STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK
ABSTRACT
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF JBottor of $I)iIof(opt)P IN BOTANY
BY 5HAHLA 5AEED
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004
Abstract Abstract of the thesis- submitted to th^^Uigarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany. Experiments I to VI we^rjj cginied. out, based on factorial and simple randomized block designa*,during the years 2000-2002 with the aim to study the utility of the thermal fIcjWer plant wastewater (TPPW) and coal fly ash (FA) and the effect of NPK fertilizer doses on two varieties of green gram [Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), namely PDM-11 and PDM-54. The data were mostly significant and the present brief is based mainly on the basis of two important parameters, the seed yield and protein percentage for the purpose of grower and consumer respectively. Experiments I and II were performed on PDM-11 and PDM-54 respectively during spring season of 2000 to study the comparative effect of TPPW, GW, four levels of fly ash and four levels of nitrogen on the basis of growth, yield and quality. TPPW proved beneficial. Among fly ash levels, FA20 and of N doses, N15 proved optimum. The analysis of pooled data of the two experiments revealed that PDM-11 proved superior to PDM-54. Experiments III and IV were conducted simultaneously during spring season of the year 2001 on the same respective varieties under four levels of basal phosphorus doses supplemented with a uniform starter dose of 15 kg N ha-i and 20 kg K ha-i along with 20% fly ash. Again TPPW proved beneficial in comparison with GW for most parameters studied and thus confirming the findings of the first two experiments. Treatment P30 proved optimum, while P15 deficient and P45 was at par with P30 for PDM-11. As far as PDM-54 was concerned, P45 was the optimum dose. The pooled data of these two experiments confirmed that PDM-11 was better than PDM-54 in seed yield. Experiments V and VI were conducted on the same two respective varieties during spring season of 2002, under five levels of basal potassium supplemented with a uniform starter dose of 15 kg N ha-> and 30 kg P ha' along with 20% fly ash under TPPW irrigation only. K30 proved optimum while Kio and K20, deficient and K40 could not enhance the productivity further. However for protein content K20 was more effective for both varieties, with PDM-11 performing better even under lower dose of potassium. On the basis of the present study, the following points emerged: 1. The analysis of the wastewater revealed its suitability for irrigation as the values for the analysed parameters were within the permissible limits of the Indian Standards for Irrigation Water (IS: 3307-1965). 2. As the wastewater proved beneficial for growth, yield and quality of the crop tested, it may be recommended for irrigation. 3. In experiments I and II, 20% fly ash was most effective and even 40'>;> was not toxic as the latter also enhanced some of the parameters, including seed yield in comparison with the no fly ash control. 4. Modulation, NRA and photosynthetic rate also improved due to the application of wastewater and fly ash. 5. Since, the fly ash was deficient in N, leguminous plants, which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen are suited for cultivation as observed in the present study. 6. Among the nitrogen doses, Nis proved optimum, while Nio deficient and N20 at luxury consumption especially for seed 3deld, however N20 was as effective as N15 in case of protein. 7. Of phosphorus doses, P30 was the optimum for seed yield and quality while Pi5 was deficient and P45 was luxury for variety PDM-11 (Experiment III). In case of PDM-54 (Experiment IV), P45 proved optimum for seed yield. 8. Modulation increased with increasing levels of phosphorus. 9. Among potassium doses, Kio and K20 (Experiments V-VI) proved deficient for most of the parameters, while K30 and K40 were optimum and at luxury consumption respectively. However, K20 proved optimum for seed protein while K40 for photosynthesis. 10. Among the three major nutrients, K accumulated more in leaves, followed by N and P. 11. It was noted that shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, root length, root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing age of the plants. 12. Contrary to the above observations, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and leaf NPK content decreased with increasing age of the plants while sv^ ^
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VJGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©octot of ipjjilogopf)? IN BOTANY
BY SHAHLA SAEED
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 «i Afa# I ,v_.
T6896 sv^ ^
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WASTEWATER AND COAL FLY ASH ON VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©octor of |pj)ilo2^opf)p IN BOTANY
BY SHAHLA SAEED
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004
^tmhiminm: Arif Inam Department of Botany M.Sc, M.Phil. Ph.D. Aligarh Muslim University Professor Aligarh - 202 002. arifinam_bot£iny@y ahoo. co. in
Dated ^^sv
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Studies on the effect of thermal power plant wastewater and coal fly ash on Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Botany is a faithful record of the bonafide research work carried out at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh by Miss Shahla Saeed under my guidance and supervision and that no part of it has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
Supervisor of research
5^*= <^ ^c^nowledjjement
lam fiigfiCy tfianHfuCto "jiLMigTi^ALLJ^Jf" who afways Bfessedme and made me capaBCe, guided me to tfie ligfit direction and sfiowered me indefinite
6Cessings of strength, courage and confidence.
Tirst of aCC, I wouCd Cilie to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, (Prof. Jlnflnam for fiisfaitfi and confidence in my aSifity and wfio fias Seen my guide and mentor giidng me fiis precious time and advice far more generousCy than his offciaC duty demanded, and aCso encouraged me with his lieen insight. I shafCever treasure his immeasuraSfe moraCandinteffectuaCsupport as weff as motivation.
I am very much gratefuf to (Prof. 5W. Isfirat 7f. 'Kjian, Chairman, I Bestow my deep indeStness and profound sense of gratitude for (Prof, ^qif Jllimad, I owe a great deaCto (Dr ShamsufJfayat, (Dn Qazi (Fariduddin, (Dr Sheil^h Javid, (Dr Mr. Sfiaifendra, Mr Manoj, Mr^vi, Mr Jifimad and Mr Liju ' ifie words are insufficient to express my feelings to aCC my Coving fiostef mates and warden who provided me the homefy atmosphere away from home. I feeC immense pleasure in thanliing my uncCe (Prof. !H.J.^ Kfian for his vaCuahCc advices, support and fatherly concern. Last hut not the [east it is my pleasant duty and sincere attempt to express my sense of gratitude and obligation to my helovedparents. Their countless Blessings, deep love and affection always worh^ as a hidden power Behind every tasll^I peform. I am equally indeStedto Mr Malifi^!}{ashmi, System (programmer. Computer Centre, seminar lihrarian and office staff of the (Botany (Department for their timely help. My sincere thanlij to Mr (R^is JA. %lian who very painstakingly typed the manuscript despite his very Susy schedule. I 'Vie award of the University fellowship from i" March, 2002 to 10^'' [JVovemher, 2004 is gratefully aclqiowledged My grateful appreciation is also due to all rela lives and well wishers. (Shahla Saeed) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 53 DISCUSSION 82 SUMMARY 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY 96 APPENDIX i •>vr - / CHapter-l? A,. ntroimtwn Intmictm Introduction Advances in plant nutrition have revolutionized the crop production as perceptible improvement in seed yield and quality can be attributed due to the use of inorganic fertilizers. These are known to supply N, P and K, which are needed and removed by the crop plants in large quantities (Patnaik, 1980). India is one of the leading producers of fertilizers specially the nitrogenous and phosphatic. During 1960s and afterwards due to the introduction of hybrid cultivars there was steep increase in their consumption. No doubt, in India, therefore their use was responsible for increased production of pulses and oil seeds in general and cereals in particular but the poor management and unawareness among the farmers had lead to environmental degradation speciedly of soil, thereby affecting adversely the physical, chemical and biological properties and water. The condition of fresh water resources was also deteriorated alarmingly during the same period due to the growing population, rapid urbanisation and unplanned industrialization. This has compelled the farmers to switchover to other ways and means of crop nutrition and irrigation, including the use of wastewater near the urban areas where it was easily available due to industrial growth along with power generation. The problem associated with wastewater disposal together with regular failure of monsoon in various parts of the country further attracted the attention of farm scientists and farmers alike. It may be pointed out that more than 60'X) of the available water used in the world has been diverted for irrigating the crops. In Asia, which has about two third irrigated land of the world, the figure was comparatively more touching about 85% due to unscientific irrigation, which is true to some extent for our country also. This water is ultimately lost from the agricultural area as most of it either transpired by the plants or evaporated from the soil during the irrigation, thereby creating shortage of irrigation water. Hence, the farmers are compelled to opt for greater use of wastewater, including the water thrown out of the thermal power plants. It may be of interest to note that the water withdrawn for power generation was about 150 Mms out of approximately 1900 Mm3 available in the year 2000 (Sharma, 2001). Out of this only about 5 Mm3 per year was consumed while the remaining water was thrown out which could be utilized again in agriculture after storing it in settling ponds and then providing it to the local farmers. It is pertinent to note that this wastewater contains useful elements, like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cr (Table 9) which can be made available to crop plants through irrigation. Thus, the wastewater could be a source of irrigation water as well as of some essential nutrients. The coal fly ash is another waste product of electricity generation. It has been estimated that about 125 million tonnes of coal fly ash is produced annually in our country by about 89 thermal power plants having total capacity of 66860 MW. The Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant of the capacity 440 MW located 13 km away from the Aligarh city produces considerable amount of coal fly ash. The Indian coal has about 40'Xi ash content (Ghose and Banerjee, 1995), which is disposed off by mi?:ing with fresh water followed by pumping the resultant slurry into disposal ponds. Currently less than 2% of the total coal fly ash produced is effectively utilized in brick making and land filling. It can be utilized in crop cultivation as a soil modifier and micro-fertilizer if applied judiciously. Because it can correct the nutrients deficiency in the soil (Hill and Lamp, 1980) as it may be a source of some essential macro and micronutrients (Wong and Wong, 1989). It must be admitted that the success of "green revolution" in India, was due to the adoption of high yielding varieties of some cereal crops only. However, after some time the policy on agriculture was reoriented towards the cultivation of non-cereal crops, like the oilseeds, vegetables and the pulses due to sufficient production of wheat and rice along with a distinct shift in the consumption pattern away from cereals to non-cereals. Pulses being an integral part of the diet in the Indian sub-continent due to vegetarian habit are the cheapest source of proteins. These crops are energy rich but are cultivated largely under energy starved conditions as more than 78% of the area under pulses is still rainfed and therefore, the production ranging between 13-14 million tonnes has not increased substantially in proportion to the population and consumption. Consequently the per capita availability has progressively declined from 60.7g dayi in 1951 to nearly 36g in 200C as against the FAO/WHO's recommendations of 80g capita' day ' (Sud, 2001). Among the pulses, green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is an important crop grown throughout the India and Southeast Asia. It is a warm season crop, grown in summer (kharif) as well as in spring (zaid) season in the north, while in the south; it is grown in winter also. It is to be highlighted here that grain legumes can fix about 50'/o of their total nitrogen requirements, with rates of fixation going upto 100 kg ha' (Pepper, 2000) and thus play a vital role in sustainable agriculture. In view of the facts explained above, it was decided to study the feasibility of using the thermal power plant wastewater and coal fly ash together with various doses of NPK for the cultivation of green gram so that the twc waste product of the power generation can profitably be disposed off. The study comprises six pot experiments with the aims: (i) To study the comparative effect of the wastewater and the ground water in the presence of various doses of the coal fly ash and nitrogen on the performance of two varieties of green gram i.e. PDM-11 (Experiment -I) and PDM-54 (Experiment -II) grown with the uniform doses of phosphorus and potassium, (ii) To observe and confirm the effect of the wastewater and phosphorus in comparison with ground water on the green gram varieties, PDM-11 (Experiment-Ill) and PDM-54 (Experiment-IV) raised with uniform doses of fly ash, nitrogen and potassium, (iii) To test the effect of potassium on performance of green gram varieties, PDM-11 (Experiment-V) and PDM-54 (Experiment-VI) grown with uniform doses of fly ash, nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation with the wastewater, (iv) To pool the statistically analysed data of the experiments conducted year wise and to observe the comparative performance of the two varieties along with wastewater, fly ash, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Ckpter-2 •j^eview of Literature 'S^view ofUuraiun Contents Review of Literature Page no. 2.1 Glossary of plant species 4 2.2 Effect of wastewater: 6 2.2.1 on green gram 6 2.2.2 on other leguminous and non-leguminous crops 11 2.3 Effect of fly ash: 18 2.3.1 on green gram 19 2.3.2 on other leguminous and non-leguminous crops 20 2.4 Effect of NPK on green gram 26 2.1 Glossary of Plant Species Common English Name Botanical Name Amaranth Amaranthus blitum Astracanth Asteracantha longifolia Autumn rye Secale cereale Barley Hordeum vulgare Bell pepper Capsicum frutescens Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Black gram Phaseolus mungo Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica Brinjal/egg plant Solarium melongena Broad bean Vicciafaba Buckwheat Polygonum fagopyrum Bermuda grass Cabbage/coUard greens Brassica oleracea var. capitata Candelabra wattle Acacia holosericea Carrot Daucus carota Chickpea/Bengal gram/Gram Cicer arietinum Chillies Capsicum annum Clover/yellow sweet clover Melilotus officinalis Cluster bean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Coffee weed Cassia occidentalis Colonial bentgrass Agrostis tenius Common vetch Viccia sativa Common homwort/ Rigid hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum Coriander Coriandrum sativum Cotton Gossypium hirsutum Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Double bean/lima bean Phaseolus lunatus Egyptian clover Trifolium alexandrium Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum Fescue turftypetall fescue Festuca arundinacea Field pea/fodder pea Pisum arvense Finger millet Eleusine coracana Flax Linum usitatissimum Foetid Cassia tora Garden pea/sweet pea Pisum sativum Green gram Vigna radiate Groundnut Arachis hypogaea Horse tamarind/white popinac Leucaena leucocephala Hyacinth bean Dolichos lablab Kidney bean/Frenchbean/stringbean Phaseolus vulgaris Lablab bean Lablab purpureas Lady's finger Abelmoschus esculentus Lebbeck tree/kokko Albizia lebbeck Lentil Lens culinaris, L. esculenta Lettuce Lactuca sativa Leucerne / alfalfa Medicago sativa Loblolly pine Pinus taeda Maize/Com Zea mays Manila tamarind Pithecolobium dulce Mulberry Moras alba Mustard/rape/winter rape/spring rape Brassica juncea Oat Avena sativa Pear Pyrus communis Pearl millet Pennisetum typhoides Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan Prickle poppy Argemone mexicana Prickly acacia/black thorn Acacia nilotica Radish Raphanus sativus Rattle weed Crotalaria retusa Red clover Trifolium pratense Reed canary grass Phalaris arunadinacea Rhodes grass Chloris gayana Rice/paddy Oryza stiva Rough blazing star Leucas aspera Rye grass Lolium perenne Sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata Sesame / gingelly Sesamum indicum Shining gum Eucalyptus citriodora Sissoo/^ndian rose wood Dalbergia sissoo Sorghum Sorghum vulgare Soybean Glycine max Spinach Spinacea oleracea Sudangrass Sorghum sudanense Sugarbeet/Beet root Beta vulgaris Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum Sunflower Helianthus annus Sweet potato Jpomoea batatas Teak Tectona grandis Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum^ Triticale Triticale Turnip Brassica rap a Water hyacinth Eichhomia crassipes Wheat Triticum aestivum, T. durum White mustard Sinapsis alba White sins Albizia procera Review of literature Number of workers has recommended the use of effluents as a source of irrigation after proper dilution to avoid deleterious effeet. However, most of these studies were based on seed germination and related parameters observed mostly in petriplates and in some cases in pots or field. Since the objective of the present trials was to study nitrogen fixing crop specially the green gram therefore, the references on this crop were included in the beginning. In the later part of review on wastewater and fly ash some other leguminous crops have been included. While the references on some non legumix^ous crops were mentioned only to reduce the length of the review. Study of NPK doses was another objective of this thesis but the references on non-leguminous and other leguminous crops appeared beyond the scope of this study, therefore, only the relevant references on green gram and NPK were included in this review. 2.2 Effect of wastewater Due to scarcity of fresh water and about 70% of Indian population being dependent upon farming, the present day farmer has no option other than to grow the crops using wastewater at least near the cities and industrial areas. Wastewater utilization would not only solve the problem of its disposal but also serve as a source of nutrients and irrigation to plants. The UL- of wastewater specially the sewage was well recognized in India. When sewerage system was introduced large number of farmers were disposing of sewage on agricultural land almost in every state of the country. Likewise, the use of industrial wastewater including the water generated by the thermal power plants can provide benefits and reuse of effluent in agriculture therefore, offering one of the most suitable options of managing wastewater. 2.2.1 On green gram Murty and Raju (1982) at Waltair tested alum factory effluent on three different crops representing the leguminous, cereal and oil. Sludge samples were collected, dried, powdered and dissolved in distilled water, filtered and test so" itions of 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations were prepared for a petridish experiment. In green gram, the shoot inhibition was more than root inhibition in 25%. In 50% growth of both organs was inhibited while in 75 and 100% total inhibition of shoot and further inhibition of root was noted. They also included rice in their study and observed that up to 50%, shoot inhibition was comparatively less than root. Further inhibition of shoot growth was observed in 75% while total inhibition of radicle emergence in 100% effluent concentration. On the other hand in mustard, severe inhibition in both shoot and root growth was observed in 25% and further reduction in shoot as well as root under 50% effluent was noted. In 75 and 100% concentrations, complete inhibition of shoot and further reduction in root growth was observed. At Gorakhpur, Sahai et al. (1985) carried out a petridish experiment for germination and a pot experiment for growth behaviour of green gram. 1.0 and 2.5% distillery effluent had no adverse effect on germination percentage while in 75% only few seeds were germinated but seedlings did not survive. At 5% effluent concentration, the root length, shoot length, biomass, net primary productivity, seed output and chlorophyll content were increased and in their observations even 15% gave better results in comparison to control. The carotenoid content increased up to SO'Vo in the first and second harvests and up to 15% and 5% concentrations in the third and foi"th harvests. Protein contents were maximum in 15% and decreased thereafter. Sahai and Neelam (1987) also assessed fertilizer factory and distillery effluents mixture and observed that germination and speed of germination index was increased up to 5% effluent mixture. While seedling biomass and pigment contents were increased up to 10%. On the whole the overall plant growth was best up to 5% effluent concentration. In 1989 Neelam and Sahai in another experiment further studied the effect of distillery efiluent and noted increase in root and shoot length, plant biomass as well as N uptake in 10% while 30 and 75% effluent concentrations had adverse effects. Total N in root, stem and leaf increased up to 30% effluent. Thukral (1989) from Amritsar reported the effect of Khetri copper complex tailings water irrigation on the biomass of barley, cluster bean, green gram, mustard, pearl millet and wheat. Three treatments used were, no irrigation (control), alternate day irrigation and daily irrigation with tailings water. It was observed that the last treatment decreased the dry weight of plants. In mustard total plant dry weight decreased by 44.84'%) and siliqua dry weight by 71.87% than the control, while 50% pod dry weight was increased in cluster bean on regular irrigation and also showed an increase of 162.5% in pod dry weight of cluster bean as well as 25.6'K) dry weight mcrease was recorded in the spikes of wheat on alternate irrigation. Therefore, they advised to avoid regular irrigation with tailings water as it retarded the growth of all the crop plants. Goud et al. (1990) at Baroda used DMT (dimethyl terephthalate) industry wastewater using mixed culture of bacteria to germinate the seeds of green gram, millet and sorghum. The wastewater was treated with a mixed bacterial culture prior to use for germination test. Results indicated a nearly complete removal of toxic pollutants with no damage to the seeds after 48 hours of the germination. At Bangalore, Somashekar et al. (1992) studied the growth of fenugreek and green gram during the petriplate as well as pot experiments under the effluents collected from Khoday distillery. The germination percentage and relative survival percentage decreased with the increase in effluent concentration. At 100% effluent, 50'M) relative survival percentage and shoot as well as root inhibition up to 49.9% and 59.9% respectively was recorded in green gram while 48.8% in the fenugreek. The percentage of shoot inhibition was more than the root in fenugreek. Aziz et al. (1993a) while working at Aligarh investigated the effect of treated refinery wastewater collected from Mathura oil refinery, on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of green gram cv. T-44 and K-851 during the pot experiment. NRA was enhanced up to 25 DAS and decreased at 30 DAS when the crop was grown under treated efiluent. A field experiment by Aziz et al. (1996a) was also conducted on chickpea, green gram, lentil, pigeonpea, triticale and wheat. Seed yield increased under wastewater in all the crops tested except in green gram. Siddiqui et al. (1994) in another field experiment also at Aligarh studied the response of green gram to the same effluent and basal dose of 10 kg ha-'N, 30 kg ha'P and 35 kg ha-iK fertilizer. Leaf number increased 34.30% at 35 DAS, 28.70% at 45 DAS and 12.30% at 55 DAS with effluent over ground water. The dry weight increased 19.40'M) at 35 DAS, 26.20% at 45 DAS and 32.00% at 55 DAS with effluent. Fertilizer doses also increased the growth of the crop. However, yield showed 15'/^i decrease under the effluent. In 1993 at Coimbatore, Vijayakumari et al. studied seed germination and seedling growth of black gram, finger millet, green gram and pearl millet during a field trial. The effluent of soap factory was diluted to 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100%. In the last dilution, the germination percentage decreased in finger miUet and pearl millet while seed germination was totally suppressed in black gram and green gram. Growth of shoot, root and lateral roots was reduced in both the millet crops. Up to 5% effluent, the seedling growth enhanced while at 2.5% effluent, the maximum growth was recorded in botl- pulses. Balashouri and Prameeladevi (1994) at Warangal tested different concentrations of tannery effluent ranging from 2.5 to lOO'M). The germination percentage, seedling growth, chlorophyll contents and the biomass were optimum in green gram and pigeonpea under lO'/o effluent. On the other hand, germination and growth parameters in sorghum were optimum under 5% effluent whereas all higher concentrations were inhibitory. During the same year Saha et al. from Shantiniketan reported the effect of effluents collected from carbon black factory and a chemical factory. They studied the growth of radicals in chickpea, green gram, lentil, mustard and rice. They recorded many phytotoxic symptoms due to the effluents on the ra(" oals of all germinating seeds. At Pantnagar, Singh and Bahadur (1995) studied the germination of field crops seeds in the distiflery effluent and noted 20% effluent suitable for normal germination in black gram, chickpea, maize, mustard, pigeonpea, rice and soybean while 50% in green gram only. On the other hand wheat seeds did not germinate at 50% effluent and it was reduced in the seeds of lentil and rice. At 100% effluent, germination was inhibited totally. At Annamalai nagar, Subramani et al. (1995a) grew water hyacinth for five days in the raw effluent to obtain biologically treated effluent. The seedlings of the green gram were tested giving both effluents under different concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10 and 5%). Seedlings showed increase in all the growth param "ers at 5 and 10% concentration of biologically treated effluent in comparison to control as weU as raw effluent. They (1995b) also investigated the effect of distillery effluent on the growth, yield and productivity of green gram gnd observed inhibitory effect under higher effluent concentration. In another experiment (1999) they grew common homwort plants in distillery effluents for five days. This biologically treated efQuent increased the growth and yield of green gram. Pillai et ah (1996) at Tuticorin studied the effect of chemical industry wastewater on black gram and green gram. At 10% effluent, the germination, growth, chlorophyll content and protein content were increased compared to control. Jabeen and Abraham (1997) at Thiruvananthapuram investigated the effect of Hindustan newsprint factory effluents on broad bean, coffee weed, foetid and green gram plants. The effluent did not sho Y any adverse effect on the germination and seedling growth instead the stimulatory effects were observed in few parameters. Effect of dairy effluent from Bhavnagar in a petriplate experiment on the black gram and green gram was studied by Kumar et al. (1997) under 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations. At 25'X., seed germination, seedling growth and pigment contents were optimum while higher concentrations were inhibitory. Bera and Bokaria (1999) tested 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50'K. concentrated effluent of tannery. Seed germination was not affected under 10% while at 50% efiluent, 64% germination was recorded. 2.5% effluent proved optimum for seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight. Shetty and Somashekar (2000) collected industrial effluent of Bharat heavy electricals Ltd. and diluted it to 10, 25, 50, 75 and lOO'M. concentrations. Lower concentrations showed better germination percentage, growth and chlorophyll content while 75 and 100% effluent reduced them. During the same period Sundaramoorthy et al. in Tamfl Nadu applied fertilizer factory effluent on black gram, green gram, groundnut, paddy, sorghum and soybean. At 10% effluent, positive growth was observed while undiluted effluent proved inhibitory. Kannan (2001) at Periyakulam Theni investigated the effect of distillery effluents under 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 100% concentrations. In undiluted effluent seed germination was retarded while in 1%, germination percentage was 77.73 in green gram and 100% in millet. Shoot length was 10 10.34 cm in green gram while 12.10 cm in millet and root length was 2.98 cm and 7.30 cm while vigour index was 1035 and 1940 in the two crops respectively. Also in the same year Augusthy and Sherin at Arunapuram tested the effect of rubber factory effluent and reported that seed germination was retarded above 50% while enhanced seedling growth was observed below 50%. Root length, shoot length and number of lateral roots were also increased below 50% effluent. 2.2.2 On other leguminous and non-leguminous crops Goel and Mandavekar (1983) at Karad applied distillery wastewater on cluster bean, giving 10, 25 and 50% effluent. Highest nodulation was recorded at 10% and maximum N contents in 50%. Higher concentration decreased the nodulation. Ajmal et al. (1984a) at Aligarh using Glaxo laboratories effluents (25, 50, 75 and 100%) studied the germination and growth in kidney bean and pearl millet. It was quickest under ground water and 25% effluent as well as shoot length was also highest. Similarly in 1984b Ajmal and Khan collected the brewery effluent from Mohan meakin breweries Ltd., Ghaziabad and observed the same concentrations on growth and germination of pea and wheat. The highest germination and growth were recorded at 50"/i) effluent. During the same year (1984c), they also applied the vegetable ghee unit and soap s-iitting unit effluents form Ghaziabad and applied on mustard and pea. Normal germination was recorded in both crops at 75, 50 and 25'M> effluent while shoot length, dry weight and number of leaves were highest in 75% and roots were branched, lengthy and healthy. In 1985, they collected Bajaj electroplating factory effluent and observed different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 4.0%) on hyacinth bean and mustard. With increasing concentration, germination and root as well as shoot length of both the crops were decreased. At 1.5% effluent the seed germination in mustard was totally inhibited while in hyacinth bean it was inhibited at 2.5%. Up to 0.2% effluent the fresh and dry weight of hyacinth bean seedlings was increased while in 0.1% optimum growth was recorded. ^.''anoharan and Lakshmanan (1987) at Dharwad applied tannery effluent on the black gram. The effluent contained plant nutrients and trace metals which were essential for plant growth in lower concentrations while 11 the higher concentrations were toxic for plant growth. Srivastava and Sahai (1987) at Gorakhpur studied the performance of chickpea (gram) under distillery effluent. A petriplate experiment was conducted for germination and a pot experiment for growth parameters. As the concentration of effluent increased, the percentage and speed of germination decreased. Maximum shoot length was recorded in 5% and root length in 25'M) effluent. Up to 5"A>, root length, shoot length, leaf area, biomass, net primary productivity, pigment content, reproductive capacity, seed output, seed weight, seed density and seed protein content were decreased and retarded at higher concentrations. The pods also appeared earlier in the plants, at 5"A> concentration. Similarly, in 1988, Mukherjee and Sahai collected the Saraya distillery effluent and observed its effect on pigeonpea. At lOO'M) effluent no germination, up to 5%, 100% seedling establishment and at 2.5% maximum shoot length was observed. 5% effluent proved optimum. Jabeen and Saxena (1990) at Kanpur tested two types of industrial effluent, collected form Sarya distillery and Gorakhpur fertilizer factory for pot experiment and applied on pea. The increase in dry matter, pigment content and protein content was recorded at 5% distillery effluent and at 2.5% fertilizer factory effluent. Sharma et al. (1990) at Raipur worked on Bhillai steel plant wastewater and its efl"ect on soil and plant characteristics during the field and pot experiments. Flax was grown in the field whereas kidney bean and sesame in the pots. With wastewater, Ca and Mg concentrations were decreased whereas P increased. Fe decreased in kidney bean and sesame while increased in flax. They discouraged the use of steel plant effluent for irrigation. Salgare and Andhyarujina (1991) at Mumbai reported the effect of polluted water of Patalganga on the mineral contents of its bank vegetation. Plant species studied by them were astracanth, prickle poppy, rattle weed and rough blazing star. The decrease was observed in the inorganic contents (Na, K, Li, Ca, Mg, Fe and P) of all the plants. While increase in chloride contents was affected by wastewater. The adverse effect caused by pollution render them susceptible to the stressful environment. Shukla and Pandey (1991), in petriplates, tested oxalic acid manufacturing plant wastewater. The germination percentage was 32% in black gram, 55% in chickpea and 12 86% in the maize seeds, treated with 25'M) effluent. At 50'X) concentration it was 12% in black gram, 15% in chickpea and 52% in maize. The growth was recorded after 10 days of soaking and the height of maize seedlings was 5.1 cm, black gram 0.7 cm and chickpea 2.6 cm at 25'%) concentration compared with control. Trivedi and Kirpekar (1991) at Karad noted that the dairy effluent increased the ash, Ca, N and P content of black gram and soybean. Abasheeva and Revenskii (1992) at Ulan-Ude (Russia) reported the influence of purified wastewater form the Seleginsky cellulose and cardboard mill on the productivity and chemical composition of plants during a pot experiment using alluvial meadow or grey forest soil. The dry matter yield of oats on both types of soils was increased while in peas it increased on grey forest soil after purified wastewater irrigation. No adverse effects were recorded on chemical composition or feed value of the plants. Agarwal and Gupta (1992) at Kota investigated the effect of nitrogenous fertilizer factory effluent on chickpea and mustard and noted decreased germination energy index 'C 100% effluent. The radicle showed more inhibitory effect than hypocotyl while pigment concentration and chlorophyll-a of the seedlings also decreased with the use of effluent. Goswami and Naik (1992) at Raipur also collected effluent from phosphatic fertilizer factory and applied on cluster bean. At lO*}^) effluent, the improvement in chlorophyll contents was recorded while at higher concentration it was adverse. Gupta and Nathawat (1992) at Jaipur, observed that seed germination, root length, shoot length and total biomass of pea plants were decreased as the concentration of textile effluent increased. The root growth was adversely affected in comparison to shoot. Also in 1992, Pathak et al. at Bhavnagar, during their land treatment studies on utilization of effluent water from chemical plant for ag .^forestry, selected horse tamarind. The pretreated effluent was collected from manufacturing plants of Excel India Ltd. for increasing agroforestry. Horse tamarind performed well on the soil irrigated with this effluent. Aziz et al. (1993b) at Aligarh, in continuation of their earlier studies on the effect of treated Mathura oil refinery effluent observed the performance of lentil. During a field experiment full fertilizer basal dose @ 15, 30 and 40 kg ha' NPK respectively was applied. Treated effluent 13 enhanced the growth and yield characteristics of the crop. When applied with fertilizer it further enhanced the growth parameters. Treated effluent enhanced the 3deld 6.4% over ground water. Therefore, in their opinion Mathura oil refinery effluent may be used for irrigation to enhance the productivity of lentil. In another experiment (1996b), they cultivated Egyptian clover under the same water during a field experiment. Treated wastewater along with fertilizer increased aU the growth characteristics and fresh yield at various samplings. The increase in yield due to wastewater at 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAS was 10.8, 20.8, 6.3 and 4.6%. Kannabiran and Pragasam (1993), collected effluent from the main outlet of Pondicherry distillery and diluted it. At 100% concentration, germination was inhibited while at 75% radicles emerged out in a few seeds of black gram but further growth was inhibited. Up to 25%, root growth was adversely affected while at 2.5%, higher germination, seedling growth, morphological and biochemical parameters were recorded except carotenoid content which was maximum at 5% effluent. Ramasubramanian et al. (1993) at Sivakasi analysed match and dye industry effluents and studied their impact on b^ack gram. Seeds were grown in sand culture and as the concentration of effluent increased, the germination percentage and seedling length were decreased. The fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, leaf soluble protein and nitrate reductase activity were also decreased. Contraiy to above observations, leaf L-proline increased as the effluents concentration was increased. Karunyal et al. (1994) at Madurai, studied black gram, candelabra wattle, cotton, cowpea, rice, horse tamarind and tomato under tannery effluent. At 25 and 50% concentration, germination was inhibited while it was prevented at 75 and 100%. At 25%, the leaf area and biomass of seedlings, total protein and chlorophyll contents were increased. On the other hand, 75 and 100% efiluent proved completely toxic. Sharma and Habib (1995) at Bareilly during a pot experiment, reported differential bioaccumulation of Mg, Pb, Cr and Zn in some rabi crops (chickpea, mustard, pea, wheat) and elemental bioaccumulation and metabolite concentration in component parts of chickpea under rubber factory effluent. In 1995 also Shukla and Moitra at Shilong, reported the effect of integrated steel plant effluent on growth parameters of black gram, 14 chickpea, maize and rice. Concentrations used were 0, 25, 50, 75 and lOO'X). As the effluent concentration increased, seedling growth and seed germination of all the crops were decreased. The lowest tolerance of the effluent was recorded in maize. At Jabalpur, Srivastava et al. (1995) investigated the effect of ordinance factory effluent on pea seeds. The effluent was highly deleterious for the germination and early growth performance of seeds. The adverse effect increased as the concentration of effluent increased. Eid and Shereif (1996) at Cairo (Egypt) observed the effect of wastewKter irrigation on growth and mineral contents of barley, broad beans and rape under greenhouse conditions. The water used during the experiment was a) raw wastewater mixed with fresh water in the ratio of 1:2 for EC of 5mS cm-i, b) raw wastewater mixed with fresh water in the ratio of 1:6 for EC of 2mS cm-i, c) treated wastewater mixed with freshwater in the ratio of 1:6. The last one recorded the highest dry matter yield. While the P, N, Mn and Ni contents were increased in plants after irrigation with mixed wastewater in comparison to fresh water. The Fe and Mn contents were recorded highest in straw than in grain or seed while N, P and K contents were highest in grain or seed than the straw. During the same year Khan and Dhaka at Ghaziabad investigated the ecotoxicological risk assessment of sugar n.ill and distillery effluent and recycling of industrial wastewater as an irrigation source in field crops. In their opinion NPK constituents of effluent can be recycled to maintain soil fertility and to grow maize, mustard, pea, sugarcane and wheat. Singh and Singh (1997) at Bareilly reported the effect of turpentine factory effluent on the growth and pigment content in two cultivars of pigeonpea. 80, 90 and 100% concentrated effluents were used during the experiment. The growth parameters studied were germination, seedling height, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content. In their study, higher concentration of effluent retarded all the growth parameters. Klimakhin et al. (1998) investigated the effect of effluents on the irrigation of agricultural crops. They used sugar factory effluent for the germination of leuceme, oats, pea, sugarbeet and wheat seeds. They observed that the effluents increased the plant growth and development. 15 Srikantha et al. also in 1998 at Bangalore, investigated the effect of undiluted and diluted dairy effluent on yield and nutrient composition of vegetable crops during a pot culture experiment on amaranth and french bean. Recommended dose of fertilizers used was 62.5kg N ha-i, 75kg P ha ' and 100kg K ha-i. In both the crops, germination percentage decreased with increase in the quantity of effluent. Germination percentage in amaranth and french bean was 87.5% and 95.5% in control while 71.87'M) and 36.50'M. in raw effluent. Dry matter yield of both the crops was also maximum in control and minimum in raw effluent. The plant nutrient elements decreased compared to control. Subramani et al. (1998) at Annamalai nagar, observed the morphometric and biochemical changes of cowpea.. 10% fertilizer factory effluent proved best for plant growth. Therefore, they recommended it as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Ghosh et al. (1999) at Patna analysed distillery effluent and reported that in case of chickpea and pea, germination percentage increased up to 75% effluent while in black gram, it increased up to 50%. In all the plants, growth of plumule and radicle was increased up to 50 or 75'M) effluent and decreased thereafter. As the effluent concentration increased, the root-shoot ratio decreased. Ahmad et al. (2000) at Rawalpindi (Pakistan) conducted the physico- chemical Einalysis of phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizer factory effluents and their effect on barley, cabbage, coriander, fenvgreek, peas, spinach, turnip and wheat. Trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sn and Zn) were detected in the effluent. They also observed effect of these effluents on crop plants and vegetables. Das et al. (2000) at Dhanbad reported the impact of fly ash pond effluent on selected leguminous plants viz. common vetch and pea. The effluent collected from Chandrapur thermal power plant (Maharashtra) was diluted as 25, 50, 75 and 100%. In control the percent germination was 91.0 and 90.8% in common vetch and pea respectively. At 25% effluent, 1.29% germination was recorded in pea while 1.64')^) in common vetch. Up to 50% effluent, increased growth was recorded in both the crops. Sundaramoorthy and Lakshmi (2000) at Annamalai nagar, screened groundnut varieties for tolerance to tannery effluent. The variety TMV-4 showed better response with effluent and proved tolerant while 16 ^tu variety VRI-4 appeared susceptible. In another experiment paper mill effluent was given to six varieties of groundnut by Sundaramoorthy and Kunjithapatham (2000) using 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% effluent. As the conceni-iation increased, seed germination percentage, seedling growth and diy weight decreased. In 2001, Sundaramoorthy et al. also investigated the fertilizer factory effluent on groundnut varieties (Co2, ICG-FDRI, TMV-7 and VRI-2) under 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Up to 10% effluent, the increase in germination percentage and seedling growth was recorded while 25% onwards the efQuent decreased the germination and seedling growth. Kumawat et al. (2001) at Ujjain applied dye industry effluent on chickpea and wheat. The effluent was diluted as 0, 25, 50, 75 and lOO'Xi. They noted decreased germination at higher effluent concentrations in both the crops. Similarly root and shoot length and diy matter production in both the crops were also decreased. Ready and Borse (2001) at Pravarnagar while workin<, on pulp and paper mill effluent noted that up to 25% effluent, seed germination and seedling growth increased while above 25'M) both parameters decreased in fenugreek. Tewary and Tripathi (2001) at Balrampur studied two varieties of pea (Asauji and Arkel) under sugar mill effluent. 100% germination was recorded in control while at 25"A> effluent it was 95% in Arkel and 85% in Asauji. At 100% effluent germination was totally inhibited in both varieties. Crowe et al. (2002) at Alberta (Canada) investigated the effect of industrial effluent on plant colonization, germination and post germination growth of seeds of terrestrial and aquatic plant species. Inhibitory effect was observed in clover, loblolly pine, pea, reed canary grass, autumn rye, tomato and w'-'eat, irrigated with oil sands effluents. Clover and tomato seed germination was most affected. The negative effect of the effluent was also recorded in the aquatic species. Ramana et al. (2002) investigated the relative efficacy of different distillery effluents on growth, nitrogen fixation and yield of groundnut in the field. Three effluents were, raw spent wash (RSW), biomethanated spent wash (BSW) and lagoon sludge (LS) with fertilizers (NPK + farmyard manure). Total chlorophyll content, crop growth rate (CGR), total dry matter, nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and seed yield were increased while nodulation was inhibited and nitrogen fixation was also 17 decreased. Highest seed yield was recorded in BSW, followed by RSW and LS. The yield under three distillery effluents was overall less than that produced by recommended NPK + FYM. Number of non-leguminous crops like barley, bermuda grass, broccoli, chillies, lady's finger, lettuce, maize, mustard, oat, pearl millet, pulp wood trees, rice, shining gum, sorghum, sugarcane, tomato, triticale, wheat, some woody plants, food crops as well as vegetable crops have been studied under various types of wastewater like, textile mill, paper mill, oil refinery, distillery plant, tannery, coal mine, fertilizer factory, sewage, starch potato factory, sugar factory, swine effluent, petrochemical industry, oxalic acid industry, yeast manufacturing factory, oil and gas drilling wastes, crude oil and thermal power plant wastewater by Hemphill et al. (1985); Stehlik (1987); Sahai and Srivastava (1988); Choudhary et al. (1989); Veena et al. (1992); Inam et al. (1993, 2003); Aziz et al. (1994, 1995, 1998, 1999); Rao et al. (1995); Sawarkar et al. (1995); Srivastava (1996); Sujatha and Gupta (1996); Deka et al. (1997); Karpate and Choudhaiy (1997); Rajannan et al. (1998); Baumgartel and Fricke (2000); Hayat et al. (2000); Kumar et al. (2000); Sedykh and Tarakanov (2000); Amado-Alvarez and Franco (2001); Kumari et al. (2001); Mahankale and Dauore (2001); Singh et al. (2001); Heaton et al. (2002); Adeh et al. (2003); Ahmad et al. (2003) and Shah et al. (2004). They were of the opinion that wastewater proved beneficial in one way or the other. However, there were number of reports where wastewater was proved harmful. Mention may be made of Stehlik (1986); Bahadur and Sharma (1990); Misra and Behera (1991); Srivastava (1991); Walsh et al. (1991); Agarwal and Chaturvedi (1995); Arora and Chauhan (1996); Baruah and Das (1997, 1998); Dutta and Boissya (1997, 1999a, b, 2000); Prashanthi and Rao (1998); Pronmurugn and Jayaseelan (1999); Srivastava and Pandey (1999); Balaram et al. (2000); Kumar (2000); Murillo et al. (2000); Salgare and Acharekar (2000) and Sundari and Kanakarani (2001). 2.3 Effect of coal fly ash Fly ash constituted about 70% of the total quantity of residue produced in power plants (Iqbal et al, 2000) depending upon the nature of coal burnt. N is present in small amount whereas level of P and K are comparatively high (Adriano et al, 1980). It is also rich in variety of other 18 essential and non-essential elements such as As, B, Ca, Mo, S, Se and Sr (Page et al, 1979). It also contains some heavy metals like Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd etc. (Ciravolo and Adriano, 1979). Its pH can vary from 4.5 to 12 depending on the S content of coal (Adriano et al, 1980; Singh et aL, 1994). Application of fly ash may increase the soil salinity while it can also improve the water holding capacity especially of the sandy soils (Salter and Williams, 1967; Chang etal, 1989; Sharma etal, 1990). 2.3.1 On green gram M a field trial Matte and Kene (1995) at Nagpur, observed cotton, green gram, groundnut, rice, sorghum and soybean as kharif crops while gram, mustard and wheat as rabi (winter) crops. Fly ash was given @ 0-15t ha-i and NPK fertilizer @ 0%, 75% or 100% of the recommended dose. They reported 7-30% increase in seed yield under lOt ha' fly ash application. Baskaran et al. (1998) at Neyveli investigated the response of certain agricultural crops to soil application of lignite fly ash (LFA) under safe disposal and utilization concept. LFA was applied to soil basally @ 0, 5 and lOt ha-i individually and in combination with FYM @ 12.5t ha'. Three crops of groundnut were raised during kharif 96, summer 97 and kharif 97. In the paddy and brinjal crops, LFA at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0t ha' with and without FYM were also tested. For green gram and groundnut treatments schedule was modified, keeping an absolute control (No LFA/FYM) and chancing LFA levels (5 and lOt ha'). In green gram and rice marginal increase in the number of tillers hill-i was observed in plots receiving maximum LFA at the rate of lOt ha-i. The increased input of LFA (maximum ISOt ha-i) applied to the current rice crop, did not show any adverse effect on early growth stage although plots receiving 150 and lOOt ha' showed littie stunting of seedlings and hard clump formation in the paddies. In the groundnut LFA did no harm to germination and number of nodules plant'. LFA was found to be good to increase the pod yield by 230kg ha' in plots treated with 2.5t LFA ha' enriched by 12.5t FYM. The input of LFA to brinjal at Vallampadugai ranged between 2.0 to 4.0t ha' and its impact on such a short-term crop was observed to be imperceptible. Bhaisare et al (1999) at Nagpur reported the effect of fly ash on yield of green gram cv. K851 together with three levels of N and P fertilizers (0:0, 19 25:50 and 18.75:37.50 kg ha-i). Four levels of fly ash (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha') were tested and observed that 10 t ha-' proved best as it improved yield as well as physico-chemical properties of soil. The increasing levels of fly ash increased available N, K, exchangeable Ca and Mg. The higher dose of N and P fertilizers increased the yield of green gram while combination of fly ash and fertilizers gave non-significant results. In another experiment in the year 2000 they applied three levels each of N (0, 18.75, 25 kg ha-i) and P (0, 37.50, 50 kg ha-i) and four levels of fly ash (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha'). Increasing levels of fly ash up to 10 t ha' gave the highest yield of green gram and straw along with maximum content of nutrients as well as protein and test weight. Prasad et al. (2000) amended the acid loam soil and calcareous soil with different grades of fly ash. For both types of soils, 60'Vi) wt/wt fly ash enhanced the germination in green gram and pea. 2.3.2 On other leguminous and non-leguminous crops Aitken and Bell (1985) at St. Lucia (Australia) reported uptake and phytotoxicity of boron in Australian fly ashes. On two crops, French bean cv. Redland Pioneer and Rhodes grass cv. Pioneer under glasshouse conditions. Bulk samples of freshly precipitated fly ash were collected from power stations at Swanbank, Callide (Queensland), Munmorah, Tallawarra (New South Wales) and Port August (South Australia). The ashes used untreated, leached or adjusted to pH 6.5 and subsequently leached. The yield and boron status of plants grown on ashes were measured (5 and lO'M) by weight) with an acid-washed sand were noted. In other experiment, ashes were mixed (0, 15, 30, 70 and 100% by weight) with a sandy loam soil and the yield as well as mineral composition of plants was determined. The available water capacity of the soil was increased by fly ash addition while untreated fly ash resulted in poor plant growth due to B toxicity. Leaching the ash reduced the potential for B toxicity whereas adjustment of the pH to 6.5 and subsequent leaching resulted normal levels of boron in plants. Rhodes grass tolerated high B contents in the growing medium than french bean. Therefore, in their opinion, phytotoxicity of boron was a major problem in establishing vegetation on ash dams and in the agronomic use of unweathered fly ash in Australia. 20 Shukla and Mishra (1986) while working at Kanpur reported the effect of fly ash extract on growth and development of com and soybean seedlings during petriplates experiment. The lower concentration of fly ash extract, ranged between 0.5 to 1.0% (w/w) had no significant effect on germination and seedling growth of both the crops. On the other hand higher concentrations had deleterious effect on germination, viability, number of roots, shoot length, root length and fresh weight of seedlings in both the crops. High elemental concentration was also found in the roots as compared to shoot in the extract treated com and soybean seedlings. Further increase in fly ash extract concentration (2.5% and above) had no adverse effect on chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Benes and Mastalka (1987) at Prague (Czech Republic) studied barley, broad bean, buckwheat, cabbage, flax, fodder pea, kidney bean, maize, mustard, oat and pea. According to them high concentration of fly ash proved unsuitable for crops due to accumulation of some heavy metals. Joseph (1987) at Alabama (USA) reported the growth response of colonial bentgrass var. Highlander, fescue-turftypetall fescue and sericea lespedeza on coal fly ash amended strip mine soil, under the field conditions. 50"A> plots were given 70 metric tonnes ha' of coal fly ash with a pH of 11.0 and rest were untreated, pH ranging from 4.4 to 5.0. Mean biomass was significantly more in each species under fly ash treated plots and it was 5 to 30 times higher compared to untreated plots. Menon et al. (1993) at Savannah (USA) worked on fly ash amended compost treated as manure for agricultural crops grown on three kinds of soil, soil alone, soil amended with composted grass clippings and soil amended with the mixed compost of grass clippings and 20% fly ash. The fly ash amended compost was effective in enhancing the dry matter yield of coUard and mustard while bell pepper; egg plant and string beans did not show increase in dry matter yield. Fly ash amended compost also gave higher concentration of K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn and B in mustard. Dzeletovic and Filipovic (1995) at Zemum (Yugoslavia) investigated the grain characteristics of crops grown on power plant ash and bottom slag deposit in the autumn lye, barley, leucerne and winter rape. The plants showed good grain and seed quality grown on this site as well as required 21 high fertilizer levels (228 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 90 kg K2O ha'). While Srivastava et al. (1995) employed biological method through afforestation on ash dump yards near thermal power station, Panki (Kanpur). Rehabilitation of fly ash dump yards through plantation of ten tree species (six N-fixing and four non-N fixing) under treated (50% soil of the pits replaced with normal soil and 2 kg of farm yard manure + 150 gms of DAP) and untreated control conditions was tested. Survival percent, height and diameter of plants were recorded every year. The results obtained in the third year showed that the top performing species under treated conditions were prickly acacia, lebbeck tree, horse tamarind and manila tamarind. The over all best performer under treatment was horse tamarind and the control used was prickly acacia. It may be pointed out that the top performers used under these conditions were N-fixing species. Therefore, they suggested the use of these plants for the rehabilitation of such dump yards. Khandkar et al. (1996) in a pot experiment studied black gram, rice and soybean at Pantnagar. Unweathered coal fly ash waste in combination with soil (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 20% as dry soil weight) increased the element contents except N and P, in the seeds and straw. Even up to 20'M), no adverse effect on the yield of black gram and rice was observed contrary to soybean where it decreased. For straw yield 4% in rice and soybean and 6"A> for black gram proved effective. Lai and Mishra (1996) in Bihar applied 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 100% fly ash (w/w) as well as 0, 50 or 100% of recommended NPK fertilizer in pots. Highest nodule number was recorded under 8"/o fly ash thereafter it decreased. NPK also increased the nodulation and nodule dry weight pot-i was maximum with 8% fly ash + recommended NPK dose. In another experiment (1996) Lai et al. noted 16% fly ash (w/w) amended soil proved more effective for dry matter thereafter it decreased. Patil et al. (1996) at Raichur, during a field experiment tested groundnut and sunflower and reported that crust strength was reduced after the application of fly ash (a, 20 t ha-i thereafter higher yield was recorded in both crops. Kalra et al. (1997) at New Delhi studied chickpea, lentil, maize, mustard, rice and wheat under ash levels 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40'K) in winter while 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% for summer crops. Delayed germination was recorded in the crops after the fly ash amendment due to the increased 22 impedance offered by the soil matrix to the germinating seeds. Maize and rice were less sensitive to ash for germination while mustard was most affected. Kuchanwar et at (1997) in Maharashtra, during a field trial applied fly ash @ 0, 5, 10 or 15 t ha' and/or no NP fertilizer, 25 kg N + 50 kg P or 18.75 kg N + 37.50 kg P ha-^ Fly ash and NP fertilizer alone or in combination increased the N, P and Mg contents in groundnut. Highest N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were recorded at 25 kg N + 50 kg P ha' while at 10 t fly ash ha-i, highest uptake of all the rvutrients was recorded. N, P, K, Ca and Mg were increased at 25 kg N + 50 kg P in combination with 10 t fly ash ha '. Significantiy, fly ash application also increased the uptake of N, P and K. Jha et al. (1998) from Bihar reported the biological reclamation of low- lying areas and wasteland via fly ash soil amendment through afforestation, teak nursery raising and cultivation of crops. Several field experiments were carried out on fly ash filled low-lying area near FSTPP (Farakka) in West Bengal on cultivation of Indian rose wood plants as well as Lohara forest nursery, Chandrapur (Maharashtra) for reclamation of badly degraded wasteland through fly ash application via raising of teak nursery. The improvement in various physico-chemical and biological properties of soil of the wasteland was noted while the mortality of vegetation was recorded minimum in addition to increased growth, vigour and crop yield. Kumar et al. (1998) while reporting on fly ash use in agriculture, mentioned the beneficial roles of fly ash in modification of soil texture, bulk density, water holding capacity, pH in addition to its role on growth and 3d eld of various crops at number of research stations in India. On the other hand they also reported the negative effects especially on ground water and uptake of some heavy metals by the plants. However, in their opinion, even after the research of about 25 years, the data on these elements was not consistent. Still in their view fly ash may be used in agriculture, as it contains most of the nutrients needed by the plants except the nitrogen, along with inorganic fertilizers. Tripathy et al. (1998) investigated the impact of fly ash, light and shade environment on growth and chemical response of prickly acacia and white siris during a pot experiment. The soil was amended with 10, 20 and 30% fly ash. Lower concentration of fly ash favoured the growth while higher had adverse effect. Prickly acacia survived in shade as well as light while 23 white siris showed higher values for storage substances only in light-exposed plants. Barman et al (1999) at Lucknow, during their study on brinjal, cabbage, carrot, coriander, gram, lettuce, pea, radish, spinach, tomato, turnip and wheat grown in fly ash amended soil noted increased Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr and Pb contents. The edible parts of the plant contained Cu, Zn and Pb within the permissible limits while Cd, Cr and Ni were in excess. Kumar et al. (1999) also in Bihar, during a field experiment noted that fly ash amended soil increased the grain yield of soybean and wheat. Up to 4- 16% fly ash application, the percentage of grain yield was increased from 55 to 90 in soybean and from 60-84 in wheat. 50 and lOO'M) NPK fertilizer application showed similar results as noted at higher levels of fly ash application. Trace metal uptake in the crops increased by fly ash and fertilizer application. Vallini et al. (1999) at Verona (Italy) investigated the effect of co-composted coal fly ash on dynamics of microbial populations and heavy metal uptake, during a pot experiment on broad bean. Applied (gi 5 and 10% in both soil fly ash and co-composted fly ash did not show any adverse effect on plant biomass. Alkaline fly ash did not promote microbial growth while co-composted fly ash increased bacterial counts in both the soil. Das and Jha (2000) were of the opinion that 45% fly ash decreased the percentage of germination and seedling growth in pigeonpea. On the other hand, 15-30% showed stimulation in plant height and root length. Ke Gang et al. (2000) at Henan (China) applied magnetized fly ash compound fertilizer on soybean during a field trial. Application of 49 kg magnetized fly ash compound fertilizer in the area of 667 m? gave 114.9 kg yield, which was 23.7 kg or 25.9% higher than control. The highest yield was obtained at 66.4 kg fly ash. It improved soybean root nodule formation also. Siddiqui et al. (2000) at Aligarh reported the effect of fly ash on growth of chickpea during a pot experiment. Fly ash was applied @ 20, 40 and 60% to the soil. At 40'X) maximum growth was recorded while 60% fly ash was harmful. They reported lower concentration as beneficial. Sriramachandrasekharan (2001) at Cuddalore investigated the effect of industrial and organic wastes on groundnut. Lignite fly ash (LFA at 2.4 t 24 ha-1), gypsum (200 kg ha-i), biodigested presumed (BP at 7.5 t ha'), farmyard manure (FYM at 12.5 t ha-1) and lignite humic acid (LHA at 40 kg ha-i) was applied singly or in combination. All the treatments enhanced the number of pods plant-i, 100-kernel weight, seed yield, protein content and nutrient uptake compared to the control. The combination 7.5 t BP ha i + 1.2 t Li-A ha-i + 200 kg gypsum ha-i recorded the highest number of pods plant-i, 100-kemel weight, pod yield, seed yield, oil and protein contents, N, P and K uptake. Beneficial effect of fly ash especially under lower levels and adverse effect under higher levels were also noted by various workers in India. Mention may be made of Singh et al. (1994) on sugarbeet; Shende et al. (1995) on maize; Sikka and Kansal (1995) on rice and wheat; Srivastava et al. (1995) on lettuce; Gupta et al. (1996) on wheat; Karpate and Choudhary (1997) on wheat; Tripathi and Sahu (1997) on wheat and (1998) on mustard; George et al. (1998) on rice and sweet potato; Kumar et al. (1998) on rice; Malewar et al. (1998) on forest and dry land fruit crops; Saxena and Asokan (1998) also on vegetables and cereals; Mandal and Saxena (1998) on padd}'; Deshmukh et al. (2000) on wheat; Selvakumari et al. (1999, 2000) on groundnut and pea; Grewal et al. (2001) on pearl millet and wheat; Khan et al. (2001) on barley and wheat; Khan and Abdussalam (2001) on ornamental plants; Naveen et al. (2001) on finger millet; Sharma et al. (2001) on maize and rice; Ahmad and Khan (2002) on pea; Ahmad and Saeed (2002) on linseed; Singh and Behal (2002) on mulberry; Poonkodi (2003) on groundnut; Raghav et al. (2003) on tomato; Rai et al. (2003) on broad bean; Singh and Khan (2003) on mustard and Singh and Siddiqui (2003) on rice. Similar observations were also reported from outside India by Beresniewicz and Nowosielski (1987) on vegetables; Wong and Wong (1989, 1990) cJso on vegetables; Kenneth et al. (1995) on sorghum and sudangrass; Guang Sen and Zhi Qiang (1995) on pear; Sale et al. (1996) on barley; Lau and Wong (2001) on lettuce and Su and Wong (2002) on maize. Contrary to the above findings some observations were also reported where fly ash in general proved either harmful or beneficial like the reports of Kenkier et al. (1994) on com and Masilamani and Dharmalingam (1999) on teak. More recently. Gene and David (2004) were not able to observe the 25 visual symptoms of B toxicity in cotton. However, they were of the opinion that soil amendment with fly ash may not be a suitable option under their conditions of soil. While Siddiqui et al. (2004) were of the view that up to 40% fly ash may not be harmful for soil quality as well as for heavy metal accumulation in the seeds of sunflower. Non-significant effect of fly ash by Sugawe et al. (1997) on sunflower and by Gregorczyk (2000) on spring rape were also reported while Gupta et al. (2002) were of the view that nitrogen fixing plants with an apparent heavy metal tolerance can be grown on fly ash dumps or nearby areas. 2.4 Eflect of NPK on green gram Various leguminous crops have been tested under NPK application as fertilizers and sufficient references were available, therefore, only the work related to green gram has been included in this review. Studies on this crop have been conducted while taking N, P and K as source of nutrients individually and in some cases when applied together. Kamat et al. (1986) from Maharashtra reported that application of 50 kg P2O5 ha-i increased the yield, NPK uptake as well as seed protein content. On the other hand, Nandal et al. (1987) from Hissar reported 90 kg P2O5 ha ' for higher dry matter accumulation and seed 3deld. Ghosh (1989) while working with and without inoculation investigated that the plant dry weight was highest after Rhizobium inoculation with 40 kg ha' each of N and P while seed dry weight was highest at 40 kg ha-i each of N and P without inoculation. Pandrangi et al. (1990) at Akola working on basal and foliar application of P reported that application of 40 kg P as basal along with 2.5 kg P as foliar spray increased the yield from 0.57 to 1.21 t ha' while Reddy et al. during the same year recommended 50 kg P2O5 ha' when applied basally as optimum for increased seed yield, 1000 seed weight, seed protein contents, pod number plant-i, seed pod-i and dry matter accumulation. Sadasivam et al. also in 1990 noted increased seed yield, dry matter yield plant-1 and transpiration but decreased stomatal resistance and leaf water potential with K application. Balachandran and Sasidhar (1991) from Kerala, while applying different doses of P @ 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-i reported that leaf area 26 index (LAI), dry matter yield (DM), P uptake, pod number plant', seed number pod-i and seed yield were increased due to P application. Increasing P rate increased pod number plant-i but not seed number pod' or 100 seed weight. Patel and Patel during the same year applied 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg P20r> and reported that with Rhizobium inoculum, seed yield, pod number plant', pod length, seed number pod-i, nodules plant-i and protein yield increased with increasing P rate. Sarkar and Mukherjee in West Bengal during the same year 1991 applied split doses of P once at sowing @ 26.2 kg P ha' and again at flowering @ 7.85 kg P ha-i and observed the maximum seed yield and pod number plant'. badole et al. (1992) applied 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the recommended NP rate (20 kg N + 40 kg P ha-i) and observed that shoot weight, root weight and nodule number were increased with 25'Mi of the recommended dose and decreased with higher doses. Dewangan et al. at Raipur during the same year observed increased uptake of N, P and protein yield with increasing irrigation and rate of applied P2O5. Ghildiyal (1992) at New Delhi applied N as urea noted increased leaf area, dry weight, pod number and seed yield. Gunawardena et al. also in 1992 applied 0, 30, 60 or 90 mg P kg-i soil. In their study nodule number and plant growth were not influenced by P rate while nodule dry weight and the amount of N fixed were increased. Mahadkar and Saraf at New Delhi in the year 1992 observed that applics-ulon of 20 kg N ha-i at sowing increased seed yield, dry matter and N content. Ardeshna et al (1993) at Junagadh reported that seed yield increased under 20 kg N ha-i given as urea and 40 kg P2O5 given as single super phosphate. Sarkar et al. in West Bengal during the same year applied Rhizobium with 20 kg N ha-i + 40 kg P2O5 ha' or Rhizobium with 40 kg PiOr, and observed higher yield. Sharma et al. (1993) at Ludhiana reported that the chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents were highest at 120 kg N ha-i, leaf area index (LAI) and seed yield were highest up to 160 and 120 kg N ha-i while protein content increased with increase in N rates. At Faizabad, Sharma and Singh (1993) applied 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg S as pyrite and 0, 25, 50 or 75 kg P ha-i as triple superphosphate. They noted the highest seed yield with 40 kg S + 50 kg P ha'. Application of the two nutrients (P and 8) 27 increased the seed protein content as well as amino acids, methionine and cystine. During the same year Sharma et al. noted that seed and straw yield increased with increasing level of P. Similarly, number of nodules plant' increased up to 90 kg P. NPK and S uptake also increased due to Rhizobium and P application. During the same year Singh et al. in Bihar, applied 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha' and 5, 10, 15 ppm Zn. They observed that P and Zn application increased the seed protein; N and P content but decreased the Mg and Ca contents. Singh et al (1993a) also in Bihar, applied 20 kg N ha ' + 40 kg P2O5 ha-i or 20 kg N ha-i + 40 kg P2O5 ha-i + 40 kg K2O ha-i with or without Rhizobium inoculum and investigated that mean yield was increased by the former treatment. In another study (1993b), they applied 20 kg N, 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 or 120 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O ha-i and observed that application of N, N+P and N+P+K increased seed yields and also the N, P and K uptake. During the same year at Hissar, Singh et al. reported that 30 kg N gave the highest seed yield in all the legumes studied including the green gram. Mahalle et al. (1994) at Nagpur, applied single superphosphate (SSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) at 40 kg ha-i as P source. The form of P fertilizer applied did not affect the yield and nutritional quality of grain and fodder. During the same year at Jobner, Rajasthan, Singh et al. also observed increase in N and P contents in the seeds and straw, crude protein content in seeds and total N, P uptake by P application and Rhizobium inoculation. Deka and Kakati (1996) in Assam, applied 0-60 kg P2O5 ha' with Rhizobium culture. Seed 5deld, total N and P uptake increased up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-i application. Nandwal et al. (1996) applied K and observed increased relative water content (RWC), nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin content of nodules. At Kanpur (U.P.) during the same year Saxena et al. applied 0, 30 or 60 kg P2O5 and 0, 20 or 40 kg K2O ha' and observed maximum seed yield under 60 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O ha'. Nandwal et al. (1998) appUed 0, 2.56 and 3.84 m mol dm^'K and observed that green gram plants maintained higher leaf water potential and relative water content (RWC) of leaves and nodules as well as high proline content in nodules and also had high C and N contents in stems, roots and 28 nodules than the control. During the same year at Varanasi, Prasad et al. reported that K (0-30 mg kgi soil) increased the total biomass, yield, protein content, N and K of green gram. Increase in 3deld, N, P and K uptake of green gram due to dual inoculation of Rhizobium and VAM in presence of organic matter along with application of phosphate fertilizer was reported by Das et al. (1999) at Bhubaneswar. During the same year, Hooda et al. reported that K treatments enhanced relative water content (RWC) of leaves, nodules, water potential of leaves, percent C in leaf and stem as well as K percent in shoot while osmotic potential of leaves and nodules decreased. During the same year from West Bengal, Maldal and Ray observed that N application enhanced the nodulation. In 1999, Soni and Gupta at Jammu applied 0, 20 or 40 kg P ha-i and observed that seed yield, protein yield and water use efficiency increased with increasing P rate. Also in 1999, Upadhyay et al. applied Rhizobium and 0-60 kg P2O5 ha' and noted increased seed yield up to40kgP2O5ha-i. Chaubey and Kaushik (2000) at Badaun applied 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg P ha-i as P2O5 and reported that nodules dry weight plant' was increased up to 50 kg P ha-i at 30 DAS while up to 25 kg P ha 1 at 50 DAS. Seed 5deld increased up to 50 kg P ha-i. During the same year at Salna (Bangladesh), Chowdhuiy et al. also applied 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 kg P ha ' with Rhizobium and noted that dry matter production increased with Rhizobium inoculation and increasing P rate. Also in the year 2000, Provorov et al. in Uzbekistan, noted the highest productivity under 60 kg N ha'. During the same year, Sangakkara et al. reported the rate of photosynthesis and carbon assimilation was increased due to K application. Teotia et al. (2000) applied 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-i and 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg SO^ ha-i. The highest grain and straw yield were recorded at 120 kg P ha' + 80 kg S ha-^ The P and S interaction on the yield was significant. Abdel-Gawad et al. (2001a) at Cairo (Egypt) applied 15, 30 and 45 kg P2O5 feddan-i and reported that the plant height, number of different organs and their fresh and dry weight were increased due to P application. In another experiment El-Shouny et al. (2001) also at Cairo applied same doses of P and observed that pod number plant', pod weight plant' and seed 29 weight plant-i increased as P2O5 increased from 15 to 45 kg feddan'. In continuation El-Gindy et al. (2001) further reported that pod number, seed and biomass yield were highest at 45 kg P2O5 feddan'. During the same year El-Kramany et al. applied NPK fertilizers (25, 50 and lOO'Mi of recommended dose) with Bradyrhizobium vigna and Azotohacter vinelandii and reported that number of pod plants harvest index, seed protein content, seed yield, biological yield and seed P content were increased in green gram Pathak et al. (2001) from Assam, were of the opinion that only 20 kg N ha' can significantly increase the yield of this crop. During the same year at Faizabad, Ram and Dixit applied 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-i and reported that P at 40 and 60 kg ha' was at par in relation to producing the tallest plants and the highest number of branches plant-i, dry matter accumulation and grain yield. The number of leaves, however, was highest with 60 kg P ha 1. Sangakkara et al. (2001) observed, increased shoot growth, plant water relations and photosynthetic rates by K application. During the same year at Pune Sapatnekar et al. applied 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose of single super phosphate (SSP) and observed percent increase in grain yield, nodulation, P uptake by plants and availability of soil P with increasing levels of SSP in green gram. At Palampur, in the year 2001, Sharma et al. observed that 20 kg N ha-i and 60 kg P2O5 ha-i gave the highest test weight, seed yield and biological yield in green gram. Teotia et al. also in 2001 applied 0, 15, 30 and 60 mg P kgi soil and 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg S kg-i soil and observed that P and 8 applied individually or in combination, increased the N as well as K contents of the seed, straw along with seed yield of green gram. Mathur et al. (2003) at Hisar applied 20 kg N ha-i along with inoculum and reported that seed yield and biological yield were increased. During the same year also at Hisar, Kumar et al. recorded an increase of seed yield after the application of 20 kg N ha-i and 40 kg P ha-i in green gram. In the same year in Rajasthan, Mali et al. reported an increase in the seed yield, N, P, K, S and protein contents after the application of 40 kg K ha-i and 50 kg S ha'. The present review revealed that response of crops to wastewater varied from region to region, crop to crop and source to source. Wastewater irrigation after some dilution improved germination, growth, yield and even 30 quality of some crops including legumes, which are not only the chief source of vegetable proteins but are also responsible for nitrogen fixation in association with specific symbiotic Rhizobia. However, the foregoing literature indicated the deficiency particularly on the thermal power plant wastewater, although its generation is very high in India. It was also observed that some studies pertaining to fly ash alone in relation to leguminous crops have already been undertaken, however this fly ash was also included in the present study. It may, therefore be concluded that the two waste products generated from the same source were not blended so far to utilize the nutrients present in addition to water itself. Another source of nutrients in the form of NPK fertilizers was also included to see if some fertilizer economy can be obtained in addition to check the pollution burden on the environment especially of soil and water. 31 a Cfiapter-3 Litmdsiind^lLtlwis Contents Materials and Methods Page no. 3.1 Agro-climatic conditions of Aligarh 32 3.2 Cultural practices of pot experiments 32 3.3 Experiment 33 3.3.1 I 33 3.3.2 II 34 3.3.3 III 34 3.3.4 IV 34 3.3.5 V 35 3.3.6 VI 35 3.4 Statistical analysis of the collected data 35 3.5 Soil and fly ash analysis 36 3.6 Water analysis 40 3.7 Biometric observations 46 3.8 Growth characteristics 46 3.9 Physiological parameters 47 3.10 Leaf analysis 48 3.11 Yield characteristics 51 3.12 Seed analysis 51 Materials and methods Six pot experiments were conducted during 'zaid' seasons of 2000 to 2002 in the net house of Environmental Plant Physiology, Botany Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, (U.P.). The trials were carried out to assess the suitability of thermal power plant wastewater (TPPW) and use of fly ash (Tables 1, 2 and 3) in presence of NPK fertilizers for growth, yield and quality of two varieties of green gram {Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). 3.1 Agro-climatic conditions of Aligarh Aligarh has an area of 5,024 sq. kms and located at 27°52'N latitude, 78''5rE longitude and at an elevation of 187.45m above the sea level. The climate is semiarid and sub tropical with severe hot dry summers and intense cold winters. The spring starts in February and summer from April to June. The average temperature in this period varies between 32"C to 35''C, which goes even up to 46°C-47.5°C during the month of June (Fig. 1). The winter stretches from middle of October till the end of March. December and January being the coldest months as temperature reaches on an average between 13°C-15°C while the minimum temperature touches to 1.0°C. The average rainfall remains around 750 mm. Rainfall occurs during July to September. Aligarh district has the same soil composition and appearance as that found generally in western Uttar Pradesh. Different types of soil such as sandy, loamy, sandy loam and clayey loam are found in the district. The soil used during the experiments was sandy loam. 3.2 Cultural practices of pot experiments Experiments were laid out according to factorial randomized block design (Experiments I to IV) and simple randomized block design (Experiments V to VI) with three replications for each treatment. Prior to each trial, proper mixing of farm soil with 1/5 organic manure was done to turn the soil for organic matter and aeration. Clean earthen pots of 12" diameter were taken and prior to filling, the soil was mixed with different levels of fly ash making a total of 7 kg in each pot. Before sowing pots were watered to provide sufficient moisture for proper germination. Basal NPK doses were applied one day before sowing to avoid seed injury, according to ^"^o. \ <^. 94*' O vN \ %. G '^^ O '•J3 y' 2; 0 3 S VO (SU X! •% ^ o ''<' ^ ii, ^o \ -O. \ ^«^^ ^ \ o lO o in o in o in in %> in ^ ^ CO CO OJ (N (Do) aynivHadJMax the scheme of treatments for each experiment (Tables 1-3). The sources of NPK were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. Authentic seeds were procured from Indian Institute of Pulse Research (IIPR) Kalyanpur, Kanpur and the Rhizobium sp. was obtained from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (lARI) New Delhi. Healthy seeds were surface sterilized with absolute alcohol and dried in shade before applying the inoculum according to the method of Subba Row (1972). For this purpose 200g colourless gum Arabic (coating material) and 50g sugar were dissolved in 500ml warm water. The solution was allowed to cool and lOOg Rhizobium culture was added and mixed well. Required quantity of seeds were mixed with the inoculum until the seeds were evenly coated by the inoculation mixture. These inoculated seeds were spread in a clean tray to let the coating get dried in shade. The seeds were sown at the rate of ten per pot to avoid germination failure. After the establishment of seedlings i.e. after twelve days of sowing, plants were thinned to maintain the uniformity keeping two plants in each pot. Weeding was undertaken whenever weeds emerged during the entire period. Crop was watered daily @ 500ml per pot during the morning hours after seedling emergence. Pods were plucked as they attained maturity and plants were harvested by cutting at the base and were allowed for sun drying. Threshing was done manually and the seeds were cleaned and collected for seed yield and quality. 3.3 Experiments 3.3.1 Experiment I 'ine first experiment was conducted on variety PDM-11 to compare the effect of TPPW and ground water (GW) in presence of different levels of coal fly ash and inorganic fertilizer while observing various morphological, physiological and yield characteristics including seed quality. Four levels i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 40% coal fly ash were mixed with soil, keeping the total weight of coal fly ash-soil mixture up to 7kg pot'. It was supplemented with three basal doses of nitrogen @ 10, 15 and 20 kg ha ' (9.48, 14.22 and 18.96mg kgi soil) and uniform basal dose of 20kg P ha i (48.88mg P kg-i soil) and 20kg K ha' (18.32mg K kg' soil). One control was 33 I Iffi-i-....,. also maintained with no fly ash and no nitrogen fertilizer (Table 1). Sowing was done on IS'h March, 2000 and the crop was harvested on 2™' June, 2000. Out of six pots of each treatment, containing two plants each, three plants were selected randomly for each sampling at three stages of growth namely vegetative, flowering and fruiting corresponding to 25, 40 and 55 days after sowing (DAS). The remaining three plants at the end were sampled for the study of yield characteristics. 3.3.2 Experiment II It was conducted along with experiment 1 on the same crop keeping the aims and objectives also same but on different variety PDM-54. It may be pointed out that both varieties PDM-11 and PDM-54 were released from the same institute but the reason behind the selection of other variety for experiments II, IV and VI was to strengthen the observations of experiments I, III and V in addition to observe the varietal response. The treatments and cultural practices remained the same as undertaken in experiment I (Table 1). The sowing was done on 19'h March, 2000 and it was harvested on 3"i June, 2000. 3.3.3 Experiment III This experiment was conducted during the year 2001 on variety PDM- II, under the optimum concentration of coal fly ash and nitrogen obtained in experiment I to observe the effect together with basal doses of phosphatic fertilizer and wastewater on physiomorphological, yield and quality characteristics. 20% coal fly ash was mixed with soil as it proved optimum in earlier experiments. To study the effect of phosphorus, three doses 15, 30 and 45kg ha-i (36.66, 73.32 and 109.98mg kgi soil) together with uniform basal dose of 15kg N ha-i (14.22mg N kg' soil) as it also proved optimum and 20kg K ha-i (18.32mg K kgi soil) were tested. The sowing was done on 17"! March, 2001 and it was harvested on l^t June, 2001. Sampling method and all the cultural practices were maintained as described earlier. 3.3.4 Experiment IV It was conducted together with experiment III on the variety PDM-54 with the treatments (Table 2), aims and objectives mentioned in experiment III. The sowing was done on 18'i' March, 2001 and it was harvested on 3rd June, 2001. All the cultural practices remained the same 34 Table 1. Treatment scheme of Experiments I and II (Experimental design; Factorial randomized) Irrigation water Treatments Remarks GW TPPW FAoNo + + 0 fly ash and 0 nitrogen. (Control) FAioNio + + 10% fly ash + 10kg N ha' (100, 9.48) FAioNis + + >> >> "*" ^^ 11 (100, 14.22) FA10N20 + + M +20 „ (100, 18.96) FAaoNio + + 20% fly ash + 10kg „ (200, 9.48) FA20N15 + + M >> + •l-*^ ,) (200, 14.22) FA20N20 + + „ +20 „ (200, 18.96) FA40N10 + + 40% fly ash + 10kg „ (400, 9.48) FA40N15 + + „ + 15 „ (400, 14.22) FA40N20 + + „ +20 „ (400, 18.96) N.B.: A uniform starter dose @ 20kg P ha' (48.88mg P kg-' soil) and 20kg K ha-i (18.32mg K kg-i soil) was applied at the time of sowing. Values in brackets indicate the quantity of fly ash in g kg' soil and nitrogen in mg kgi soil. as undertaken earlier. 3.3.5 Experiment V This experiment was conducted during the year 2002 on variety PDM- 11 to strengthen the findings of water source, coal fly ash concentration and to study the effect of potassium on various morphological, physiological, yield and quality characteristics. 20% coal fly ash was mixed with soil and four basal doses of potassium 10, 20, 30 and 40kg ha-i (9.16, 18.32, 27.48 and 36.64mg kgi soil) along with the optimum doses of N and P obtained in Experiments I - IV (Table 3) were applied. The sowing was done on 18'i' March, 2002 and it was harvested on 1^' June, 2002. The cultural practices and samplings were same as described in earlier experiments. In this experiinent the crop was watered with TPPW only as it proved effective in previous experiments. 3.3.6 Experiment VI It was conducted together with experiment V on the same variety PDM-54 that was tested in experiments II and IV to strengthen the findings of water source, fly ash, nitrogen, phosphorus and the effect of potassium doses with objectives and doses mentioned in experiment V (Table 3). The sowing was done on 19'^ March, 2002 and it was harvested on 4"' June, 2002. This experiment was also conducted on the lines undertaken in experiment V and here again the crop received TPPW only. 3.4 Statistical analysis of the collected data The data obtained were analysed statistically taking into consideration the variables in each experiment according to Panse and Sukhatme (1985). The 'F' test was applied to assess the significance of data at 5% level of probability (P < 0.05). The error due to replication was also determined. The model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is given in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Critical difference (CD.) was calculated to compare the mean values of various treatments. Pooled analysis was also carried out to check the varietal response in experiments I and II; III and IV according to split-split plot design and in experiments V and VI according to factorial randomized block design. Correlation coefficient (r) values and regression analysis of some related parameters were also worked out. 35 Table 2. Treatment scheme of Experiments III and IV (Experimental design; Factorial randomized) Treatments Irrigation water GW TPPW Remarks FA20N15P0 + + 0 phosphorus (Control) (200, 14.22) FA20N15P15 + + 15kg P ha-1 (200, 14.22, 36.66) FA20N15P30 + + 30kg P ha-> (200, 14.22, 73.32) FA20N15P45 + + 45kg P ha-1 (200, 14.22, 109.98) N.B.: A uniform starter dose @ 20% coal fly ash (200g kg-' soil), 15kg N ha ' (14.22mg N kg-i soil) and 20kg K ha-i (18.32mg K kg-i soil) was applied at the time of sowing. Values in brackets indicate the quantity of coal fly ash in g kg-' soil, nitrogen and phosphorus in mg kg-i soil. Table 3. Treatment scheme of Experiments V and VI (Experimental design; Simple randomized) Treatments Remarks FA20N15P30K0 0 potassium (Control) (200, 14.22, 73.32) FA20N15P30K10 10kg K ha-i (200, 14.22,73.32,9.16) FA20N; ^^30X20 20kg K ha-i (200, 14.22, 73.32, 18.32) FA20N15P30K30 30kg K ha-i (200, 14.22, 73.32, 27.48) FA20N15P30K40 40kg K ha-i (200, 14.22, 73.32, 36.64) N.B.: A uniform starter dose @ 20% coal fly ash (200g kg-i soil), 15kg N ha 1 (14.22mg N kg-i soil) and 30kg P ha-i (73.32mg P kg-' soil) was applied at the time of sowing. Values in brackets indicate the quantity of fly ash in g kg 1 soil, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mg kg-i soil. Table 4. Model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of pooled data Experiments I and II (Experiment design: Split-split plot) Source of variation df SS MSS F.value Sig. Replications 2 Variety (A) 1 Error (a) 2 Water (B) 1 Ax B 1 Error (b) 4 Treatment (N+FA) (C) 9 Ax C 9 B X C 9 A X B X C 9 Error (c) 72 Total 119 Table 5. Model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of pooled data Experiments III and IV (Experiment design: Split-split plot) Source of variation df SS MSS F.value Sig. Replications 2 Variety (A) 1 Error (a) 2 Water (B) 1 A X B 1 Error (b) 4 Treatment (N+FA) (C) 3 Ax C 3 B X C 3 A X B X C 3 Error (c) 24 Total 47 Table 6. Model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of pooled data Experiments V and VI (Experiment design: Factorial randomized) Source of variation df SS MSS F.value Sig. Replications 2 1 Potassium 4 Interaction 4 Error 18 Total 29 3.5 Soil and coal fly ash analysis The coal fly ash was collected form the ash dumps at 'Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant' (HTPP), Kasimpur, located 13 kilometers away from Aligarh city (Fig. 2). Before mixing the soil and coal fly ash, samples of the two were taken. Small quantity of the sofl and fly ash were grinded separately with the help of mortar and pestle and passed through a 2mm sieve. The following chemical characteristics were studied in soil as well as coal fly ash separately (Tables 7,8). Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) It was estimated with the help of pH meter. To lOg soil/fly ash, 50ml double distilled water (DDW) was added and shaken thoroughly. After 30 minutes, pH of the suspension was recorded. The pH meter was calibrated with a standard buffer of known pH (Jackson, 1973). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) To lOg soil/fly ash, 0.2N HCl (Appendix, p.ii) was added. It was shaken for 30 minutes, filtered and washed with DDW, till it became free from chloride ions, which was checked with AgNOa. The residue was transferred from the filter paper to a beaker and suspension of known concentration was prepared. It was then treated with 10ml of standard KCl solution, shaken for 30 minutes and left overnight. It was titrated with O.IN NaOH using phenolphthalein (Appendix, p.iii) as an indicator. From the amount of NaOH required, the CEC of the samples was calculated as follows, volume of O.IN NaOH x N of NaOH CEC (meq lOOgi) weight of the sample Organic carbon It was estimated by the method of Walkley and Black (1934). 2g sample was taken in a 500ml conical flask. To this 10ml of IN potassium dichromate solution (Appendix, p.iii) and 20ml concentrated sulphuric acid were added. After shaking for about 2 minutes, it was kept on an asbestos mat for 30 minutes. 200ml DDW, 10ml phosphoric acid (85"A>) and 1ml of diphenylamine indicator (Appendix, p.i) were added. Deep violet colour appeared which was titrated with 0.5N ferrous ammonium sulphate solution tiU the colour changed to purple and finally green. Simultaneously a blank 36 Fig. 2. Map shoeing the location of Marduaganj thremal power plant, leachatc reser\oir and sampling sites o I—( CO 00 CN ^ LO "^ 0^ ^ .—1 o o o CO CM q VO 00 LO CO (M LO <-< CO t^ 00 00 CO .—1 tv! r-5 i> CO 00 ^ v6 ^ CO I> 6 in 6 6 1—1 CO CO '-I "—I "—I 00 "—I CO o CO O CO o o N- ON CO VO lO Csl 0^ o O CN CO CM .—( CO CM o o i-H o ^ ^ > 00 CO CO 00 00 in CN t^ t^ 00 CO 00 d LO CD o d d I—( CM .—1 I-H Ol CTN I—1 CO W) CM O vO o in rt a\ rt- CM O Cvl o o CO q in CO <^ lO CO rH CM 00 CM CM --H d ^• d CO d d CO CO 00 CO C<1 o o Cv) CO o G o CM U V o 00 0^ q CO O o C3^ ^ 00 vO ^ 00 CO o 00 ^ CM o CM CM ^ CO 'O CM <-< T3 a rH OJ .-I Ol 0CO0 00 ^ o 00 CO 00 >-i 00 00 d d T-l r-H rH 00 >—I CM CM CO c o ^ o "^ § * ^ o VO ^ CO CM o I—( I-H 1—( O CM CM ° ^ -^ 10 CM ^ N 00 CM o in in CO 00 CM I—1 CM CM o o CM o o en o co^ o ••a 00 o C^ !>• 0^ o IS vD rH in i> ^ CO CO 00 q I-H O CO vO 1—1 CO q CO CM >—1 o q q ^ CM 00 I-H •c CM d d o5 d CM d r-H CO .—1 I—< .-H vO 1—1 OJ u d CM d d •l-J o j:o3 o 1 o V S CO u oI I IZl a O CO CO o r-H CO 1—1 ON o .—1 CN I—1 CO in IT) o o I—1 in 00 CO T-H ON 00 i-H o CSoI o o o r-l T-H I—( t—1 o CN .—1 M w -l-l o a o M CI (U o _o CO (7N l> LO T—1 O ON o CN O '•0 LO CS CN CN .—1 CO C^ CO ON "-H cl CO oT-H OoN CO ON CN ^ 00 CN o .—1 .—1 o CN 1—1 o o CO 00 vO CN lO -d- o I—1 1—1 r-H I> o^ o^ vO o CN CN| LO o o ON CN LO 00 00 CN T-H 00 CO ^ 00 o o o .—1 .—1 .—1 I—1 ^ CN 1—1 I—1 a; o o o C« o ON 1—1 o CN o CN CO o CO o o CN CO CO 00 1—1 C^ cs O -H CN d T—( I—1 ON 00 CD CN CO CO ON O CJN r-l CN 1-H I—1 I—1 LO CN t—1 M ON U w Xi CO o to a o x: ^ CO •3 Cti 7 u CO ^ CI o "s o o u a ••0 I—I CO V 1 CO 13 B Xi a o X bl) U o Cfl V o o CO cl a O a, B C CO 73 00 CO o o I a. 1 CO CO .2 XI u a; o 1 CO W) U5 X •n -t-j •l-J Xcf l o u w £f o CJ a o o o 'o S3 3 X Q o o w s CL,r,| o m CO U O was run without sample. blank titre - actual titre % of organic carbon >< 0.003 x 100 x N weight of sample where, N = normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate. Nitrate nitrogen It was estimated according to the method of Ghosh et al. (1983). 20g soil/fly ash samples were shaken continuously with 50ml DDW for 1 hour in a 100ml conical flask fitted with rubber stopper. A pinch of CaSO^ was added and shaken. Then the contents were filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. 20ml clear fQterate was transferred to 50ml porcelain dish and was evaporated to dryness on steam bath. After cooling, 3ml phenol disulphonic acid (Appendix, p.iii) was added and allowed to react for 10 minutes. 15ml DDW was added and stirred with glass rod until the residue was dissolved. After cooling, the contents were washed down into 100ml volumetric flask, to this 1:1 liquid ammonia (Appendix, p.ii) was added slowly and mixed well, till the solution became alkaline which was indicated by the appearance of yellow colour due to the presence of nitrate. Then, another 2ml ammonia was added and finally the volume was made up to 100ml with DDW. The intensity of the yellow colour was read at 410nm with spectrophotometer. For standard curve, stock solution containing 100 ppm nitrate was prepared by dissolving 0.722g potassium nitrate in DDW and the volume was made up to 1 litre. This was diluted ten times to give 10 ppm N0~ -N solution. Aliquots (2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25ml) were evaporated on water bath to dryness in small porcelain dishes. After cooling, 3ml phenol disulphonic acid was added and yellow colour was read as described above. Simultaneously, a blank was also run. Phosphorus To 2.5g soil/fly ash sample in 100ml conical flask, a pinch of Draco G„o was added followed by 50ml of Olsen's reagent (Appendix, p.iii). The flask was shaken for 30 minutes on a shaker and then the contents were filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. In the filterate, phosphorus was estimated through spectrophotometer by Dickman and Bray's (1940) method. 37 5ml soil/coal fly ash extract was pipetted into a 25ml volumetric flask and 5ml Dickman and Bray's reagent (Appendix, p.i) was poured drop by drop with constant shaking till effervescence due to CO2 evolution ceased. The inner wall of the flask neck was washed with DDW and the contents diluted to about 22ml. Then 1ml stannous chloride solution (Appendix, p.iv) was added and the volume was made upto the mark. The intensity of blue colour was read at 660nm on spectrophotometer. For the standard curve, 0.439g potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4) was dissolved in half litre of DDW. To this, 25ml 7N sulphuric acid (Appendix, p.iv) was added and volume was made up to 1 litre with DDW, giving 100 ppm stock solution of P. From this, 2 ppm solution was made after 50 times dilution. For the preparation of the standard curve, different concentrations of P (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and Idnl of 2ppm phosphorus solution) were taken in 25ml volumetric flasks. To these, 5ml of extracting reagent (Olsen's reagent) was added. The colour was developed by adding Dickman and Bray's reagent and stannous chloride and read at 660nm. A blank was also run without the sample. The curve was plotted and the amount of P was calculated from the curve. Potassium 5g soil/coal fly ash was shaken with 25ml IN ammonium acetate (Appendix, p.i) for 5 minutes and was filtered immediately through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Stock solution of 1000 ppm K was prepared by dissolving 1.908g KCl in 1 litre DDW. From the stock solution aliquots were diluted in 50ml volumetric flasks with ammonium acetate solution to give 10 to 40 ppm of K. These were read with the help of flame photometer after setting zero for the blank at 100 for 40 ppm of K. The curve was obtained by plotting the readings against the different concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppm) of K. Sodium Determination of Na was carried out directly from the soil/coal fly ash extract (1:5; soil/coal fly ash:water) with the help of flame photometer. Standard curve was prepared by taking 5.845g NaCl dissolved in DDW and the volume was made up to 1 litre that gave 100 milli equivalents litre' of Na. From this stock solution, dilutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 meq Na litre' were prepared. Plotting the flame photometer 38 readings on Y-axis against concentrations of Na on X-axis drew the curve. Na in the unknown sample was read from curve. Preparation of extracts for calcium, magnesium, chloride, carbonate- bicarbonate and sulphate lOOg sample transferred to 750ml flask, to this 500ml DDW was added and the flask was shaken for about 1 hour. The contents were filtered through Buchner funnel. Calcium It was estimated according to the method of Chopra and Kanwar (1982). To 25ml extract, 2-3 crystals of carbamate and 5ml of 16% NaOH solution were added. Then it was titrated with 0.0IM EDTA (Appendix, p.i) using murexide indicator (Appendix, p.ii) till the colour changed from orange red to purple. Magnesium To 25ml sample extract, 5ml ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer (Appendix, p.i) was added, followed by titration with 0.0 IM EDTA using Eriochrome black-T (Appendix, p.ii) as an indicator, the colour changed from green to wine red (Chopra and Kanwar, 1982). Chloride 50ml sample extract was taken in a flask and 2ml of 5% KiCrOi indicator (Appendix, p.iii) was added. It was titrated against 0.02N silver nitrate solution (Appendix, p.iv). (mlxN) of AgNOax 1000x35.5 Chloride (mgl-i) = ml sample Carbonate and bicarbonate Estimation was done following the method of Richards (1954). 50ml soil/coal fly ash sample extract was taken in a clean flask. To this, 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added. The appearance of pink colour indicated the presence of carbonates. Then it was titrated against 0.0IN sulphuric acid till the solution became colourless. To the colourless solution from the above titration, 2 drops of 0.05% methyl orange indicator (Appendix, p.ii) were added. It was then titrated against 0.0IN sulphuric acid till the colour changed from yellow to rose red. This indicated the presence of 39 bicarbonate in the sample. 1000 (a) carbonate (meq l') = 2Y x normality of H2SO4 x ml aliquot = 2Y X 2 1000 (b) bicarbonate (meq l-i) = (Z - 2Y) x normality of H2SO4 x ml aliquot = (Z - 2Y) X 2 where, Y = reading of burette for the titration of carbonate Z = reading of burette for the titration of bicarbonate Sulphate To 50ml sample extract, 2.5ml conditioning reagent (Appendix, p.i) was added. It was then stirred on a shaker and during shaking small quantity of barium chloride was added. It was then read with the help of nephelometer. mg SO4 X 1000 SO4 (mg 1-1) = ml sam^ple 3.6 Water analysis For this purpose TPPW was collected twice, in the last week of March and in the first week of May in 2 litres plastic bottles from the outlet of the leachate reservoir (Fig. 2) of Thermal Power Plant while for watering of pots, it was collected in 50 litres jerry canes at weekly intervals. Sample bottles were carefully cleaned before use with chromic acid cleaning mixture. Later the bottles rinsed thoroughly with tap water and then with distilled water. 4 litres of water sample was taken for analysis. Prior to filling, the sample bottles were rinsed out three times with wastewater to be collected. The source of GW was tap water and the analysed parameters are given in Table 9. Electriceil conductivity (EC) It was directly read with the help of conductivity meter by putting the sample in a beaker. The apparatus was adjusted to a 25°C of the solution. 40 00 ^ c^ o\ t^ 10 2^ 0^ CO M ^ Ki CsO ^CM CO (N ^ vO LO CO O G\ 00 06 00 00 ^2 I^riHSE25S2J::::o^^i/D CSl rj- ^ 00 ^ 2 3 CO CSl O [> .«,. OqOOO'-H.nOmCS'-'rftfr,!^'-' 00 O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ". <^ O ^. ^. ^. ^. S ?3 [K ^. OH ^^^^a^tn^^^Jnoou^^t^2a^tC6dc^i^ V CN vO (7i t^ CSl Tt 00 CO CSl cs oj CO CO CO in --I CL, 0 00 in CO OjCSlSSc^SoOOO^ CSl 1> .-H lO •l-l a. 06 ^ cTi CO ;r; w C H "EH _ ^ 10 c^ 00 00 00 '-< CSl rj- OS ^ 10 or^oO'-icO'-i'-''-i CO --I 00 o o Cfi t> O ^ CN CO ^- ^- • • vn c^ cs1 0 0 ^.o^lnTt^•^-oo^ vo (M ^ O O CN rH CO --H r\i O o CM o 00 o °2 o rj- I> ON ON CN O CO 00 vO CN in CN .-I s_ _, !> 00 !:; -1 Ni5=O ; >X) co 00 I: in °o S f^ ^ ^vO ^ CN ON CO ::: I 00 2J vO vO 00 ^ CO '^SSS^<^°0-H^rHCNVO-H?^2^ CO f- c^ in 't vO 00 I> C^ 1> r-H C3^ vO CO '-I CSl t^ tn S C^ S <=> C' ^ -^.^ 0>L,Oit^O^^CS) CO CSl O CSl CSl CO "^ ^ftcs.'-i^coninvo o bO d lU 06 bs^vovoo69incoo6o6vdin2 +-1 ^--i^^vo^csi^^^oocoS vO --I 00 ON O N '^ 'H >-i CO in CO CSI ^ O CO 73 ^ CO ^ i6 NO O ON 00 h- ON in •^ QQ V.W W Ul O O OJ O O --I CO CN ^ T-i KD ^ o in feb O O CM 00 CO ^ >-( CTN O <^. ^ in CO w 00 CO CN CO CN CN CO --I o CSl u CO CSl CN I> C3S "vl- OS d CN vd CN t^ I> d t> in « CN Tj- •-I ^ CJN COo •c u ^-^.^^^CO-^CO^-i-OOvOOO N cC iO^OSCOCNCNOOCNS^n CO --I CN • • • • w ' t^ 00 LO en O0Nin^»OC0NO^vOCN00 OS V d d og o id V V o w 6 6 CO CJ XI ct CO o u o X e 'n ^ 2; 00 en Q Q 0 '" ^ 1 1 X u en 0 U u 0^0 0C O X n a w H CQ U S 0 ^ 2 K 0 0 (X 12; 2 en Total solids (TS) 100ml unfiltered sample was taken on evaporating dish and was allowed to evaporate on water bath. A-B X 1000 Total solids (g l') = V Where, A = Final weight of the dish B = Initial weight of the dish V = Volume of the sample taken Total dissolved solids (TDS) 100ml filtered sample was taken in an evaporating dish and allowed to evaporate on water bath. A - B X 1000 TDS (g 1-1) = V Where, A = Final weight of the dish B = Initial weight of the dish V = Volume of the sample taken Total suspended solids (TSS) These were determined by calculating the difference between the total solids and total dissolved solids. TSS (g 1-1) = TS - TDS Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) It was determined with the help of pH meter. The pH meter was adjusted before use with standard buffer of known pH. Dissolved oxygen (DO)/Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Different volumes of the samples were placed in BOD bottles (250ml) to get several dilutions of the samples to obtain the required depletions ranging between 0.1 and 1.0%. These bottles were filled with DDW, stoppered and one set of bottles was incubated for 5 days in an incubator maintained at 20''C and in other set, dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined immediately by adding 2ml manganous sulphate solution (Appendix, p.ii), followed by 2ml alkali iodide azide reagent (Appendix, p.i), by means of graduated pipette by dipping its end well below the surface of the liquid. The 41 BOD bottles were stoppered and mixed well by inverting. The bottles were allowed to stand till the precipitate settled half way, leaving clear supernatant above the manganese hydroxide flakes. The stopper was removed and 2ml H2SO4 wa.s immediately added. Each bottle was restoppered and the contents were mixed by gentle inversion until dissolution was complete. 200ml sample was taken in 500ml conical flask and then 2ml starch indicator (Appendix, p.iv) was added and titrated against 0.025N sodium thiosulphate solution (Appendix, p.iv) till the disappearance of blue colour. The reading of the sodium thiosulphate used up was indicative of DO of the sample in mg l-i. BOD was calculated using the following relationship D1-D2 BOD (mg 1-1) = P where, Di and D2 are the DO of the diluted samples, 15 minutes after the preparation of the sample and after 5 days of incubation respectively and P is the decimal fraction of the sample used. Chemical OTcygen demand (COD) 0.4g mercuric sulphate was placed in a refluxing flask and 20ml sample was added. Both were mixed well and 10ml 0.25N potassium dichromate solution was added followed by 30ml sulphuric acid and small amount of silver sulphate. A blank was run using distilled water. These were subjected to reflux for two hours, cooled and then diluted to about 100ml DDW. The contents were titrated against O.IN ferrous ammonium sulphate solution (Appendix, p.ii). A-B X N X 8,000 COD (Mg I-i) = ml sample where, A = ml ferrous ammonium sulphate used for blank titration B = ml ferrous ammonium sulphate used for sample titration N = normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution Calcium 50ml ground water/wastewater sample was taken in conical flask and neutralized with acid. It was boiled for 1 minute and then cooled. 2ml IN 42 sodium hydroxide solution was added to maintain the pH at 12-13. After the addition of 1-2 drops of ammonium purpurate indicator (Appendix, p.i), it was titi-ated slowly with O.OIM, EDTA and calculated as follows, A X B X 400.8 Ca (mg 1-1) = ml sample where, A = ml titration for sample B = mg CaCOa equivalent to 1.0ml EDTA titrant at the calcium indicator end point Total hardness 50ml ground water/wastewater sample was taken in conical flask and 1ml ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer solution was added. After the addition of lOOmg Erichrome Black T indicator it was titrated againsc O.OIM, EDTA solution. ml EDTA used x 1000 Hardness as mg l-i CaCOa = ml sample Magnesium It was estimated from EDTA and hardness titration (taken from total hardness estimation). Mg (mg 1-1) = Total hardness (as mg CaCOa 1"') - calcium hardness X 0.244 (as mg CaCOj 1-') Chloride riOml sample was taken in a flask and 2ml potassium chromate indicator was added. It was titrated against 0.02N silver nitrate solution. (mlxN) of AgNOax 1000x35.5 Chloride (mg l-i) ml sample Potassium The estimation of potassium was carried out directly with flame photometer at 768nm using appropriate filter and a standard curve by taking concentrations of potassium. A stock solution of 1,000 ppm K was prepared by dissolving 1.908g KCl in 1 litre DDW. From the stock solution 43 aliquots were diluted in 50ml volumetric flasks with ammonium acetate solution to give 10 to 40 ppm of K. These were read with the help of flame photometer after setting zero for the blank at 100 for 40 ppm K. The curve was obtained by plotting the readings against the different concentrations (10, 15 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppm) of K. Sodium Sodium was also estimated flame photometrically at 589nm using the specified filter and standard curve by taking known concentrations of sodium salt. For standard curve 5.845g sodium chloride was dissolved in DDW and the volume maintained at 1 litre. This gave 100 meq 1 > of Na. From this stock solution, dilutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 meq Na l-i were prepared. Plotting the flame photometer readings on Y-axis against concentrations of sodium on X-axis drew a curve. The concentration of sodium in the unknown sample was read from the curve. Phosphate To 100ml sample containing not more than 0.2mg phosphorus and free from colour and turbidity, 0.05ml phenolphthalein indicator was added. Sample turned pink, strong sulphuric acid solution (Appendix, p.iv) was added drop-wise to discharge the colour. Smaller sample was taken and diluted to 1,000ml with DDW. After discharge of the pink colour with acid, 4ml of 2.5% ammonium molybdate reagent (Appendix, p.i) was added. After 10 minutes the colour was measured with the help of spectrophotometer at 690nm and comparison with the calibration curve was made, using DDW blank. mgP X 1,000 P (mg 1-1) = ml sample Sulphate In a conical flask 100ml sample was taken and 5ml conditioning reagent was mixed. The contents of the flask were stirred for one minute on magnetic stirrer and small amount of barium chloride was added during stirring. It was then read at 420nm with the help of spectrophotometer. Standard sulphate solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1479g sodium sulphate in DDW, making the volume 1 litre. From this 0-40mg l' dilutions 44 were prepared at the intei-val of 5mg l-i. A standard curve was prepared by plotting the readings for each duration using spectrophotometer. Nitrate nitrogen First nitrate standard was prepared in the range of 0.1 to l.Omg 1 ' N by diluting 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10ml standard nitrate solution to 10ml with DDW. Residual chlorine in the sample was removed by adding 1 drop sodium arsenite solution for each O.lOmg CI and mixed. One drop was added in excess to 50ml portion. For colour development, numbers of reaction tubes were set in wire rack. To each tube 10ml sample was added. The rack was placed in cool water bath and 2ml NaCl solution was mixed well. Then 10ml H2SO4 was added and cooled. 0.5ml sulphanilic acid solution (Appendix, p.iv) was added and the tubes swirled to mix and then placed in water bath at not less than 95°C. After 20 minutes, it was taken out and cooled in a cold-water bath. Reading was taken against a reagent blank at 410nm. Standard curve was prepared from the absorbance values of the standard run together with the samples and correlated by subtracting their 'sample blank' values from their final absorbance values. The concentration of NO..-N was read directly from the standard curve. Ammo^iia nitrogen For the estimation of ammonia nitrogen, first preliminary distillation was performed. 500ml ammonia free water was added to 20ml borate buffer and the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with 6N sodium hydroxide solution (Appendix, p.iv). A few glass beads were added and the mixture was used to steam out the distillation apparatus until the distillate showed no traces of ammonia. For ammonia nitrogen content of less than lOOpg 1', volume of 4 litres was used. Residual chlorine was removed in the sample by adding dechlorinating agent, 25ml borate buffer was added and the pH was adjusted to 9.5 with 6N NaOH, using pH meter. Distillation of sample was done. The steaming out flask was disconnected and the sample was immedii^tely transferred to the distillation apparatus. It was distilled at the rate of 6 to 10ml minute-i with the tip of delivering tube submerged. The distillate was collected in 500ml flask, containing 50ml boric acid solution. At least, 300ml distillate was collected. It was diluted to 500ml with ammonia free water. 100ml sample was taken in 500ml kjeldhal flask with 45 ammonia free distilled water and diluted to 250ml. Again, it was distilled as before with few pieces of paraffm added to the distillation flask and 100ml distillate was collected. Ammonia in the distillate was titrated against standard 0.02N H2SO4 titrant until the indicator turned to pale lavender. A blank was run through all the steps of the procedure. (A - B) X 280 Ammonia N (mg 1-') = ml of sample where, A = ml H2SO4 titration for sample B = ml H2SO4 titration for blank Carbonate and bicarbonate Estimation was done following the method of Richards (1954). 50ml water sample was taken in a clear flask. To this, 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added. The appearance of pink colour indicated the presence of carbonate. Then, it was titrated against 0.0IN sulphuric acid till the solution turned colourless. To the above solution, 2 drops of methyl orange indicator were added. It was again titrated against 0.0IN H2SO1 till the colour changed from yellow to rose red. This indicated the bicarbonate presence. 1000 (a) carbonate (meq l-i) = 2Y x normality of H2SO4 x ml aliquot = 2Yx 2 1000 (b) bicarbonate (meq l-i) = (Z - 2Y) x normality of H2SO4 x ml aliquot where, Y = reading of burette for the titration of carbonate Z = reading of burette for the titration of bicarbonate 3.7 Biometric observations For investigating the comparative effect of TPPW/GW and coal fly ash under inoculated conditions, observations were carried out at vegetative, flowering, fruiting and at harvest stages. 3.8 Growth characteristics The following growth characteristics were observed using standard 46 methods 1. Shoot length plant-1 2. Shoot fresh weight plant-i 3. Shoot dry weight plant' 4. Leaf number plant' 5. Leaf area plant-' 6. Root length plant-' 7. Root fresh weight plant-' 8. Root dry weight plant-' 9. Nodule number plant-' For assessing dry weight, three plants form each treatment were dried, after taking their fresh weight, in hot air oven at 80"C for two days and weighed. The area of leaves was measured using leaf area meter (LA 211, Systronics, India). For nodule number, whole plant was uprooted with the precaution that the roots or the nodules may not be damaged. Samples were washed gently to wipe away all the adhering foreign particles and the number was carefully counted. 3.9 Physiological parameters Following parameters were studied at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) NRA was estimated by the method of Jaworski (1971). Random samples of leaves from each plant were tal-cen and cut into small pieces. 200mg iresh leaf pieces were weighed and placed in polythene vials. To each, 2.5ml phosphate buffer (O.IM) pH 7.5 (Appendix, p.iii) and 0.5ml potassium nitrate (0.2M) solution (Appendix, p.iii) was added, followed by addition of 2.5ml 5% isopropanol (Appendix, p.ii). Lastly, two drops of chloramphenicol solution were added to avoid bacterial growth in the medium. The vials were incubated for 2 hours in the dark at 30"C. 0.4ml incubated mixture was taken in a test tube to which 0.3ml of TXi sulphanilamide (Appendix, p.iv) and 0.02% N-( 1-Naphthyl)Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride (NED-HCl Appedix, p.ii) were added. The solution was left for 20 minutes for maximum colour development. It was diluted to 5ml with DDW and optical density was read at 540nm using spectrophotometer. A blank consisting of 4.4ml DDW 47 and 0.3ml each of sulphanilamide and NED-HCl, was used simultaneously for comparison. Standard curve was plotted by taking known graded dilutions of sodium nitrate from a standard aqueous solution of this salt. The op.leal density of the samples was compared with the calibrated curve and NRA was expressed as ^mol NO2 g-'h' fresh leaf tissue. Net photosynthetic rate Photos3mthetic rate was measured in fully expanded leaf of plant using Li-COR 6200, portable photosynthetic system (Lincoln, NE, USA) with Ca=0.33m mol CO2 mol-i (330\i\L-^), taking care to use leaves of more or less the same age for both control and treated plants. Each observation was replicated twice and the representative data was recorded. All the measurements were made on cloudless clear days between 11:00 and 12:00 solar time. Chlorophyll estimation ii was estimated following the method of Mac Kinney (1941). Fresh leaves (lOOmg) were homogenised in mortar with sufficient quantity of 80"A, acetone. The extract was filtered and supernatant collected in the volumetric flask. The process was repeated thrice and each time supernatant was collected in the same flask. Finally the volume was made up to 10ml with 80% acetone. 5ml sample of chlorophyll extract was transferred to a cuvette and the absorbance was read at 645 and 663nm on spectrophotometer. The following equation given by Arnon (1949) was adopted to calculate the total chlorophyll contents. V Total Chlorophyll (mg gi) = [20.2 (D645) + 8.02 (D663)] x 1000 X W where, V = total volume of the solution (ml) W = weight of the tissue (g) used for the extraction of the pigments 3.10 Leaf analysis Healthy leaves were collected at different samplings stages for the estimation of N, P and K contents. Oven dried leaves from each treatment and replication were powdered with mortar and pestle and passed through 72mm mesh sieve. The powder was stored in small polythene bags with identification. 48 Digestion of leaf samples The leaf powder was oven dried before digestion and 50mg powder from each replicate was transferred to 50ml kjeldhal flask to which 2ml sulphuric acid was added. The contents of the flask were heated on temperature-controlled assembly for about 2 hours to allow complete reduction of nitrates present in the plant material. As a result, the contents of the flask turned black. After cooling the flask for about 15 minutes, 0.5ml 30% H2O2 was added drop by drop and the solution was heated again till the colour changed from black to light yellow. Again after cooling for 30 minutes, an additional 3 drops of 30% H2O2 were added, followed by heating for another 15 minutes. The process was repeated till the contents of the flask turned colourless. The peroxide digested material was transferred from Kjeldhal flask to 50ml volumetric flask with three washings of DDW. The volume of the flask was made up to the mark. This peroxide digested material was used for the estimation of N, P and K contents. Estimation of nitrogen Nitrogen was estimated according to Lindner (1944). 10ml aliquot of the peroxide digested material was taken in 50ml volumetric flask. To this, 2ml 2.5N sodium hydroxide was added which neutralized the excess of acid and 1ml 10% sodium silicate solution was added which prevented the turbidity. The volume of the solution was made up to the mark. In 10ml graduated test tube, 5ml of this solution was taken and 0.5ml Nessler's reagent (Appendix, p.iii) was added. The final volume was made up to 10ml with DDW. The contents of the test tube were allowed to stand for 5 minutes for maximum colour development. Then the solution was transferred to colorimetric tube and optical density was read at 525nm. For standard curve of nitrogen, 50mg ammonium sulphate was dissolved in 1 litre DDW. From this solution, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0ml was pipetted in 10 different 10ml graduated test tubes. The solution in each test tube was diluted to 5ml. In each test tube 0.5ml Nessler's reagent was added and the final volume was made up to the mark. After five minutes, the optical density was read at 525nm. A blank was run with each set of determination. Standard curve was plotted using different concentrations of ammonium sulphate solution versus optical density and with the help of this standard 49 curve; the amount of nitrogen present in the sample was determined. Estimation of phosphorus The method of Fiske and Subba Row (1925) was adapted. 5ml aliquot was taken in lOmI graduated test tube and 1ml molybdic acid reagent (2.5'X) Appendix, p.ii) was carefully added followed by the addition of 0.4ml 1- amino-2 naphthol-4-sulphonic acid (Appendix, p.i). To this content volume was made up to 10ml. The solution was shaken for 5 minutes for maximum colour development and subsequently transferred to colorimetric tube. The optical density was read at 620nm. A blank was run simultaneously for standard curve of phosphorus 351mg monobasic dihydrogen orthophosphate was dissolved in sufficient DDW to which 10ml ION H^SO^ was added and the final volume was made to 1000ml. From this solution 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0ml was taken in ten different graduated test tubes. The solution in each test tube was diluted to 5ml. In each tube, 1ml molybdic acid reagent and 0.4ml l-amino-2-naphthol-4- sulphonic acid was added and the final volume was made up to 10ml. After 5 minutes, optical density was read at 620nm. A blank was run with each set of determination. Standard curve was plotted using different dilutions of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate solution versus optical density. With the helv. of the standard curve, the amount of phosphorus present in the sample was determined. Estimation of potassium It was estimated with the help of flame photometer. 10ml aliquot was taken and read by using the filter for potassium. A blank was also run side by side with each set of determination. The readings were compared with calibration curve plotted using known dilutions of standard potassium chloride solution. For standard curve for potassium 1.91g potassium chloride was dissolved in 100ml DDW, of which 1ml solution was diluted to 1000ml. The resulting solution was of 10 ppm potassium. From this 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10ml solution was transferred to 10 vials separately. The solutior in each vial was diluted to 10ml. The diluted solution of each vial was run separately. A blank was also run with each set of determination. Standard curve was prepared using different dilutions of potassium chloride solution versus readings on the scale of galvanometer. The amount of 50 potassium present in sample was determined with the help of standard curve. 3.11 Yield characteristics For this, again three plants from each treatment were collected at the time of harvest, i.e. when the crop attained physiological maturity. Following yield characteristics were observed, 1. Pod number plant-i 2. Pod length plant-1 3. Seed number pod-i 4. Biomass plant-1 5. Pod weight plant-' 6. 1,000 seed weight 7. Seed 5deld plant-i 8. Harvest index (%) T'otal seeds threshed out of dried plant samples of each treatment were cleaned and allowed to dry under the sun for few hours and the weight was recorded to complete the seed yield. Total biomass was recorded after drying the entire plant in the sun to make the weight constant. While for harvest index it was computed after dividing the seed yield by biomass and expressed in percentage Seed yield Harvest index (%) = x lOO Biomass 3.12 Seed analysis The seeds collected at harvest were chemically analysed for the protein contents. The seed samples of each treatment were dried and ground to fine powder and passed through a 72mm mesh sieve. The powder was stored in the polythene bags with proper identification. Before analysis, these samples were kept at 80° C in an oven overnight. Estimation of total proteins The method of the Lowry et al. (1951) was followed. 50mg oven dried seed powder was transferred in glass-centrifuged tube, to which 5ml of 5'M, trichloroacetic acid was added. The solution was allowed to stand for 30 minutes at room temperature with thorough shaking for the complete 51 precipitation of the proteins. The material was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. 5ml of IN sodium hydroxide was added to the residue and mixed well. It was left for 30 minutes on water bath at 80°C so that all the precipitated proteins may completely get dissolved. After cooling for 15 minutes, the mixture was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatant, containing protein fraction together with three washings with IN NaOH was collected in 25ml volumetric flask. Volume was made up to the mark with IN NaOH and used for the estimation of proteins. 1ml sodium hydroxide extract was transferred to 10ml test tube and 5ml reagent-B (Appendix, p.iii) was added. The solution was mixed well and allowed to stand for 10 minutes at room temperature. 0.5ml Folin phenol reagent (Appendix, p.ii) was added rapidly with immediate mixing. The blue colour developed and was left for 30 minutes for maximum colour development. Absorbance of this solution was read at 660nm. A blank containing DDW, reagent-B and Folin phenol reagent was simultaneously run with each sample. The protein contents were calculated by comparing the optical density of each sample with calibration curve plotted by taking known graded dilutions of standard solution of Bovine serum albumin (Fraction-V) and the seed protein contents were expressed in terms of percentage on dry weight basis. Standard curve for total proteins 50mg bovine serum albumin (Fraction-V) was dissolved in 50ml DDW, of which 10ml solution was diluted to 50ml. 1ml of this solution, contains 200Mg protein. From this 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0ml solution was transferred to 5 test tubes separately. The solution in each test tube was diluted to 1ml with DDW. A blank of 1ml DDW was also run with each set of determination. 5ml reagent-B to each tube including blank was mixed well and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. To this solution 0.5ml Folin phenol reagent was added and mixed well and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Blue colour developed and was read at 660nm. 52 r^r Cfiapter-4 ^mmtd^ts Contents Experimental Results Page no. 4.1 Experiments I and II (pooled analysis of the data) 53 4.1.1 Growth parameters 53 4.1.2 Physiological parameters 58 4.1.3 Yield parameters and quality 61 4.2 Experiments III and rv (pooled analysis of the data) 65 4.2.1 Growth parameters 65 4.2.2 Physiological parameters 69 4.2.3 Yield parameters and quality 72 4.3 Experiments V and VI (pooled analysis of the data) 74 4.3.1 Growth parameters 74 4.3.2 Physiological parameters 78 4.3.3 Yield parameters and quahty 80 Experimental results In this chapter pooled data of the two varieties in Experiments I and II (2000), III and IV (2001) and V and VI (2002) are briefly written with the aim to study the use of thermal power plant wastewater (TPPW) and coal fly ash (FA) along with different combinations of nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilizers. 4.1 Experiment I (PDM-11) and II (PDM-54) pooled analysis 4.1.1 Growth parameters r.'ine growth parameters were recorded at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. Only the significant data are briefly explained. 4.1.1.1 Shoot length plant i TPPW proved better for this leguminous crop as it enhanced 14.19'X), 14.21% and 12.02% shoot length over GW in case of PDM-11. PDM-54 however, registered comparatively less value but even this cultivar recorded an increase of 8.10%, 7.99% and 7.53% over GW (Table 10). This parameter increased up to fruiting stage in both varieties. Response of two varieties differed significantly under wastewater. Thus, TPPW^PDM-ll recorded an increase of 34.93%, 34.21% and 29.31% over TPPWxPDM-54. Similarly under GW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 27.73%, 26.90% and 24.12% over PDM-5^. In coal fly ash (FA) nitrogen combinations, FA20N15 proved optimum for variety PDM-11 at all the samplings but for PDM-54 the same treatment proved optimum at vegetative and fruiting stages while at flowering stage FA20N20 proved best and it showed an increase of 56.55'X), 56.61'K) and 33.60% over FAoNo when applied to PDM-11 while the same treatment registered an increase of 38.58% and 33.66'X) when interacted with PDM-54 at vegetative and fruiting stages respectively while FA20N20 proved best and increased 40.46% over FAoNo in case of PDM-54 at flowering stage. Optimum dose of nitrogen (N15) when given to the crop with various concentrations of coal fly ash (FAio, FA20 and FA40) performed differently. FA20N15 proved better than FA10N15. On the other hand FA40N15 decreased the shoot length in comparison to other treatments although it also increased the length when compared with control in both varieties. TPPWXFA20N15 when interacted with PDM-11 gave an increase of 44.95% and 24.72% over PDM-54 at vegetative 00 IT) in CM CM ^ CO N r-l 1-\ t^ in 00 0 00 in t-- 00 CTN VO IS 0 ID in CO f-H i-H ^ 0 vO vD in ^ ^ ON CO VO 00 CO ^ in 0 0 0 CM CO CO "t 0 0 0 CM CO CO 't -^ CM CO in IS t^ 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 rH 0 0 U X X CQ 0 0 CQ CQ 0 0 CQ DQ 0 0 CQ XXX XXX X X X X X < m < 0 < CQ < < m < 0 < CQ < < DQ < 0 < m < 0 CO CO CM 0 CO 00 VD 00 00 0 CO CM 0 in CM 0 vO . CM VO ON 1- CO in 0 00 ts 0^§ CN CM n CN CM ID VD -* in t^ t~~ i/i rt CS VD CTi CM CM N CO rH CM t^ 00 rH ON rH 0 VO 0 ON in 0 ^ ts 1—1 I> VD rH CM I-H 0 * CO 00 N 0 0 o\ vD VD CO in 0 00 01 -i-j CO in -^ ^ in CO VD 0 00 ri- VO 00 01 Is •* CO •I-' C CM CM in vo in in ^ in 00 ON IS N 00 CM CM CM ON 111 0 u a .i- H tm II r—( 0 '^l- 00 --1 in VD in f-H in in 0 in vD CM ON VO CTN 00 CO •* i-H CO M- CTi N in 0 rH 0 rH VD 00 00 ^ ON 0 VO 00 n- 0 CL, N CO 0 CJ^ 00 -^ in ts rH VD rH 00 ON 0 CO VD CO 00 in rH CL, CO "^ CM CM CM CO N 00 00 in VO in VO 0 rH 0 00 VO 1-- ON 1-i 1-\ Td f-H T3 •1-1 u ID CTi CM ^0 ^ N CM in 00 in ts VD 00 CO I-H CO CM 00 ON •^ CO CO CO CO cj\ VD in CTl rH CM rf 00 'l- t- 0 ON N VO VD t^ rt > 0 1-, •43 N CO 0 C7^ 00 't t tN I-H m 0 t^ ON 0 CO VO CM 0 VO VO CO •* <* CM CM CM CO N 00 00 in VD in VO 0 rH 0 00 ON 00 ON V 1-\ r^ I-H 6JO rr! 0 X ^ i-H C ^ 0 (N cTi 00 in C^ VD 00 VD rH CTN CO CN ^ 00 VD VO VD CN Xf g VO 00 0 00 0^ CO CO ON vD ts Tl- 10 rH ON CN 0 in in in 00 ,_^ c rH in CO in ^ o^ CO rH t^ 00 CM 0 ON r- 00 CO 0 CN CM S ;3 -M CO CO CO CM CM CM CM vD N vD in in in ON 0 0 Is ON 00 ON 0 u^ rH ' u rt 0 D/l C) CO 01 00 0 CM --I (3^ CM 0 vD in 0 00 CM •* in 0 0 0 in CM 0 II W1 vo CO in .-H CO CO CO 00 0 CO VO cjN in <-* vO ON t^ 0 CO '-* o U 7 a< o 0 •* CO in ^t 00 CM Q\ vD t^ 0 00 t^ vD CO ON CO ON VO 00 -t-J ^ i3 CO CO CO CM CM CM CM VD VO vD in "^ in ON 0 ON Is t^ ts 00 03 13 I-H c 0 0 -M W C Tj -t-J S-! X 00 00 CO * 00 VD in ^ CO ON 0^ in CM in in 00 CN CM CM OJ 0 in cs ^ 0 CM CO CM N ON CM in ON ^ 0 in 00 VD CN in § ON :c3 CN •B 0 'd- CM CO in ^ 00 CM Q\ in 0 00 t^ ON CO VD in Is n -dM ju CO CO CO CM CM CM CM VD VO vD in t in CJN 0 ON N t^ 00 CC ^ TJ 71 I-H vS- § c3 ^ •^ in in CM 0 --I CO VD in vO 00 rH 10 0 CO t^ rH \n lU Tl IH 0 ts rC II « N CO in in rH CO * 0 * b- CM * 00 CO vD I-H 0) I-H N in rl 13 vo 0 00 1—( CO CM in 't rH 0 CO VO * rH CO in CTl Is CM ON ON 0 CM CM in VO O O) CO CM CM CM in "^ "t in 00 ON 00 VO ts VO t^ •l-J Cu O 0 in 0 TJ n 00 VD 0 00 CO rH 00 ID OT in 0 CM CO CTl in CM Is CM m CO 3 0 in 00 in vo CM CM CM t^ CO ts t^ in 't 0 CO CO 00 ^ m 91 0 o V in rH 0 CO 00 in rH 0 CO rH VO 't in 0 CN t^ 't CM (N CM (U II T1 > CM CM CM CM "^ in in •* •* * t-- 00 00 VO VD VD Is feh 3 CQ Iv-I (U 13 u C > -l-> m ,Q CJ i-i c 1) n. 3 IH I-, ^ §> IX 1) OH cu T3 ll 0 f: SO 0^ SO e/} K> n w U-i ^ II 6 3 C 1—( CO < 1—1 P u f—t in in r-H in 1 c J3 2 2 § c 0 2 2 CQ Ct Q Q C3 Q Q (X D a. H a. CL, 2 2 ^ and fruiting stages. Even GWXFA20N15 with PDM-11 recorded an increase of 36.33% and 21.81% over PDM-54 at vegetative and fruiting stages respectively. 4.1.1.2 Shoot fresh weight plant-i TPPW was superior as it increased 12.70%, 12.03'%) and 13.73'M. shoot fresh weight over GW in PDM-11. However, in PDM-54 comparatively less increase 8.01%, 8.14% and 8.02% was noted over control (Table 11). There was consistent increase in this parameter from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. TPPW responded differently with both varieties. Therefore, TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 57.61%, 23.42% and 17.44'%) over TPPWxPDM-54. While under GW, PDM-11 recorded an increase of 51.05'M., 19.14% and 11.54% over PDM-54. Regarding the coal fly ash-nitrogen combination, FA20N15 was optimum as it was at par with FA'ioNio and it showed an increase of 37.24%, 54.59% and 49.40'/o over FAoNo when given to PDM-11 but in case of PDM-54 the same treatment registered less increase for the two varieties as it registered an increase of 36.0I'M), 35.28'K) and 36.08% over FAoNo at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages respectively. Like shoot length, N15 increased the shoot fresh weight with all the concentrations of fly ash and FA20N15 proved better than FAioNr, and FA40N15 at all growth stages. FA40N15 decreased this parameter at all the growth stages studied. 4.1.1.3 Shoot dry weight plant-^ \vastewater enhanced it by 12.75'M), 14.22'M) and 13.14'M) over GW in PDM-11 and PDM-54 recorded comparatively less increase of 8.07'M), 8.23'V;) and 8.10% over control (Table 12). Continuous increase in this parameter was also noted from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. Response of two varieties differed significantly under TPPW. Therefore, TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 27.01%, 20.50% and 17.76'X) over TPPWxPDM-54. Similarly under GW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 21.73'X), 14.18'M) and 12.51% over PDM-54. Among interactions, FA20N15 proved optimum for both the varieties being at par with FA20N20 as it increased shoot dry weight by 50.29%, 52.42% and 31.97% over FAoNo when applied to PDM-11 but the same treatment gave an increase of 39.16'M), 36.24'X) and 35.49'M) with PDM-5-r. With all the concentrations of fly ash, optimum dose of nitrogen 54 o CO -H CM CO ON t-~ ^ ON 00 CO iH CO o (N in in ^ ON 00 CO c/2 O CM CO CO CM CO \D o O O r-H 2 2 CN O i-H <^^ 2 2 I-H I-H 1-H CNI CO CO t +H O o o O O o o o o o o o o o O O o c CC o O O o X X X s PD O O CQ m o o m CQ O O DQ M X X X X X XXX X X X X 55 < CQ < O < DQ < < m < o < Da <: < CQ < O < CQ < c VO CO CO CM rH N CO s2; ^iu o •I-' ID 00 ^ 00 I-H O CN 00 f-H o f-H o II CC 00 rt in ^ in IS o t- 00 n- 10 I-H •-H CN| I-H CO CO CM CO 2 t a3 cS N cNi t~- in 00 iH CTi VO 00 •-' O "-I rt- 01 CN CO N in ^ in in b/) ^ in ^ ^ o T)- tS I-H iH iH VO ts ON 00 CM oD 00 cn t> ^ o\ --I N CJv 00 N 00 is CO ON •* I-H ON 00 o •^ H VO 1> N •^ in rj- VD CM CO CO O) CM CM CO a i5 O 00 CO -H in 00 O ON CO N o o +j CO 0\ --1 t- t~- t> 0\ CM a CO >£) O 00 O ^ CO en * t^ o o --I in N 00 00 x VD t-- t^ •* ID rf VD 00 00 N 00 ON "4- ^ N CTi 00 o si W) f-H 1—1 1-H f-H I-H 1-H I-H CM CO CO CM CM CM CO <<-u( ^ r-H ON o in 00 N t^ JH ^ -^ CTi CO O O) O \o in N ro o o ^ M CTi 00 CO CS VO rf •^ CO ON CO VO ON •^ CO rl- CM rt CO CO U in vo ^ 't •* ^ in in N vo in in in o> N ^ kO in kO tu^ f-H r-H I-H I-H 1-H I-H I-H CM CNI CN| CN CM CM CM +-J o u II o CN I-H CO CM CM CJN CM f-H iH o iH vD HH -C VO t^ t^ ^ •^ 00 CN 00 CO »-H N CO in 00 c>i CO 00 CM S CO tA OI Is t^ (N o vo in o i> o) CO VD in CJN 00 --1 N CM ON CM in CO kO M •0 Cl W) 00 o^ 00 in vo in N CM I-H -H f-H CM CO -^ CO CO CO CO CO •V4 V •a ^ a o a! •* ^ w ^ 1^ U Si •3 in JO VO 00 CTv tt O o) a^ CTi 00 N- O- VO CM CO ^ •sl- 00 " cC w c« p 00 CM O 0) ^ t> in CM ON iH rH kO t- (N O «D ^ ON t^ (N d c^ l^ < ri ^ »^ 00 cjN 00 in in in N CO '£) in N CJN OO f-i t^ CM ON CM in CO kD S^ i; H (U O I) CN O) CM I-H f-H rt CM CO '^^ CO CO CO CO CO •0 a ^ ^ ii vi ? J3 "o E * CO ON o 00 ON CJN in "H 00 (J\ CO VD h- S -0 « +j 1-. CO •^ -* oi t^ o oi I-H N f-H kO ^ vO CO CNI CO 0 00 in ^ co CC- !^ PH N N CN 00 -I O VD ON CN f-H in ID VO 00 CO r^ in 00 o ON CM ^ 13 s-g^ t- 00 00 •4- in in vo rH CM CM f-H I-H rH I-H CO CO CO CM CO CM CO "— 0 U -^ -u S o 1- d -H CM (N O CN JD ^ CM lO ON CM CO 00 CO in ^ o o 00 ON * o " kO O CO ^ CO * iH t^ VD v£l --I 00 --I CT> in in in o o CT» f-H ,-H o o N 00 00 "4- in rl- VD o in kO kO 00 CM kO '^ 00 o ON f-H CM Ol 1-H f-H f-H ^H CO CO CO CM CO CM CO a. ^i- t 13 ci B T3 i£) VO ^ 'I- 00 i-i CTi N O 00 K CO 00 N ON CO •d- in in ON JH (U O 1^ s in in o N o CTi n- CO t^ in •* in o CM CO CM CO o o o vD ON f-H o in NO NO 00 CM 10 • 6 IH « cuC H •d CO in '^ VO t^ CM 00 CM I-H Ol I-H f-H vO CTi VD •^ in ^ CM 00 Ol fC II C t^ 4.1.1.5 Leaf area plants Like leaf number, wastewater irrigation also increased the leaf area up to 13.78%, 14.08% and 14.17% over GW in case of PDM-11 while in PDM-54 It was 8.35%, 8.66% and 8.12% over control (Table 14). Leaf area increased up to rne flowering stage. Response of two varieties differed significantly under the wastewater. Therefore, TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 14.26%, 16.10% and 17.99% over TPPWxPDM-54. Similarly under GW, 8.81%, 10.59% and 11.74%. FA20N15 combination again proved optimum for both the cultivars being at par with FA20N20. With all the concentrations of coal fly ash optimum dose of nitrogen (N15) increased this parameter also. On 55 00 en y3 00 as 0 ^ ^ Is t-~ in 00 ON in CO CN 01 00 ON I-H ON CN in VD OJ o CO CO in o o ON 0 rj- CO ^ CO f-i rt .-1 OJ 0 0 0 I-H CN CN CO 0 0 0 o o o f-H CN 01 q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 6 d ci d CD d CD 0 O 0 X X X m 0 0 CQ CQ o o m m 0 0 CQ XXX X XXX X X X X < m C 00 CO OJ 00 CO o in 00 00 in N- OJ CO 0 00 .-H O) 00 CO in ^ CN ON o 00 o ON q * I-H CN I-H 00 0 OJ in CO ON 00 ^ d CO oJ vcj ON ts d IS CO 0 CN in CO ts 01 01 CN I—* rt rH CN CO d CO CO CO CN OJ 01 CO CO ^ CO CO CO 11^ I-H a vD 00 CN 00 VD 00 OJ CN CO CO t^ VD OJ CJN ts in VO 00 !i (L> 0 ^ vD OJ in 0 •-H 00 O 00 O ON ON CO 0 f-H CO I-H t^ ON OJ m CO CTi 00 --I O CO CN VD CJN t^ ON t^ CO 0 OJ in CO VD C 0 f-H ^ rt (N CO CO CO CN (N 01 Ol 01 01 01 CO XT CO CO CO CO „ ^ a < UH 03 -i- CO CTi I> ^ * VD N N 01 --H CN f-H CN 01 f-H CN t^ 0 CO 6 -1 0 N cn Is * CO 00 I-H VD Tf vD Xi in ^ ^ vq ON OJ ^ CO •-; t/1 OJ 0^ OJ 0 N VD 00 CN t~- ON I-H 0 01 -1 OJ CN •-H f-H I—1 f-H VD ON t^ in K vd N co CO CO CN CO CO CO rt A Ol 01 CN CN OJ OJ OJ >> H c II * -1 CO 0 -^l- N 0 OJ in -^ CO o VD in OJ ^ OJ t^ 0 ^ 00 cC f$ OJ y3 00 N N VD ON CO f-H rt o in 00 CO CO CO OJ 00 0 vD (J IS -H I-H 0 en 0 CN -1 in CTi VD CO f-H ^ CN t^ ON ts CO 00 0 vD OH CN CO OJ 01 OJ 01 CO OJ CO ^ 'd- CO CO CO CO * m in T3 H •a CO 00 N 00 0 OJ in in f-H 00 ts OJ O ON Vi VD t-- ts I-H in 00 OJ "7 tfl rH in CO N t^ in DC OJ CN > 00 CO q q ON in Is tin CN 01 ON vD 03 •a c^ 0 OJ --H in ON N CO 00 I-H ON vD CS CO OJ 01 01 OJ o! vd CO f-J CO oi t^ •*3 CO CO r|- OJ '^ in in 60 V 3 IC O 't 'T CO CO CO CO u X ^ C > CO CN 00 OJ 0 rH ^ ON in 'H 00 in o 00 00 00 CO 0 CN in T3 0 0 CO 01 VD ON f-H co ts in •*•*•* o 01 00 0 Is CO 0 in - C CO N in 00 ON 00 OJ CO t^ in Is ON 00 CN I-H \Q CO VD m ON 13 § OJ OJ CM 1—( rt ^ CN 01 01 CN CO CO CO CO CO z. 0 CO CO CO ' i-i M 0 01 CM 01 CO 0 IS •;^ o VD CO ON o in ON 00 CO VD vD 0 CO ON 0 II CO rH ^ f- N CO I-H CN f-H f-H I-H I-H CTi t-~ CO CN VD * CO 0\ 00 -H CO kO 00 OJ VD "t Is ON 00 ^ ON Tt OJ CO in '^ 00 ^ 03 OJ OJ 01 ^ rH 01 CO CO CO CN CN CN CO CO ^ CO CO CO CO c 0 t>. f-i (j\ ^ m a\ 0^ ^ CNi ts CO in CJN CO O CM NO i-H o <0 NO 00 CO in --H o in in CM ON •-I '1- t^ O CO NO N N 't in in o TO jj ^ OJ CO CTi O CTi VD CO CM N O CO ^ * in CO ON f-H N * CM •^ 00 vo CO >n •^ in Is cj ON in ON K 00 rt- ON NO Ol •^ CO in ^ CM CN CM CM CM tN CM CO ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ CO CM t> O 0\ * NO O Ol ON 1-H in Is NO Ol o ^ Is t 00 CM O C^ * ^ o CO CM CO Ol CO OJ NO CO o CO 00 o o (N CTi ^ 00 (Ti CTi in o CM NO ON ON rt o CO CM 00 o N 'f I-H c 1 "i- N vD CO in VD CM C^N CO O tN CO Is CO vn CO ^ CM <3^ CM 'H CM CO in •^ 00 O CO ^ CM b- •* CO •* o CM ^ ON in 00 O CM »-i I-H Is t CM H ^ O VO CO O VO CO CO O Ol "-I NO NO NO 00 CM NO C5N in rH co I-H CO N in 00 o oi CM ON in CM NO ^ ON NO CO ON 00 CM o in ^ CO CO CO CM CO CM CO in in in * ^ rf 'i- ^ in CO •t t Z. 0- •ago I ^ ^ VD * in N •-' ON C^ ON o o 00 in b- 00 rt CO t^ t^ CJN CO o VO CJ •^ --I vO CO •* M|CO 00 ^ •* 00 NO CO NO *-< 00 ON NO CO I-H CTi 00 --1 O yD CO CM .-H VO 00 •^ I-H CO I-H 00 ON ON in in in IS AH dJ CM Is in 00 O ON CM 00 M- CM NO •D- ON NO CO ON 00 CM o in ^ a E CO CO CO Ol CO CM CO o in in in ^ 't 1- "t 't in ^ CO '^ ^ 't ^'1 V 8 ^ fc ^ ^ O J- fe CO rj- CTi t^ ^ in in vD t-- CTN 00 't N NO IS CM O I—1 in o o .- 4-. C ^ CM OI t«- NO Is N ts in m o CM -sT CO CM •-I rf 00 ON I-H in NO jH U O CM ts •* NO CM ^ ON .-H O '-' N "-I CT> in N O CO N I-H ON I-H O CM 10 't Ol CO CJN in in o •-< 00 'd- Ol CM 00 in IS o 00 N 5 goj ts o 00 * NO in ^0 •-I NO •^ N ON 00 00 Ol o co NO t t^ a ^ CM CO CM CM CM CN| CM Tj- * rf CO CO CO NO NO ND O "-I --I 00 o in --H ON in o CM O NO NO NO rH ON w ^ -a •!l- 00 •-I NO * O O ON ON ^ NO O in N O 00 NO in I-H t si II C NO Is CM CO O CM O) 00 'J- (JN ^ CM oo CO o NO 00 I-H o 00 CO NO in CM •^ CO •*• o 00 CO NO in NO CO 00 in o CO CM CO ^ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM * CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O JH l<_ d ^ o NO CM 'J- 'J- CO ON rt 00 rt O 00 CM O O -H -sl- CO o ON in '*• «J Cti (U CO N O CM CO N t CM CM 00 i-H ^ > to CN ON NO -H 00 O CO ^ o o CM CO 00 00 in NO CM CO rt N NO ^ ON 00 N -> ON NO N Is 00 ^ •-I 'J- CNl O CM .-H CJ CM K •* rH ^ CM CO ON T}- t-H 00 O CJN o CM CM CM OI CM CN| CNI oi CO CO CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Ol to .3 CQ 13 -^ 1:^ -^ Q- ™ -5. CL ™ a. a, C b c ^^ ^^ 1 V ^ CL, W o OPSOHS o 20 2 OH 20 2 i3 13 " d CO < D a 1-H * r~i ^ t—1 r-i in y-i in r-t i'^n X2 2 S 2 a 2 2 a :s 0) m Q Q Q Q Q Q o, a, D, 0. 2 the hand FA40N15 decreased the leaf area in comparison to other treatments at the three growth stages studied however, even then it was better than control in both varieties. It may be pointed out that TPPW, FA20N15 and PDM- 11 combination may be treated as the best. Among the nitrogen doses NK, was deficient while FA40 dose of fly ash proved deleterious in comparison to FA20. 4.1.1.6 Root length plant-i Like shoot parameters, root parameters were also affected significantly under TPPW. An increase of 13.58%, 14.16% and 14.20'^^. over GW in case of PDM-11 was observed while in PDM-54 the increase was 8.17%, 8.17% and 6.99% over control (Table 15). Marked increase from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties was observed in this parameter. Considering the response of the two varieties under wastewater irrigation, TPPWxPDM-11 combination was 33.20%, 36.91% and 34.63% superior over TPPWxPDM-54. Similarly, under GW, PDM-U showed an increase of 26.86%, 29.72% and 26.13%. Fly ash-nitrogen combination, FA20N15 proved optimum for the two varieties being at par with FA20N20. N15 also increased the root length irrespective of fly ash concentrations. Thus, FA20N15 proved best when compared to FA10N15 and FA40N15. On the other hand FA/ioNir, decreac-^d the root length in comparison to other treatments at all growth stages. 4.1.1.7 Root fresh weight plant-i TPPW recorded better root growth for this crop as it increased 13.79%, 14.81% and 14.12% over GW with PDM-11 while PDM-54 showed an increase of 7.52%, 8.22% and 7.98% over control at the three growth stages respectively (Table 16). Root fresh weight increased gradually with the increase in growth of plant from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 32.00%, 48.80% and 21.47% over TPPWxPDM-54. Likewise, under GW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 24.73%, 40.25% and 14.94% over PDM-54. FA20N20 proved best and showed an increase of 59.69% and 59.52% over FAoNo at vegetative and fruiting stages only while FA20N15 proved optimum and recorded an increase of 63.87'/o over FAoNo with PDM-11 at flowering stage. In case of PDM-54, FA20N20 proved best and registered an increase of 40.85'M), 40.29'yii and 56 o CO vo CJ^ I-H I-H C3N N vo vD vo I-H CO CN i-H in CO CO CO CO 00 CN CO OJ OI CO Ol 01 00 -< CO O o o I-H CN CS ;Z, -H O ^H CN CO CO ;z; in ts O -' 2; O I-H f—i o o o o o o O O o O O O o o o c cd O O o o IS X X X O O CQ CQ o o m CQ o o m X XXX X XXX X X X X c <: CQ < O < CQ < < m < o < CQ < < m < o < m < c 00 I-H vo N Ol in -H 00 O -H t^ O 00 CO CO CN ts CN Ov 00 I-H 1/1 CN CO ^ CO cn o o in I-H I-H I-H I-H I-H CO CO CN CN ^ Ol II g I-H o I-H -H 0) rt CO CO 00 N 00 00 00 cji CO vD CN IS O 00 VD CO CO 00 CN CO VD ON I-H N (Jl * Is -H CN IS in -^ CC 4_, -d- VO in IN CO OJ •* CO VD O O Ov OJ t^ CO O CO OJ vo Ol OJ OJ -1 Ol --H CN CO * CO CO CO CO a. ^'^ in CO in CTi (N O --H O 00 vO OI OI in (3N o •^ in in t^ in -H CO t- \0 \D CS (N tN t^ CO 't o in o Ol t-H o o in (N ts in in C/3 00 o CO 00 in 00 ON CN 01 CN OI I-H I-H I-H CN CO CO 00 CN o CN CO CO cd ^ d II 0) O o in VO CO VD o I-H OJ N 00 o --H o o o in c« ID CO vD (Ji CJi Tf CO CN CO CN O ^ in CO t^ o CN o 0^ 0) 1- in 'I- IS o in OI OJ 'I- CO OO VD OJ VD 01 00 in OH I-H o I-H I-H I-H 0) CN CO CO CO CN Ol OI OJ in in ro CO CO '^ c T3 i-H f ^ c« 00 CO in 00 o CO K vD (N CN vo in ^ t-- ^ o > CO crv in 00 (3^ c CO CN 00 •-H OI OI O CO 't CN vO 01 CN in ^ N CN Ol •«»- CO 00 vo CN vo CTi t^ in o I-H o in 5S o I-H cs I-H I-H r-H I-H CO CO CO OJ CN CN OJ in in CO CO CO * ^ CO 'I- "t in o CO CO vo t in CN 00 in in I-H 0\ (N CO .-H vO CTi OJ I-H in t^ i-i vo CO 00 VD Ol CO VD vO I-H I-H CO OJ 00 * vo ts Ol o VD CJV CO Ol in in o --H CO CN vD cti Tl- VD in I-H oi --H CO Ol in N 00 00 ^ vO "-H 01 C3\ I-H O •* o OJ OJ CN I-H r-H I-H OJ CO rf- CO CN CO CO CO CL, o CC l; VO IS CN 00 t-- • 4.1.1.9 Nodule number plant-^ As observed in other parameters in nodule production also TPPW proved superior as it enhanced 13.84%, 14.18% and 13.88% nodules over GW with PDM-11 while 8.12%, 8.15% and 8.28% with PDM-54 (Table 18). It m.ay be pointed out that nodule number increased from vegetative to the flowering stage and decreased at the fruiting stage in both varieties. 57 0^ t> ON 00 t VO in vo •-< 00 vO "-I -^ o o o --I (N m CO O O O (M (N CO CO IS ro CO vo CO CO CO O O O O O 2 2 O O O O O 2 2 o o o o o o o 2 o 2 2 2 in o o o o o c^ o o o cti o o Q o o o « O X X CD O O CQ m u o CQ CQ U O CQ s X XXX X XXX X XXX t.J3 < m < o < CQ < CQ < O < CQ < < m < o < CQ < o 00 N vO O VO CTi 00 VO (M CO 0\ O V •* in o o O -H O -I feb S o o o o CO rH 00 ts (N t^ in K o ^ in ov t- o CO 00 "-I vO VD i-i vO t^ 00 N "4- 'J- -^f ^D CM CO CO CJN O O ^ 00 O CJv vO vO vD 00 I—t .—t O >—t •—' '-' g o o o o o o o rH O O O O O Ml VD N (N ^ in CO N ^ in o CO 00 vD 00 cjv in N 'd- CM 00 ro y3 t^ t^ 'I- ^ ^ in 00 CTi CTi vO VD vO N •-I "5 (M (71 O ON --I Sl o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .-H I-H I-H O »-< O "—< ^ <^ fc cC 00 N CO (Ji O) ^ VD -H (N N in 00 0 00 * VD * O tN I-H in CO o o in ON CJ^ CTv 10 ID vO N 01 CM (N 00 CTv CTi O in in in CM CO CM CO o o o o o o f-H »-( f-t O O O *-* ^ in o N CO o in CK)CJvt--C0CMONvD* en CO I-H VD N Ol - cti oi cji in VO y3 N CM (N 00 00 00 O ^ t-- VO i-i CM OI ^ JS u o o o o o o "-I >-< O O O '-' -H N O CO CM 'J- rH ^ 00 CO 00 VO CM , . c; 00 N in in in VO O '-I O t^ N N CJV f-H I—I t-H O O O O ^ o o o o o o ^-' o So 00 VO CS N C^ 00 O N en CO o in CO oo N ^ -H O CO CN -H o >-i vD CM in ^ in ^ "t 00 ON in CM o in VO VO •'t •^ • o CN •-< t^ in "-i ko t-- vO CM O CO Ol t- .-H vO ON b- vO tN 00 CO rt CN 00 N CO t^ cji vo CO in CTi CQ t^ C3N CM in CM 00 in o CO in * o <-! --I CN 00 ^ O VO t^ t^ 00 ON ^ O N N N CTi § ^ --I CM CM •-< --I "-I 6 g Ti- in in n- o N ^ CM O VD 00 ON CJN CM VD O CO O CM -1 O OJ O --I 00 N Ol t^ ON VD CM "^ 00 ^ N 00 o in CM 00 in o CO in * o --I ^ * •^ CO 00 VD O -^i- in O f-H 00 ON • OH 3i CL ™ -^ tV CL » -^ CL ^ Q. w> ^^ ^^D , ^^ o e= 2 o H ;s OHSO O H 2 O H CO > 00 d 01 CO < D in in in I ^ IS rt u Q Q CQ H DH CL TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 35.27%, 28.56% and 49.18% over TPPWxPDM-54 at the three sampling stages. Similarly, under GW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 28.46%, 21.77% and 41.84% over PDM-54. In fly ash nitrogen combinations FA20N15 proved optimum for both varieties being at par with FA20N20. While in nitrogen treatments N15 performed differently with different concentration of fly ash and it significantly increased the nodules. FA20N15 was more effective than FA10N15 and FA40N15 at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages respectively. Although FA40N15 decreased the said parameter in comparison to other treatments however, it increased the nodules when compared with control in both varieties. Thus, among the factors tested, TPPW, FA20N15 and PDM-11 proved best. 4.1.2 Physiological parameters Physiological parameters were also recorded at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. 4.1.2.1 Leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) TPPW proved beneficial for this leguminous crop as it increased 13.98%, 14.33% and 14.21% as well as 8.18%, 8.01% and 8.39% over GW m PDM-11 and PDM-54 at three stages respectively (Table 19). This parameter increased only up to flowering stage and declined at fruiting stage in both varieties. Response of both varieties differed significantly under the TPPW. Therefore, TPPWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 6.68%, 96.77% and 59.66'X. over TPPWxPDM-54. Similarly, under GW, PDM-11 also showed an increase of 1.25%, 85.90% and 51.52% over PDM-54. FA20N15 proved optimum for both varieties being at par with FA20N20, N15 when given to the crop with different- concentrations of coal fly ash, it performed positively and increased this parameter also. It was noted that FA20N15 showed better effect than FA10N15 and FA40N15. It was also observed that FA40N15 decreased the NRA in comparison to other treatments although it significantly increased the NRA when compared with control in both varieties. Regarding interaction effect TPPWXFA20N15 with PDM-11 recorded an increase of 98.86% and 64.47'M, over PDM-54 at flowering and fruiting stages as well as GWxFA2()Ni5 with PDM-11 86.89% and 55.36% over PDM-54 at flowering and fruiting stages. 4.1.2.2 Total chlorophyll contents TPPW significantly increased the total leaf chlorophyll contents of this 58 "4- IT) ON (Ti CO * VD CM 't in VO * VO VO ^ in CM V (v. vD 00 00 (N CO ON 01 O '^ CM CO CO CN VO CJN o) ro in -^ ^ 00 00 9^2 ^ ON CM CJN CO CO in CO vD VD CM CO CO ^ O O o CO in in f-i o ^ CO in in t-- O O O CO '^l- -^ VD oci o O o o 'n X X X d PQ O O DQ O O O CQ CQ U O CQ 6/) X XXX X XXX X XXX 1/3 < CQ < O < PQ < < DQ < O < CQ < < CQ < O < CQ < c o u OJ oo o 00 vD cTi o in CO oi in oi 2 ON I-H in ^ CO CM VD oo in II N in ON in in o o oo \D ^ N 00 a 00 t b- O NO in CO VD ON CO 00 o ^ in in '0 CO ro 11 I-H 13.82%, 13.89% and 13.71% more photosynthetic rate was observed under wastewater over control in PDM-11 while in PDM-54 it was 7.65'Mi, 8.19% and 7.93% more over GW at all the growth stages (Table 21). Like leaf total chlorophyll contents, rate of photosynthesis also decreased towards the maturity in both varieties. Response of both varieties was different under wastewater as TPPWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 26.08%, 29.67'M) and 60.56% over TPPWxPDM-54. Under GW also PDM-11 performed better than PDM-54 proving the superiority of former variety. Among different coal fly ash-nitrogen combinations; FA20N15 gave the best results being at par with FA20N20 at vegetative and flowering stages while FA20N20 proved best at fruiting stage in PDM-11. N15 increased the rate of photosynthesis with all the concentrations of coal fly ash. It was also observed that FA20N15 proved beneficial than FA\oNi5 and FAAON',5 at vegetative and flowering stages. On the other hand, FA40N15 decreased the photosynthetic rate when compared to 59 O N 01 CO a^ CTi VD CO IN oi 00 CO CO in 01 OI OI N i-i O O i-i •-< "-1 CN oi ^ CN CO in u^ CO o o o o I-H f-H I-H o O O O O O O O o o o o O O O O O O O O O O q q o o q o g o o o o o o o d d d d d di a O O o u X X X 'd d m o o cQ CQ O O CQ CQ O O CQ X XXX XXX X X X X < m < o < CQ < < CQ < O < CQ < < CQ < O < CQ < d o •z u IN in CO t^ \D Cfi o ^ o en V O CO OO CTi CJl •-I VD N N Oi in VO cti CN CN ^ •-I r-H CN i-H r-H .-H 1-H I-H I-H W) 2 CO N CM O O (N VD 00 CO IN in rt V0 01 O) -H CM CN t^ o -^ CO cC ^ CTi CN --1 00 (J\ CO CJ\ 00 q 01 vp N vo 00 VD 00 * vD 10 VO 1—1 O) CN .—1 f-H I—1 f-H .-H r-H I-H I-H ^H I-H •t-i f-H O) •—) i—t »-H »—< •—( '"' !;> -i-dj o (N CTi VO 'J- 00 --I CO CJl ^ OI 00 ^ in 00 VO 00 ^ N I-H 01 a, u o CTv ^ O t^ 00 00 01 i^ q 01 in t^ i£) N in N vO ^ in in in •-I O) CN "-I "-I >-i "-H *-H CM »-H I—( I—I »-H r-H f-H I-H I-H I-H I-H f-H .sl >. <^ a o IN CO O 00 --I in (N in 00 N CO in CJl 00 VO 00 N f-H CM t-- CM IE vD 01 00 in tN ^o ^~ in IN vo <4- in * in CO in ^ CO ^ CO ^ I-H I-H I-H '"' I-H I-H I-H U CO CO i-i O -M OO t^ 00 ^ CJl kO 00 00 IN 00 CO 01 ^ o VD 00 OI Uc\ i 11 O IN .-I CO CN in IN o CO in ^ o CO >-H in CO 00 CJl OO I-H o OH g (N (N (N (N (N CN CN CM OI I—I CM O) CM CM CM CM I-H I-H r-H CM OH ^ d c\i (U O d •a - t« oh 2 OJ (N (N CO CO CO 00 &0 OO m IN ^ in rt CO f-- O VO r-H ^ t- cti o in CJi N I—( CO (N CO t- Oi ^ o CO ^ (U -t a' in CO IN 01 00 O CN CN Oi O) O) CN 1—) CM CM CM oi oi oi --H ^ f-^ oi -d ID (U <. oi d CN O O O X X X O O CQ CQ O O CQ CQ O O CQ mX XXX X XXX X XXX < CQ < O < CQ < < CQ < O < CQ < < CQ < O < Da < u in r-< I-H VD ^ CO I-H t-H O VO t-- CO ^D N O --H CN OJ 1-H ts ON in kO 00 CO in N CN CO OJ CO N 00 rH i-H t—1 I-H I-H I-H I-H 1-H I-H iH (U o CO ON 00 CJN t^ Is VO 00 »—I (N rt- n 00 VD (N OO OJ O VD 00 ^ o 0/3 & 00 00 00 I-H (M N (N Ol I-H rH 00 00 CO t^ * r-l CO CO o ^ o in t^ vD CO 1- CO in •<}• vo in I-H OJ CN CO rH CO OJ N 00 00 o i-H I-H I-H I-H I-H 1-H r-H iH iH 1-H rH 6 I-H I-H I-H (U Cu in vo vD in CO C:^ (N CO CO 00 m in in Ol OJ CO CO iH -^ ^ 00 O 't (N •* CO rl- in 00 OJ 00 00 CO ts iH O 1-H CO t^ in 00 "d ^ .—1 f-( vO ON CO VO I-H ^ O VD CN in C3N OJ in N VO CO •-H t^ vD 00 r-l ON in ts VD 00 00 rH ON * in ^ t^ 'J- VO in C3N O ON Ol I-H OJ "-H I-H rH I-H I-H iH rH iH I-H ,-H o >-< (N --1 t-H I-H I-H I-H X) f- M 5 'O ^D C .id O I-H VO I-H 00 O CO * ON ts I-H t-~ •* O in vO iH i^ (3\ OJ vO 1) O (D O in VO in o) 00 -d- <^ VD •<*• in 'J- OJ 00 t^ VD r-; ^ o in CO 00 S CN N C3N OC) CO "^ • 1^ (N ON VO O CO N I-H •* I-H 00 00 rH O CJN C3N CO iH t^ O ^ t^ CO CO 00 00 N OJ 00 00 t^ N CO Ol 00 O) cti in ts VD CO a. in in in c I ^ D rt Q a Q H a. a. other treatments throughout the growth period. However, it performed better than control. TPPWXFA20N15 when interacted with PDM-11 resulted an increase of 21.90% and 35.34% over PDM-54 while GWXFA20N15 with PDM- 11 recorded an increase of 14.35% and 27.46% over PDM-54. In case of PDM-54, FA20N20 proved best at flowering and fruiting stages while FA20N1-, proved optimum at vegetative stage. FA20N20 recorded an increase of 35.72'Mi and 37.13% over FAoNo. 4.1.2.4 Leaf nitrogen content Nitrogen content was also increased under wastewater in both varieties (Table 22). It may be noted that nitrogen content decreased progressively from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. PDM-11 and PDM-54 responded differently under wastewater. FA20N15 proved optimum at vegetative and flowering stages and it was equalled by FA2oN2() and it recorded an increase of 31.92% and 32.01% over FAoNo with PDM-11 while with PDM-54 FA20N20 proved best and it was 41.91%, 38.66% and 41.60'X, more, over FAoNo at all the three growth stages. FA20N15 proved more effective than FA10N15 at vegetative and flowering stages in PDM-11. TPPW with FA20N15 when interacted with PDM-11 resulted an increase of 6.52'K) over PDM-54 at flowering and TPPW with FA20N2Q and PDM-11 recorded an increase of 28.26% over PDM-54 at fruiting stage while GW with FA20N1-, and PDM-li recorded an increase of 9.83% over PDM-54 at flowering and GW with FA20N20 and PDM-11 recorded an increase of 27.64"/) over PDM-54 at fruiting stage. 4.1.2.5 Leaf phosphorus content Like N content TPPW also proved beneficial as it increased 10.86'X), 13.04% and 11.11% phosphorus content over control in case of PDM-11 while 5.88%, 5.26% and 6.66% in PDM-54 at three stages (Table 23). Leaf phosphorus content gradually decreased with the increase in growth of the plant in both varieties. Under wastewater irrigation, both varieties responded differently. FA20N15 was the optimum combination for PDM-11 at vegetative and flowering while for PDM-54 at flowering and fruiting stages. FA^oNic, proved best for PDM-11 at fruiting while for PDM-54 at vegetative stage. It enhanced significantly the phosphorus content in leaves when compared with FAONQ. NI5 dose along with 20'M) fly ash proved fruitful in comparison 60 c vO N 00 CTi 0^ CTi ID ts CO in o O O X X X m o o m 03 O O CQ CQ O O CQ X XXX X XXX XXX < DQ < U < ffl < < CQ < O < CQ < < m < o < oa < o V 00 * CO CO •* CM CO CO CTi CO 00 ^ N q in N N ON ^ in CO 'f c6 ^ CN CO C^) d V feb C 00 C^J O O N •* (N o cTv in in vo vo o o IS ON o ON in CM 00 CO ^ 00 O O O t> CT\ 03 •* VO in t-; t^ CO !> t ^ 't >0 CO * •^ CO •^ CO ^ oi oi oi oi oi d oi •-I N * •-I CO ^- i£> in ^ in Oi m CO ON CO •^ CTi O O O ^ i£) 00 t-- CO ^ ^ in 00 CS O t-^ O 00 CTi vo a> N ^ vo in ^0 CO * -^ CO "4- CO CO (N CN (N O) (M OJ CN • S o 00 CO --I in oi cTi o O CO K CJ\ 00 ON 00 vD in iO •^ ^ ON CO CO 00 vo c>j in CO in in 00 i£i rt CO oi •Ti '^ yD in CM CO OI >* CO CO CO CO CO CO CO cs cs CN CN c^ cq oi ta II o t^ c^ •*•<*••* '-' in in in cj\ in cs T^ IS \0 t> O * N- ^ CO CM IS 00 N in 00 vD in c^ t-- N CS "i; CO ON CN •-; CN •* ^^ ^ 'I- * ^ 't CM CM oi 'H .-< ^ CM V CO CO CO oj CO CO CO '5 H 2? 00 in N c^ o o CO * CO 'd- in CN ON -H o ^ ^ Is CM in 00 c\3 •-; CO CM vq OD ts ON cC -* 00 VO •* 0\ t- vO cs * CO o\ oi q (N * * ^ * 't rt- ^ CO CO CO oi CO CO CO oi oi oi •-< "-I "-I "-I > •t m •rt- (y\ a\ rj- a\ CO CO CO CO (N CO CO ^ ^ 00 00 CO CO CN VD ^ 0\ CN --I CS q OJ -H vD 00 N ON o ON •'t in in N 't •^ 'l- to •* * t CO to CO oi CN c^i oi rt CM ^ --i ^ ^ ^ ^-' O d ^ V O 00 •^ ^ Tf- O t^ (Ti O O) vn 00 VO N (N 00 -^ vD in in o 00 o " -1 * CO 0^ Ol O '^ 00 --H ON in N yD 00 ts ON 00 rf in in \o ^ * ^ CO ^ 'J- ^^ CS CO OI CNl C^ CNl OJ b/) CO t~ in o N "t 't o) oi t>- in oi rr in c\ o '-* ^ o ^ m O ^ CO CN CTi f-H O •—' N q 00 in N 1^ IN K ON 00 ^ in ^ vD •i- * 'f CO rt- •^ ^ oi CO oj oi oi CN oi V in in in 00 The yield parameters and total seed protein contents were studied at harvest. 4.1.3.1 Pod number plant-^ Pod number was significantly increased under wastewater as it was 10.89% more over control in PDM-11 and 7.88% in PDM-54 (Table 25). The two varieties gave different response under TPPW as TPPWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 59.07% over TPPWxPDM-54 and likewise GWxPDM-11 also showed an increase of 54.74% over GWxPDM-54. Among different fly ash- nitrogen combinations, FA20N15 gave the optimum results, as it equalled the value obtained under FA20N20. It recorded an increase of 44.36'M) over FA)N(j in PDM-11 while with PDM-54, the same treatment showed an increase of 33.45% over FAoNo. The optimum dose of nitrogen increased this parameter with all the concentrations of fly ash. FA20N15 gave better performance than FAioNis and FA40N15. The highest concentration of fly ash FA40N15 decreased the pod number in comparison to other treatments although it proved even 61 CO CM ON CM (N CO ^ 'I- CJN CJN N CO 00 in in CM ON o o o r-H .-H (N o o O CM CO CO CO O CM in CO 00 O o O O O o o o o o o O o o 2 o O O q z 9 o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O O o o o Ctci o o o o O la u X M X X C m O O CQ CQ O O CQ Da O O PO W) X XXX X X X X X XXX w < CD < O < CQ < < CQ < o < en < < CQ < O < CQ < C o 1-1 2 CO ^ 1—1 o\ t^ 00 00 00 CM -1 ON in (U t- o VO * VO I—( CO II cti V ^H •l-J 4J (N ^ N cn vD in I—1 VO ^ o in O CO VD u, c N in (JN vD CJN 00 CO in 't VD CO VD in CO CM CO o CO CO CO CO O) OJ CN CM CM CM CM O) CM CM CN CM CM OI O o ^ ^ ^ , , cx < li. C« yD in r-l 00 CN CO CO o CM •* t^ 00 CO ON in K o 6 f—t ^ W3 O 00 o CO -H in in 00 VO CO CM ^ O CO CM 00 O ON -H i/i V m '1- CO CO CO CO CO (N (N CM O) CM CM Ol CM CM CM r-1 CN ^ CM cC X >, H C3 II CJN CO 00 VD in CO ON CM oj in ON ON 73 CJ\ vD 00 CO CM -H O O in o t- CN ON CO ON CM O CM OO Q\ 00 in 00 t^ 00 o OH \n in in "^i- 'J- -4- 't CO CO CO CM CO CO CO CM CM O) CN CM CN OI OH V 0) -a H Cti <0 (N CO 00 in CO Tl- rt t^ in CM ON VO O 00 O 00 VO in ~ oi in o 'I- (N ON C CN CO ON O CM N ON 00 in a * G N VO t^ l-l in in in rt- 62 -d- IS O "^ ^ o o --< CO <4- * CN CN o 00 '-I vo oi m OT CN N CO 00 W CO C^ o in in CO "-1 CO CO v> ,-H O <-i CO •* 2 2 O -1 2 CO 2 2 2 o o o CN CO 2 2; ^ o o o o o r-H O O o o o o o •M \n o (N CO CO 00 0\ •• t^ r-l .-1 VO O VD 00 K ^ in o VO ts c^ •-< CO •^ CO (N CN f- O o CTi CN O 00 CO O in CO •* C^ ^ CTv Is CO *-> V t~~ CTi 00 --H (N ^ in Is 00 00 VD N N N r-H CN »—t vO vO vO CTv d d ^ t-H t-H r-H lU a - cC in -i in ts 00 00 VD N Is t-- •-1 CN r-l v£) i£) VO en o ^ f-H r-H r-H ex o <^ Cl, ll -1-1 ^ a, -H ClH cti o "~—' CTi CN vD ^ yD 't in CO VO O 03 IS CO --1 CO •* ^ N in ^ N •d a o «—t •—1 rH CO •—' t^ 0^ 0\ 00 ^ 0^ ^ OI 00 vO O oo 00 CO ^ "^ (/3 VO 00 t^ O ^ O CO VD N t-- in vO vO VD O "-1 O in vO vD 00 CC < ^H f-H r-H >> s cm II O o1 CN •^ CN 00 cji CO --I in •* r-H CO CN O VO •* CO Tj- CO yD (JN CO 00 in o\ CN -H 0) t^ ^ o 00 (3^ (Tl O t- CO vD oi 00 in 00 in .-H 00 o _ C 53 (N •* CO CO <1- •* 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO CO CO Is oo CO o ^ O _ CN CN CN ^ ^ --H ^ r-H r-H r-H r-H • Fn4 T3 VI u d OsJ ^C ^P D >> in XI 5 XI d •3 vO CO O vO 0\ 00 0^ in CO 't en en ri- en cti CN CO CO ID 00 CN ts ^ CN N O 00 (Jv * CN fl o 3 _« 00 CTi CTi CTv vO CO VO e •-I Is <*• N <4- r-H IS c3 J3 ^ o 01 3 c CN "t CO CO •* •* 00 00 00 00 N 00 00 oo CO fO fO N 00 00 O j:5 CN CN CN --H ^ ^ rH •0 r-H r-H r-H r-H •a Tl 0 1) bi3 (^ 0 Q, .i4 J) g rt > CO ^ o a, Ol CO CO 00 •* --H K d "o 't CO ^ VO t~- O) 00 -t CO (J^ en 00 "^ vo 0 1—1 t—1 1-H »-i O VO CO £o N CTi 00 O in CO O CN iTi in 00 CO r-l 00 d 0, CTi ^ O CN CO CN VD :3 '—' CN CN »-<*-•'—' *—< 00 00 00 ts f- Is oo CN CN M VO Is t^ (Jv r-H r-H r-H o d o i) -J o 6JO II t^ O C^ •-• O "-1 O 00 ON CTi VO rt- O Ov VO o CO ^ en N- o o ^ Si IS CO CN CN ^ c^ in CTi O VO 00 N en * Ol CTi in Is r-H 00 CN o VO ^—1 00 O CJi CN CN Ol in 00 00 00 VO N f- N •-H CN 04 vO 1^ N CJi I—t OJ f—1 1-H rH f-H «—* d 2cx "^S r-H r-H r-H -3 ^ i o *S bD in -4.^ d ri 4.1.3.6 1000 seed weight TPPW significantly increased 1000 seed weight of this crop thereby increasing it up to 13.99% in PDM-11 and 7.97% in PDM-54 over GW (Table 26). Both varieties responded differently as TPPWxPDM-11 increased even up to i3.24% over PDM-54 when it was grown under wastewater while GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 16.73% over GWxPDM-54 showing the varietal difference under two waters. FA20N15 showed optimum results for PDM-11 and PDM-54 being at par with FA20N20 and it increased up to 55.74% 1000 seed weight over FAoNo in PDM-11 while the same treatment recorded an increase of 34.54% over FAoNo in PDM-54. Nitrogen dose, 15kg ha-i applied with different concentrations of fly ash, responded differently. It increased 1000 seed weight with all the concentrations of fly ash. On the other hand FA40N15 decreased this parameter when compared to other treatments. But this treatment was comparatively better when compared with control in both varieties. It may be pointed out that 10kg N ha 1 dose proved deficient while N20 was luxuriously consumed, as it could not enhance seed weight while fiy ash concentration, FAio was found comparatively less effective as compared to FA20 and FA40 proved less effective as it decreased seed weight in both varieties. 4.1.3.7 Seed yield plant-i TPPW proved beneficial for the green gram as it enhanced 13.93'X, seed yield over GW in case of PDM-11. PDM-54 however, registered 63 00 CJN ^ O en 00 CM en VO O 00 o o CO VO in CM CO CO CO o CO CO CO CO w o T-H r-H CM N O CO CO CM CM rH 00 00 2 m o 2 ^ Oi •Z ^ O O O I-H t-i VO 6 d 6 6 6 o o o o O O o o C in rt 6 6 6 o O o « X u X C O O CQ CQ X m o o m • w1-i X X XXX X XXX w o o m < DQ < O < m < < OQ < o XX< mX < < m < o < CQ < c o u a; O o VD O CO O CJV in in CM o VO CM en CM s 00 o •* 00 VO in en II rt CM i-H i-l CM t^ IS o •g f-H fi in vo 'I- •^ CO CO CM CO w z. +-1 cC CM CO 0\ ^ O CM o\ o in o CO t^ rH CM O VD CJ^ in N CM CO o 00 --I o in ^ 00 VO in CO in in 't en OO VO CO CM .—1 CM Ol O •-*'—» •—< O rr CM ts en 00 o in vo in * -^ in CO CM CM CO * CO CO CM 11 a V ^H in ^ CO vD in CM en K ^ VO tS 00 O ^ VO , H q::J II o CM CM CO 00 O o o o in CO 0^ in 1-H VD en CM in ^ VO 00 in 00 ko Ol O CM ^ en o ^ ov in CO 00 in in in o * in in CM CM Ol CO O K CO CO m rt- 00 1 N IN N in in in VO -M o PH CO CO CO CO T) H .op Td VI CTi in o vo CO in I—t CO -H ts rH en 00 "7 a Id l> CO in N y3 00 CO 00 VO 00 in o VD I-H (^ o O 00 CO N in in ^ en CM VO VO e rt in in Ol CM CM CO t^ K K in in in VO O VD CM in CO 00 j:3 a; •a CO CO CO CO biO CQ o O (Tl O X ^ O 00 in CM CTi VO in i-H G CM N CN O CO N o in CM t 00 en N CM -o CO CO t^ in 1- vD »-H 00 VO 00 ts CO VD tN O ON N ^_^ C CO CO CO f-H .—1 1—1 Ol VD 00 o en CO VO (N VD 4.1.3.8 Harvest index TPPW proved beneficial showing 11.18% more harvest index over control in PDM-11 while in case of PDM-54 the increase was 11.37'X) (Table 27). 4.1.3.9 Total seed protein contents TPPW significantly increased the total protein contents of this crop and registered an increase of 7.99% over GW in PDM-11. Even PDM-54 responded well under wastewater as it gave an increase of 4.03'M. over control (Table 27). Both varieties responded differently under wastewater as TPPWxPDM-11 recorded minor increase of 0.84% over TPPWxPDM-54. While, under GW, PDM-11 showed a decrease of 2.85% over PDM-54. Among various fly ash-nitrogen combinations, FA20N15 gave the optimum results for both varieties being at par with FA20N20, it showed an increase of 35.51'X, over FAoNo in PDM-11 while the same treatment registered an increase of 24.06% in PDM-54 over FAoNo. Application of optimum dose of nitrogen 64 I-H iU CN i-H 1—( in NO CN in ^ o ts ON 0\ 1/3 O CN * 00 00 CO CO o o O o O O ON CN en CO CO c« c« CNJ CO Z 2 2 I-H r-l I—t o o O o O O O q 2 2; 2 2; 2 o o IT) O O O o O O O « Q X O X X CQ O O CQ CQ O O CQ CQ O O CQ bJc3 X X X X X X X X X X X X w < m < o < cQ < < CQ < O < CQ < < CQ < O < CQ < iH o u "t in c^ 00 Z, u CO ON 00 ^ I-H ON 00 t^ II vcf l o ON ts CO CN NO ^ in CO rf CO t * CO CO CO CO CN CN CN CS CO is CO CO z c« cfl i-H NO ON CJN ON C3N '^ OO t^ 00 o t^ ^ NO CO 00 ^ ON t- CO t^ 00 00 00 CN O 00 CO •-; 't N \o 00 ^ CO CO CO in ON rt- 00 o * c« -t-J CO -^ •^ CO CO CO CO CN in CO ^ "^ CN CO CN * CO CNI CO CO CO CN OQ CN CNl CN CNl a CO CO CO CO CO CO CO u IU u ON CO y3 LO •^ o CO in (JN CN CO t^ o NO 't <-i CO CO ON NO ts (U 00 t^ t^ t^ I-H C^ CO &, K CO q •^ IN y3 00 CO CN 00 CO •^ ON CO CO •<*• •^ CO CO CO CO CN in CO .-i Tf DJ CO CN ^ CO O) CO CN CO o CN CNl CN CN CN CN ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO , ^ a < ta CC o o in NO CO o (N O NO CO CN ON .-I CN ts CO in CN CO 't ON t^ 00 ND O rf 43 CO 00 10 ^ "^ CO •^ 'J; NO o -^ in o in IU I-H w CO CO CO CO CO CO CO '^ •^ CO d CO CN CN ON .-H O CN CN I-H CO CO CO CO CO CO CO --1 CN CN CN CN Ot cti 4:: ^ >! H c II i-i C3N O 00 lO N CJN o o in •* CN oo t- NO 10 in o 00 i-i 13 f$ CN| CO CN CO (N CN N •-1 00 in (M VO 't ON o) ^ CO Tt- 00 in o CLH in in in -^f- •* •^ ^ •<1- 00 NO CO t^ in in ON OC) NO t^ NO t^ Cl. ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CNl CNl CNl CN CNl CN Td H 03 t^ N N in in in NO CO * 00 CJN CTN 'l- I-H I-H CO CO '-H I-H cti rH (N rt 00 CN q q CO 00 r}; " O 00 Tt; CN vO "^ CT; CN ^ CN ts in ^ 0(5 yj CO ts in in NO ON 0() NO Is NO Is D X ^ • r-H T3 (N --H CN CO ^ N •^ ON --I m CO CN CO rl- ts IS o in 00 CN CO ON VO N O 00 CN) •* NO in NO •* in in •* in CO o NO i-i ,__^ c: CO N in in CO in "4^ in NO in in S :3 • 65 cs CO •sf 00 c O ON LO ON -^ § CO CO •-d 00 ^ t> 00 ON 75 O! CN ^^ q CO (N CO CO ^ ^ 6 ^' CO cs CO <>i CO '3 -1-1 t> (N t^ lO ^ ^ lO o 00 00 ^ LO LO O o o o lO CO CO CJ vo 00 t> q o o q CO 't ^ CO t> LO CD o (M 10 ^ ON (M 00 (M CO lO CS 00 -1-1 ao q t^ i> 00 --H CN l> 0> (N 73 CO +J 10 q t^ rH ^ N. q ^ 12; CO ns •c CO i> lo d .—I "a O O O ON OO 00 It X CO u fi o vO O 00 ^ V o 00 CO d lo m o o cQ ^ lO lO lO X X X X o t < CQ < O <: CQ < a 0^ CO vO t^ 00 00 t^ >. CO q CO t^ q o CO lo d 00 ^ XI -d 1^ CS| CO 00 2 t^ 00 •a CO c^ u IS CO •-H "vt- q 00 ^ ^ ^ •1-1 >^ ^ d 00 l> --H CO CJN d CN •?! a cC XI 0 U CO CO CS) CN CS CO 00 2 ^ 00 00 00 ON 4) 1 00 :: 0^ a, M U o -i-i * CO S o ^ CO lo r- o ^ M ^ ON LO l> O lO O t> q ^ CN q O " O 00 q q q o) lO CO d d "^ •ti ^ CO O 73 d 00 t^ <-< •f-H ON 00 00 00 Oi CO CO CN CN CSl CO 00 LO 00 O Oi I> LO LO LO CO t^ LO O 't CO q CO <-< t^ O "* O CO I> LO 00 i-6i x"^ •s2 oi d 't d LO i> ^ N -^ LO T-4 00 'st- o CN CM CM CS 00 ON 0\ i> 00 c^ 00 5 xl CO CO o us u u »a2 x •M o " rN^ j:3 cC (Ti 00 ON CN t^ lO N I> t> IS ^ ^ CO LO o,ti d ^ a lO Oi CN q (N ^ CO r-H rH I—I LO t^ i-H i-H o -o O lO 00 l> cs -^ CO lo d LO CO t^ u c M CN CN CN (N CN CN (M I> 00 00 IS I> I> I> to XI o so "a; to feb > V <^ •(-> to o -am -t-l (aU o u t5 ^ m g § ^ ^ §: I u S u W •X ^) O H S to > a 00 I—1 s CM 73 LO LO d) 2 ^ d) CQ c« Q Q Q Q H OH OH 4.2.1.2 Shoot fresh weight plants rtigher shoot fresh weight was also observed under TPPW irrigation in both varieties (Table 29). It recorded an increase of 13.75'M), 13.90'Mi and 14.46% with PDM-11 whereas in PDM-54 7.86%, 7.75% and 8.15% over GW irrigation at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages respectively. Under TPPW irrigation, PDM-U enhanced its fresh weight by 56.29'M), 27.63'^!) and 21.83% over TPPWxPDM-54 while under GW this variety recorded an increase of 48.19%, 20.73% and 15.11% over GWxPDM-54 proving superiority of PDM-11. Shoot fresh weight gradually increased with the increase of plant growth from vegetative to fruiting stages in both the varieties. Among different phosphorus doses P30 proved optimum as it was at par with P45 in PDM-U and PDM-54. With PDM-11, P30 registered an increase of 28.50%, 27.64% and 27.30% while with PDM-54 it showed an increase of 17.42%, 18.98% and 18.82% over control. PDM-11 performed better under P30 as the combination was better than P3oxPDM-54. Thus, TPPW and P30 proved beneficial while the lower dose of phosphorus (Pir>) was deficient and P45 was at luxury consumption. 4.2.1.3 Shoot dry weight plants It was also enhanced significantly due to TPPW irrigation in both varieties. TPPW enhanced up to 13.61%, 14.49%, 13.59% and 6.70'X,, 7.97%, 7.72% in PDM-11 and PDM-54 respectively over GW irrigation at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages respectively (Table 30). There was continuous increase in shoot dry weight from vegetative to fruiting stages with th-^ advancement of growth period in the two varieties. Both varieties responded differently under TPPW as TPPWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 24.00%, 16.66% and 13.44% over TPPWxPDM-54 while under GW, PDM-11 recorded an increase of 16.46%, 10.02% and 7.59% over GWxPDM-54. 30kg P ha-' proved optimum being at par with P45 in both varieties as it registered an increase of 28.16%, 29.09% and 27.59% with PDM-11 whereas with PDM-54, 19.20%, 18.29% and 19.82% over Po. Regarding the response of varieties and phosphorus, P30XPDM-II showed an increase of 13.30'M) over PDM-54 at fruiting stage. 4.2.1.4 Number of leaves plazit-^ TPPW showed an increase in leaf number over GW irrigation in both 66 W) vD CO t-H lO o in § >• 00 t> o o o u 6 C^ CO CO S I—1 1—1 1—1 o o o d d CD in cr- C^U CO O |> 1-1 CO in CM O o in u in CO VO •(-> O O O CO 00 73 CO I-, 2 q q q CN CN ^ 2: a; o 0> in vd vd 00 a lO (N CO o i> o^ --I 60 \o --< in lo o --< rH ,-H c^ 73 73 ly) ;-! I> O 00 CO •c !U lO vO 10 ^ LO •^ 10 9 9 9 "^ 2; ^ 2 OH < o d ^ U f—I o o o o fc M -t-J ;?^ * -t-rtj o(0 « 00 vO --I ^ ain, t^ 00 I> CO 1/5 t^ 60 I^ O CO Oi 73 73 73 j:3 (0 2 C vq q 00 og CO 03 o q vo lU 0) •c ^ LO ^ LC 60 9 9 9 9 ^; 2 Z ^ > o o o o o O o 00 IS CO CSI CO CO 00 o IH LO ON CQ O O PQ ^ \6 't ^ '^ -vf ^ -a X XXX CQ < O < CQ < 5 a CO t^ O lO Tt O 10 T-i vO ^ ON (N ^ CS o ^ Tf ^ CO ^ Th ^4^ •S ^ o ^ II XI ^^ C! CO CU 1-1 O ^ lO in "-I 13 o O vo u CL, .2 1 CM 00 u (U 00 00 o CSI N 00 M c« V O •l-> Vi OH c\3 ai w cti CO CSI 00 00 ON ^ vO t^ in vo ON 00 ON CM T3 O 2 I> 00 00 O in t^ .-< t^ CO q o o 2-- 4.2.1.5 Leaf area plant-^ It is clear from Table 32 that TPPW enabled the crop to produce more leaf area per plant than GW. It enhanced 13.99%, 14.09% and 13.81'^) in PDM-11 and 7.45%, 7.04% and 7.70% in PDM-54 under TPPW apphcation. TPPWxPDM-11 registered an increase of 13.50%, 12.48% and 12.45'X) over TPPWxPDM-54 even GW^PDM-ll showed an increase of 6.99'M., 5.53% and 6.42% over GWxPDM-54 at three sampling stages. Thus, PDM-11 gave better response under wastewater as well as GW irrigation than PDM-54. Leaf area plant' showed gradual increase from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. Optimum dose of 30kg P ha' gave better results being at par with P45 in both PDM-11 and PDM-54 and registered an increase of 27.90'X,, 27.85% and 27.92% with PDM-11 while in PDM-54, 18.21%, 21.31% and 18.66% over Po. The interaction showed that 30kg P ha' with TPPW proved beneficial and TPPWXPSQXPDM-H recorded an increase of 14.14'M) even GWXP30XPDM-II also showed an increase of 8.31% over PDM-54 at flowering stage. It may be pointed out that Pi 5 proved deficient and P^- wasteful, as it could not enhance the leaf area. 4.2.1.6 Root length plant 1 TPPW proved beneficial for both PDM-11 and PDM-54. Continuous increase was observed in the root length from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. Under TPPW irrigation, PDM-11 registered an increase of 28.39%, 27.56% and 18.19% while with GW irrigation 22.74%, 20.95'M. and 12.03% over PDM-54 (Table 33). For this parameter also, P,«, proved optimum being at par with P45. With PDM-11, P30 increased 27.30'X., 27.05'K, and 27.91% over Po at three samplings while with PDM-54 the increase was 17.70°/) and 17.24% over Po at flowering and fruiting stages. P,5 proved 67 M r-i VO 1C ^ vo r^ 00 00 "^ CO \0 § rt CO CM C^ •^ 0^ O CN "^ -1 O CO T-i O >—' CN CO eg d ^ d 00 CO CO CN CM d d d d d o a; bJO in (N (N o .-1 in 00 00 Lb CO vO --I CN O (J ^ in •(-> O O CO CO O 73 W ;-i ^ ^ q -; o ^ CN CO 2 CO i> in 00 d d CN rt c^ q r-. 2 'Z o O CO CO CO CN CO CN CO Q o odd d d O O n 0^ vD CO vO CN CO .-H VO CO OS CO a1.2 &iO CO ^ Tl- 0> >—1 o CN rt C^ O CN .-I 00 OT 73 -i-j rH O '-' CSl CN xi ^ 2 CO t> in t^ d d oi 2 S C •a Csl OiD V o CO CO CO CN CO CO o o o o o V i o > 1—< ^^ U~i in fc O ?? CI. o cC 0^ O in O 00 a\ l> X o I> 0^ 00 CN CO CN in _O^ 1-uH ^ ^ O CQ 2 00 oi 6 in t^ d 00 m o 1 O (N CO CO CN (N CN CN X X X X "p. < CQ < o < CQ < I-I cti 'c3 J2 in (N t> in in 00 (N 00 fi 2 .-1 LO 00 vD CO in <—t 73 o VD 0^ t-^ CO in -^ d C 71 DH 1-H in CSl l> .-1 ^ l> ^ C! K § rt in vO O vO 00 00 ^ U CN LO 00 d t^ C^i c^i in 1^ -S S (N CM ^ CN CO ^ CO CO in •5 "i^ c (X vO vO O o o in in 00 O OS vO VO ,-1 O vD O CO 00 CO in CO q 'H O N '^ CO 2 •^ 00 d i-H d CO ^ t>^ ^ in c^ d d 0 Vi +j o (N (N (M r-l CN CN CN CO CO CO ^ (U ^ ^ ^ 60 o +-J aC; Ote !=oi OH CN t^ VD CN CN -* CN 00 VO in CS --1 w CN vO ^ vO O CO I> CN in CO OS --H o t^ CO OJ o " 2 0\ I—1 O ^ 00 d CO .g •-i d "51- in t^ d d 1 CN ^ CN CN CN ^ "=t ^ CO CO CO ^ •pi ?^ w +-> i ao 2 in G o > d ^ ;rt 10 00 ^ CO I—1 T-l .—1 rH ^ CO t-H CO 00 00 "5 u 2 q >o in q CN o q o -y CS o 00 d 00 d in d 00 CO LO q lu V CN CSl CS t—1 1—1 .—1 CN CO Tt CO CO CO CO CO IJL, !D '^ CN 10 O 't r- in cTi r- t^ CS| o^ VO o t^ OS I> -4—1 fc >-*-< Is (N !> -^ 00 q ^ q CN ^_ CO ^ 00 t>- in ;£o O^ I—1 d 00 i> 00 CN d ^ 0\ <—1 d d oj «J CC !U --H CO o CM CSI ON CO "-H "—I CM in X CO CM d ^ CO a\ q q in !> •-I 00 ON ^ 01 CO CO d •d o t—I 1—I vD CO --I ^ .-H CM ^ ^ 12; 6 CO CO 00 in ON <6> 'S 'S \i^ "€> a vD vO vO vO o CO ra d V in 00 ^ in vo CM o Cti ^ V X CJ vD ON cm lUd d CO "*. "t ^. '^ DQ O O pQ —I CV 00 CO vd CS C3N '-I d o vO I—I 00 "-I X XXX in vo in o < CQ < U < CD < t^ CO O in ^ o in ON •^ I> ^ CN CNj •^ V t^ in "-H CD CN ^ vO -^ x; CO O l> CO in ^ in .d H in vo in in in in in -II II Cu ^ vO 00 o CO CO -^ M "^ H CO CO o CO O .-H 00 CO n, •v4 fl S M (ri ° d in ^ .-I O 06 06 >> i^ tH CO in O CJN in 00 CS CN in o a d •a CO cti a M «^ o < J3 & rd i; d •0 S-^ (N 00 ^ --I 00 CO ON o in ^ t^ CM CO V V CO O t-- <-; cs q ON O CO t^ t-l ON <—I CN CN CM O 00 CJN rH o « rH Tf CO CO 00 q N in in q IS q q CM o i-T in CO ON TH rj- 00 CO CN CJN --< CM rf CO I^" d 4-J Id rt ^ ^ (M •-I Cvl r-H CM O !> '^ C3N CO --H CN cci CM CM CM CM CO d CO (N CN (N vO vO vO in vo vo o CO o -T3 2 3 U II -3 CQ <*H OH CO O CO d ^ ^ 'A O ^ S a W o O H S CO > XI „ d d in CO cti u u Q a Q p PQ CL, CL, cu 2 i-i 0> CN 00 00 CO CN CN vD vD CM '-I CN f^ 1/5 ID c/3 vO 00 1/3 q •iH CO vD O q O CO ^ ^ ^ CM (N ^ CM (6 c> <6 C) d> d) -I-" ao d VO 00 O vO 00 00 in •c VD CN| CN vO 00 V CO LO 00 CO 1/5 LO O --I --I t^ CO CO CO u u, C3 CN --H •^ q q q CM CO 2 ^ 1—1 CTi CM ^ ^ ^ CO o 00 00 't CO -I-' CN I/) t> CO 1/5 1/5 o VO CO CO o o o CM CM 6 CM ^ 't lU o q o Z Z CN) CM 6 6 CM CN CM CN lU o 6 6 ^ ti > ^^ TO O o a '-t in (Ti N 00 --I X o 00 vO N O u o lO ^ 00 O ON CM m o o cQ C CM CM T-i CN I—1 CM X XXX o CQ < O < CQ < CL -^ 6 00 00 ON o d oi ^ .—1 I—I 1-H .—1 •B ^ C<1 CM C^ — II ^^ 1/3 C\| 00 O CN 't CO O O 00 .—1 r-l OO VO CN CO q ^ I—1 1—( CO CO 6 ^ o CO ^ V a t-H cr\ 1/5 CO O CN 00 a^ 00 rt- CO O CM 00 "^ CM CO CN CM q i> i> q 00 ^ q vO 00 t^ CN CO CO CM 00 ID I> ON OC) CN § •^ ^ ^ CO CO CO '^ '5 1) -l-J CO •4-J O CO O 00 l> 00 LD CM ON 00 Tf vO CM o " CM CO .—1 CM q i> q q t-^ CO q vD 00 r^ CN CO CO 1/5 6 ON 00 CN .—1 I—I 1—1 CN 00 1/5 -1-1 rH CO CO CO ^ V ^ ^ ^ M '3 og V > vO 0> 00 00 CM CM f- I> "^ vO VO CO CM lO lO o I—1 CM CO 1> t> q CO LO vd 1/5 CN CO CO N CN C3N CO 6 ID N V .—1 .—1 T—1 CO •* CO CO CO CO CO u O CN O O 00 O^ CO CO 00 --I CN CN CN OJ CM CM u 00 CO 1/5 CO 1/5 q t^ 1/5 C3N r^ CM q •i-i CN Tf 00 6 --i CN CO I> ID --5 CO cvi "*' 1—1 T—( I—1 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o T3 CQ 03 o fi OH.H O H W T3 w > CO CO CO ID ID < D 1 Q Q Q p CQ CL, CL, OH CL, optimum being at par with P30 and P45 in PDM-54 and recorded and increase of 18.05'M) over Po at vegetative stage. Variety response with different P doses revealed that PDM-11 performed better as P30XPDM-II recorded an increase of 31.25%, 27.76% and 19.10% over P3oxPDM-54. The interaction, TPPWxPaoxPDM-ll gave an increase of 22.59% and GWxPaoxpDM-l 1, 15.33% over PDM-54 at fruiting stage. 4.2.1.7 Root fresh weight plant ^ TPPW irrigation significantly increased the root fresh weight in PDM- 11 and PDM-54 and recorded an increase of 13.91%, 14.01% and 13.3rM. in case of PDM-11 while PDM-54 showed an increase of 7.88%, 6.04'M) and 7.18% over GW (Table 34). Consistent increase in this parameter was also recorded till the fruiting stage in PDM-11 and PDM-54. Under TPPW irrigation, PDM-11 showed an increase of 19.63%, 22.81% and 20.34'M. over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 13.30%, 14.23'X) and 13.82% over GWxPDM-54. P45 proved best at vegetative and fruiting stages while P30 proved optimum at flowering. In the case of PDM-11, P45 registered an increase of 29.52% and 29.89% whereas with PDM-54, 21.16% and 19.48% while in PDM-11, P30 recorded 28.42% whereas with PDM-54 21.17% increase over Po. Therefore, it may be concluded that TPPW, P/ir, and PDM-11 proved best. 4.2.1.8 Root dry weight plant-^ TPPW proved superior giving 14.66%, 13.82% and 13.49% in case of PDM-11 and 5.17%, 6.49% and 7.62% over GW irrigation in case of PDM-54 (Table 35). TPPWxPDM-11 increased 40.98%, 30.48% and 26.54'X. over TPPWxPDM-54 while GWxPDM-U increased 29.31%, 22.07'M, and 20.00'X. over GWxPDM-54. Root dry weight increased like fresh weight from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. This showed that PDM-11 performed better with TPPW as well as with GW. P30 was optimum for PDM- 11 and PDM-54. In case of PDM-11 optimum dose registered an increase of 26.74'^!) and 27.19% at flowering and fruiting stages whereas at vegetative stage P45 proved best and showed 37.31'Mi increase over Po while with PDM- 54 the increase was 16.98%, 15.28% and 18.37% over control at the three sampling stages respectively. Out of the remaining two phosphorus doses P,-, proved deficient while P45 proved wasteful. 68 in .—1 O ON ON 1—1 vo rH 00 c •l-t Ol Ol CO CO CO CO o q q O • l-t o CT) CO oi (N u q 6 6 6 d d d 60 o 150 ON ON O H S o & :s o 03 i-i W -d w > ,o '^ •5 "I CO in in CO < D jj I 3rt Q Q Q Q H OH OH OH OH •z Tj- ^ t^ .-H t> CN C s t> 00 •-P CN O f-i t^ C/} CO CO V o 0000^^2: O --I d d '3 0000 s u w G TT C Qu in • r-i in t> ON CO ^ ON l> O u ^ ^ o in u +-1 ,-1 O --H LO CO CO CO u 00 00 CO q ID zo c> a <=> q Z, •z -z (N <6 (6 d ^ Q 0000 < O &u u O M V o -aM! CO CO r-< in ON CM C^ fc in CN O ON O vO CO vO M --" O O CO CO OT CO j:3 M O '-I O 00 00 00 ON •l-l 2 C 0) q q CD q C5 ^ 2; o •a I—( r-H f-l O O O O Ml V d d d d d ^ o > in Ou fc O o in (30 <-< LO CO ON vo in 00 O ON I> 1> t^ 00 o V zo PQ O O CQ (N d> cS d> <6 < X XXX o •a Cb < m < o < OQ < OH -^ B O CS vO C^ LO CM 0^ 00 ON 00 VO l>; l> I> odd d d d d .—. 11 ^^ in vo 00 --H ^ CO in CO t^ 00 lO O CM ^ d d d d OH C AH i; 00 CM LO ON t^ ON ^ 00 o in cNj ON •* JIT '^ ON ON 'O vD vq C^ \i- in in •-I CM <-! CO a =^ d d (6 (6 CD d) bjO V ^§ a. M '—• o rt o bi3 11 (N I> O CO CS ^ vo ^ in CM O vD ^ O " 2 00 ON 00 O \0 vD N CO in ^ •-H CN '-H CO d d d (6 c> (6 •4-1 u Og W) o -^j > fc O CO I> ^ 00 vO VD ON 00 ON O 00 -^ 0 I> 00 t~ in in lo vo ^ CO CS O O O --I ni I5J3 o o o o o o o § ^ CM O 00 ^ t> T-i in CO o !> -^ -st- \t- (N 00 vO o ^ "^ "^ LO in lo vq O CNl r-i q q ON o C d> d> d> d> d d d> u Id II TJ •^ CQ "^ TO ^_, lU > a, OH 1^ O H 1^1 O TO 1-1 W T3 ^> a 00 in in CO < D cfl Q Q Q Q (X Pu, OH 4.2.1.9 Nodule number plant-i TPPW proved beneficial for both varieties as it recorded an increase of 13.91%, 13.99% and 13.91% in case of PDM-11 whereas in PDM-54 it resulted an increase of 7.91%, 8.01% and 8.01% over control (Table 36). With wastewater, PDM-U recorded an increase of 34.56'M), 25.86'M) and 44.96% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 registered an increase of 27.47'M), 19.25% and 37.45% over PDM-54. Nodule number increased only up to flowering stage and declined at fruiting stage in PDM-11 and PDM-54. Among different doses of P, P30 proved optimum as it was at par with P45 in both PDM-U and PDM-54 varieties. With PDM-11, P30 increased 27.49'M., 28.57% and 28.58% whereas with PDM-54, it showed an increase of 18.25'X), 19.76% and 17.46% over Po. Performance of both varieties differed significantly under different doses of P. P3o> Physiological determinations were observed at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. Only the significant data are described briefly. 4.2.2.1 Leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) TPPW significantly increased the NRA in both the varieties. It was 20.95%. 13.72% and 14.11% in case of PDM-11 while in PDM-54, 8.02%, 8.21% and 8.22% over GW (Table 37). Under TPPW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 41.50%, 45.31% and 81.81% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 26.37%, 38.28% and 72.43% over GWxPDM-54. Thus, PDM-U gave better response under both waters. 30kg P ha' proved optimum for this parameter also being at par with P45 in both varieties. In case of PDM-11, P30 increased 34.45%, 26.30% and 37.54% whereas with PDM-54, it increased up to 18.18%, 19.20% and 18.63% over Po. PDM-11 performed better and P30XPDM-II registered an increase of 41.48%, 44.74'M) and 87.37% over P3oxPDM-54. Interaction effect showed that 30 kg P ha ' with TPPW irrigation proved beneficial thus TPPWxPs^jxpDM-U recorded an increase of 52.36% and GWxPaoxPDM-ll, 29.75% over PDM-54 at vegetative stage. NRA also decreased towards maturity with the growth of the plants. 4.2.2.2 Total chlorophyll contents TPPW irrigation showed an increase of 14.07%, 14.05% and 13.5rx. 69 biD -t-J •s CO CO i> I—1 d CS t^ ^ ON o ^ § ^ ^ ON 't •^ CO CS CO vO CO CO CO r4 -^J^ og CO C t> C^ '3 o o o z Z 2 CN CS T—1 1—1 IH ^ o o o o o b/j O oi fe d a. CO O t> I^ I—1 ON 00 in VO 0^ o r- o 1—1 c « lo 00 .—1 l> ^ -t-i •a O ON CO CO IH 2 o q o o 1) IH CO vO in ON d cf^CS nJ q q q ^ ^_ ^ 2 o CN CM (N 1—1 CS 1—1 C^ P o d d d d d O o -I-' u n CO W) a. (Ji CN 1—1 f3 CO cs lO lO LO CO in t^ CN --I t^ O CN 1/5 q q lo q CN CN O vO O 73 CO t^ ^ LO ^ CN --H 00 CO q ^ 2 vO O 00 ON P o o •* O ^ LO ^ ID O '-^ d d LO vD 00 00 0\ O^ r^ y-t rH in LO ;z B ON vq CO ON o o O CJN ON F vD CO lO CO CO CO CM 10 LO ^ •c 'd- O vO O 00 0^ o <^ in 't in O O O vo I^ 1> _ o in (N 00 O --I vD t^ o X ON (N q o CO Cf^ ON d d ON CQ O O CQ vO i-i •-H vO •* (N X X X X ^ '^ ^ ^ in < CQ < O < CD < ^ »-i 00 CO vo in vo -H vq o r4 o vO (N ^ C^ --H ON O) O 00 Ix, (M 0> U5 CO Tj- 't •* lO 10 UO O vo in vO t^ vo -—I O q CO O CO ON I—I C:N ^ CN cN a\ CN O CO 00 Oi ^ o in vD oCO CO CO CM vO CS ON vo CNl vO ON I—I ON O O in CO ex o o O <-! CO •(-> u o in CO 00 M o ^ vO vO vo O 00 in I> ^ CN q rH (N W) 't q CN ON CO --I CN v6 ON 00 d 00 t^ CO d 06 ON ^ »-l VO •43 co CN in ^ 00 ^ o ^ o VO h- r- 00 vo vO CO CO CO ^ b > fc a, CO CO CO in ON --I I—I ON <^ in in og CO in CO --< 00 T-^ <^ 00 00 in q q 00 t^ IT) vO r-l in 06 vd LO d C3N 0^ CO in in in in ON vO CN 0^ CN »—I •—I ^ 00 00 (N 00 in ^ in in CN CO CO ^ H vD vo vD t^ a. t^ CO in vO vO --I CO in cjN CN CN CO CO r-- if>a)t> in CO vq in vo 00 --^ in q o 00 —I d oi vo 00 00 00 CN) CO CO CO VD N vd in rH O lO 00 CN O 00 CO ON VO i> C:N 00 [-. is-i t^ 00 f- in vo vo vo ^ ^ ^ CM C\l Oq CO CQ g § ^g s t § *^ DH i_-c >> cu Ji O H 2 O H S O H S d CO in LO ^ rt u Q Q DQ H CU Q Q 0., Cu cu 2 over GW irrigation in case of PDM-11 while PDM-54 recorded an increase of 7.44%, 8.64% and 7.25% over control {Table 38). Total leaf chlorophyll contents also decreased from vegetative to fruiting stage in PDM-11 and PDM-54. Under TPPW, PDM-11 gave an increase of 16.33'K., 19.88'K. and 26.31% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 registered an increase of 9.57'Xi, 14.19% and 19.35% over GWxPDM-54. 45kg P gave the best results for both PDM-11 and PDM-54. With PDM-11, P45 registered an increase of 29.10'Mi, 29.41% and 31.11% while with PDM-54; it showed an increase of 21.26'Mi, 19.73% and 22.80% over Po. Regarding the response of varieties under the application of P dose, PDM-11 performed better and P45XPDM-II recorded an increase of 15.63%, 20.87% and 26.42% over P45XPDM-54. 4.2.2.3 Photosynthetic rate TPPW registered an increase of 14.17%, 13.91% and 13.94'M) in case of PDM-11 while PDM-54 recorded 8.01%, 7.97% and 8.05% increase over GW irrigation (Table 39). With TPPW irrigation, PDM-11 showed an increase of 24.84%, 24.67% and 27.92% over TPPWxPDM-54 whereas GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 15.72%, 18.17% and 21.30% over GWxPDM-54. Rate of photosynthesis gradually decreased from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. It was noted that PDM-11 gave better response with TPPW and GW than PDM-54. Among phosphorus doses, P45 proved best for PDM- 11 as well as PDM-54 at flowering and fruiting stages. It recorded an increase of 27.98% and 29.05% with PDM-11 while with PDM-54, it was 18.73% and 19.71% over Po. Both varieties performed differently with various P doses as P45XPDM-II registered an increase of 24.66'M) and 27.99% over P45XPDM-54. As far as interaction was concerned, TPPWXFA20N15P45 with PDM-11 gave an increase of 28.02% and 31.53'^^. over PDM-54 while GWXFA20N15XP45 with PDM-11 showed an increase of 21.07'X. and 24.19'/o over PDM-54 at flowering and fruiting stages. It may be concluded that TPPW and P45 proved effective. 4.2.2.4 Leaf nitrogen content TPPW irrigation also improved leaf nitrogen content over the application of GW at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages (Table 40). Thus, TPPWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 21.78%, 27.49"/o and 41.2Vyi) over PI'M-54 while GWxPDM-11 gave an increase of 15.96%, 21.88'X) and 70 (M O vO CS --I CM vO CO --I CN CN CO CO C/3 § 00 u q q q q q iz; S s (M 6 d d d d in <»• g^ c OH 10 • »-< --I ON CN t> CO in 1/5 ^ O in oi CN --I IH o •4-J rH O t-i CN CO CO CO u q CO (N i> 00 00 q zo C) O C) C> g § > ^ & ^ u B O H S o u w CO ,o +-< 'd (cU in in CO B I aV CQ u Q Q Q H OH OH CL, to CN) CO "^ ON t^ 'X) CM 1> t> vO CO C u % CO CO I—1 .—I CN O --I CM CO CO in i CO •i-H q q q q q q q G H (6 <6 di d> <6 <6 d) V V :s tu b/) V ID W) •r C CU T-H CO O ON O ^ in C3N CO CJ CO O ON C^l in •c a\ CO •*-> .-I O --I CNI CO CN -^ 2 o ON in --H cd q q q q q q q 0 10 I> vD CO CO CO in CN o d d d d CD CO c5 < Q b. 1; O 2 !> 60 Hi 0 4-1 CO tu ?> in o^ in CO ^ --t CN --H in o C3N in cr> o in bA C» t^ ON ON ^ "—I Tj- in o 00 <-< o in CO •I-' x: o. CO £0 a in N vO CN CO CO in tu cC 1 •c ^ 0) 0000000 a o < •^j fc >, a 0 > G C ^ in _rt fc o "HH Ou O CN ^ t^ O 0 u ID X t-i -t-J i> 00 CN in u (U nJ z0 CO 10 ^ T-H CN oi CO PQ O O CQ u Qi 0 o < X X X X cc! •43 b. < DQ < O < PQ < (L> 03 03 0 OH •s in CN 00 in o i> t^ vo •^ B >,c CO O^ --I ON I> CO C^ VI 20 •^ X 0 CN CN CO CO d .-H r-H CN •M •S ^ 0 < ^ II JH ta a CO n, c CO .-I 00 CO ON o o o 0 § CO ^ CN CN q 10 00 i-i rt u u -t-j in t> CO ^ ,-H CO ON -t-l to a d aJ :s CO S ^ ^ o CU -^ B in o 0> (N lO O LO 00 N C 2 CO t-; LO I—1 CN y—l CO o M (N oi oi oi CN CN CN O ZL II CL, ^^ ^ 1l=! CO a, lO vO CN 00 CO ON N 00 C» CO CO LO 00 q CO w eS ° 1) 't S CO ^ CO CO 1-4 CN t-i 1—1 CO ct d .. ctf in -S u d « *> w in LO t^ .—1 o LO CO Oj lO CO 0 CTi 1—( LO I>- 2 (N t- LO o 00 >• I—1 0 CO CN ^ LO 00 -as? o q ^ ^' ^ CO CO CO -^^ oi CN oi .—1 I—1 1—1 1—1 0 .S ^ 0 Vi •—• 0 ^ ([) a to O n to £0 § to u bo Cu ON lO o '^ I—1 00 l> 0 00 ^ vO N CN CO in 2 1—1 LO 00 o 0 CN 10 10 00 b ^ II O M o 1 CO CO CO •+3 oi oi oi 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 "S 0 <^ •>-> 13| 6fl E 0 -M . sin tu > d i> ;w u cub ^ cl "^ in .—1 I—1 IT) o CO vO in CN CN 00 LO CN 0 ^ 0 +J 2 vO (N ON I—l ^ CO VO i> q 00 CO ^_ CO q O c a; j^ CO "sT CO CO CO CO CO c\3 ^1 0 ^ 1; "^ CN "S* ^-M r^ II ' - t-( ca -v-* r ^ '-P^ -4-> CO cS in 0^ (N I—1 00 o ON O LO I^ 0 CO CO 00 f- 0 Ui lt_ H 2 (N I> LO c^ CN q CO lO t^ q c^ CO r^ ^ a ii 0 XI X! Jlo CO CO CO CO CO CO 1-4 1—1 r-1 1—1 I—1 1—1 1—1 «i CC (U oi T3 •> to 3 W ^ o 2 (U II TJ fo-g. -3 CQ 13 > >-, C« •'-' to •^ 1r; -^ 1 V i CU CU CU .1 0 2 C b S tl > 0 h^ CJ Cu l-i Wii to 3 " C d .—1 CO < D 1—1 in LO 1 I 1 ^ C 1^ § S rt CQ oj Q Q Q Q D H H DH CU CU CU s S 35.57'M) over PDM-54. Nitrogen content decreased gradually from vegetative to fruiting stage. P45 proved best for both varieties at vegetative and fruiting stages ..'hile P30 gave the optimum results for both varieties at fruiting stage. In PDM-11, P45 registered an increase of 28.49'K) and 30.85'X. whereas PDM- 54 recorded an increase of 20.71% and 18.80% over Po. At fruiting stage m PDM-11, P30 showed an increase of 28.91% while in PDM-54 showed 18.75'M) over control. PDM-11 combination performed better and P45XPDM-II showed an increase of 20.91% and 29.34% over P45XPDM-54 whereas PaoxPDM-ll recorded an increase of 40.78'X) over P3QXPDM-54. 4.2.2.5 Leaf phosphorus content It is evident from Table 41 that TPPW application increased the leaf phosphorus content significantly, giving 13.15'Mi, 18.18% and 18.75'X) with PDM-11 while 9.67%, 9.09% and 15.38% with PDM-54 over GW application. It may he noted that the phosphorus content in leaves gradually decreased from vegetative to fruiting stage. For this parameter P45 proved optimum. In case of PDM-11, P45 proved optimum at all the growth stages but in PDM-54, it proved beneficial only at vegetative and fruiting stages whereas at flowering stage, P30 proved optimum being at par with Pis on one hand and with P45 on the other. With PDM-11, P45 recorded an increase of 18.91'Xi, 52.63% and 57.14% while PDM-54 registered an increase of 27.58'K, and 63.64'M, over Po. 4.2.2.6 Leaf potassium content TPPW irrigation was noted to increase leaf potassium content also in both PDM-11 and PDM-54 (Table 42). Like N and P, K also decreased towards maturity with the growth of the plants. Under TPPW, PDM-11 showed an increase of 14.04%, 13.93% and 21.39'M) over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-U recorded an increase of 6.92%, 7.86% and 14.55% over GWxPDM-54. In this parameter, P45 proved best for both varieties. In case of PDM-11, 45kg P registered an increase of 26.35%, 22.22% and 31.08% while PDM-54 showed an increase of 19.83%, 20.56% and 20.70'K) over Po. PDM- 11 combination performed better and P45XPDM-II gave an increase of 12.41%, 10.36% and 21.75'K. over P45XPDM-54. As far as interaction effect was concerned, TPPWxP4r,xPDM-ll registered an increase of 16.44'M, and 25.50'M) over PDM-54 at vegetative and fruiting stages even GWxp^-xpDM-11 71 00 LO LO § CN CN O O CO ^ CO OT OT flj q q 2 q ;z: ^ 2; d d d d o o o s bfl o in T O, LO lO CN \i- C3^ w in N ^ i> o O O O ^ O) CO CO u 2 CN CO (N (^Q CN CN (N o a^ CJ^ •—I O CJN £ --H CN --I --I CN CN --; if ^ o CN < <6 d> <6 d d d d t o 00 CO CO LO • r4 8 V § CO ^ CO CO .—1 rH (fl Ctf (U S d d d d d d d d c\3 o (Z! in CC V 0- C > M in •^ r-i cy\ ^ O LO [> 2 CO Tj- ^ bjo r—I T-H 1—I T—I o " 0-1 2 .> ro CO CO CO --H CN --I O v-i V C^ n! d d d d d d d d d d d d d d ro i-H < -M O 22 Cl a; ;3 W) io u oi > cu in I-H C7^ C3> CN rH LO LO O VO CN ^ CO \^ -d 2 't CO CN CO CO CO rH .—I I—I o CJ o o o d d d d d d d d d d d < O IH OH fc CN C t/) XI c 0, O ^ a lO lO ON I> t> o o\ en CO LO '^ O "-I --I CN o 2 CO CO CO T—( »—t I—I 1—( o o CM CO CN CO C -i-j 01 d d> d d d d d d d d cti flj < d d d d tt. o 2 > II -a d c^i •=! m to G CC < OH ii < IX i^ O H S o ^ 2 O H 2 o c« a M CO > •l-J lcU 'S CO in lO +-s< ri X V CQ rt u Q Q H H S CL, •s bjO • 1-1 fH in •* in CN in in OI CO o o o rH 1—< CN °9 0C3 q o o O q o q S cs CO d CN 6 6 6 6 (D d d DJ3 o in •l-J C OU in vo CO CO a; in o 0^ O C3^ 00 CTi •c I—1 CN CN o 1—1 •1-1 o o o CO u I—1 CO 0C3 O q q q q q q q o CO CO CO CN CO CN CO Q o CO d> d CD d d i O H '-' CO .> < ^ feb OH CO CO CO o in in tL, V in c» in in t—1 • • -1-1 q q '-Jj o o o CN CN Ol CO o °9 q o o o O o o £o CO CO CO CO CO o CO S g oi oi (U o o o O o o o o > •t-J in Si c E O V in rH CO (M ^ 00 vO ^ X 8 h o £ 00 CS O lO t^ vq 00 DQ O O CQ CO CO CN CN CN o oi oi X X X X 1 o e 1 < CQ < o < PQ < _2 rt ?5 'w Ou -^ S CO 10 CO vO O 0^ vO 00 c^ in 00 CO in in -i-j £ >; ^ ^^1 o oi oi CN CN CN CN c^ 1 "^ II ^§ ^^ CO CL, i> a\ O o ^ 00 CO G^ =5 ^ 1—1 t>- C) cs ^ I> i-H CN :^ ^ ^ CO ^ CN oi oi CN CO W 9 W M in o u • •O g & 03 in us OJ +j in > fc ^ « cC CO in I—I I—t f-l N .—1 ^ CO .—1 OI c^ CO 1—1 CN a^ :3 £ ^ vO CO I> r-l r-1 iH £ o q CO q ^ q c^ CN 2 C« 6C o 't ^ ^' CO ^ CO ^ oi CN oi oi oi oi oi cti ft; o V CO •y o c^ in ^ ^ S' ii CO o t> CN ^ CO in 00 in CN o o 00 o £ 00 in vq q CO CN q q q rH 2 lU O CO CO CO CO CO CO oi CN 1—1 CN i S2 II -a ':=: "^ ^ CQ IS f ^ ^ d ^ c OH c3 CL, a, CL, OJ o (X O g cC C CO s +-1 cs a ^ 0) I—I .—1 I—1 lO I—t in OT < ^ 4-1 1 1 1 1 3 u § cC u Q Q u Q Q V CQ CL, H H cu s CL, OH S £ gave an increase of 8.35% and 17.31% over GWxP45xPDM-54 at vegetative and fruiting stages respectively. 4.2.3 Yield parameters and quality The yield attributes and total seed protein contents were studied at harvest The significant data are briefly described. 4.2.3.1 Pod number plants It is evident from Table 43 that TPPW application increased the pod number up to 13.22% with PDM-11 whereas PDM-54 showed an increase of 8.08% over GW. The TPPW irrigation with PDM-11 registered an increase of 24.48% over PDM-54 whereas GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 18.82'X) over GWxPDM-54. P30 proved optimum. With PDM-11, P30 showed an increase of 26.57% whereas PDM-54 gave an increase of 18.37'M) over P,. Varieties showed different response under the P doses. 4.2.3.2 Pod length plant-i An increase of 4.94% was noted in case of PDM-11 and 8.09% in case of PDM-54 as a result of TPPW irrigation over GW (Table 43). Under TPPW, PDM-11 increased 14.70% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 18.14% over GWxPDM-54. 4.2.3.3 Seed number pod-^ It was more in PDM-11, irrigated with TPPW in comparison with GW. The percent increase recorded was 11.95'M) whereas PDM-54 showed an increase of 8.04% over GW (Table 43). 4.2.3.4 Biomass plant-i TPPW irrigation enhanced biomass in both varieties (Table 44). Under TPPW irrigation, PDM-11 showed an increase of 5.32% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 1.62% over GWxPDM-11. With PDM- 11, P30 registered an increase of 16.74% over Po. As far as response of the two varieties was concerned, PDM-11 performed better and PaoxPDM-ll showed an increase of 10.27% over P30XPDM-54. 4.2.3.5 Pod weight plant-i 10.89% increase was noted in PDM-11 as a result of TPPW irrigation over GW while PDM-54 showed an increase of 8.03'M) over GW (Table 44). TPPW application with PDM-11 recorded an increase of 35.88'M) over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 increased up to 32.38% over GWxPDM-54. 72 CNI o 00 t^ f- .-I T3 o vD O CO CO CO CO C/D 00 CS O CM in 2 IZ 2; 2 a; r^ ^ O z a; l> 00 vD I> CO 3 q d d 6 d O LO CM CO ^ r}- 0^ l> CO UO t-- -H r-l CM CO cn CO CO C/5 D O CO IN 00 CM O 00 c e CN in CO ON ^_ CM t-- d H I> I> N in vo v6 vD Zl II o w cu M •o • F4 o 00 LO CM ON vO o a vD "—I ON o M ci \-l '•—1 t-. ON t> si TS hH V 0 00 <-< CM hH -l-J d 00 ON OH d l-l rt ^ "a3 ^ < M 13 -l-uJ > to b •o a 1—1 V 4) -u N ON ON O LO CN| ON CO 00 rt O o CO 00 ^ 1—1 >. rW ^ VO .—1 "o & d q CO CO d "^ « •P4 lU q q 0 a -4-J CO I—1 q 1—1 WH 6 *i5 00 t> c^ CM CO CM ON ON V CM I—1 I—1 I—1 d 1—1 'c u cu1 1—1 a CXxi u •—^ o ''' u J2 .-.^§ fe5 CM CN ^ CO ON 10 CO CO ON CO O !>• q CO lo a CM q 1—1 q CN) ON vO i3 ^ II O CO --I VD 00 I> ON CO CM T—1 CM ON ON ON CM Oq CSl .—1 T—1 I—1 'Sow 15 -a o V O -M . CO ^ ^. - C 1^ Jw 00 CO ^ 00 CM O lO CO in I> VD t^ VO VO CO O rH vD ON ^ CO ON r—1 o ti T^, CO 1—1 t-^ l> O ON I—1 q in VD lo t^ ON C:N ^ CM 6 1—1 I—1 00 00 (U "^ CM u si 11 ,^- -t-J feb VO vO O I> '-H ON CO O -"H CM VD ON 00 vD O CM o 1—1 VO CO 00 1—1 6JD vd 00 N •vf in ^ in ^ o d ii o ON d d t> 00 00 ON 1^ rt (U ;3 7 I—1 1—1 O T3 (u II -d IH O -^ PQ rt o § O OH u c •-< s W d o ra i-< s W > ^ CO -§ " ? in LO W < D 1 d 03 u Q Q ID P Q lU 0-, OH PH s 2 4.2.3.6 1000 seed weight TPPW irrigation resulted in the production of more seed weight than GW irrigation, the increase being 14.12'M. in PDM-11 and 8.03% in PDM-54 (Table 44). With TPPW irrigation, PDM-11 recorded an increase of 41.12'%. over PDM-54 whereas GWxPDM-11 recorded an increase of 33.59% over GWxPDM-54. Among different doses of phosphorus, P45 proved best as it increased up to 28.00% with PDM-11 while with PDM-54 Pao proved optimum and showed an increase of 18.8I'M) over Po. Regarding the varietal response under the P application, PDM-11 responded better and P45XPDM- 11 showed an increase of 41.89% over P3oxPDM-54. P15 proved deficient for both varieties while P45 proved luxurious for PDM-54 for this parameter. 4.2.3.7 Seed yield plant 1 Wastewater significantly increased the seed yield in both varieties (Table 45). It recorded an increase of 13.80% with PDM-11 whereas PDM-54 showed an increase of 9.09'M) over GW irrigation. Under wastewater PDM-11 gave an increase of 13.80% over PDM-54 while GWxPDM-11 increased it up to 9.09% over GWxPDM-54 showing the superiority of PDM-11 over PDM-54 under TPPW as well as GW. Among the various doses of the phosphorus, Pn, proved optimum for seed yield being at par with P45 for PDM-11 while P/ir, proved best for PDM-54. With PDM-11, P30 registered an increase of 27.27'X. while with PDM-54 P45 gave 20.54% increase over Po. Regarding the response of varieties under the application of phosphorus doses, PDM-11 performed better and PaoxPDM-ll gave an increase of 12.28"K. over P45XPDM-54. Therefore, it may be concluded that TPPW and phosphorus dose, P30 proved beneficial for seed yield, even GW with P30 significantly increased the seed yield. Lower dose of phosphorus i.e. Pi5 proved deficient while higher dose P45 proved luxurious for seed 3deld. 4.2.3.8 Harvest index TPPW irrigation also enhanced the harvest index significantly over GW appUcauon, the increase being 10.23% in case of PDM-11 while PDM-54 registered an increase of 8.23% (Table 45). 4.2.3.9 Total seed protein contents It is evident from Table 45 that TPPW irrigation significantly increased the total seed protein contents in both varieties. It recorded an increase of 73 vq •l-J :?• ^ o XI cu M C^ t^ "t 00 C3> lO •rH CO CO CS I> O vO +-1 o; ID 00 t^ lO vO O ^ r-i vO CO CO •d !2 2 ^ q q q c^ CM 2; 2; ^ ^ Tl^ LO CO TO o VO VO vO (6 d> (6 d> d CC ^ ID -a CQ O >^ t; OH —I TO O c\i ^ O o a, ^ (N (N -vf CM CO t^ X o a CO >-H I>- O ^ CS 0^ m o o CQ '^ ^ ^ ^ lO vd LO X X X X o DQ < O < CQ < 00 CO --I M d t^ oj q 00 q q ^^ rt LO LO CO '^ CO <^ ZL II . fi rt Cu K^ ^ ° « -^ 00 t^ O 00 lO <-! CM lO •^-^ 2 u, a, • V4 ado CM vO I> 00 LO CM V) «s o xi 00 CM >-H CO o S u CO CM CO CM CM -3 HH -M O (0 o < u « to o 1/5 <-! CO <-! ^ 00 lO CM C^ CM ^ CM CJ^ 0) O ^ CSI •-H O O vD CM 00 a rt CO q oc) q 00 0 CM CM CM ,-t ^ ,-1 ^ VD CO CO '^ CO 00 0 w ^ u CO CO CO CM CM CM CM 4) 4-1 > A* X! 60 •BP Wad S o o t^ 0^ CO o o o t- CO lO 00 vO t^ vO CTi OJ ^ 0^ N 00 vD O " O O O lO (U u .^ ^^ I—< CM CN I—I I—I I—I rH lU LO CO oi '^ CO 00 CO CO CO CM CM CM CM a^ o o 1g 1^ o U Hi vO vO vO O I> 0> CM CM ^ ON ^ t^ O 00 ^ r-i .—I O O '-I ^ <^ -l-J •5 ^ q vo vo LO c« b/l O i—I '—I "—I c5 CM >-< LO (D •^ o ,y CO CM CM CM CM CM U, 0 CM II 1H S C^ t ) ^ CO C^ 00 0^ 0^ 0^ CO C^ vO C^ O CTi 00 ^ CM LO CO I—I .—I I—I t^ 1> ^ ^ u tM ^ « CO oc) q CM o O (6 d> d> "^ 00 VO c> d d CO •wu -C O OH (N LC ^ CS 00 O (M vO CM in q 00 c^ O vO CO "-t O <-< CO CO CO CO CO £ ifi 00 v6 CO vo in vd q q 2 :z; S a ^; o O --I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO XI o o o CTi CO --I VO •-I CM ^ 00 --I '-' 00 in CN q 00 in i> in 00 00 CO O 00 (Ji in 00 vO CO vc5 in vd o o o o q q ;z; CO CO CO b^ CO CO CO CO d> <6 (6 (6 d (6 O o CO ^ CO 0> <-! X Tf CO 00 -^ 2 CO O CO '-^ CO m o o cQ o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO X XXX i PQ < o < m < o 1-H CO •51- C\l ^ l> 00 CO in 00 m CO CM CO '^ CO CO CM CM CM CM 4> in I> O C^ in CM o CO o o (N (N in in 1 I Q Q V Q Q OH CL, CL, 3.46% with PDM-U whereas PDM-54 showed an increase of 8.14% over GW irrigation. With TPPW irrigation, PDM-U showed an increase of 10.43'M. over PDM-54 whereas GWxPDM-11 showed an increase of 15.42'X. over GWxPDM-54. P30 gave optimum results for both varieties and in PDM-11 it registered an increase of 20.55% whereas with PDM-54, it showed an increase of 19.30'^) over Po. - "* ' 4.3 Experiment V (PDM-11) and VI (PDM-54) pooled analysis Results of pooled data of the two varieties were briefly written to study the use of different combinations of K along with fiked doses of fly ash, nitroger and phosphorus under wastewater. Only the significant data are briefly mentioned. 4.3.1 Growth characteristics Nine growth parameters were recorded at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. 4.3.1.1 Shoot length plant 1 , PDM-11 proved superior and registered an increase of 23.88'M), 32.11% and 28.14% over PDM-54 (Table 46). Shoot length plant-' showed a marked increase from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. K significantly increased this parameter at all the growth stages and Kjo gave the optimum results being at par with K4(j. K30 showed an increase of 18.65'M' 24.64% and 25.06% over KQ. Lower doses Kio and K.o also increased the shoot length but proved deficient as compared to K30 whereas K.10 proved luxurious. Among the different combinations of potassium dose and variet}^, K30XPDM-II significantly increased shoot length and it was at par with K40XPDM-II at vegetative and flowering stages while at fruiting, K,io and K^o showed significantly different values. With the lower doses of K, Kio, Kju, PDM-U performed better than PDM-54 as PDM-54 with all doses of K gave lower values. PDM-11 with K30 recorded an increase of 44.1 I'M. and 58.93% while PDM-U with K40 showed an increase of 58.7rX) over KoxPDM-54. 4.3.1.2 Shoot fresh weight plant 1 1 PDM-U showed better response over PDM-54, oeing 24.50%, 63.02% and 54.54'V;) more at three successive stages of growth (Table 47). There was consistent increase in this parameter from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. Various K doses performed differently, K30 was optimum as it was 74 o 00 [> in > LO CN '-I '-' vO co in 00 s VO CS CO !> C~; 6 d> d> V 00 --H CO lO LO s (N CO CO CO CO I5X) C ID o +-1 o o V CO in 00 M o c« Q o odd ^ CO C CO 00 --^ ^ O I> O in bO 1 O (N '^ O r-J CO vd t> 00 d d 00 Q CS (N t> LO <-• t^ --I 00 '55 CN .-H CN CO ^ ^ f^ .2 r-H lO 00 >-< --I I> o CO CO CO ^ ^ CO a C I-, OV N CO a^ 00 00 •* C^ CM O O in 00 --I cTi --I 00 in CO vo --I XI CO ^ vD t^ 00 d CM LO 00 d OH CN (N CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO O XI V u 6JD O •l-J u ID N 00 O ^ Oi vO 00 CM in t> --H in O ^ >-H r-; l> CO w 'it t^ CO O •-< C> ^ CM CO 't ^ CO c 00 d d CO CO d -t-> CM CM CM CM Ol CM •+3 CM CM CO CO CO CO art u XJ -^ O O LO CO vO ^ N ^ C^ r~- O O d <-< >-< 00 CO in d ^ in d Q CM CM C^ CO CO CM CO CO ^ ^ "t CO cu CL, XJ X V 3 oi > 10 0^ vO "vf ^ CO CO o t> CO -^ ^ N M W CS O Oi o CC in t^ O CO CO O o +-" ^ .-H CS CN CS ^ oJ o lU OH a* > H is C w 53 rt 00 CTi 00 CN ^ 10 vO ^ ^ t^ ^ 00 '-< 00 00 CN q LO o q 06 '-H CN 10 LO LO 10 v6 vO id •-H CN CSI (M CM o jj a- OH oo- c 8 CO o 0* x: a c O VD 0> 0^ CM O (N 't vD 0\ ^ 10 ON CO vO 1> vO .-H CO ^ 00 c^ 10 v£) vo o 00 00 r-- Lf5 10 L6 10 LO 10 •+3 ^ 2 -t-uJ > M fc > o B si 00 >• (N 00 O —t CM '-I O ^ O O t> CO 00 t^ 00 O) CO CM >; CO CO CM o 10 vD id I> t^ vo o LO r^ 1—I t-J i> C Ol 04 O) CO CO CM > 6 CO u ^^ SO O -- 4.3.1.4 Leaf number plant-^ Leaf number was also significantly increased in PDM-11 as it recorded an increase of 46.57%, 65.26% and 61.14% over PDM-54 (Table 49). Leaf production also showed a marked increase from vegetative stage to fruiting stage in both varieties. K significantly increased the leaf number at all the growth stages. Doses of K performed differently, K30 was optimum being at par with K40 at vegetative and fruiting stages while at flowering stage K.jo and K40 were different in their effect. Lower doses of Kio and K20 also increased the leaf number but it proved deficient in comparison to K30 whereas K4u 75 o W) d vD --I CO rH •sf 00 > •i-H CN CO ^ O ^ ON '-' ^ V O CO VD CN O) H 6 6 6 rf ^ ^ UO lO ClH Si 03 >, in CN in ^ ^ CO I> o cs CO ^ o d> c> c> Q o a O 03 in 00 CO --I O CO N (M ^ I/) 00 00 LC OJ •a CO CO CO CO CO CO .> in vo in X o O vD CO •t-j u .-H 1—I (M d) d d> lU > a ,-1 ^ O '-' ID --I M t>- CN 00 1^ vD 00 c .2 OJ •^ in LO vo \o lo •M Q O OH OH T5 C oi •a g M 1/3 •a> ^ o vo o in 00 o in t^ o t^ 00 I> CO vO CN LO a ,-< ^ .-I oq CN (fi t^ o III j:^ (L) 5§ W) C 6/3 4-rt1 o ^ W 1-. UJ u •-H 00 CM 00 O 'O CO CSl 00 VO --H O :^ •^ in in o t^ 00 o q CO CO r^ 00 ^ Q rt •+3 in in in in in in CL, u M d u > O Cl*' a 03 V Xi O CO 00 I> O (M f-- .-H in r^ in ON vq 0} oj CO ^ .-I o Q •-H "-I oi CN CN oi \6 [> t> 00 cf^ \> C ID > li •^ 6J0 CI, 03 o — r^ m ^ C ^ ^ CO '^ •vi k> O kV kj •^ c HH HH tJH t-M h^ HC M HC HC H^ 0 Q 0 Q w CO CcO CO CO -0 DH PH DH CLH D-, UH OH PH OH vn vn in in ifi I/) n1,0 uo in in (n OH z ;£ £ £ 2 12; 2 2 2 ri o o o o o C) 0 Q 0 0 CN CJ CN (N CN s (N OJ CN Ol a l-c <<:<:<; «d; < <<>/ < < < CQ UH b (X, (ZH tL, (j^ u. u, U. fe 12; vO ^ ON CSl --I CS CO I—1 o CO LO r-; < O 00 o odd CM CM CS CO CO M LO r-l .-I CS •c ON vO lO o CN) ^ VO o o +-1 odd O 10 O t^ CO I> ^ 10 rj- CO •^ -^ ^ O '-t '-' CO CO CM Q (U CM CS CS CS CS CN CL, > •a t> CS IN o O CS ON U CS ^ LO (L> (6 (6 S > S LO t^ 'd- 00 CS ON CO vD CS r-i LO lO o 00 >-< vO CS •t-J CS CO CO ^ CO O 5? •a > ^ u 00 !>• CS O 0^ I—I t> LO >—I •—I o a M fc t^ .—( O^ O ON C^ 00 vo LO ON CS ^' 10 O ^ •-H CO d d d CO CO CO "^ "^ o V o W) cu -4-rt1 "vt M o lO (U C^ vO 00 O LO rH 00 O 0^ O VO CO CO q --^ CS CS ^ •—I ^ S vO vO '—I s •^ r-H oi CS CO CO CS d t>^ C^ CJN ON 00 Q nJ CS CS CNI CS CS OQ cu M V > 00 N LO CS CS CTN rf CO O --I LO CO I—I CN VO >—I N >—I CS CO LO -^ rH CO ^ vO ON O O 00 |> O LO rH CS LO Q .—I I—I 1-H CS CNI <—I CO ^ •* LO LO ^ •^ v-> ^^ ^—J \j \J! \/i \J \ji o »-H »-M hM HH HH li^ i4 t5 1o^ o o o o d o o o o o n CO CO CO CO a; (X OH 0, DH OH CO n n n c^ tn in 10 in in PL, PH di CL, OH 2 2 \n in \n If) in o •zo o zo z,o I CN !M CN CN a u £ S 2 £ S d < < < < < CQ CIH 76 W) in d 00 in CO O CM O o r-l w CO vq o> in 00 C^ 0^ in CO 00 0^ d r-l s •>-> d d ^—^ o in 00 o> ^ in Xi in in in vo o 73 O ::5 >. M CM in I—) in V VO > CO in to o .—1 o I^ 1—1 vb O -4-> Q 1—1 vO .—( O in o> o^ c^ o W) O Tf O) CM CM u I ^ c d t^ 00 in in 00 cc •c CO in I> Xi Q in in i^n voO VoO in 00 in o o in o in -4-1 CM CO t—1 in 00 r-l > fi o t- I—( CO t- vD 3 00 in ^ vO VO ^ •t-j i^ d\ d •^ ^ t-^ '-4-1 cC Q t> ^ CO CTi r-t ^ a u o OH in \o vD vD t^ vO 1) OH C > t-H MS. V) 3 00 'd- CM 'd- in a^ CO vD O o o 0 •'< Vi_i O S^ d w § •(-' o 03 t—1 -t-j lO '^ N 00 in in w in CN in CM I> Ol u 0) CO O) 00 0^ r-l CO vO CO .—1 .—1 -M I iq o t> o> CN •sf in 1> CO N 1—1 >—( CN ON d Q I ^ in vo 00 00 vO I—1 CM in o O in VHH CM (N CM CN Ol CM VO VO vO N t^ vO CL, •M -^ o M 2 d > Cx, o rd CN O CM O in O CM ^ vO t^ CM 00 -4—' CN rH CO vO CM in O 0^ 00 q q CO --1 O .-1 CO 00 I—1 in vo 't ^ d oi o •i-j Q in 00 Ol CM CN vO 00 in in ON d CN CM Cvc^l CO CO Ca\M vD vO vD t^ VO d OH r~- cC CO o 1) 'd > o o o o o c „ ^ ^ t^ o ^ ^ d Z I-" M u CoO CoO o o o o CoO CoO CoO CoO M PU OH OH OH DH OH DH ,o \n in in in in in in ain. in lO ;3 fe CO w DH2 o o o 2 o z z 2 O § o o o o o CN CN f^ f^ < < < < < < < < lU cd Cx, fc fc fc fc fc fc tL, fc fc s :s W) vO vD >- I—1 -cM CO 00 00 Cr^N ^ vO < 00 o o y—l s o o o CM rf in 00 00 fc <^ ^ LO ^ t^ ^ Ol O CO o • t-i D^ CN N 00 CO --I a M CO (N CO C^ CO t> o Vi ^ \D c^ 't ^ ly' •M Q .-I 1-1 ^ CS (N T-i ^ S o OL, V •a > H iJ a, p o .—1 o ON ON 00 ^ CO o 00 00 ON 00 O 1—1 in ^ 00 CTi o I—1 .—1 vd 00 d cs c^ 1^ 1—1 CN cs csi o lU •i-j O CO 1—1 I—1 ON u CO CN t^ ^ 00 CO o o ^ 00 00 ON ON C3N O O •-< vO vD (N W) in *-> C NO 'E l> 00 00 00 00 00 ^ in in vd in Q cU •+3 o OL, •4-1 U •(-' bJO ID > o B V -t-J o c^ ^ ON 1-1 ^ o N vO 00 I—( vD lU l^ CO 't 00 0^ 00 1—1 CN CO CO 1—1 CSI •(-1 0^ ^ CO "^ •5j- CN ON CN ^ I> 00 ^ Co Q I—1 (M CM cs O) CSI OL, > •t-j 6J0 _ ^> v-j ^j ^> o o o o Q '^ IM CO •'t- o Ol •c h^ HC ^ M h^ i4 o o o o o o o o o o M n n CO tn CO CO CO u J^ J^ CO X3 &< OH DH CU PH OH OH CL, OH CL, oi-i u^ ,0 ,/^ U^ 1/5 UO \n lO ir> \fl IT) CO Ciu . 2 £ £ £ £ d £ £ £ 2 £ CC o o o o c u o o o o o S <^ (M !N CN CN s u CN in -H CO t> CM CO -* o (U o 000 Q o d d d CO O in ON I> (N CO I> vO I .-I CO ^ ^ O Tf CO CO CO CO CO CO Q lU CL, 10 o> in o CM CO in I 000 d> <6 d> > ^ O .-H CO 00 O ^ •i-j C 0 ^ vo (T> o •-; 00 •t-i Q CO CO CO Tf ^ CO ^ B 0 O •i-j u CI, OH X! u C > >> * c ^H •a> ^ 10 "^ CO \0 CO vO \0 00 o CSl CO "^ vO VO rH in t^ q q a O) CM CS CS (M ^ ^ 't in in V) o XI o •»< ^ a n ^ <^ H o (D O I vo I—I 00 "-I lO in CM '-I CM vO I> o <-< (N CO ^ O CM CO VO vO CO Q I oi oi CN CM oi ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ CL, a; w c 3 > 0 S a- rt CM ^ ^ vO O l> vD CO "-I (7* O vO •1-u1 ^ in vo 00 o; vo CN 00 CM "K^ in q 0 C Q CS OQ CM oi oi CM ^ ^ in in in 10 4.3.1.9 Nodule number plants J* is clear from Table 54 that PDM-11 produced more nodules per plant than PDM-54, the increase at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages being 43.92'M., 43.27'K. and 56.16% respectively. It may be pointed out that nodule number increased only up to flowering stage and declined at fruiting stage in both varieties. Various doses of K performed differently. K30 gave the optimum results being at par with K40 at vegetative and flowering stages whereas at fruiting stage, K30 and K40 showed critically different values. Kio and K20 also increased nodules but proved deficient as compared to K30. Among the different interactions, K,',oxPDM-ll significantly increased this 77 o 6fl fi Tj- 00 CO V CM CO lO •»+-H> o q q < o t^ ^ (M 13 a\ o> o IH d d d UH O O "-I "-I V ^ lb •r-f CJi O CO U .-H CO 't o cfl 9 9 9 o Q o -a O d d d c rH LO 00 ^ >• 0^ 00 00 00 O} O) 00 03 d d d 6 d 6 > •+3 ON CO CO 1—( o o o d o o > g B 0^ 00 O 0^ O I> 'w Oi O CN CM CO --H o ^-|03 ^ 6 y O a •^ > H HS d 03 •a a JH en o fl w =^ »-i 1/5 O ^ 00 00 ON O C>1 00 x: vO O l> I> I> O >-• CM CO CO cu :2«^ d d d d d oen "dux! s ^^ a 0 •S o 0 I; o C^ •* N 00 CM LO CM vD t^ I in LO lo in vD lo Oi O O >—I T-H o Q •J d cS d) c> d> d E 3 § > o 6 03 (U x•l-Ji CTi vO CS 0^ CM CS| V 11 I> lO C^ CM Oi CM •l-J vD t^ 00 00 <> 00 .-I CO "^ ID lO ^ o C d d d d d d ^ T3 00 OJ ;3 1^ > 00 (U CO t> CO > lO CO "^ l^ O Cv| CO in < vO CO 00 lO vO CO in 00 --H >-< 6 6 CN N CS vO t^ --I '-I >-i CM 00 CO '^ 7) )-i CM 0^ in o vo V M o in CO vD CM O vO ON C^ vO Oi O O CM •-H 00 --I ^ n- CO CO OS O O --I CO • Q -4-1 a. (U C Cx, > o S o in CM !>• CO in CM VO ^ CM t^ "^ CM CO N CO O T-i OJ --H CO ^ O CM o C-^ <> CM in O CM in t> OS i-H CO OS Q .-H .-H CM CM CSl O) T—{ ,-1 r-H CN CM •—I > 6 O o o o o 0) •c -^ ^ ^ ^ 1^ ^ ^ n o o o o o o o o o fi CO n m CO CO CO J^ CO CU DH OH OH 0. U* H, OH CL, -^ ^ l/J in in in \n lo in in in CO a ^ Z S S ^ IS Z Z o o o z,o ri o o o o o rN fS f5 f^ 0) C5 CN (N < < < < < < << ^ < < tL, te u. U. te U U, UH tL. parameter however it was at par with K40XPDM-11 at flowering stage while at vegetative and fruiting stages KsoxPDM-ll and Kw^PDM-ll differed critically. PDM-11 required lower dose of fertilizer whereas PDM-54 higher. 4.3.2 Physiological parameters Physiological determinations were also recorded at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. 4.3.2.1 Leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) PDM-11 proved superior and recorded an increase of 53A8"A>, 62.42'M) and 8.73% over PDM-54 (Table 55). This parameter increased only up to flowering stage and declined at fruiting stage in PDM-11 as well as in PDM- 54. K significantly increased NRA and K30 was optimum being at par with K40. K30 registered an increase of 7.55"/), 6.70% and 16.72^/) over Ko. Lower doses of K proved deficient while higher dose proved luxurious. Among different interactions, Kao^PDM-ll significantly increased this parameter but it was at par with K4o^PDM-ll at vegetative and flowering stages while at fruiting stage, K30 and K40 showed different values. With the lower K doses, PDM-11 performed better than PDM-54. Kao^PDM-ll registered an increase of 65.32% and 76.62% over KoxPDM-54 at vegetative and flowering stages while at fruiting stage K40XPDM-II an increase of 28.36% over KoxPDM-54 was observed. 4.3.2.2 Total chlorophyll contents PDM-11 improved total leaf chlorophyll contents at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages, giving an increase of 15.84"/!., 15.47'M. and 5.06% over PDM-54 (Table 56). This parameter decreased consistently up to fruiting stage in both varieties. Regarding the effect of different doses of potassium, K30 gave the optimum results being at par with K40 at vegetative and flowering stages while at fruiting stage K40 gave the optimum results and showed significantly different values with K30. 30kg K ha-i showed an increase of 17.22%, 17.57"/o over Ko at first two samplings and 40kg K ha ' registered an increase of 21.23% at fruiting stage. Kio and K20 proved deficient while K40 proved wasteful. Among various combinations, K30XPDM- 11 proved beneficial as it was at par with K40XPDM-II at vegetative and flowering stages. PDM-11 with K30 increased 34.91% and 34.62'^^. over KoxPDM-54 at vegetative and flowering stages. 78 I> cs 00 n t^ (N in 00 vO CO t^ ^ in "^j ""^ o ^ --I < CO o C:N cs o X! c\ c\ c^ C) a CO 00 c« >> V to in CS •* •c CO o a in [>• oi o '^ Q o in 00 c M vo cs vo CO in cs O c CO O 00 Oj --; !>; cC •a ON in cs t^ ON d cC ON CO •* 00 00 in ON CO o o vo t^ i> i> i> t^ in h- -^ in 00 oi o B ON CO ^ c o ^ biD u ^^ O •l-J p 00 Oi Cvl N o ON •(-J CS CO 1^ in ^ 00 (U in o) 00 CO 00 "5j- CO O O CO CO (U M c• N t^ 00 00 > o M C > O -s^ sCO ^1; Vu >V x; CO '-I --I CO cs cs vT) CO in CO "vt- o CO ^ VO ON '-I t^ til t) cs q ^ vD CO c^ o •^ CNJ ^ I> 00 •^ in in CO 00 6 ^ c 73 ,—I ^ in ON >—I o •-* cs CN| Ol cs CNl ^ ^ \f ^ in ^ X! ah ^"O CO u :S'i-5H 'B ^ > 6 -t^ C --^ i_ -w- .—' •vO" K>/- OC N 0 in vo in in o V r-l C\| CO o W) rt 9 9 9 -i-j Q a '^ en O 6 6 6 in WJ vO CN vO I> O 00 t in O vD t^ 00 vO •c V a. ^ vo in in o ^ CM CO u, o q q c6 c> d> > liri CO in 00 o fo 'd- [> 00 00 --I •-; O} o -t-i 1-H rH .-H CS (N >-< a o o ID IH 9i w ;3 u o o ^ '-' fo vD in CTi "^ C^ o Ti- in in b- i> u 00 0> 0^ "-I >—I a .-H rH ^ tN CN o iH •4-1 o W CTi t^ "-H CO in CO CO O in CTi CM 00 b vD >• 00 tTi Ov 00 bO ^ in 10 vo i> in a 60 '3 3 > IH o OH O lU h W) 4:3 1> .—1 -M .—1 00 O CM 00 (Ti CM 00 CM O -1-' S ON q q (N CO •-; ^ in o t> 00 vo 0 ^fl --^ CN OJ CM C^ d C -^ TO •t-' Q 4.3.2.4 Leaf nitrogen content PDM-11 gave 5.59%, 9.13% and 11.66% more N content over PDM-54 at three stages (Table 58). It showed marked decrease from vegetative to fruiting stage in both varieties. Regarding the effect of different doses of K, K30 showed optimum results being at par with K40 at vegetative stage while at flowering and fruiting stages K30 and K40 differed. The interaction Kjo^PDM- 11 significantly increased this parameter and it was at par with K4()XPDM-11 at vegetative and flowering stages while at fruiting stage K40XPDM-II and K3oxPD!l-ll were different in their effect. At lower doses PDM-11 performed better than PDM-54. KaoxPDM-ll registered an increase of 25.68% and 29.06% over KoxPDM-54 at vegetative and flowering stages whereas K40XPDM-II recorded an increase of 33.33% over KoxPDM-54 at fruiting stage. 4.3.2.5 Leaf phosphorus content It is evident from Table 59 that PDM-11 proved superior over PDM-54. Leaf phosphorus content gradually decreased with increase in growth in both varieties. K30 proved best being at par with K40 at vegetative stage while at flowering and fruiting stages K20 proved optimum being at par with K,,; and K40. K30 showed an increase of 35.48% over Ko at vegetative stage while K20 gav^ an increase of 38.46% and 36.36% over Ko at flowering and fruiting stages respectively. 4.3.2.6 Leaf potassium content PDM-11 registered an increase of 19.05%, 13.88% and 10.44% over 79 bjO CN "^ 00 C\l CO 't CTi 0^ C^ 00 CO < '-I vO 00 O !> 9 9'^ vO vd vO t^ I> d d d in •vf 00 ^ •d o CN CO oLO u o o o -1-1 Q o o d CO c O vO I^ 0> CO O O W) CN O M 3 t-i P^ * o :3 u •a> -fs t^ CTi ^ N CN CTi OJ t^ --I LO o C:^ CO ir> CS CN 00 CO vO •* U^ a 06 C3^ 0^ d d CN CO CO '^ ^ •2 S ^ .-I .-H .-I CM CN O •2 'Ca 51 a « ^ w a o M bO 6/3 IH i; V O 00 0 CO CN CTi 0 CO CN ^ O 0^ ^ 01 -i-j > vO 0 OS I—1 1—1 I—I 6/) I> CN VO ^ in N V •43 >• 00 00 0 0 a\ C ^ CN Csi CO CO CN +J r^^ rH .—1 t—1 CN CM I—( w ^ -4-1 • 1-1 rt ^ V ^ o u feb bo > •3 E rt 10 >• Oi '-' ^ CO vD O CO CN vO r-H la O 1-1 CN 00 00 '* CN ^ in ON ON o (5 d) d> o (6 d) Co '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \f-' CM CN CN CN CN OQ W •(-' O a o o _ l_l LJ UJ t_) O ~ CN CO ^ Q -H OJ CO ^ t^ t^ t^ Ni ^ ^ ^ ^ ^C h^ -'-' CO 00000 CO CO CO C^ CO d, CL, OH CL CU m PH DH CU PH DH in in ir, in l/^ l/^ 10 in IT! •z z, '^ 'z -^ d J3 Z £ £ 2 ^ d o o o o o S o o o o o H CQ CN CN CN IN rs '« LO CN CN CN CN 01 ™ < < < < < ^ tti (X, tL, IX, (XH ,^ < < < < < ,^ tL, IXi fc li, [1, iS 00 CO 00 O r-i T-i ^ vO 0^ o o q < § O -I CM -^ -^ (J 6 6 6 s (N O) W5 ib CO '-I O ^ CN CO o u o o q u M 6 6 6 -cfwl Q o 't M O G 10 M CO (M t^ O CO C^ 1 G O '-''-' CO CO --J Q •c oi CN cs oi oi CN OH V ^ o in uo o I --I CN CO +-> s V CUD 9 9 9 ^ > 6 6 6 r-i 2 I—1 O vO O CN LO 0^ .-; •a > ii (-1 CX3 r-. 00 vo ON vo CN Lo in oi O § c^ --; CN in lo u --H CN CM CO CO a •a fl) fH CN CO CO CO CO S o ^ a S o »< o w c (U M c o -4c«J O ^ CO -i-j in CJ OJ t>. .-( ^ 00 CN vo 00 in o o 0^ q (N ^ ^ CN :^ •^ --< --H C>1 CO (M Q n! CN CO CO CO CO CO I DH M s ID ;c3 > 0 E rt O O •4-J :^ q CN CO vo i> rt 0 73 Q CO CO CO CO CO CO tc) cu Xl w u d nJ > V -M on ^^ '^J "^^ ^J o c o c UH rt O ^ tN CO -c- •M O — (N CO t S> K> N> K> \> M S> S/* \> S> K> HM HH h-H MH HH 0 C -4-1 n o O o n o o o o o r/1 V U hifMi (-tMn »-Ln| |JICOH >-ItHo CO CO CO "0 CO X! lU OH OH OH OH u 00 l/J in 10 (Xlo OH DH Cu d, OH •J (U in \n ^ ^ ^; lo 10 ir; to lo OT PH 2; ZO £:££££ c rt W) lb a O CM •c CM CO CO o bjO 9 9 2 o o o o •i-j Q -o (0 O 03 ^ CM CO * LO fO a .—I f—I .—I I—I l-H r-H a! •c d 6 d 6 6 6 X 00 CO o 2 ::J w 9 9 2 W) o o > « d w in Ov CN in N CM o w r-H rH CNj CM CM CM •*-i ci d> d> C) d> <6 C) u -M a ao, CO u c > H u •3> H .-H CO LO t^ t^ o d M o T-H to <7i CM CO XI ^ ** XI CO CO CO '^ ^ a. .H 5i o. d d d d d m d d d d d o JJ d O X 0 .5^ o O « U CM CO CO CO ^ CO O -I -I -H ,-( CO (6 d d d> d> d ••P o o o o o o U 4-: W) M d is « > o ^^ 6 rt lU x•t-;j o So lU CO t^ CM lO vO --I CO O 00 O --I 00 +-J CO CO ^ ^ ^ ^ r-H rH I—( CM CM >—I o d d d d d d d d d d d d a •M X<)u ctci to o LG <3u o .2 > (U 55 a, W3 t-. o The yield parameters and total seed protein contents were studied at harvest. 4.3.3.1 Pod number plants In PDM-11 number of pods enhanced by 22.09% over PDM-54 (Table 61). Potassium significantly affected the pod production and K30 was the optimum as it was at par with K40. It recorded an increase of 24.80'M) over Ko. Lower K dose proved deficient while K40 proved wasteful. Among various combinations, KaoxPDM-ll significantly increased this parameter and it was at par with K40XPDM-II. PDM-11 with K30 recorded an increase of 48.25'X, over KoxPDM-54. 4.3.3.2 Biomass plant-^ PDM-11 recorded 5.12% increase in biomass over PDM-54 (Table 62). Regarding the effect of various doses of potassium, K40 gave the optimum results being at par with K30 K40 showed an increase of 8.18'M) over Ko. Among interactions, K40XPDM-II significantly increased this parameter and it was at par with Kao^PDM-ll. K40XPDM-II recorded an increase of 15.24'M) over KoxPDM-54. 4.3.3.3 1000 seed weight PDM-11 produced heavier seeds than PDM-54, the difference being 9.34% vTable 62). Potassium significantly increased 1000 seed weight and 80 o 00 CO --I O 'v rH ri CO 00 1—1 o o q o o o 6 6 6 CO ro CO ^ ^ XI c« vD LO LO .-H (M CO o u o o q o W3 o •t-rtl Q 6 6 6 ^ CO O a in M CTi 00 C^ (M lO CO ) CM CO ^ I> t^ lO Q CO CO CO CO CO CO CL, XI & ON "-H CO o .-I CO ^ fc o o o <6 d> (6 > vO ^ CS ^ f- pi o Do 0 a (f) en (^ • CN l> ^ O 00 O q ^ 10 •-; cs vo i^ t>^ i> 06 06 i> O CU V 10 in t> a CO 10 l> OH 000 6 odd a vO 0^ LO O O O w 't 1/3 I> --I >-; 00 o o -M 06 06 06 0^ 0^ 06 o O 1-1 -a •i-i t-' I—I (A -l-> •f4 o (A a w u a 00 <-i ^ 00 CO 0^ >• CM ^ C:^ o M XI •a> 4:: 0^ U) CO ^ 1> CS CM CO C^ C\ O^ d --H CM CM •a oi ^ vd 06 06 o 4) CN (M Og CM (N X! 0 a O a 0 V P4 a (0 cu cfl M c •t-l ^ o 0 c 6C uo (N CO vO ^ O CO 6 10 o vo ^ -t-J CO <-< t>; 00 (N r-( N v£5 0^ 00 --I 00 CO cTi vo o 10 in CM CO '-I CM CO O 04 i-t CO CM CM 00 o ^ vd 0^ CM CM 06 d '-< CM CO CO CM c CM C^ CM CO CO CS +e DO" C _ iwi '^-' VwJ ^> 0 0 0 0 o O —1 tN CO -^ 0 O) ^ HM ^ hC MH ^ « ^ ^ ^ ;^ 00000 0 0 0 0 0 Sfo CO CO ro CO ro n n CO CO CO X OH D-, OH DH CU CL, CL, OH V CO I/) LO liO LO I/) in i/^ 10 cuin cuI/; CO as Z. ^ Z Z. ^ Z 2 0 0 0 0 0 .—I 0000 £ s £ O [N 0) CN cs CN J? J? J? J? < < < < < CQ tL, Cz, Cx, CIH tin Cx, fc ta fc 2: a V V vO ON & vO C^ 02 (4-1 CO in 2:; < o ON 10 10 CN vD ^_ i> ON q 1/5 d 6 10 10 LO in >iJ w ir xM: -3 in o (U u CO CO C/3 o lU ^ z z z -a w Q T3 C 0 o 10 0 o 1 00 ON '-' O ON t^ CL, o ^ I—( 00 t>- CO 0 O in 00 00 4J -M 0 tq^ tq^ O <6 ^ d a o u V > H i3 0^ :i u ON 00 I—1 ^ 00 \)- O CO o 0 00 00 00 00 CSI CS 00 CS CO OH CO CO CO CO "^ v£5 06 00 CO .—1 .—1 r-H .—1 CO CO CO CO CO o a to a; o CSI in 00 .—1 in 0 vo CM o in i> •!-> 10 00 00 0 0 00 •-i vo i^ N in U B CO CO CO 'st^ "^ CO lU ^ csi in vo VO ^ M CO CO CO CO CO CO rt M m o o d o 0 caC a; x•t:j I—1 -a cC w 0 lU iS ;3 I—I 'S rt . -Hi^ > ai '55 cC S 0 0 0 0 •I—* +.; 0 0 CN in 0 c z 4-1 0 0 0 0 o 000c M "^ „ n 0 n CO m CO CO X 0 II PH (X, in in CL, DH DH D-i D-, 13 uV CO in in in in in in in CO a^; 0 £ 0 0 0 0 £ £ £ £ £ d i o o o o o S m i CN CM CN (N (N ™ £ < < < < < ^ among the doses 30kg K ha' gave the optimum results as it was at par with K40. K30 showed an increase of 15.10% over Ko. Lower doses of K proved deficieni while K40 was wasteful. 4.3.3.4 Seed yield plant 1 It is evident from Table 63 that PDM-ll showed its superiority over PDM-54 as the former variety recorded an increase of 9.40'M) over latter. Potassium significantly affected the yield and K30 gave the optimum value being at par with K40. K30 recorded an increase of 17.0r}<) over Ko. Lower doses Kio and K20 also increased the seed yield but the two treatments proved deficient when compared to K30 whereas K40 could not enhance seed yield more. Among different interactions, Kao^PDM-ll significantly increased this parameter being at par with K40XPDM-II. With lower K doses, PDM-ll performed better than PDM-54. Even PDM-ll without K dose performed better M.an K2oxPDM-54 and KioxPDM-54. It may be pointed out that PDM- 11 utilized the potassic fertilizer more efficiently as PDM-54 consumed comparatively more potassium. Thus by cultivating PDM-11 some amount of potassic fertilizer may also be saved. 4.3.3.5 Total seed protein contents PDM-ll proved superior as it registered an increase of 5.17'M) over PDM-54 (Table 63). K also increased the total protein contents significantly. Regarding the effect of various doses, K20 gave the optimum result being at par with K30 and K40. It recorded an increase of 1.87% over Ko. 81 in in "^ 't CO 00 ^ ^ vO CO ^ 2 c CO in 2 I—I 0^ 10 0^ >—' -t-j 6 in lO ^O t^ 00 o d rO CO CO ro CO in 13 CT) 73 CO o Z 2 (J z ^3 Q C in '-I rH I> CO CO o CN o LC vo t> q ^' UO l/j t> I> vO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 o\ ^ I—1 CN en o o o ,g (U o o o t^ O v£) t^ ^ CS VO w ^ 00 in (N LO ^ o nJ ID •M o vb i> 00 00 i> O o CO CO CO CO CO CO cs3 V IH ID -d u C :3 u 00 in ^ O CO o (N CTi !>• ^ in in t> O CO CO 0C3 0^ q vq vO a. CSl (N in in in o rf TJ-' in in in (M OJ Ol XI I I tl a 0 »< T3 CO c X « ° u o 'B a o bJo3 2 o u I—I .—I t^ t^ I CO in CO 00 o o g CO O D vq 00 o^ cvj CO q +-' CO 00 00 CO o CO -^ Q ^ ^ '^ in in in u ^ ^ ^ ^ OH (M CM O CO --H CJi O t^ CN 00 r^ o\ a\ CO q r-< o) q q ^ CO -N}- o in in t> o N o C in in 10 in v6 in (M CN in in in in -d CN (N 04 CS w o a; 13 bJ3 > V IZI o o o o o o o o o c 0) T O — CN m «- ^ ^ 1o^ o o o Xo V* "v* Oi S/f S> J^ -t^ CO CO CO HH »:L4 ^X4 fJM t-M OH OH OH OH 0, d S CO lO o o o o o \n in in in CO U.Z. CO CO ro CO CO 2; 2 2 2 ^ QH OH OH OH OH o o O o V in 1/5 in 1/) lo Ql fi" ''J Ol 0S1 w ^hasm Contents Discussion Page no. 5.1 Varietal response 82 5.2 Wastewater 83 5.3 Fly ash 84 5.4 Fertilizer 85 5.4.1 Nitrogen 85 5.4.2 Phosphorus 87 5.4.3 Potassium 88 5.5 Growth stages 89 5.6 Conclusion 91 5.7 Proposal for future studies 92 Discussion 5.1 Varietal response It is always the effort of agricultural scientists that the genetic potential of crop plants must be optimally exploited through the manag...Tient of agricultural practices. One such effort has been made in the present study where the wastewater, fly ash and NPK fertilizers, combining the three different sources of nutrients, were interacted with a popular locally grown nitrogen fixing crop. Expectedly, this accounted for the differences in productivity of simultaneously grown two varieties of the same crop. The pooled data of Experiments I-VI confirmed the assumption that nutrients present in wastewater and fly ash generated from the common source and applied NPK could be profitably utilized as the two varieties performed better but responded differently. It may be noted that the wastewater along with FA20, N15, P30 and K30 significantly improved the performance of PDM-11 (Experiments I, III, V) due to its inherent genetic make "p for efficient and effective utilization of nutrient resources in comparison with PDM-54 (Experiments II, IV, VI) which gave the maximum seed yield under the wastewater, FA20, N15, P45, K30 (Fig. 3). It is known that any crop and even among the species, the magnitude of differences varies under the same climate, soil and even the same management practices. Naturally, the better performance of PDM-11 was due to its enhanced nodulation, root length, root fresh weight (Tables 15, 16, 18, 33, 34, 36, 51, 52 and 54) and leaf area resulting into higher dry matter accumulation (Tables 12, 14, 17, 30, 32, 35, 48, 50 and 53). This variety also responded better under wastewater, fly ash, nitrogen (Experiments I-II), phosphorus (Experiments III-IV) as well as potassium (Experiments V-VI) doses in seed protein (Fig. 4). The pooled analysis revealed that the two varieties also differed in leaf NRA, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate under the treatments applied in six experiments. Similarly the differences in the N, P and K status of the two varieties reflected their differential efficiency to absorb and utilize these nutrients (Tables 22-24, 40- 42 and 58-60) which was reflected in seed yield and seed protein where the doses of P and K proved more effective in PDM-11 than PDM-54. Such 6.0 T GW ^TPPW PDM-11 B^*H PDM-54 5.5 ~ti 5.0- a 4.5 4.0- I I n I 3.5- 3.0 2.5 i f Vl> A^ A' J> J> -AY J> ** ^ ^P v*^ -6> ^"^ ^ -6!> ^ !?• CP^ C# t#^ I^ CP C^ --^^^^ ^ ^-K ^>" ^^^ ^ 4^ ^r^ ^^ ^•^ ^>' (a) 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 a, 5.2 5.0 I 4.8 I 4.6 4.4 4.2 I—"—•—I- -1—"—•—I 4.0 -1—• •—1—• •—r KO KIO K20 K30 K40 KO KIO K20 K30 K40 (c) (4 Fig. 3. Seed yield of Experiments I (a), n (b), HI (c), IV (d), V (e) and VI (f) in green gram {Vigna radiata L.). 31 -1 HGW HTPPW PDM-11 PDM-54 29- C 27 - V a o (J 25 a V 23 o It a 21 •o I ! V 19 I 1 17 i o 15 I •!• I I' • 'I' • •!• I' • 'I* • 'I' (a) (b) 25- . r1 23 - o u 21 - 19- m V 1 V \ IB 17 - o 15- 1—i__i—1—1 PO PI 5 P30 P45 PO P15 P30 P45 1 (d) 26 «C c 25 o u .S s o o. 24 •o II D •a o 23 I • • • n -I—• • 1 KO KIO K20 K30 K40 KO KIO K20 K30 K40 W Fig. 4. Total seed protein contents of Experiments I (a), n (b), in (c), IV (d), V (e) and VI (i) in green gram {Vigna radiata L.j. varietal differences in nutrients effect and requirement, therefore, signify the importance of such trials. There can be wide differences between some species while in others the differences may be small and this is the one reason why some species can grow on lower nutrients supply while other on comparatively higher level as noted in case of phosphorus. In this context the conclusion drawn by Glass and Perley (1980) may be mentioned wherein it was reported that ion absorp 'On by plants is under genetic control and that considerable differences exist both between and within genera. It has been shown that the crop cultivars responding better to soil adaptability, nutrition and water generally produce higher yield as noted in PDM 11. In the opinion of Yoshida (1972) varieties differ in their response to changes in their environment. Therefore, the crop cultivars have a characteristic; one could label it as "yield elasticity". That is, yield may be enhanced as required inputs are increased and maintained in proper balance. 5.2 Wastewater As explained in Chapter IV, the wastewater proved beneficial, when compared with the ground water, for most of the parameters including the import ,it economic one, the seed yield (Figs. 3a, b, c and d). It was apparently due to the presence of some essential nutrients specially N, P and K in addition to Ca, Mg, S and CI (Table 9) and their availability to roots because of daily watering of pots after seedling emergence. Presence of higher NPK contents in the leaves of wastewater treated plants (Tables 22-24 and 40-42) and linear regression between leaf NPK, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate (Figs. 5-12) also confirmed this observation (Experiments I-IV). The role of these nutrients is well established as nitrogen is involved in cell division, expansion (Gardner et ah, 1985); phosphorus in energy transfer, nucleic acids, cell membranes, phosphoproteins (Hewitt, 1963) and nodula+'on (Andrew, 1977); potassium in photosynthesis, leaf area and co- factor of many enzymes (Mengel and Kirkby, 1996) and Mg in chlorophyll and middle lamella in addition to be an essential element for various enzymatic reactions. Similarly, the presence of S ir\ some amino acids and hence in proteins along with N (Deckard et ah, 1973) and Mg (Gardner et nl, 83 (A) 7.0-1 • N content • P content y= 1.8176X +0.6505 6.0 - A K content R^ = 0.9951 5.0- c 4.0- y= 1.1564X+ 1.5921 V oc R^ = 0.9703 u 3.0- OU 2.0- y = 0.2604X - 0.0929 1.0- R* = 0.9637 0.0 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 4.0-1 (B) y = 0.7948x+ 1.3063 3.5- R^ = 0.98 ~ 2.5 - £ y = 0.8425x+ 1.198 c 2.0- R^ = 0.965 o o i>t 1.5- Ou Z 1.0- 0.152ex-0.0679 0.5- R^ = 0.9402 0.0 —I— 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.5-, (C) y = 0.7317x+1.1843 3.0 R^ = 0.9228 _ 2.5-^ c y = 0.8105X + 0.355 8 1.5 R' = 0.9846 !2 1.0 - 0.1139X-0.0173 0.5- R* = 0.8227 0.0 —I— —I— —I— —I— 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 Total chlorophyll contents (mg g' Fig. 5. Linear regression between total chlorophyll contents and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and fruiting (C) stages of Experiment I. 6.0 1 • N content (A) • P content y = 0.31961X 0-9174 A 5.0- A K content R^ = 0.9399^ -r E 4.0- c y = 0.2086X + 0.5023 C 3.0- R^ = 0.9647 o u h 2.0- y = 0.0435X - 0.2768 1.0- R^ - 0.8201 m •—*•—• •a • 0.0- 1 1 1 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 4.0 (B) 0,1121x+ 1.122 3.5 H R? - 0.9447 3.0 ":: 2.5- y = 0.1196x+ 0.9902 S 2.0 R^ = 0.9424 o u us 1.5 z, y = 0.0212X - 0.0977 1.0 R^ = 0.877 0.5 0.0 —I— —I— —I— —I— 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3.5-1 (C) y=0.1294x+0.8429 3.0 R^ = 0.928 |- 2.5-1 I 2.0 8 1.5 y = 0.1414X + 0.0009 R^ = 0.9646 ^ 1.0 0.0192X - 0.0585 0.5- R* = 0.753 0.0 —I 1 1 I 1— 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Photosynthetic rate [(» mol (CO^) m"-^ s"'] Fig. 6. Linear regression between photosynthetic rate and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and fruiting (C) stages of Experiment I. 6.0-| • N content (A) • P content y = 2.1122x-0.015 A K content 5.0- R^ - 0.989 £ 4.0 c y = 1.7195X + 0.3904 C 3.0 o R^-0.9904 u 0; 2.0-^ y = 0.2444x-0.1128 R^= 0.9444 1.0 0.0 —I— 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.5-| P) 3.0 - y = 1.4128X+0.1937 R2 = 0.9961 y - 1.4548X + 0.0734 # FT' = 0.9976 g 2.0- a 8 1.5- !5 1.0- y = 0.1878x-0.1266 0.5 - R^= 0.9087 B 9—• —•—• -•• ••— 0.0 - •-—m- —•— • T 1 1 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 3.0 1.4117X+ 0.0623 (C) R^= 0.9928 2.5-1 £ 2.0 S ^ 1.5 o u 0.957x - 0.0207 fc 1-0-1 R^ = 0.9977 y - 0.2055X - 0.1608 0.5- ¥r - 0.8557 0.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Total chlorophyll contents (mg g"') Fig. 7. Linear regression between total chlorophyll contents and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and firuiting (C) stages of Esqieriment U. (A) 6.0 n • N cxMitent • P content 0.3188X - 0.5436 5.0 A K content R^ = 0.9842 i; 4.0 C o ^ 3.0 H y = 0.2595X - 0.0397 o u R^ = 0.9855 a. 2.0 2 0.0366X-0.1705 1.0- R^ - 0.9274 0.0 —I— —I— —1— —I— —1 12 13 14 15 16 17 3.5-, (B) 3.0- y = 0.2163x-0.1224 R^ = 0.9937 ^ ^ 2.5- y = 0.2229X - 0.2544 E R-' - 0.9968 1 2.0- •M c 8 1.5- 0. ^ 1.0- y-0.0283x-0.163 0.5- R'-0.879 ^ g •— • S" 0.0- 1— 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 3.0 y = 0.2815x-0.0513 (C) R^-0.992 2.5 E 2.0 4-1 y-0.1904x-0.094 a R^ = 0.9922 I 1.5 o u y»0.04O5x-0.173 0.5 R^ = 0.8332 0.0 —I 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 Photosynthctic rate [|i mol (CO^) m"-^ s'] Fig. 8. Linear regression between photosynthetic rate and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering P) and fruiting (C) stages of Ebqperiment IL (A) 6.0-| • N content • P content y = 1.84493C + 0.4191 5.0- AK content R^ - 0.9926 ^ ? 4.0- +j • y = 1.8054X + 0.1287 a 3.0- R^ = 0.9945 o o £: 2.0. y = 0.1156x +0.1504 1.0- R^-0.9585 H • 0.0- • • "" 1 • 1 1 1 1 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 4.0 -J (B) 3.5- y= 1.1882X +0.7169 3.0 R^' = 0.9754 ~ 2.5- y = 1.624Ix - 0.2022 C V K' = 0.9972 S 2.0 o u a« . 1.5 y = 0.1^7x-0.1445 1.0 R^ = 0.9497 0.0.50 - 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 3.5 (C) 1.6711X-0.0278 3.0 R^ = 0.9971 2.5 g 2.0 a 8 1.5 ^ R* = 0.999 a, is 1.0 0.1746X-0.0983 0.5 R^ = 0.9452 0.0 —I 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Total chloTDphyll contents (mg g"') Fig. 9. Linear regression between total cJilorophyll contents and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and fruiting (C) stages of Experiment m. 6.0-| • N content (A) • P content y == 0.2531X + 0.3335 A K content 5.0- Ff^ = 0.9974 a E 4.0- a y = 0.2474X + 0.0488 R^ = 0.9974 C 3.0- o u & 2.0- 2: y- a0155x + 0.1504 1.0- R^ = 0.9242 0.0- 1 1 1 • 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.5 18.5 4.0-| P) y = 0.1555jc+0.682 3.5- R^ ' 0.9^6 ^ 3.0- ^ e^^ 2.5 - y = 0.2113x-0.2315 a R^ = 0.9962 o "au 2.0- t 1.0- y-0.0244x- 0.1381 0.5- R' = 0.9006 0.0- • 1 1 T 1 1 1 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 3.5-, «C) y-0.2137x-0.X09I 3.0 R-' - 0.9944 I 2.0 ci S 1.5-1 » 1.0 y - 0.0215X - 0.0965 0.5- B? = 0.8755 0.0 —I 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 Photosynthetic rate [p mol (CO.,) m'^ s''] Fig. 10. Linear regression between photosynthetic rate and ^fPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and firuiting (C) stages of Ebcperiment m. 6.0 T • N content (A) • P content 5.0 A K content y = 1.93481C + 0.7S7 R^-0.9935 £ 4.0 a 3.0 ^ o R- = 0.9991 o i4 & 2.0 y = 0.1807.^ - 0.0269 1.0- R^ = 0.8442 0.0 —I 1 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 3.5-] VI y= I.725ex-0.1462 3.0- R^ = 0.9993 ^ 2.5 - ^ ^ 2.0 - a y = 1.3855X * 0.0735 R^ = 0.9994 8 1.5- !5 1.0- y = 0.17853C - 0.0716 0.5- R^-0.9458 • • 0.0- • 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 3.0 T ec) y= 1.621X* 0.1311 2.5 J R-' = 0.997 E 2.0- a y = 1.063ex + 0.066 V R^ = 0.9979 a 1.5 o u Ui S: 1-0-1 y = 0.2397x-0.1649 0.5- R^ = 0.9205 0.0 —I— —I— —I 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 Total chlorophyll contents (mg g"') Fig. 11. Linear regression between total chlorophyll contents and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and fruiting (C) st^es of Experiment IV. (A) 5. 0-1 • N content • P conteait 4. 5 - y - 0.2«37x + 0.0141 A K content IT = 0.9972 • 4. 0- 5- 0- V y - 0.265SX - 0.2048 ^ 2. 5- R^ - 0.9933 o 0- " 2 a0^ 1, 5- 1 0- y = 0.0263X - 0.0371 R^ = 0,7801 0 5- O 0- 1 T 1 1 1 • 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 3.5 m y - 0.2372X; - 0.2291 3.0- R^ = 0.9945 2.5- g 2.0-1 e y = 0.1906x^0.005 S 1.5-1 R^ = 0.9962 id 2: 1.0 y = 0.0242X - 0.07K 0.5 R^ = 0.9132 0.0 —I —I 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 3.0 (C) 0.2227X - 0.0622 2.5 R^ = 0.9927 ? 2.0 o y = 0.1458x - 0.(©83 S 1.5 R^ = 0.9903 o u fc 1-0 0.5 y= 0.0316X-0.1797 R^ = 0.8434 0.0 —• —I 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 Photosynthetic tate (ji mol (CO,j m'^ s"'] Fig. 12. Linear regres.sion between photosynthetic rate and NPK content at vegetative (A), flowering (B) and fruiting (C) stages of Experiment IV. 1985) and chlorine in stomatal and osmoregulation (Marschner, 1986) could have played their roles cumulatively. Therefore, the effective absorption and subsequent utilization of these nutrients may be responsible for the increase in growth and yield parameters, including seed yield. In this context, references may be made of Ahmad et al. (1990), Joshi and Billore (1998), Choudhaiy and Khanif (2001) and Olness et al. (2001) who have observed similar effect while working on crops like rice, soybean and sorghum grown with N, P, S, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and V alone or in combination. Since the wastewater contained good amount of nitrate nitrogen which might have stimulated the NRA (Tables 9, 19, 37 and 55), an important enzyme of the nitrate assimilation pathway, leading to protein synthesis. It was further confirmed in regression studies wherein a positive relation was observed between N content, NRA and protein content (Figs. 13-18). 5.3 Fly ash Most of the observed parameters exhibited significant increase under 20'K) fly ash. Although 40% fly ash was also effective in enhancing the leaf area, nodule number, NRA, photosynthetic rate, 1000 seed weight and seed yield to some extent, therefore, even this dose may not be treated as toxic. The beneficial effect of the coal fly ash in soil fertility and crop productivity was also reported by Kaakinen et al. (1975), Klein et al. (1975), Plank et al. (1975), riill and Lamp (1980), Matte and Kene (1995), Patil et al. (1996) and Sugawe et al. (1997). Because the fly ash can be a source of K (Martens et al, 1970), Zn (Schnappinger et al, 1975), S (Elseewi et al, 1978), Mg (Hill and Lamp, 1980), Cu (Wallace et al, 1980), Mo (Gary et al, 1983), B (Wallace and Wallace, 1986) and P (Srivastava et al, 1995) however, significantly it lacks nitrogen (Khan and Khan, 1996; Sahu and Dwivedi, 1999). Therefore, the crop plants due to additional nutrients of fly ash and alteration in physico-chemical characteristics of soil were probably able to extract them as a result of its application, thereby improving the crop performance (Experiments I-II). These observations were further strengthened by the work of Mishra and Shukla (1986) who have reported that th^ flyash contained the three textural size particles of silt, sand and clay at 65, 25 and 10% respectively in addition to N, P, K and Ca as macro 84 1200-. • Vegetative stage (A) 3 se • Flowering stage e 1100- •ri A Fruiting stage •a 1000 - y-409.11x- 254.59 R^ - 0.9158 Xi 900- X 800- >>0 O 700- o 600- y = 202.62X - 94.078 R^ = 0.9754 e 500- y = 316.53X + 17.277 3. R^ - 0.9308 400- —I— —I 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9 29n P) 28 m C 27 V 9.8008!! + 6.1275/ 26 y = &6728X 1.2181 o R^ = 0.9791 u R^ = 0.9237 .3 25 t) o 24 a •a 23 20 —• 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9 Nitrc^en content (%) Fig. 13. linear regression between nitrate reductase activity (NRA) {A) and total seed protein contents (B) with nitrc^«en content at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages of growth of Elicperiment I. 900 • Vegetative stage (A) • Flowering stage 800 • Fruitmg stage "a 700-1 I y = 157.82X + S7.222 43 600 R^ = 0.9929 o y = 229.58X + 43.671 500 R^ = 0.9789 •-o^ y = 175.33X + 28.907 g R^ = 0.9927 400 Z 300 —I— 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 28n P) y = 10.062X + 9.4297 e 27-1 y = 6.047 Ix + 8.4102 R^ = 0.8501 2 Jir - 0.89^3 I 26- c o u 25 .s V •M O 24 a V I 22 y = a7931x + 9.1523 R'" 0.8854 21 —I— —I— —I— —I 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 Nitn^en content f%^ Fig. 14. Linear regression between nitrate reductase activity (NRA) (A) and total seed protein contents (B) with nitn^en content at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages of growth of Elxperiment II. 1050 T • Vegetative stage (A) V 3 • Flowering stage •a 950 -! A Fruiting stage •a 43 850 r-^ y = 274. Ix-218.2 gg R^ = 0.984T 750 y = 337.94X 96.397 'BO 8:^=0.9907 O 650 y = 18&58X + 76.06 a 1?^ = 0.9956 550 eg 25 450 —I— —I— 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 27 P) I 26- G V a 25 y = 8.4432X + 7.7 y = 5.7044x+ 7.M o u R^ - 0.9839 ir' - 0.9925 -S V 24 ••* 8 a •a 23^ 3V 22 y = 4.5129X + a832 o f- R^ - 0.9979 21 —I— —I— —I 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 Nitrogen content (^ Fig. 15. Linear regresadon between nitrate reductase activity (NKA) (A) and total seed protein contents (B) with nitrogen content at v^etative, flowering and fruiting stages of growth of Experiment III. -ir 775 n • Vegetative stage |A) S • Flowering stage !Si 725 ^ A Fruiting stage •W, 675- 275 - ^ —I— 1 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 24.0 ^ 23.5 • 5 23.0 22.5- tC S 22.0 y = 9.3681s - 1.034 14.302X + 1.1375 ir = 0.9959 I 21.5 i R^ = 0.9888 i. 21.0- I 20.5- SB y = 5.9677X * 0.9864 ^ 19.5 R^ = 0.99Q5 19.0 —I— —1— —I 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 Nitrc^en content fX^ Fig. 16. Liaear regression between nitrate reductase activity (N1?A) (A) and total seed protein contents (B) with nitrt^ 400- .^ —I— —I 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 25.9-1 P) s 25.8 c V 25.7- -4-f c y = 0.7633s + 23.809^ o u 25.6- R^ - 0.7061 .s y= 1.6133X+23 y = 0.6836X + 23.303 25.5 R^ - 0.7376 «) R* = 0.7r2 i 25.4-1 V V m •og 25.3 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 Nitrogen content (%) Fig. 17. Linear regression between nitrate reductase activity (NRA) (^ and total seed protein contents (B) with nitn^jen content at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages of growth of Esperiment V. (A) «i 880-| • Vegetative stage 3 • Ftowering stage 91 830 H A Fruiting stage •<-S* 7«)H V •§ 730- y= 127.09x^375.16 680- R^= 0 9591 43 y - 301.44X + 90.572 i! 630^ R^ - 0.9882 'M 580- U 2 530- o 480- a y = 29Z89X + 75.913 430- ir' = 0.9437 /* 2; —I 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 25.2 m ^ 25.0- ^« s 24.8- c 24.6- y = 3.6565X + 16.362 o R^ = 0.9S4 .s 24.4- uo 24.2- y = 5.969x+ 17.207 a R^ = 0.9467 aos 24.0- y= 1.920es+ 18.178 3 23.8- R* = 0.991 o 23.6 —I— —I 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Nitrogen content (%| Fig. 18. Linear regression between nitrate reductase activity {NRA| (A) and total seed protein contents (B) with nitro^n content at v^etative. flowering and £rtiiting stages of growth of Expertmenl VI. and B, Cu, Mn and Zn as micronutrients. More importantly, these nutrients were ir. .re in concentration than normally found in soil, except nitrogen. The protein content was also increased under the application of the fly ash and due to the combined effect of nitrogen applied as fertilizer and wastewater having both forms of nitrogen along with the doses of fly ash. Bhaisare et al. (2000) in green gram and Sriramachandrasekharan (2001) also recorded similar observations in groundnut. The comparative decline in various parameters above 20'K. fly ash may be because of some excessive amounts of soluble salts like sulphate, chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate (Table 8) in addition to some toxic compounds, like dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxine mixtures (Sawyer et al, 1983) and heavy metals Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb (Wadge and Hutton, 1987), althouji,h not observed in this study. Similarly, there were reports wherein phytotoxicity of B (Adriano et al, 1978; Singh and Yunus, 2000) was also responsible for adverse effect. However, in our case the results clearly demonstrated the economical gains from the addition of fly ash in the soil admittedly within a limited supply. 5.4 Fertilizer 5.4.1 Nitrogen Among nitrogen levels, comparatively lower dose, Nir, proved optimum for most of the growth and yield parameters of the two varieties (Experiments 1 and II). The optimum fertilizer dose, therefore, need to be decided individually for each area or type of soil, crop and their varieties. In the present study, well developed root system (Tables 15 and 16) might have enabled efficient absorption of nitrogen required by the plant when the concentration of the nutrient was adequate in the soil. This is also confirmed by the correlation studies where N content in leaves had strong positive correlation with root fresh weight at vegetative (r = 0.952 and 0.995), flowering (r = 0.962 and 0.999) and fruiting (r = 0.992 and 0.994) stages in Experiment I and II respectively. It may further be highlighted that the supply of this essential element affected the growth in general and leaf number (Table 13) and leaf area (Table 14) in particular. In this study, nitrogen present in the wastewater in the form of NO, and NH;, has also contributed towards this enhanced growth. Therefore, it was not surprising that Ni5 proved as effective as N20, which was at luxury consumption especially in seed yield thereby proving wasteful. N15 also proved optimum for nodulation while N20 suppressed it as Wilson and Hallsworth (1965) observed that increased supply of combined nitrogen reduced the nodulation as well as haem content of the nodules. Similarly, detrimental effect of higher N dose on nodulation was also reported by Koike et al. (1997) and Krugova (1997). Application of nitrogen also resulted in higher N uptake by roots as indicated by its higher concentration in leaves (Table 22) as the crop was fertilized with ammonical forms of N (urea) which is readily converted to NO 3 , normally available form of N in soil. While the increase in leaf P and K content may be due to the synergistic interplay of these nutrients which are known to accelerate root proliferation, thus, extracting more nutrients present near the root zone leading to higher dry matter (Table 12 and 17). Such positive interactions among the nutrients are common, as pointed out by Russell (1973) between N and P while between N and K by Murphy (1980). It may also be noted that N as an essential macronutrient has a distinction being absorbed by the plants as cation as well as anion. This keep N in a unique relationship of both anion-cation as well as cation-cation interaction. Seed yield was also enhanced under this dose as a result of cumulative enhancement of various growth and physiological parameters which finally lead to more pods and seeds (Table 25) and also the heavier seeds (Table 26) leading to higher seed yield (Table 27) in both varieties. Plants s[rown without nitrogen were poorer in nodulation as some starter dose was supposed to be needed even for the leguminous plants. Nitrate reductase levels have been shown to fluctuate in response to changes of environmental conditions, including nitrogen (Beevers and Hageman, 1972). The higher leaf nitrogen level (Table 22) might be responsible for higher NRA (Table 19) as it is an inducer as well as stabilizer of nitrate reductase (Hewitt and Afridi, 1959). This was also proved by the strong positive correlations between N content of leaves and NRA. Their ' r ' values were 0.981, 0.955, 86 0.964 (Experiment-I) and 0.995, 0.997 and 0.986 (Experiment -II) at vegetative, flowering and fruiting respectively. The seed protein content was also enhanced, as the optimum dose was positively responsible for the conversion of organic acids into amino acids. As pointed out by Pretty (1980) some quality factors in a few grasses were related to the effective utilization of nitrogen and the conversion of its compounds into true proteins. 5.4.2 r Uosphorus Among phosphorus doses tested, P30 proved optimum for most of the parameters, including seed yield in RDM-11 (Experiment -111). This might be due to increased meristematic activity of treated plants, thereby increasing the leaf number (Table 31) and leaf area (Table 32) which were ultimately responsible for increased dry weight (Tables 30 and 35) leading to higher seed yield (Table 45) on account of total response of the plant. The role of P in increasing cell size and leaf area has also been reported by Rao and Subramanian (1990) in cowpea and by Reddy et al. (1991) in groundnut and on dry matter accumulation by Nandal et al (1987), Reddy et al. (1990), Balachandran and Sasidhar (1991), Mahalle et al (1994), Das et al. (1999), ChowdLury et al. (2000) and Ram and Dixit (2001) in green gram. In this context, mention may be made of Bunting and Drennan (1966) who have emphasised that "the vegetative stage may have an important and direct effect on seed production". Similar views were also expressed by Yoshida (1972) and Moorby and Besford (1983). Contrary to PDM-11, variety PDM-54 performed better under P45 as this variety recorded higher NPK content at this level (Tables 40-42) thereby increasing the chlorophyll content (Table 38) and photosynthetic rate (Table 39) which ultimately lead to more seed yield (Table 45). In this context, reference may be made of Milthorpe and Moorby (1979) who were of the opinion that "there is usually a positive relationship between the supply of mineral nutrients and the rate of photosynthesis, which i'J exerted through effects on the internal and stomatal conductances". It is pertinent to note that P is known to facilitate the partitioning of photosynthates between source and sink (Giaquinta and Quebedeaux, 1980) leading to enhanced 1000 seed weight (Table 44) and seed yield. The observed nodulation due to P application was due to its role in proliferation of roots, which could have provided larger surface area for 87 bacterial infection. This assumption was supported by the significant higher root fresh weight of phosphorus treated plants (Table 34). In the opinion of Diener (1950), phosphorus stimulates nodulation through its effect on rhizobia. It also enhanced the leaf NPK contents and observations of enhanced N concentration due to P fertilization in tropical legumes are not uncommon (Shaw et ah, 1966; Andrew and Robins, 1969b; Dradu, 1974). It may be attributed that the higher nodulation might have increased the accumulation of N in the leaf through more efficient dinitrogen fixation and then P and K accumulation indirectly leading to the enhanced growth performance of the crop. It may be pointed out that legumes show an evident preference for phosphorus fertilizers (Raju and Verma, 1984) in comparison with nitrogenous fertilizers, which is generally compensated through Nj fixation. While phosphorus is often limiting due to its low availability compared with potassium, which is easily recycled from organic residues in addition to its easy availability through fertilizers. Therefore, the quantity of P fertilizer to be applied to such crops becomes critically important as the available P often becomes limited. Phosphorus (Experiments III and IV) also proved beneficial for seed protein (Table 45) possibly due to its continuous requirement in amino acid synthesis as well as that of energy rich ATP for protein synthesis. Further, the added N through fertilizer and wastewater might have triggered the conversion of some organic acids into amino acids and K added through flyash and wastewater on the other hand might have activated the enzymes involved in protein synthesis (Evans and Sorger, 1966; Tamhane et al, 1970). 5.4.3 Potassium It was optimum when applied @ 30 kg ha' (Experiments V-VI) and the lower levels 10 and 20 kg ha' proved deficient for most of the parameters, except seed protein which was optimum under K20 while the higher level, given @ 40 kg ha' exhibited the luxury consumption. The optimum dose was responsible for maximum leaf expansion (Table 50) thus providing larger surface area for photosynthesis and partitioning towards root development (Tables 51-53) and nodulation (Table 54). Thus, it could increase the N fixation by increasing nodulation, as observed in the present study, or it 88 could cilso increase the nodule productivity (moles of N2 fixed per unit time per unit mass of nodule) as reported by some other workers. Various studies on forage, grain and vegetable legumes have strongly suggested that under most conditions, legumes show maximum nodulation and their growth under optimum potassium supply. Mention may be made of Jones et al. (1977) who observed increased number of nodules in soybean with increase in K nutrition while Rhizobium along with K was effective in increasing production and N2 fixation by improving both nodule size and number. It is to be noted that effect of K on photosynthetic rate varied with the growth period. K30 was optimum at early stage while at later stages K^o was needed by the plants for maintaining higher photosynthetic rate. Wolf et al. (1976), while studying alfalfa photosynthetic efficiency, reported that K increased leaf area and photosynthesis on per plant basis. It was also responsible for transport of photosynthates to the nodules and increase in root growth. This naturally resulted in greater consumption of nutrients, which ultimately lead to further absorption and requirement of this nutrient. Seed protein content improved due to the addition of K, with Kju proving optimum. This could be explained as this nutrient can activate the enzymes involving in protein synthesis (Tamhane et al, 1970). Crops with high protein contents have high harvest index for K and thus they mobilize K more efficiently into the developing seed. Therefore, such high protein crops remove sufficient quantities of K from the soil even when it was at compa otively low level. Usherwood (1985), while reviewing the work on the improvement in yield and quality of com, soybean, wheat and legumes by the application of potassium, reported its beneficial effect along with that of P and N on essential amino acids. It may be pointed out that P or NP alone were less effective in comparison with the treatment where K was also included which highlighted its role (Keeney, 1969). Similarly, Mengel et al. (1981) also reported an indirect role of K in grain protein formation of wheat. They were of the opinion that amino acids were translocated from vegetative parts to the developing grains, which favoured enhanced de-novo synthesis of amino acids. 5.5 Growth stages T-^ all the six experiments, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry 89 weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight increased progressively up to the fruiting stage. This is a common phenomenon among most flowering plants. Contrary to these growth parameters, nodule number increased only up to the flowering stage and then decreased. It was due to the initial competition for photosynthates, which was confined to roots, nodules and aerial vegetative organs only up to the flowering. However, when fruit setting started, comparatively more products of photosynthesis moved towards the sink thus, creating a shortage for nodules and thus resulting in their degeneration. Similarly, NRA decreased also after flowering. This could be ascribed to the observation that the total nitrate reducing capacity of the plants, according to Campbell (1999), is not only dependent on the availability of the substrate in the cytoplasm and the level of functional nitrate reductase and the activity level, but also on the relation of nitrate reductase with the overall state of plant metabolism where co-ordination is operated through sensors and/or signal transducers. Contrary to these parameters, chlorophyll content and the rate of photosynthesis decreased towards the maturity which might be due to the leaf senescence because old leaves were unable to photosynthesize due to chlorophyll breakdown and loss of functional chloroplasts. Giaquinta (1978) also reported the similar results on sugarbeet. Similarly leaf NPK content decreased with increase in growth and age of the plants. The observed decrease may be due to the exponential increase in growth (weight and volume) of plants due to which an increase in nutrient concentration appear to be less when expressed on per unit basis (Moorby and Besford, 1983). On similar lines, decline in leaf P concentration with growth was also observed by Gomide et al. (1969) in six tropical grasses when observed over intervals of 4, 12 and 36 weeks. They were also of the opinion that this decline was due to the "dilution with growth" effect because of a higher rate of dry matter accumulation than absorption of nutrients and/or redistribution to younger plant parts. Similarly, Rhykerd and Overdahl (1972) observed a rapid decline in leaf K concentration with maturity in forage legume herbage. In addition, the translocation of nutrients to sinks during their formation and subsequent development could be considered reasonably responsible for nutrient depletion in leaves at the 90 later stages of growth. It was also noted that leaves accumulated more amount of K contents (Tables 24, 42 and 60) followed by N (Tables 22, 40 and 58) and P (Tables 23, 41 and 59). In this context it may be pointed out that for higher plants, K is the only essential monovalent cation among the essential macronutrients and it is the most abundant cation in plant tissues (Huber, 1985) due to its higher rate of uptake by plants (Mengel and Kirkby, 1982). 5.6 Conclusion Keeping the results recorded in view, the following points emerge: 1. The analysis of the wastewater revealed its suitability for irrigation as the values for the analysed parameters were within the permissible limits of the Indian Standards for Irrigation Water (IS: 3307-1965). 2. As the wastewater proved beneficial for growth, yield and quality of the crop tested, it may be recommended for irrigation. 3. In experiments I and II, 20% fly ash was most effective and even 40'M) was not toxic as the latter also enhanced some of the parameters, in«^luding seed yield in comparison with the no fly ash control. 4. Nodulation, NRA and photosynthetic rate also improved due to the application of wastewater and fly ash. 5. Since, the fly ash was deficient in N, leguminous plants, which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen are suited for cultivation as observed in the present study. 6. Among the nitrogen doses, Nis proved optimum, while Nio deficient and N20 at luxury consumption especially for seed yield, however Njo was as effective as N15 in case of protein. 7. Of phosphorus doses, P30 was the optimum for seed yield and quality while Pi 5 was deficient and P45 was luxury for variety PDM-11 (Experiment III). In case of PDM-54 (Experiment IV), P45 proved optimum for seed 3deld. 8. Nodulation increased with increasing levels of phosphorus. 9. Among potassium doses, Kio and K20 (Experiments V-VI) proved deficient for most of the parameters, while K30 and K40 were optimum and at luxury consumption respectively. However, K20 proved optimum for seed protein while K40 for photosynthesis. 91 10. Among the three major nutrients, K accumulated more in leaves, followed by N and P. 11. It was noted that shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, root length, root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing age of the plants. 12. Contrary to the above observations, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and leaf NPK content decreased with increasing nge of the plants while nodule number and NRA increased up to flowering stage only and decreased at fruiting. 13. Both PDM-11 and PDM-54 varieties grew well under TPPW irrigation but the former performed comparatively better and may, therefore, be recommended to the local farmers for the cultivation under the wastewater irrigation along with 20"/i) fly ash, 15 kg N, 30 kg P and 30 kgKha-i. 14. Finally, the better performance of this crop confirmed the suitability of the wastewater as a source of irrigation as well as nutrients (Table 9) and the fly ash (Table 8) as a supplement of some nutrients needed by the plants. Thus, the wastewater and fly ash, by all means the waste products of the thermal power plant, may therefore be utilized profitably for agricultural purpose where such waste resources are easily and freely available particularly in the areas closer to the thermal power plants. 5.7 Proposal for the future studies The observations recorded during the three years have helped to some extent in observing the utility of the wastewater and coal fly ash in crop cultivation and in determining the optimum doses of N, P and K for obtaining optimum yield of green gram. However in our opinion, the study has some shortcomings, which may be undertaken on the following lines in future studies: 1. The experiments may be repeated in the farmers' field near the leachate reservoir of the thermal power plant. 2. Some of the important heavy metals commonly present in the wastewater and fly ash may be estimated specially in the seeds. 92 3. The acetylene reduction assay (nitrogenase activity) for nitrogen fixation ability of the legumes under wastewater and fly ash application may be another important area of study. 4. Microbiological and mycorrhizal studies of the wastewater and soil may also be undertaken. 93 dumivm Swmarj Summary In the oeginning of the thesis, a hst of plants with their common and botanical names has been included for the benefit of the reader. Introduction (Chapter 1) explains and justifies the need for undertaking the present study. Importance of plant nutrition, water and the crop tested was also explained briefly. Review of Literature (Chapter 2) includes a brief review pertaining to the wastewater and fly ash as well as their effect on plants, specially the leguminous crop plants and fertilizer requirement with special reference to green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Materials and Methods (Chapter 3) contain the methodology and techniques employed for the six pot experiments conducted during 2000- 2002. Relevant information regarding the agro-climatic conditions of Aligarh, cultural practices undertaken, statistical analysis, soil, fly ash and water analysis and the biometric observation was also incorporated. Experimental Results (Chapter 4) comprises the data analysed statistically and presented in the form of tables. The pooled data of Experiments I + II, III + IV and V + VI are summarised below: Experiments I and II were conducted on PDM-11 and PDM-54 varieties of green gram respectively during spring (zaid) season of 2000 to study the comparative effect of the thermal power plant wastewater (TPPW) and ground water (GW) together with four levels of coal fly ash (FAo, FAio, FA20, FA40) and four levels of nitrogen (No, Nio, N15, N20). TPPW proved benefici-il for most of the parameters studied. Among the fly ash treatments, FA20 proved more effective than FAio as well as FA40. Of nitrogen doses, Ni- was the optimum dose while Nio deficient and N20 at luxury consumption. The pooled data revealed that PDM-11 responded better than PDM-54. Experiments III and IV were conducted on the respective above varieties during spring season of the year 2001. Four levels of phosphorus (Po, Pi5, P30, P45) were tested while FA20 and N15 were applied uniformly on the basis of the results of first two experiments. TPPW again proved beneficial. Among P doses, Pi5 was deficient whereas P30 proved optimum for PDM-11 and P45 for PDM-54. The pool analysis of the data of the two experiments showed that PDM-11 responded better than PDM54 under wastewater with P30. Experiments V and VI were conducted during spring season of 2002 to evaluate the performance of the same varieties but grown under TPPW irrigation only with five levels of potassium (Ko, Kio, K20, K30, K10) supplemented with 20 kg fly ash ha-i, 15 kg N ha' and 30 kg P ha' selected on the basis of the observations made in Experiments I-IV. Among K doses, Kio and K20 proved deficient while K30 was optimum and K^o could not enhance the productivity further. However, K20 proved good for protein synthesis. Chapter 5 includes discussion of the experimental results in the light of correlation as well as regression analysis and research work carried out by other workers at Aligarh and elsewhere on cultivated crops in general and leguminous crops in particular. In the end, conclusions have been drawn and finally some suggestions have also been incorporated for future work. Cummary, the present chapter, gives the glimpse of the entire study. It was followed by a bibliography comprising references cited in the text and an appendix of reagents used during the present study. CONCLUDED 95 (BiSliograpliy Bibliography Abasheeva, N.E. and Revenskii, V.A. (1992). Influence of purified wastewaters from the seleginsky cellulose and cardboard mill on the productivity and chemical composition of plants. Agrokhimiya, 10: 88- 92. Abdel-Gawad, A.A., El-Shouny, K.A., El-Gindy, A.M. and Sorour, M.A. (2001). Studies of phosphatic fertilization and irrigation of mung bean. 1. 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Plant Physiol, 23: 437-464. 125 Apperufv^^ Appendix l-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid 0.5g l-ainino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid dissolved in 195ml 15"A> sodium bisulphite solution to which 5ml 20% sodium sulphite solution was added. Alkali iodide azide reagent 50g sodium hydroxide and 15g potassium iodide diluted to 100ml with double distilled water (DDW). Ig sodium azide dissolved in 4ml of DDW and added to the above solution. Ammonium acetate solution (IN) Dilute 57ml glacial acetic acid to 800ml DDW and neutralize to pH 7.0 with concentrated ammonium hydroxide and final volume made upto 1000ml. Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer (a) 16.9g ammonium chloride dissolved in 143ml concentrated ammonium hydroxide (b) 1.179g of disodium EDTA and 0.780g magnesium sulphate dissolved in 50ml DDW. Both (a) and (b) solutions mixed and dilute to 250ml with DDW. Ammonium molybdate solution (2.5%) (a) 25.Og ammonium molybdate dissolved in 175ml DDW (b) add 280ml concentrated H2SO4 to 400ml DDW and cool. Mix the two solutions (a) and (b) and final volume made upto 1 litre with DDW. Ammonium purpurate 150mg ammonium purpurate dissolved in lOOg ethylene glycol. Conditioning reagent 50ml of glycerol mixed in a solution containing 30ml concentrated HCl + 300ml DDW + 100ml 95% ethyl alcohol and 75g sodium chloride. Dickman and Bray's reagent 15g ammonium molybdate dissolved in 300ml warm DDW (about 60''C) cooled and filtered, if necessary. To this, 400ml ION HCl was added and final volume was made upto 1000ml with DDW. Diphenylamine indicator 0.5g diphenyl amine dissolved in a mixture of 20ml DDW and 100ml concentrated H2SO4. EDTA (O.OIM) 3.723g disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid dissolved in DDW and diluted to 1000ml. • Eriochrome black T indicator 0.4g Eriochrome black T grind with lOOg powdered sodium chloride. • Ferrous ammonium sulphate solution (0. IN) 39.2g ferrous ammonium sulphate dissolved in DDW. 20ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added and volume made upto 1000ml. • Folin phenol reagent lOOg sodium tungstate and 25g sodium molybdate dissolved in 700ml DDW to which 50ml 85% phosphoric acid and 100ml concentrated hydrochloric acid were added. The solution was refluxed on a heating mantle for 10 hrs. At the end, 150g lithium sulphate, 50ml DDW and 3-4 drops liquid bromine were added. The reflux condenser was removed and the solution was boiled for 15 minutes to remove excess bromine, cooled and diluted upto 1000ml. The strength of this acidic solution was adjusted to IN by titrating it with IN sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein indicator. • Hydrochloric acid (0.2N) 17.24ml HCl mixed with DDW and final volume made upto 1000ml. • Isopropanol solution (5%) 5ml isopropanol mixed with 95ml DDW. • Liquid ammonia (1:1) Ammonia having 0.88 specific gravity diluted with equal volume of DDW. • Manganous sulphate solution lOOg manganous sulphate dissolved in boiled DDW and volume made upto 200ml. • Methyl orange indicator (0.05%) 0.5g methyl orange dissolved in 100ml DDW. • Molybdic acid reagent (2.5%) 6.25g ammonium molybdate dissolved in 75ml ION sulphuric acid. To this solution, 175ml DDW was added and maintained the total volume 250ml. • Murexide indicator 0.2g ammonium purpurate grind with lOOg powdered sodium chloride. • N-(l-Naphthyl)Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride (NED-HCl) solution (0.02%) 20mg N-(l-Naphthyl)Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride dissolved in sufficient DDW and final volume maintained upto 100ml with DDW. • Nessler's reagent 3.5g potassium iodide dissolved in 100ml DDW to which 4'M) mercuric chloride solution was added with stirring until a slight red precipitate remained. Thereafter, 120g sodium hydroxide with 250ml DDW was added. The volume was made upto 1 litre with DDW. The mixture was filtered twice and kept in an amber coloured bottle. • Olsen's reagent 42.Og sodium bicarbonate dissolved in 1000ml and DDW. The pH was adjusted to 8.5 with the addition of small quantity of sodium hydroxide. • Phenol disulphonic acid This was prepared by taking 25g pure phenol (CeHsOH, crystal white) in a conical flask (500ml) to which 150ml concentrated H2SO4 and 75ml fuming sulphuric acid were added and kept on boiling water bath for 2 hours. After cooling, it was stored in an amber coloured bottle. • Phenolphthalein indicator 0.5g phenolphthalein dissolved in 50ml of 95'M) ethanol and add 50ml DD'^.^'. Add 0.05N CO2 free NaOH solution drop wise until the solution turns faintly pink. • Phosphate bufTer (O.IM) for pH 7.5 (a) 13.6g potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate dissolved in sufficient DDW and final volume made upto 1000ml with DDW (b) 17.42g dipotassium hydrogen ortho phosphate dissolved in sufficient DDW and final volume maintained upto 1000ml with DDW. 160ml of solution (a) and 840ml of solution (b) were mixed for getting phosphate buffer. • Potassium chromate indicator (5%) 5g potassium chromate dissolved in DDW and final volume made upto 100ml. • Potassium dichromate (IN) 49.04g potassium dichromate dissolved in 1000ml DDW. • Potassium nitrate solution (0.2M) 2.02g potassium nitrate dissolved in sufficient DDW and final volume maintained upto 100ml with DDW. • Reagent A 0.5% copper sulphate solution and 1% sodium tartarate solution mixed in equal volumes. • Reagent B 50ml 2% sodium carbonate solution mixed with 1ml reagent 'A'. ui • Silver nitrate solution (0.02N) 3.4g silver nitrate dissolved in DDW and diluted to 1000ml. • Sodium hydroxide solution (6N) 24g NaOH dissolved in sufficient DDW and final volume made upto 100ml. • Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N) 6.2g sodium thiosulphate dissolved in 1000ml DDW. • Stannous chloride solution lOg ciystalline stannous chloride dissolved in 25ml concentrated HCl by warming and then stored in an amber coloured bottle, giving 40"Ai stannous chloride stock solution. Just before use, 0.5ml was diluted to 66ml with DDW. • Starch indicator Ig starch dissolved in 100ml warm (SO-QO^C) DDW and a few drops of formaldehyde solution were added. • Sulfanilic acid solution 600mg sulfanilic acid dissolved in 70ml warm DDW. After addition of 20ml concentrated HCl, the volume was made upto 100ml. • Sulphanilamide solution (1%) Ig sulphanilamide dissolved in 100ml 3N hydrochloric acid. • Sulphuric acid (7N) 190.4ml concentrated sulphuric acid added to DDW and the final volume made upto 1000ml • Sulphuric acid solution 500ml concentrated H2SO4 added to 125ml DDW and cooled. IV