88, Peirce, Benjamin (1809–80), 161, 162 90–1, 111, 194, 333 photography See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson (1866–1962) 9, 28 astronomical, 181–2 Sestini, Benedetto (1816–90), 106–7, 339 dry plate, 182 Sharpey, William (1802–80), 92 solar prominences, 91–2 Sheepshanks, Anne (1789–1876), 291 wet plate, 181 Sidereal Messenger, 249 women in, 182 Sidgreaves, Walter (1837–1919), 255 Pickering, Edward Charles (1846–1919), 9, 203, Sketch of the Life of Sir William Huggins, 28, 206–7, 340, 345 302, 316 Pickering, William Henry (1858–1938), 206–7, Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1819–1900), 111 209–10, 211 Smyth, William Henry (1788–1865), 106–7, 110 Pigott, Edward (1753–1825), 87 Société Centrale de Produits Chimiques, 281 Pike’s Peak, 257 Society of Arts, 135, 136 Playfair, Lyon (1818–98), 135–6 Soddy, Frederick (1877–1956), 276 Pogson, Norman (1829–91), 87 solar corona, 157–8, 165, 193 Popular Astronomy, 258 photography, out of eclipse, 257–8 Powell, Eyre Burton (1819–1904), 67 solar eclipse expedition, 1870, 158–65 Pritchard, Charles (1808–93), 54, 71, 85, 88, 89, 90, 93, American expedition, 160–1 96, 98, 120, 159, 177 British government support for, 158–62 Good Words, 177–8 HMS Urgent, 162 Proctor, Richard Anthony (1837–88), 9, 177 self-registering spectroscope, 163 proper motion, 104 solar eclipses 1836, 32, 91 radium, 275–7 1842, 91 Ramsay, William (1852–1916), 262, 268–9, 270–1, 1860, 91 275, 278–9, 336 1861, 92 Ranyard, Arthur Cowper (1845–94), 210–11 1865, 92 Rayet, Georges (1839–1906), 91 1867, 92 Reader, 53, 69, 70, 75–6, 110–11 1868, 149–54, 157 Riccò, Annibale (1844–1919), 257, 258 1869, 156–8 Ritchey, George Willis (1864–1945), 254 1870, 157–65 Robinson, Thomas Romney (1792–1882), 8, 54, 56, 83, 1882, 192–3 98, 126–32, 142, 172, 325 1883, 197–8 Röntgen, Wilhelm (1845–1923), 275 1885, 210, 212

380 Index

solar prominences, 91–3, 153–6 Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907), 275, Somerville, Mary (1780–1872), 291, 330 282, 330 South, James (1785–1867), 131 Todd, David Peck (1855–1939), 9, 215 spectroscope, 11–12 Trouvelot, Léopold (1827–95), 211 Spottiswoode, William (1825–83), 173, 181 Tulse Hill Observatory stars, 82 1856, 34 colours of, 106–7 1862, 58, 333 α Bootis (Arcturus), 53, 104, 113–14 1870, 132, 343 α Canis Majoris (Sirius), 14, 47, 52, 53, 58, 67, 104, 1910, 298 106, 110, 115–20, 122, 180, 183, 222–3, 226, Tulse Hill observatory notebooks, 9–10, 323–4 333, 344 1856, 34, 38 α Lyrae (Vega), 274 1866, 84 α Orionis (Betelgeuse), 49, 52, 53, 54, 58, 88, 110, 1871–74, 173 184, 333, 334, 344 1882–86, 221 α Tauri (Aldebaran), 52, 53, 58, 104, 333, 334 motion in the line of sight, 115–20 β Cygni (Albireo), 110 Wellesley College, 315 β Lyrae (Sheliak), 253, 271 Turner, Herbert Hall (1861–1930), 3–4, 291–2 β Persei (Algol), 87 Tyndall, John (1820–93), 144, 162 γ Cassiopeiae, 90–1, 94 η Argus [Carinae], 67, 87 Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of μ Cephei (Garnet Star), 88 India (1819–1901), 23, 271–2 ο Ceti (Mira), 87 Vogel, Hermann Carl (1841–1907), 122, 258, 261, 333, R Coronae, 87 334, 340 stellar aberration, 107 Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (1834–98), 151, 153 Stewart, Balfour (1828–87), 138, 155, 330 Stokes, George Gabriel (1819–1903), 8, 21, 49, 52, 57, Webb, Thomas William (1806–85), 36, 72 84, 110, 121, 128, 130, 136, 150, 155, 159–60, on nebulae, 69–70 195–6, 197–9, 205–6, 207–8, 209–10, 211, Weiss, Edmund (1837–1917), 151, 157 213–14, 222, 225, 227, 228–9, 232, 246, 250, Wellesley College, 314–15 259–60, 271, 324–5, 330 Wesley, William Henry (1841–1933), 9, 197–199, 207, Stone, Edward James (1831–97), 86, 96 211, 298, 301, 302–3, 316 Strange, Alexander (1818–76), 8, 121, 135–45, 159 Wheatstone, Charles (1802–75), 20, 21 ‘On the insufﬁciency of existing national Whewell, William (1794–1866), 13 observatories’, 137–8 Whitin Observatory, 314 testimony, Devonshire Commission, 139–40 Whiting, Sarah Frances (1846–1927), 64, 176, 298, Strutt, John William, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919), 314–15 235, 275, 279, 285 willow leaves controversy, 84–6 Strutt, Robert John (1875–1947), 285 Wolf, Charles (1827–1919), 91 Struve, Otto Wilhelm von (1819–1905), 39, 66, 70, Wollaston, William Hyde (1766–1828), 16–18, 49, 194, 335 110, 330 Suum Cuique, 279 Woods, Charles Ray (1859–1920), 197–8, 213, 259 Swan, William (1818–94), 20 Cape Observatory, 203–4 Cape photographs, 208–9, 210, 211, 212–13, 214 Tacchini, Pietro (1838–1905), 256, 257, 258 Riffel expedition, 199–203 Tait, Peter Guthrie (1831–1901), 251 Riffel photographs, 202–3, 207–8 Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–77), 20, 21 Tanner, Henry Charles Baskerville (1835–98), 153 X-Strahlen, 275 Tempel, Wilhelm (1821–89), 69 Tennant, James Francis (1829–1915), 149–53, 154 Yerkes Observatory, 254, 292–4, 331, 345–6 Thalén, Tobias Robert (1827–1905), 268 Yerkes telescope, 260 theodolite, 18 Yerkes, Charles Tyson (1837–1905), 240, 256, thermometrics, 96–8 272, 345 Thompson, Sylvanus Phillips (1851–1916), Young, Charles Augustus (1834–1908), 9, 157, 163, 301, 345 164, 165, 192–3, 206–7, 214, 224–5, 231–2, Thomson, Joseph John (1856–1940), 316 243–4, 246, 261, 340