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Planetary Constants and Models

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Planetary Constants and Models JPL D-12947 PF-IOO-PMC-01 Mars Pathfinder ProJect PLANETARY CONSTANTS AND MODELS Mars at Launch Earth at La_ Dec 2, 1996 SunI, Earth at Mars at Aniva July 4, 1997 December 1995 JilL Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California JPL D-I2947 PF-IOO-PMC-OI Mars Pathfinder Project PLANETARY CONSTANTS AND MODELS Prepared by: ' Robin Vaughan December 1995 JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California JPL D-12947 PFolOO-PMCoO1 Revision History Date Changes Status 10/95 Issued preliminary version for review by project person-el Draft 12/95 First official release; incorporated comments from prelimi- Final nary review. JPL D- !294 7 PFo 100-PMCo 01 Contents List of Figures V 4 List of Tables vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose ............ .......................... 1 1.2 Scope .................... ................... 1 2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS 3 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 Frame • " • • • ° * ° • " ° • * • ° ° " ° ° * ° • • • ° " " " ' • • • • • • 3 2.1.2 Center • " " • ° " " " ' ° ° ° • * " • • " • " • • " • " " " ° • ° • • • . • 6 2.1.3 Type .................................... 7 2.2 Celestial Systems . ; ............................. 7 2.2.1 The Inertial Reference Frames ..................... 8 2.2.2 Sun-Centered Systems .......................... 9 2.2.3 Earth-Centered Systems ......................... 9 2.2.4 Mars-Centered Systems ......................... 11 2.2.5 Spacecraft-CenteredSystems ...................... 16 2.2.6 MiscellaneousSystems .......................... 18 2.3 SpacecraftSystems ................................ 21 2.3.1 Cruise Stage ............................... 21 2.3.2 Entry Vehicle ............................... 21 2.3.3 Lander • " • * • • • " • * " ° " " ' * • • " " • • ° " • • " • • ° • • • , • 22 2.3.4 Launch Configuration .......................... 22 2.4 Surface Systems .................................. 27 2.4.1 Martian Local Level Coordinate System ................ 27 2.4.2 Martian Surface Fixed Coordinate System ............... 27 2.4.3 Relating Lander, Local Level,and Surface Fixed Coordinates .... 28 iii JPL D-12947 PF-IOO-PMC-01 TIME SYSTEMS 3.1 Earth 30 , , , • • , . , • • . • , • . • 3.1.1 Universal Coordinated Time_*! ....................... 30 ...................... 30 3.1.2 Dynamical Time 3.2 Mars ............ : ................ 32 3.2.1 " Seasons" • " • • • • " • " • * • " ° • " • " • " • • " • " • • • " • " " • " • " • • 35 • • " ° • • " " • • * " • " " " • " • " • • " * • ' " ° " " " • • • 35 3.2.2 Local True Solar Time .......................... 35 3.2.3 Local Mean Solar Time ......................... 40 3.2.4 Pathfinder's Hybrid Solar Time 3.3 Spacecraft Clock ..................... 43 • " " " " " " " " " " " ' ' • " " • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 44 4 EARTH DATA t 4.1 Mass & Gravity Field 49 4.1.1 Earth GM .............................. 49 ................................ 49 4.1.2 Gravity Field Model: JGM-3 .................... : • 50 4.2 Topographic Data • " • ° • " " • " • • • " • • " • " " " • ° " • • " • " ° " • • 50 4.2.1 IAU Reference Spheroid ......................... 50 4.2.2 Launch Site ................................ 50 4.2.3 Deep Space Network Station Sites 4.3 Orientation & Rotation ................... 51 " • • " " " • " • * • • * " " • " • " • " " • " • * • • • 52 4.3.1 Earth Rotation Pole ........................ 52 4.3.2 Earth Prime Meridian & Rotation Rate ....... " ' " 52 5 MARS DATA 5.1 Mass & Gravity Field 54 5.1.1 MarsGM .............................. 54 ................................. 54 5.1.2 Gravity Field Model: Mars50c 5.2 Topographic Data ..................... 55 ............................... 55 5.2.1 Reference Surfaces ...................... " 5.2.2 Landing Site 55 5.3 Orientation & Rotation .............................. 56 5.3.1 Mars Rotation Pole ............................ 56 ..................... 56 5.3.2 Mars Prime Meridian & Rotation Rate ...... 57 5.4 • • • • . o . • • o , o , . • Atmosphere .......................... .......... 57 5.5 Local Surface Environment 5.5.1 Surface Pressure • • " • ..... ' .... ' ............ 68 5.5.2 Surface Temperature ........................... 68 5.5.3 Surface Winds ........................... 69 . • . , , • . • , . , 5.5.4 Dust Optical Depth ........ : : : : : : : ............ 70 5.5.5 Insolation 70 ................................. 7'1 5.5.6 Local Slopes ............................... 72 5.5.7 Rock Distribution 5.6 Martian Satellites ............................ 72 " " • " ' " " " " ' ...... " " " " ° .... " " " ° • • • • 82 iv JPL JPL D-12947 PF-I OO..PMC.OI 5.6.1 Satellite Masses ...................... i .' ...... 5.6.2 Satellite Shapes ....... 82 5.6.3 Satelhtes' Orientation & Rotatmn 82 ................... 82 6 SUMMARY OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS 6.1 General Parameters 85 Li 6.2 Planetary Ephemeris ............................... 85 ............................... 85 7 REFERENCES 87 A GRAVITY FIELD MODELS 2 2 A.1 The JGM-3 Gravity Field Model for Earth 91 A.2 The Mars50c Gravity Field Model .................. 92 2 ....................... 99 2 2 B EPOCHS FOR APPROXIMATION OF LOCAL TRUE SOLAR TIME 135 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 e w. l: JPL D-1294Z PF-IOO-PMC-OI 5-7 Mean pressurevariationfrom Mars-GRAM valueas a functionof altitudefor' the hydrostaticequilibriumatmosphere model ................. 66 5-8 Mean densityvariationfrom Mars-GRAM value as a functionof altitudefor the hydrostaticequilibriumatmosphere model ................. 67 5-9 Statisticsfordallypressurevariationsat the v_king i landing site ..... 74 5-10 Viking mission'satmospheric pressurefor3.3 Mars yearssuperimposed on a one-year timeline.(courtesyof James E. Tillman) .............. 75 5-11 Actual dailypressureand temperature variationsover the firstyear at the Viking 1 landing site • * ° * • • • " • ° • • • • i • ° . , ° , . • ° • • • • • • 76 5-12 Nominal dailytemperature cycleat 1.6m above the surface ......... 77 5-13 Dally variationin the differencebetween surface and near-surfaceatmo- spherictemperature at the Viking I landing site ............... 78 5-14 Dal!y.variation 'in wind speed.and direction at the Viking 1 landing site .. 79 5-15 anation in aus_ optical depth at the Viking landing sites .......... 80 5-16 Local Dust Storms as Detected by the Viking Orbiters ............ 81 vii JPL D-12947 PF-IOO-PMC-O1 List of Tables 3-1 Martian Seasons over Mars Pathfinder Mission ................ 36 4-1 Geocentric Coordinates of DSN Stations at epoch 1995.0 ........... 51 5-1 Mars Pathfinder & Viking Landing Site Locations • o . , o ° , o , • , • o . 56 6-1 Astrodynamic Constants for Mars Pathfinder ................. 86 A-1 Zonal Harmonic Coefficients for JGM-3 .................... 92 A-2 Tesseral and Sectorial Harmonic Coefficients for JGM-3 ........... 93 A-3 Zonal Harmonic Coetlicients for Mars50c ....... 99 A-4 Tesseral and Sectorial Harmonic Coefficients for Mars50c ...... i00 B-1 Hybrid Solar Time Epochs Required to Stay within 5 Solar Minutes of Local True Solar Time ................................. 136 oo• viii JPL D-12947 PF-IOO-PMC-01 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AIM Attitude and Information Management subsystem ARA Areocentric Right Ascension (used to compute local solar time) AU Astronomical Unit C frame Pathfinder spacecraft's cruise stage coordinate flame DE403 Developmental Ephemeris - 403 (the planetary ephemeris) DSN Deep Space Network DSS Deep Space Station AT Ephemeris time minus Universal Coordinated Time EDL Entry, Descent, and Landing E frame Pathfinder spacecraft's entry vehicle coordinate frame EME2000 Earth Mean Equator and Equinox of Epoch J2000 coordinate system EMO2000 Earth Mean Orbit and Equinox of Epoch J2000 coordinate system EOT Equation Of Time ET Ephemeris time (equivalent to Terrestrial Dynamical Time) FMS Fictitious Mean Sun GDS Ground Data System GM constant of Gravitation times Mass of body HEF High EFficiency antenna HST Hybrid Solar Time IAU International Astronomical Union IERS International Earth Rotation Service J frame AIM's term for the EME2000 coordinate system JED Julian Ephemeris Date JGM-3 TOPEX/POSEIDON Joint Gravity Model #3 for Earth JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory J2000 Julian ephemeris date 2451545.0, January 1, 2000 12:00:00 ET L frame Pathfinder spacecraft's lander coordinate frame LMST LocM Mean Solar Time LTST Local True Solar Time ix JPL D-12947 PF-IOO-PMC.Oi M frame AIM's term for the Martian local level coordinate frame MAR033.1 Martian satellite ephemeris Mars50c Gravity field model for Mars Mars-GRAM Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model, Version 3.0 MBF frame Mars Body-Fixed coordinate frame; AIM's term for the Mars Mean Equator and Prime Meridian of Date frame MFX frame Aim's term for the Martian Surface Fixed coordinate frame MGS Mars Global Surveyor MIPS Multi-Mission Image Processing System MME Mars Mean Equator and Equinox coordinate system MO Mars Observer MPF Mars Pathfinder NAIF Navigation Anc/lliary Information Facility P frame PDT PAM-D motor coordinate frame (used during Pathfinder launch) Pacific Daylight Time PST Pacific Standard Time RTN Radian, Crosstrack, and Downtrack coordinate system SCET Spacecraft Event Time SCLK Spacecraft clock time SI International System of Units SMAA Semi-MAjor Axis SMIA Semi-Minor Axis SSA Star Scanner Assembly TAI Atomic time TDT Terrestrial Dynamic Time TDB (Solar System) Barycentric Dynamic Time TS True Sun USGS United States Geological Survey UTC Universal Coordinated Time UTI Universal Time X JPL D- 1294 7 PF- !O0-PMC-OI Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
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