The Meteorological Aspect of the Smoke Problem
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JANUARY,1914. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 29 tmstworthiness there can nat be the slightest doubt,” is that report, it as audible at the time tlie liglits are most d great interest. He purports to have heard tlie sound active and vivid, for it, requires a certain time in which three times in all and says that he is sure it could not to trtivrrse t.hc dist,anc.eto the observer. On the ot,her hand it is not always when the aurora 0. J. Dalile drops down moderately near the earth that it can be dated March 30, 1910, heard. There are nunierous accounts of the polar lights was furnished me through the courtesy of Prof. St.ormer: which, judging froin the observers’ descriptions, have been JGght or nine ears ago I witneased from the steamship Erling Jar1 very near t,he surface of t,he enrt,h aad which according an extraordinar& interesting aurora. While our shill was crossing to t.liese descript,ions have not been acconipanierl by any Vaaga Bay, a little north of Harstad, a brilliant aurora in rapid motion sountI. WBB seen 80 low down in the‘air that it barely cleared the tops uf the In a work on t,he height, of the aurora Clevehnd haeta. It flamed forth in all the colors of the rainbow and was fol- by lowed by s eculiar sound, precisel such a sound m would be pro- Alhc in Terrest.rid MR netism, 1895,. are cited a great duced by rsbing together a weldied skin in the hands. It was nuniher of rep0rt.s of suc5 i displays which have been seen nation nor t,he mistaking of any sound 011 board, but un- against. the ninuntains and hence very near the earth, as Et:L?%e result of the movement of the aurora. I have not.ired for instance, t.hat.of the well-known polar explorer, Parry. also on o&er occasions that auroras in rapid motion hanging low in bhe atmo here have emitted sounds similar to those mentioned above. Sir William Hooker saw t.he smie phenomenon at Ben In%e above-named display it seemed that the auroral rays had x Nevis, Scot,land. General Sabine observed tin aurora that horizontal poition and appeared as separate layers, one above the wns so low that. it lay like a foe over the ground, through other: But the probability is t.hat it was a vertical ra which, by rea wliicli lie walked. Ga.lle, the Tanlous astronomer, saw a 8on of ita nearness and ita position directly over the dip, appeared to to IIE to be horizontal and that the higher layers mere the movements cloud growth following an aurorn. nnd also R display very of the meray wen through this identical ray from below. siiiii1a.r to t.liat which I observed in Finland, and I cite The Finnish liysicist, Lemstrom, has written a work Gnlle’s ohservnt,ions here because t,he account of such a entitled “The I! olar Lights.’? Here also are several nc- iii~iisurely ought, to be given great weight. It seems therefore inci:int.rovert.il>let.1in.t the aurora, under certain counts, one by a miner from Got,eborg wlio was in La 1- land in 1853. He describes an aurora obstvved at. nig1 it conditions, may reach down into t,he atmosphere at least inmidwinter in a temperature of - GoC!. A hand of rays t.o the nltit,ude of t.he cirrus level, cipprosiinat,ely 6,000 streamed u~ froni the plateau betwt.cn him ancl ndjacciit niet.ers. peaks and a rushing sound could at t,hc sam~tirnc I)(* EDITOR’S NOTE.-^ a letter froni the author, dated plainly heard.” (.!hristisnia, November 37, 19 13, he adds : The well-known Freiicli httlloonist, Rollithr, wlio with * * * It will perhaps interest. VOll to hear that the only Norwegian an attendant ascended froin Paris in 1S70 during thc nirniber of the Pcot,t.Antarctic Ekpedition. Mr. Trygve Gran, once siege and cam(’ down in Lifjrld , Tcleniarken, riqm%s heard a peculiar noise att.ending an -4urora Borealis [i. e., Aurora that he observed polar light rays throud t.lie liglit. fog Australis] ancl Mr. Gran also told me that the party of Lielit. Campbell and, “presently a peculiar rushing souii8 was heard. A had repeat.edlyheard 8uch a noise. short tune after, stron alniost suffncating fumcs of NIL phur were encountere f;,. Lemstrom himself, accxdjng to his own rc nrt, has THE mTEOROLOGICAL ASPECT OF TmSMOKE never heard tlie auroral sound, but lie specifica\ ly states PROBLEM.’ that he is convinced of its esistrnce, and this nssertinn is repeated several times. He s ,enlcs of t.lie Lap1andri.s’ By HERBERTH. KIMBALL. hbelief in tlie sound in the Iollowing languagc: THE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS CONTENTS. They my that B rumblin sound can often be heard and since it haa frequently been observed %y skilled observers. their belief t.liat it dtmospllerie pws.-The t.errestria1 atniosphere con- actually exists in connection wit,h strong, energet.ic auroras at low sist.s of a iiiisture of gases t,liat ning be divided into two is absolute. temperatures quit,e dist.inct, classes: (1) The denientnry gases, such as In a work by Prof. Hermaiin Fritz of Zurich, in 1Y81, nit.rogen, hydrogen, osygen, and t,he ga.ses of the argon concerning tlie polar lights, there is also collected from group; (3) t,he compound g;itses, such a.s vapor of water, all sources a great iiuniher of accounts of the auroral aininonia, ozone, carbonic acid gas, et.c. sound. Upon esaminiiig these we come across. many The gases of the first group are practically fixed in well-known men, even eminent. scientists, who believc in amount w4t.h res ,ect to one anot.her at any given level (l), the existence of this sound, for instance, Prof. Hansteen. while t.hose of t.i e second group are constantly varyin We find also in this book various old Norwegian reports. not only with respect to t.he atniospheric conditions, suc One would think since so many well-known and highly as t.einperat~ure,pressure, and huniidit.y, but, also witha esteemed men have given suc.11 ids utahle evidence of respect, to place. This is especia.lly t.rue of gases gener- having heard the sound that all doug t would gradually ated in the processes of conibust,ion, which niay be be dispelled. But this is so far from being true that, on almost unknown in thinly inhabited districts, but which the contrary, many scientific men, for instance, the have to be taken into account in the ntniospheres of large famms explorers, Leopold von B~chand Slesander von cities (2). Humboldt, assert un ualifiedly t.hat it is iiotliin but The ases of the atmos liere hold in suspension con- imagination. HuniboP dt says the native popuP ation siderabP e yuantit.ies of sor id and liquid particles. The knows nothing of the auroral sound and that it is the latter consist irinci ,ally of condensed water vapor, transients who have brought tlie belief with tolieni. But forming fog pcIdclou s, which may hold in solut,ion sub- this iq a singular niisapprelieiisioii of tlic facts, for the stances of various kinds, including some acids, as has belief is especially widespread among the natives. Ii The been shown by nunierous analyses of rain water and Rolar lights have .grown more taciturn,” says Huniboldt, snow. The soh particles niay be divided into several since we have learned to observe them more closcly,” and that is quite possible, for there arc piobnhly numrr- 1 Condeenssd. with additions and revision. from Smoke Investcytion Bulletin No. 5 MelIon Institute of Industrial Reseamh and School of Speclac ndustrms. Universitj! ous false reports .of tlie auroral sound, especially thosr of Plttsburgh, 1913. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/24/21 07:29 AM UTC 30 MONTHLY WEATHER REWEW. JANUARY,1914 classes, such as cosniictll or meteoric dust, finely divicled amounts are equivalent to YO0 pounds of soot over each mineral matter or soil from the surface of the earth, square mile of area in a layer of air about 410 feet and ollen from plants, niicroscopic organisms such as 320 feet, thick, respectively. gacteria and molds, and the soot and other residues of days about twice as much soot was found in combustion. t,heoll-fogv air o Pittsburgh as on clear days. Atmospheric d~~st.-IvI~chof the dust consists of par- Deposit of soot in city aid coun.tvy driStricts.-By means ticles so fine that, as Barus (3) states, it niay be con- of soot gages, and from the analysis of rainfall and snow- sidered "an inte rant part of the atmosphere." hlete- fall, fairly accurat>edet,erminations have been made of oric dust is of tks character, and Young (4) has esti- bhe rate of deposit of soot, at different points on the British mated that the amount received by the entire atnios- Isles and elsewhere. The following are some of the phere probably can not exceed 100 tons per day, which results : would produce a covering an inch thick on the surface of the earth only after the lapse of 1,000,000,000 years. Rate of deposit qf soot ,in fmm per annitni per square mile. Humphreys (6) has suggest.ed that certain observed Brit,iah Isles: Tons. sudden changes in the positions of the neut,ral points of Industrial center of Lee+ (7) ..............................