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Jbottor of $I)Iiof(Opt)P in BOTANY

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Jbottor of $I)Iiof(Opt)P in BOTANY STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF JBottor of $I)iIof(opt)P IN BOTANY BY 5HAHLA 5AEED DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 Abstract Abstract of the thesis- submitted to th^^Uigarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany. Experiments I to VI we^rjj cginied. out, based on factorial and simple randomized block designa*,during the years 2000-2002 with the aim to study the utility of the thermal fIcjWer plant wastewater (TPPW) and coal fly ash (FA) and the effect of NPK fertilizer doses on two varieties of green gram [Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), namely PDM-11 and PDM-54. The data were mostly significant and the present brief is based mainly on the basis of two important parameters, the seed yield and protein percentage for the purpose of grower and consumer respectively. Experiments I and II were performed on PDM-11 and PDM-54 respectively during spring season of 2000 to study the comparative effect of TPPW, GW, four levels of fly ash and four levels of nitrogen on the basis of growth, yield and quality. TPPW proved beneficial. Among fly ash levels, FA20 and of N doses, N15 proved optimum. The analysis of pooled data of the two experiments revealed that PDM-11 proved superior to PDM-54. Experiments III and IV were conducted simultaneously during spring season of the year 2001 on the same respective varieties under four levels of basal phosphorus doses supplemented with a uniform starter dose of 15 kg N ha-i and 20 kg K ha-i along with 20% fly ash. Again TPPW proved beneficial in comparison with GW for most parameters studied and thus confirming the findings of the first two experiments. Treatment P30 proved optimum, while P15 deficient and P45 was at par with P30 for PDM-11. As far as PDM-54 was concerned, P45 was the optimum dose. The pooled data of these two experiments confirmed that PDM-11 was better than PDM-54 in seed yield. Experiments V and VI were conducted on the same two respective varieties during spring season of 2002, under five levels of basal potassium supplemented with a uniform starter dose of 15 kg N ha-> and 30 kg P ha' along with 20% fly ash under TPPW irrigation only. K30 proved optimum while Kio and K20, deficient and K40 could not enhance the productivity further. However for protein content K20 was more effective for both varieties, with PDM-11 performing better even under lower dose of potassium. On the basis of the present study, the following points emerged: 1. The analysis of the wastewater revealed its suitability for irrigation as the values for the analysed parameters were within the permissible limits of the Indian Standards for Irrigation Water (IS: 3307-1965). 2. As the wastewater proved beneficial for growth, yield and quality of the crop tested, it may be recommended for irrigation. 3. In experiments I and II, 20% fly ash was most effective and even 40'>;> was not toxic as the latter also enhanced some of the parameters, including seed yield in comparison with the no fly ash control. 4. Modulation, NRA and photosynthetic rate also improved due to the application of wastewater and fly ash. 5. Since, the fly ash was deficient in N, leguminous plants, which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen are suited for cultivation as observed in the present study. 6. Among the nitrogen doses, Nis proved optimum, while Nio deficient and N20 at luxury consumption especially for seed 3deld, however N20 was as effective as N15 in case of protein. 7. Of phosphorus doses, P30 was the optimum for seed yield and quality while Pi5 was deficient and P45 was luxury for variety PDM-11 (Experiment III). In case of PDM-54 (Experiment IV), P45 proved optimum for seed yield. 8. Modulation increased with increasing levels of phosphorus. 9. Among potassium doses, Kio and K20 (Experiments V-VI) proved deficient for most of the parameters, while K30 and K40 were optimum and at luxury consumption respectively. However, K20 proved optimum for seed protein while K40 for photosynthesis. 10. Among the three major nutrients, K accumulated more in leaves, followed by N and P. 11. It was noted that shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, root length, root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing age of the plants. 12. Contrary to the above observations, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and leaf NPK content decreased with increasing age of the plants while sv^ ^ STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VJGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©octot of ipjjilogopf)? IN BOTANY BY SHAHLA SAEED DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 «i Afa# I ,v_. T6896 sv^ ^ STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©octor of |pj)ilo2^opf)p IN BOTANY BY SHAHLA SAEED DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 <t-C^ .v>' ' (Dpnirni ^ ^((ptedto my Barents ^tmhiminm: Arif Inam Department of Botany M.Sc, M.Phil. Ph.D. Aligarh Muslim University Professor Aligarh - 202 002. arifinam_bot£iny@y ahoo. co. in Dated ^^sv CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Studies on the effect of thermal power plant wastewater and coal fly ash on Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany is a faithful record of the bonafide research work carried out at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh by Miss Shahla Saeed under my guidance and supervision and that no part of it has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. Supervisor of research 5^*= <^ ^c^nowledjjement lam fiigfiCy tfianHfuCto "jiLMigTi^ALLJ^Jf" who afways Bfessedme and made me capaBCe, guided me to tfie ligfit direction and sfiowered me indefinite 6Cessings of strength, courage and confidence. Tirst of aCC, I wouCd Cilie to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, (Prof. Jlnflnam for fiisfaitfi and confidence in my aSifity and wfio fias Seen my guide and mentor giidng me fiis precious time and advice far more generousCy than his offciaC duty demanded, and aCso encouraged me with his lieen insight. I shafCever treasure his immeasuraSfe moraCandinteffectuaCsupport as weff as motivation. I am very much gratefuf to (Prof. 5W. Isfirat 7f. 'Kjian, Chairman, <Prof. SamiuQafi, ^ExjChairman, department of (Botany, Jlfigarh MusCnn Vniversity for providing experimentaCfacifities andsuppoit in canying out my research worli^at different stages. I Bestow my deep indeStness and profound sense of gratitude for (Prof, ^qif Jllimad, <Dr. Tiroz Mofiammad, (Dr. ^aftesX V^n and (Dr. M. MasroorX "Kfian for their vafuaBfe andheCpfuCsuggestions. I owe a great deaCto (Dr ShamsufJfayat, (Dn Qazi (Fariduddin, (Dr Sheil^h Javid, (Dr <Fayaz J^. Sheillfi, (Dr Jlfroza JAdJitar and 9dr I fan JAhmad for their continuous guidance, invaCuaBfe insights, inspiration and heCp. Than({s are aCso due to aCCmy seniors and research coCCeagues, 9dr ShouHat, Miss Shaheena, Mr (parvez, Mr Manzar, Mr !Naeem, Mr Sarvajeet, Mr (Barl{at, Miss ShaBina, Mr 9Vasir, Miss Minu, Missjiiman, Miss Shafia and Mr Tariq. SpeciaCnote of thanHj is aCso due to Miss (DiCshada, Miss SaBa and Miss (Bushra. I am running shoit of words to express my heart fifCed thanlis to my sincere friends. Miss !Kaghma, Miss Shazia, Miss (DeepaCi, Miss SaSifia, Miss (R^SaS, Mr. ^zwan, Mr. Teroz, Mr (pradeep, Mr. Sfiaifendra, Mr Manoj, Mr^vi, Mr Jifimad and Mr Liju ' ifie words are insufficient to express my feelings to aCC my Coving fiostef mates and warden who provided me the homefy atmosphere away from home. I feeC immense pleasure in thanliing my uncCe (Prof. !H.J.^ Kfian for his vaCuahCc advices, support and fatherly concern. Last hut not the [east it is my pleasant duty and sincere attempt to express my sense of gratitude and obligation to my helovedparents. Their countless Blessings, deep love and affection always worh^ as a hidden power Behind every tasll^I peform. I am equally indeStedto Mr Malifi^!}{ashmi, System (programmer. Computer Centre, seminar lihrarian and office staff of the (Botany (Department for their timely help. My sincere thanlij to Mr (R^is JA. %lian who very painstakingly typed the manuscript despite his very Susy schedule. I 'Vie award of the University fellowship from i" March, 2002 to 10^'' [JVovemher, 2004 is gratefully aclqiowledged My grateful appreciation is also due to all rela lives and well wishers. (Shahla Saeed) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 53 DISCUSSION 82 SUMMARY 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY 96 APPENDIX i •>vr - / CHapter-l? A,. ntroimtwn Intmictm Introduction Advances in plant nutrition have revolutionized the crop production as perceptible improvement in seed yield and quality can be attributed due to the use of inorganic fertilizers. These are known to supply N, P and K, which are needed and removed by the crop plants in large quantities (Patnaik, 1980). India is one of the leading producers of fertilizers specially the nitrogenous and phosphatic. During 1960s and afterwards due to the introduction of hybrid cultivars there was steep increase in their consumption. No doubt, in India, therefore their use was responsible for increased production of pulses and oil seeds in general and cereals in particular but the poor management and unawareness among the farmers had lead to environmental degradation speciedly of soil, thereby affecting adversely the physical, chemical and biological properties and water.
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