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Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1. -
NO ESCAPE from HELL EU Policies Contribute to Abuse of Migrants in Libya WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS NO ESCAPE FROM HELL EU Policies Contribute to Abuse of Migrants in Libya WATCH No Escape from Hell EU Policies Contribute to Abuse of Migrants in Libya Copyright © 2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36994 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JANUARY 2019 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36994 “No Escape from Hell” EU Policies Contribute to Abuse of Migrants in Libya Map .................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 1 Key Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 8 Methodology -
A Strategy for Success in Libya
A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2017 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Why the US Must Act in Libya Now ............................................................................................................................1 Wrong Problem, Wrong Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 2 What to Do ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Reframing US Policy in Libya .................................................................................................. 5 America’s Opportunity in Libya ................................................................................................................................. 6 The US Approach in Libya ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Current Situation -
Terrorism Monitor
THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION APRIL 6, 2018 VOLUME XVI, ISSUE 7 p.1 p.3 p.6 p.8 Alexander Sehmer James Brandon Mukhtar A Khan Andrew McGregor BRIEFS The Threat From Islamic State a Deadly Salafists, Mercenaries British Jihadists After Force in Kabul and Body Snatchers: the Caliphate’s Fall The War for Libya’s South NIGERIA: TALKING TO BOKO HARAM Although there was speculation about a similar move under the administration of former President Goodluck Alexander Sehmer Jonathan in 2012, the ceasefire talks are a new devel- opment. It came at a time when the government was A presidential offer of amnesty for Boko Haram fighters riding high on the release of the Dapchi schoolgirls, who who lay down their weapons has had little apparent ef- were abducted by Boko Haram in February (Daily Trust, fect on militant activity in northeastern Nigeria, with March 25). more than a dozen people killed in a recent clash be- tween Islamist fighters and the country’s security forces. President Muhammadu Buhari used a meeting with the newly freed girls to announce his administration would Boko Haram fighters using suicide bombers and mortars respond favorably to “repentant” Boko Haram fighters attacked two villages and a military base near Maid- (Premium Times, March 23). That offer has not, howev- uguri, in Borno State, on April 2, killing at least 15 peo- er, received universal acclaim. Groups such as the Christ- ple (Sahara Reporters, April 2). Though the attack was ian Association of Nigeria have criticized the move as an the largest since the government made the surprise an- admission of weakness on the part of the government nouncement that it had been holding ceasefire talks (Punch, March 24; Twitter, March 23). -
Gender Election Monitoring Mission Libya and Analysis Are Explained in Detail in This Report
a Gender Election Monitoring Mission LIBYA General National Congress Election 7 July 2012 Final Report “Women’s empowerment achieved to date is a benchmark to beat and not a threshold to be maintained” Gender Election Monitoring (GEM) Mission Libya General National Congress Election 7 July 2012 Final Report Report Compiled by: Charlemagne Gomez Comments: Magda de Meyer and Sabra Bano Data collection by: Maryuma Tmalla and Narges Kraime Edited by: Melanie Hyde and Katharina Maier Cover picture: Alzawia Women’s Polling Station, Gender Concerns International Issued by: Gender Concerns International, October 2012 Table of Contents GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................VI PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................VII GENDER ELECTION MONITORING (GEM) MISSION TEAM LIBYA ........................................... X 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 MISSION OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 1 1.3 CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.4 ELECTORAL SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... -
The North African-Middle East Uprisings from Tunisia to Libya
HERBERT P. BIX The North African-Middle East Uprisings from Tunisia to Libya REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF UPRISINGS has swept Over North A Africa and the Middle East, and the United States and its allies are struggHng to contain it. To place current US actions in Arab countries across the region in their proper context, a historical perspective, with events hned up chronologically, is useful. The US remains the global hegemon: it frames global debate and pos- sesses an unrivaled military machine. Few Arab rulers can remain unaf- fected by its policies. But far from being the sort of hegemon that can dominate through latent force, it must continually fight costly air and ground wars. The inconclusive character of these wars, and the decaying character of its domestic society and economy, reveals a weakened, over- extended power. Because of America's decade-long, unending wars and occupations massive numbers of MusHm civilians have died, while the productive sector of the US economy has steadily contracted. What foHows is a brief sketch, starting with how the European powers shaped the Middle East and North Africa until the United States displaced them, then jumping to the present in order to survey the authoritarian regimes in the non-Western societies of Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, and Libya as they confront the rage of anti-regime forces. My central aim is to show that contemporary American-European interventions are best understood not as attempts to protect endangered civihans, as official US rhetoric holds, but as an extension of the logic of empire—continuous with the past and with the ethos of imperiahsm. -
Gilbert Ramsay Phd Thesis
CONSUMING THE JIHAD: AN ENQUIRY INTO THE SUBCULTURE OF INTERNET JIHADISM Gilbert Ramsay A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3607 This item is protected by original copyright Consuming the Jihad An Enquiry into the Subculture of Internet Jihadism Gilbert Ramsay A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. October, 2011 I, Gilbert Ramsay, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date………………………….. Signature of candidate……………………………... I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date…………………………… Signature of supervisor……………………………. In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. -
Tracking Conflict Worldwide
CRISISWATCH Tracking Conflict Worldwide CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision-makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 70 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch July 2021 Global Overview JULY 2021 Trends for Last Month July 2021 Outlook for This Month DETERIORATED SITUATIONS August 2021 Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia, CONFLICT RISK ALERTS Afghanistan, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Ethiopia, Zambia, Armenia, Azerbaijan Cuba, Haiti, Syria, Tunisia RESOLUTION OPPORTUNITIES IMPROVED SITUATIONS None Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire CrisisWatch warns of three conict risks in August. Ethiopia’s spreading Tigray war is spiraling into a dangerous new phase, which will likely lead to more deadly violence and far greater instability countrywide. Fighting along the state border between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the deadliest since the Autumn 2020 war, could escalate further. More violence could surge in Zambia as tensions between ruling party and opposition supporters are running high ahead of the 12 August general elections. Our monthly conict tracker highlights deteriorations in thirteen countries in July. The Taliban continued its major offensive in Afghanistan, seizing more international border crossings and launching its rst assault on Kandahar city since 2001. South Africa faced its most violent unrest since apartheid ended in 1991, leaving over 300 dead. The killing of President Jovenel Moïse in murky circumstances plunged Haiti into political turmoil. Tunisia’s months-long political crisis escalated when President Kaïs Saïed dismissed Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi and suspended parliament. -
Post-Islamism in Tunisia and Egypt: Contradictory Trajectories
religions Article Post-Islamism in Tunisia and Egypt: Contradictory Trajectories Houssem Ben Lazreg Department of Modern Languages & Cultural Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: In the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011, Ennahda leader Rached Ghannouchi distanced his party from the main Islamist paradigm, which is spearheaded primarily by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and announced the separation of the religious movement entirely from its political wing (al-Siyasi and al-da’awi). In addition to reassuring Tunisians that Ennahda’s socio- political project is rooted in its “Tunisianity,” these measures aimed at signaling Ennahda’s joining the camp of post-Islamist parties and Muslim democrats such as the AKP in Turkey and the JDP in Morocco. In this article, using the comparative case studies, I examine the patterns, similarities, and differences between the Tunisian Ennahda party and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in terms of their evolutions from an Islamist to a post-Islamist discourse and identity. I argue that the Ennahda party outpaced the Muslim Brotherhood in that shift considering the local/regional realities and the new compromises dictated by the post-revolutionary political processes in both countries. Although the Muslim Brotherhood managed to come to power and govern for only one year before being deposed by the army, Ennahda’s political pragmatism (consensus, compromise, and coalition) enabled it to fare well, ultimately prodding the party to adapt and reposition itself intellectually and politically. Keywords: Ennahda party; Islamism; Muslim brotherhood; post-Islamism; political Islam; Rached Citation: Ben Lazreg, Houssem. Ghannouchi 2021. -
Addressing the Rise of Libya's Madkhali-Salafis
Addressing the Rise of Libya’s Madkhali-Salafis Middle East and North Africa Report N°200 | 25 April 2019 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 149 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Madkhali-Salafi trend in Libya ................................................................................. 3 A. Wahhabi Origins ........................................................................................................ 3 B. Emergence in Libya ................................................................................................... 5 C. After Qadhafi .............................................................................................................. 6 III. The Madkhalis’ Role in Armed Groups ............................................................................ 10 A. In the East .................................................................................................................. 10 B. In the West ................................................................................................................. 15 C. A National Network? ................................................................................................ -
Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East
Center for Preventive Action Discussion Paper Series on Managing Global Disorder No. 2 March 2021 Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East Steven A. Cook Center for Preventive Action Discussion Paper Series on Managing Global Disorder No. 2 March 2021 Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East Steven A. Cook The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, busi- ness executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, including special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Wash- ington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal of international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to- date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, CFR.org. -
Policing Belief: the Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights Was Re- Searched and Written by Jo-Anne Prud’Homme, a Human Rights Researcher and Advocate
Policing Belief THE IMPACT OF BlAsphemy Laws On Human RIghts A FREEDOM HOUSE SPECIAL REPORT Policing Belief The Impact of BlAsphemy Laws On Human RIghts OCTOBER 2010 C O p y R i g h T i n f or m aT i O n All rights reserved. no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the pub- lisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. TaBlE Of contenTs Introduction. 1 Algeria. 13 Egypt . 21 greece . 35 Indonesia. 43 Malaysia. 57 Pakistan. 69 Poland. 89 References. 95 abouT freedOm hOusE Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization that supports the expansion of freedom around the world. Freedom House supports democratic change, monitors freedom, and advocates for democracy and human rights. Since its founding in 1941 by prominent Americans concerned with the mount- ing threats to peace and democracy, Freedom House has been a vigorous proponent of democratic values and a steadfast opponent of dictatorships of the far left and the far right. Eleanor Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie served as Freedom House’s first honorary co-chairpersons. Today, the organization’s diverse Board of Trustees is composed of a bipartisan mix of business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, and journalists who agree that the promotion of de- mocracy and human rights abroad is vital to America’s interests. aCknOwlEdgEmEnTs and sTudy team Policing Belief: The Impact of Blasphemy Laws on Human Rights was re- searched and written by Jo-anne prud’homme, a human rights researcher and advocate.