Hamburg - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 28
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 28 Hamburg Coordinates: 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hamburg (pron.: /ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊɐ̯ k], local pronunciation Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg [ˈhambʊɪç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Hamborg [ˈhaˑmbɔːx]), officially Free and — State of Germany — Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany, the thirteenth largest German state, and the sixth largest city in the European Union.[2] The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 5 million inhabitants. Situated on the river Elbe, the port of Hamburg is the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and tenth largest worldwide. Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg),[3] reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic 1st row: View of the Binnenalster; 2nd row: Große Freiheit, League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Speicherstadt, River Elbe; 3rd row: Alsterfleet; 4th row: Port of Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city- Hamburg, Dockland office building state and one of the sixteen States of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, Hamburg was a fully sovereign state of its own. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919, the stringent civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Flag Hanseaten. Coat of arms Hamburg is a major transport hub in Northern Germany and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to Airbus, Blohm + Voss and Aurubis. The radio and television broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk and publishers such as Gruner + Jahr and Spiegel-Verlag are pillars of the important media industry in Hamburg. Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of the world's second oldest bank, Berenberg Coordinates: 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E Bank. In total, there are more than 120,000 Country Germany enterprises. Government • First Mayor Olaf Scholz (SPD) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg 22.01.2013 Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 28 The city is a major tourist destination for both • Governing SPD domestic and overseas visitors; Hamburg party ranked 17th in the world for livability in 2012, • Votes in 3 (of 69) [4] and, in 2010, the city ranked 10th in the Bundesrat world. Area • City 755 km2 (292 sq mi) Population (2012-03-31)[1] Contents • City 1,802,041 • Density 2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi) ■ 1 Geography • Metro 5,000,000 ■ 1.1 Climate ■ 2 History Time zone CET (UTC+1) ■ 2.1 Second World War • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) ■ 2.2 Postwar history Postal code(s) 20001–21149, 22001–22769 ■ 3 Demographics Area code(s) 040 ■ 3.1 Ancestry of Hamburg ISO 3166 code DE-HH residents (31.12. 2010)[22] ■ 3.2 Religion Vehicle HH (1906–1945; again since 1956) ■ 4 Government registration MGH (1945); H (1945–1947), HG ■ 4.1 Boroughs (1947); BH (1948–1956) ■ 5 Cityscape GDP/ Nominal €EUR 94.43 billion (2011) ■ 5.1 Architecture [citation needed] ■ 5.2 Parks and gardens ■ 6 Culture and contemporary life NUTS Region DE6 ■ 6.1 Theatres Website hamburg.de ■ 6.2 Museums (http://www.hamburg.de/) ■ 6.3 Music ■ 6.4 Festivals and regular events ■ 6.5 Cuisine ■ 6.6 Language ■ 6.7 Tourism ■ 6.8 English culture ■ 6.9 Memorials ■ 7 Economy ■ 7.1 Banking ■ 7.2 Port ■ 7.3 Hafencity ■ 7.4 Media ■ 8 Infrastructure ■ 8.1 Health systems ■ 8.2 Transport ■ 8.2.1 Public transport ■ 8.3 Utilities ■ 9 Sport ■ 10 Education ■ 11 International relations ■ 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities ■ 12 People from Hamburg ■ 13 Literature ■ 14 See also ■ 15 References ■ 15.1 Notes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg 22.01.2013 Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 28 ■ 16 External links Geography Hamburg is located on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, directly between Continental Europe to its south and Scandinavia to its north. The North Sea is west and the Baltic Sea is northeast of Hamburg. Hamburg is located on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is situated around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster") both of which were originally formed by damming up the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two small neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, located in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg.[5] The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region (old land), the biggest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. The neighbourhood of Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres (381 ft) AMSL.[6] Climate Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb). Hamburg's climate is influenced by its proximity to the coast and marine air masses that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby wetlands also enjoy a maritime temperate climate. Snowfall is rare, generally occurring once or twice a year. The warmest months in Hamburg are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 19.9 to 22.2 °C (68 to 72 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of -1.4 to 0 °C (29 to 32 °F).[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg 22.01.2013 Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 28 Climate data for Hamburg Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average 3.5 4.4 8.0 12.3 17.5 19.9 22.1 22.2 17.9 13.0 7.5 4.6 12.7 high °C (38.3) (39.9) (46.4) (54.1) (63.5) (67.8) (71.8) (72.0) (64.2) (55.4) (45.5) (40.3) (54.9) (°F) Daily 1.1 1.6 4.6 7.8 12.5 15.2 17.4 17.4 13.8 9.5 5.0 2.3 9.02 mean ° (34.0) (34.9) (40.3) (46.0) (54.5) (59.4) (63.3) (63.3) (56.8) (49.1) (41.0) (36.1) (48.23) C (°F) Average −1.4 −1.2 1.1 3.3 7.4 10.5 12.7 12.5 9.6 6.0 2.4 0.0 5.2 low °C (29.5) (29.8) (34.0) (37.9) (45.3) (50.9) (54.9) (54.5) (49.3) (42.8) (36.3) (32.0) (41.4) (°F) Rainfall 64.4 42.4 62.9 45.6 53.7 76.9 74.7 73.0 68.4 63.6 69.4 77.7 772.7 mm (2.535) (1.669) (2.476) (1.795) (2.114) (3.028) (2.941) (2.874) (2.693) (2.504) (2.732) (3.059) (30.421) (inches) Avg. rainy 12.1 9.2 11.3 8.9 9.6 11.3 11.4 10.2 10.8 10.5 11.7 12.4 129.4 days (≥ 1.0 mm) Mean monthly 43.4 67.2 105.4 162.0 217.0 222.0 207.7 207.7 141.0 99.2 54.0 34.1 1,560.7 sunshine hours Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[7] Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[8] History Main article: History of Hamburg The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva. But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808. The castle was built on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion. The castle was named Hammaburg, burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain,[9] as is the exact The Limes Saxoniae border between location of the castle.[10] the Saxons and the Slavic Obotrites, established about 810. In 834, Hamburg was designated the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric, whose first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the bishopric of Hamburg- Bremen.[11] In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and Hamburg subsequently received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France and, in the 17th century, Sephardi Jews from Portugal. Hamburg in 1150 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg 22.01.2013 Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 5 of 28 Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, a fleet of 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg which, at that time, was a town of around 500 inhabitants.[11] In 1030, the city was burned down by King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of Hamburg's population in 1350.[12] Hamburg had several great fires, the most notable ones in 1284 and 1842. In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". This conflagration started on the night of the 4 May 1842 and was extinguished on 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless.