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3.4 Geological Hazards: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards Day-2, 11 December 2013

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3.4 Geological Hazards: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards Day-2, 11 December 2013 Training on Disaster Risk Reduction: The Role of DOST Regional Offices 3.4 Geological Hazards: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards Day-2, 11 December 2013 Ma. Mylene Martinez-Villegas PHIVOLCS VOLCANOES Mix-MATCH Beauty and Beast Volcano: Beauty A B C D E F Volcano: Beast A B C D E F Your group will be given photos, manila paper and tape. Identify the volcanoes. Use the manila paper provided. Arrange and paste the photos and labels following the example below . Volcano Photos Volcano Name Location Eruption in Quiet/Normal progress Volcanoes in the Philippines >300 volcanoes 23 classified as active 6 most active • Pinatubo • Taal • Mayon • Bulusan • Kanlaon • Hibok-hibok Volcanoes in the Philippines (~300 volcanoes: 23 active, 26 potentially active; ~ 170 eruptions for past 400 years)) Pinatubo 1991 Mayon 2009 Volcano Disasters Volcano Year Casualties Taal Volcano, Batangas 1754 Undetermined number; relocation of Taal, Talisay and Lipa 1911 1,200 1965 200 Mayon Volcano, Albay 1814 Undetermined number 1897 350 1993 77 (Bonga, Legaspi) Hibok-hibok, Camiguin 1951 500 (Mambajao) Pinatubo, Pampanga- 1991 847 Tarlac-Zambales What is a VOLCANO? a vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are ejected can be craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials MAYON VOLCANO BULUSAN VOLCANO TECTONIC AND GEOGRAPHIC SETTINGS OF THE PHILIPPINES Distribution of Volcanoes in the World Tectonic Setting of the Philippines NORTHERN SAMAR Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS) ACTIVE: erupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has written historical accounts or oral tradition erupted w/in the recent geological period ( ≤10,000 yrs) based on radiometric dating has volcanic seismicity POTENTIALLY ACTIVE landform is young-looking but w/ no records or proof of eruption INACTIVE no recorded eruptions long-period inactivity is evident from too much weathering & erosion of deep & long gullies (valleys) Active Volcanoes in the Philippines Name No. of Date of Last LAT/LONG Location Eruptions Eruption Mayon ↸ 49 2006 13° 15.4'/123° 41.1' Albay, Bicol Region, Luzon Taal ↸ 33 1977 14° 00'/121° 00' Batangas, Luzon Canlaon ↸ 22 1996 10° 24.7/123° 7.9' Negros Occidental, Visayas Bulusan ↸ 14 2006 12° 47'/124° 03' Sorsogon, Bicol Region, Luzon Ragang 9 1915 7° 41.5/124° 30.3' Bukidnon, Mindanao Smith 6 1924 19° 32.5/121° 55' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Hibok-Hibok ↸ 8 1949-1953 9° 12.2/124° 40.4 Camiguin Island, Mindanao Didicas 6 1978 19° 05'/122° 12' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Pinatubo ↸ 3 1991 & 1992 15° 08'/120° 21' Pampanga, Zambales & Tarlac, Luzon Babuyan Claro 3 ?1913 19° 31.5'/121° 57' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Bud Dajo 2 1897 5° 59'/121° 13' Sulu, Mindanao Camiguin de Babuyanes 1 1857 18° 50'/121° 52' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Cagua 1 1860 18° 13'/122° 07' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Banahao ↸ 1 ?1730 14° 04'/121° 29' Laguna & Quezon Province, Luzon Calayo (Musuan) 1 1866 7° 52'/125° 4.4' Bukidnon, Mindanao Iraya 1 1464 20° 29'/122° 01' Batanes Island, Northern Luzon Iriga 1 ?1628 13° 28'/123° 28' Camarines Sur, Bicol Region, Luzon Biliran ? ?1939 11° 37'/124° 30' Leyte, Visayas Matutum ↸ 1 ?1911 6° 22'/124° 04' South Cotabato, Mindanao Parker ↸ 1 1641 6° 6.8'/124° 53.5' South Cotabato, Mindanao Makaturing ? ?? 7° 38.5'/124° 19' Lanao, Mindanao Leonard 1 1,800 Bp 7° 4.5'/126° 4' Davao, Mindanao Cabalian 1 135 Bp 10°17'13.2"/125 Southern Leyte °13.25' FORMS OF VOLCANOES Controlled mainly by magma composition EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIVE Low SiO (BASALTIC) Intermediate 2 High SiO 2 (SILICIC) SiO 2 (ANDESITIC) SULFUR DIOXIDE/SILICA CONTENT (SiO2) GeochemicalGeochemical----RheologicalRheological Guide Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4.2 . Volcanic landforms associated with a central vent (all at same scale). TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION Controlled mainly by magma composition (silica content) & volatile (gas) content EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIVE Intermediate Low SiO (BASALTIC) 2 High SiO 2 (SILICIC) SiO 2 (ANDESITIC) Etna, Sicily Mayon, Albay Redoubt, Alaska Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC 2000 Phreatic eruption, Mt. Usu, Japan Steam-driven eruptions; contact of groundwater w/ hot country rocks (no 1984 Phreatic event at magma) Mayon Volcano Usually precursory to magmatic eruptions Thick ash column near 1976 Phreatic eruption Toya Spa, 10 April 2000 at Taal Volcano Eruption of Mt. Usu Type of Eruption: PHREATOMAGMATIC Very violent eruption generated by the explosive contact of erupting magma with water Voluminous, slightly tall ash columns, laterally-projected pyroclastic currents (base surges) & blasts 1966 Taal Volcano phreatomagmatic phase Type of Eruption: STROMBOLIAN Weak to violent eruption of gas-charged fluid magma Lava fountaining & flowing So named from STROMBOLI VOLCANO that ejected lava bombs located off the coast of Sicily; has erupted continuously for thousands of years Stromboli Volcano, Italy 2000 Mayon eruption Strombolian phase Type of Eruption: VULCANIAN Characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak Can produce tall eruption columns (sometimes >20 km); pyroclastic flows, ashfall Vulcanian type was discovered from studies of the activity, between 2 August 1888 and 22 March 1890, of Fossa cone at VULCANO in the Aeolian Islands, Italy. 1997 Soufriere Hills Eruption, Montserrat Vulcanian Phase Mayon 2000 eruption 1991 eruption of Pinatubo Volcano Type of Eruption: PLINIAN Highly explosive, with dense clouds of gas and tephra being propelled upwards for many kilometres Form huge tall mushroom columns (maybe more than 40 km high), and pyroclastic flows Creates large volcanic calderas Figure 4.18 . Types of pyroclastic flow deposits. After MacDonald (1972), Volcanoes . Prentice- Hall, Inc., Fisher and Schminke (1984), Pyroclastic Rocks. S pringer-Verlag. Berlin. a. Collapse of a vertical explosive or plinian column that falls back to earth, and continues to travel along the ground surface. b. Lateral blast , such as occurred at Mt. St. Helens in 1980. c. “Boiling-over ” of a highly gas-charged magma from a vent. d. Gravitational collapse of a hot dome. e. Retrogressive collapse of an earlier, unstably perched ignimbrite . VOLCANIC HAZARDS 2000 eruption of Mayon Volcano Volcano-related phenomena/ processes that pose potential threat or cause negative impact to man, property & the environment, in a given period of time. VOLCANIC HAZARDS Primary Volcanic Secondary Volcanic Hazards Hazards Lava flows Lahars Pyroclastic flows Secondary explosions Ashfall or tephra fall Tsunami Volcanic gases Debris avalanche/ Fissuring Sector collapse Volcanic Hazard: ASHFALL or TEPHRA FALL Gravitational settling of volcanic ash & fragments from the umbrella clouds of tall eruption columns & ashclouds of pyroclastic flows Dispersal depends on prevalent wind directions, column heights Impacts of Ashfall Results to widespread infrastructural damages when thick Monitored Pinatubo, Philippines, worldwide by 1991 aviation agencies due to potential jet engine failure to all types of aircraft Health hazard Impacts of Ashfall Buildings destroyed by ballistic mudballs from the 2000 Mt. Usu Eruption Volcanic Hazard: Kilauea lava flow Low SiO2 Pahoehoe (Ropy) LAVA FLOW Lava Incandescent rivers of hot molten rock (lava) Erupted from volcanic craters, fissures, during Hawaiian- Strombolian activity, lava dome eruptions From USGS Usually slow-moving for moderate-high SiO 2 magma; fast-moving for low SiO 2 magma (e.g. Hawaii lavas) 1969 Taal Volcano (Mt. Tabaro) Lava Flow Field Volcanic Hazard: LAVA FLOW 1993 Mayon lava flow Intermediate SiO2 Blocky Lava 2000 Mayon lava flow Intermediate SiO2 Blocky Lava Impacts of Lava Flow Results in long term disuse of buried land From USGS Volcanic Hazard: PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES Turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash & rocks) + hot gases that flow downslope at very high speeds (30-700 kph) Deadliest of all volcanic hazards Volcanic Hazard: PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO Montserrat Volcano Observatory • Show Pinatubo PF • Show Mayon PF Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges Burning & incineration of everything in the flow path Filling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow deposits Mayon Volcano Ridge Pinatubo Volcano: BEFORE Ridge Pinatubo Volcano: AFTER Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges Hibok-Hibok Volcano, Camiguin Island, December 1951: 500 deaths Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges 1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from base surges, travels laterally outward from the base of an eruption column at 90-500 m/s, first recognized in 1947 in explosion mushrooms of underwater nuclear tests Taal Volcano, 24 July 1966 Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges base surge Taal Phreatomagmatic Eruption, 1965 Volcanic Hazard: LAHARS Bacolor, Pampanga, Pinatubo Volcano Yawa River, Albay, Mayon Volcano Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water Triggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakout or hydrothermal “squeezing” Two Classes of Lahars DEBRIS FLOW • high viscosity • solid fraction is 60- 80% by weight or >60% by volume Two Classes of Lahars HYPERCONCENTRATED STREAMFLOW • has moderate viscosity •solid fraction 20- 60% by weight, 40- 60% by volume 1991 Impacts of Lahars Burial Cutoff and Isolation Long-term siltation & related flooding 1992 DIZON MINES COMMUNITY Sacobia-Bamban River Pampanga River Delta: 1992 Lowermost reaches of Pasig-Potrero & Porac-Gumain clogged by new sediments Siltation, clogging of delta rivers,
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