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Gender, Ethnicity and the Nation-State: Anatolia and Its Neighboring Regions

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Gender, Ethnicity and the Nation-State: Anatolia and Its Neighboring Regions GENDER, ETHNICITY AND THE NATION-STATE: ANATOLIA AND ITS NEIGHBORING REGIONS Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Edited by Leyla Keough SABANCI UNIVERSITY, İSTANBUL 2011 GENDER, ETHNICITY AND THE NATION-STATE: ANATOLIA AND ITS NEIGHBORING REGIONS Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Edited by Leyla Keough SABANCI UNIVERSITY, İSTANBUL 2011 Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents Published in 2011 by Sabancı University © 2011 SabancıUniversity All rights reserved. The pdf version of these proceedings can be reproduced, shared, and printed online without permission as long as no changes are made to the original document and due credit is given. ISBN: 978-605-4348-17-6 Cover and page design by GrafikaSU, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The Hrant Dink Memorial Workshops were initiated in 2008 by a group of academics at Sabancı University. Focusing on a different theme each year, the Workshop Series in memory of Hrant Dink seek to encourage interdisciplinary academic dialogue across borders. For more information: Dedicated to Dicle Koğacıoğlu (1972-2009) http://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/hrantdink-workshop/ who made significant contributions to the workshop email: [email protected] as well as to the lives of many participants Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 “Gender, Ethnicity, and the Nation-State: Anatolia and Its Neighboring Regions in the Twentieth Century,” which took place at Tütün Deposu (Tobacco Warehouse) in Tophane, Istanbul between May 21 and We miss her... 24, 2009, was organized by Sabancı University in collaboration with the International Hrant Dink Foundation and Anadolu Kültür, with the generous support of the Chrest Foundation, the Open Society Institute, Sabancı University, and Anadolu Kültür. The organizing committee consisted of Akşin Somel, Ayşe Kadıoğlu, Ayşe Gül Altınay, Fikret Adanır, Hülya Adak, Işık Özel, Lanfranco Aceti, Leyla Keough and Nedim Nomer; and the workshop assistants were Fulya Kama, Şeyda İşler, Ezgi Güner and Mert İzcan. The publication of these proceedings were made possible by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of Sabancı University. The Spring 2010 issue of New Perspectives on Turkey (no.42) published a special dossier titled “Gender, Ethnicity and the Nation-State,” which includes the longer versions of the presentations by Marc Nichanian, Nerina Weiss, Setenay Nil Doğan, Serkan Delice, as well as a commentary by Arlene Avakian and an introduction by Hülya Adak and Ayşe Gül Altınay. Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents CONTENTS Part I Part II i Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents Part III Part V Part IV Part VI ii iii Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Editor’s Introduction Editor’s Introduction The following papers represent the proceedings of the Second Annual Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop, “Gender, Ethnicity, and the Nation-State: Anatolia and its Neighboring Regions” which took place at the Tütün Deposu in Istanbul, Turkey on 21 – 24 May 2009. This workshop is part of a series of annual workshops organized by SabancıUniversity in memory of Hrant Dink under the general theme of “Frameworks of Diversity, Modalities of Interaction.” The 20th century has witnessed hot and cold wars, resulting in physical and imagined borders that have separated peoples, worldviews and historical processes. Yet, it has also been a period of coexistence, dialogue and exchange. Drawing on Hrant Dink’s legacy of highlighting existing human connections and imagining new ones, the Hrant Dink Memorial Workshops seek to initiate and encourage interdisciplinary dialogue among scholars, activists, and artists working on Anatolia and its neighboring regions. The goal of the series is to foster mutual understanding and cooperation among individuals, groups and societies, which otherwise may not have a chance to do so. The workshops are organized around themes that help explore untold or silenced stories as well as obscured structures of empathy, interaction, and interdependence. The 2009 organizing committee (Akşin Somel, Ayşe Kadıoğlu, Ayşe Gül Altınay, Fikret Adanır, Hülya Adak, Işık Özel, Lanfranco Aceti, Nedim Nomer and myself) chose the subject of gender, ethnicity and the nation-state for several reasons. Gender and ethnicity have been key categories of differentiation and conflict in nationalisms and nation-states, interacting with each other in multiple ways. Furthermore, constructions and transformations of gender and ethnicity in and beyond nation-states have shaped Anatolia and its neighboring regions in the 20th century. Drawing on Hrant Dink’s legacy of exploring our “shared” histories, as well as our shared present and future, we sought to move beyond familiar nationalist narratives. Our aim was to encourage a debate on the contexts of differentiation and potentials for unification along gender and ethnic lines in this region as a whole. To do this, we gathered together over 40 scholars, activists, and artists from a variety of disciplines and countries, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, France, the United States, as well as Turkey. These scholars took up gender, ethnicity and the nation-state in historical and contemporary studies of Armenian, Abkhaz, Kurdish, iv v Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Editor’s Introduction Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Contents Turkish, Circassian, Cretan and other identities in the geographies of Anatolia, On a personal note, I was honored to be a part of this workshop, to edit these the Middle East, the Balkans, and the Caucuses. Represented in this collection of proceedings, and to participate in and be witness to an emergent language for this proceedings are papers from the first panel of the workshop through its last panel important conversation. Hrant Dink was one of the first to lay the groundwork for three days later, organized thematically. To begin, Arlene Avakian, Hourig Attarian, this dialogue – for this bridge for us to stand upon. I am convinced that this workshop and Arpine Konyalian Grenier discuss gendered narratives and poetic testimonials reinforced this bridge beneath our feet, creating a sound platform for us to feel, think, of memory, loss, and survival. In a compelling statement on feminism, ethnicity, and express ourselves across geographic as well as categorical boundaries. and trans/nationalism, Neery Melkonian presents us with the work of an array of Armenian women artists. Next, covering “Gender, Ethnicity, and History” Hülya Adak Leyla Keough examines Halide Edib’s perspective on ethnicity, gender, and violence, while Ayşe May 2010 Gül Altınay unravels layers of gendered silencing and Karin Karakaşlı provocatively suggests a new language for old histories. Then, Nazan Maksudyan and Metin Yüksel examine the ethnic and gendered dimensions of education and nationalism in the Ottoman and Turkish states respectively. Elif Ekin Akşit, as discussant, comments on these and other papers on the panel “Educating and ‘Civilizing’ the Nation.” In the series of pieces on “Gender and Ethnicity: the Balkans and Anatolia,” Nerina Weiss explores gender and belonging in a Kurdish community and Setenay Nil Doğan discusses the myth of “Circassian Beauty,” while Sophia Koufopoulou reports from the Island of Cunda and Milena Davidovic offers a view from Kosovo. We then have a set of essays on gender and ethnicity in Caucasia and Anatolia. Shanazarian considers these topics in the context of the Karabakh War; Rita Kuznetsova and Igor Kuznetsov illuminate Armenian, Ahiska, Turkish and Abkhaz identities; and Akram Khamseh examines gender among Kurdish and Persian college students. Lale Yalçın-Heckmann provides an incisive and instructive discussion of these last three papers. We conclude the proceedings on the topic of “Gender, Ethnicity, and Sexuality” with two fascinating and very insightful analyses: Ayşe Kadıoğlu on representations of sexuality in Edgar Hilsenrath’s “Fairy Tale” and Eser Selen on modernity and patriarchy in “Ugly Humanling” [Çirkin Insan Yavrusu]. In all, the workshop provided a venue for a vibrant dialogue on gender identity, cultural diversity and equality in Turkey. 2009’s workshop also formed a launching pad for several scholarly collaborations. One such collaboration is the Spring 2010 special edition of New Perspectives on Turkey where Marc Nichanian, Nerina Weiss, and Setenay Nil Doğan, offer longer versions of their presentations. Hülya Adak and Ayşe Gül Altınay introduce this special edition and dedicate it to the memory of Dicle Koğacıoğlu, a stellar scholar and dear friend to many at the workshop, who presented a sophisticated paper there on “Knowledge and Political Community in Discourses of Honor Crimes,” and who we sadly lost just a few months later. vi vii Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Editor’s Introduction Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Part I Memories and Testimonies viii 01 Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop 2009 Proceedings Part I : Memories and Testimonies Powerful Silences: Becoming a Survivor Through the Construction of Story 1 Arlene Voski Avakian2 I have lived with my grandmother, Elmas Tutuian’s story of survival from the genocide for more than 50 years. I have heard this story as one of victimization, survival, and resistance to both Turkish genocide and Armenian patriarchal culture. I now also see it as
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