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Hamburg Coordinates: 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hamburg (pron.: /ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊɐ̯ k], local pronunciation Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg [ˈhambʊɪç]; /Low Saxon: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Hamborg [ˈhaˑmbɔːx]), officially Free and — State of — Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany, the thirteenth largest German state, and the sixth largest city in the European Union.[2] The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of and Schleswig-) has more than 5 million inhabitants. Situated on the river , the of Hamburg is the second largest port in Europe (after the ) and tenth largest worldwide.

Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg),[3] reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic 1st row: View of the ; 2nd row: Große Freiheit, League, as a of the Holy , River Elbe; 3rd row: Alsterfleet; 4th row: Port of Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city- Hamburg, Dockland office building state and one of the sixteen . Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, Hamburg was a fully sovereign state of its own. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919, the stringent civic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Flag . Coat of arms Hamburg is a major transport hub in and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to Airbus, Blohm + Voss and Aurubis. The radio and television broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk and publishers such as Gruner + Jahr and Spiegel-Verlag are pillars of the important media industry in Hamburg. Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of the world's second oldest bank, Berenberg Coordinates: 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E Bank. In total, there are more than 120,000 Country Germany enterprises. Government • First (SPD)

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The city is a major tourist destination for both • Governing SPD domestic and overseas visitors; Hamburg party ranked 17th in the world for livability in 2012, • Votes in 3 (of 69) [4] and, in 2010, the city ranked 10th in the Bundesrat world. Area • City 755 km2 (292 sq mi) Population (2012-03-31)[1] Contents • City 1,802,041 • Density 2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi) ■ 1 Geography • Metro 5,000,000 ■ 1.1 Climate ■ 2 History Time zone CET (UTC+1) ■ 2.1 Second World War • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) ■ 2.2 Postwar history Postal code(s) 20001–21149, 22001–22769 ■ 3 Demographics Area code(s) 040 ■ 3.1 Ancestry of Hamburg ISO 3166 code DE-HH residents (31.12. 2010)[22] ■ 3.2 Religion Vehicle HH (1906–1945; again since 1956) ■ 4 Government registration MGH (1945); H (1945–1947), HG ■ 4.1 Boroughs (1947); BH (1948–1956) ■ 5 Cityscape GDP/ Nominal €EUR 94.43 billion (2011) ■ 5.1 Architecture [citation needed] ■ 5.2 Parks and gardens ■ 6 Culture and contemporary life NUTS Region DE6 ■ 6.1 Theatres Website hamburg.de ■ 6.2 Museums (http://www.hamburg.de/) ■ 6.3 Music ■ 6.4 Festivals and regular events ■ 6.5 Cuisine ■ 6.6 Language ■ 6.7 Tourism ■ 6.8 English culture ■ 6.9 Memorials ■ 7 Economy ■ 7.1 Banking ■ 7.2 Port ■ 7.3 ■ 7.4 Media ■ 8 Infrastructure ■ 8.1 Health systems ■ 8.2 Transport ■ 8.2.1 Public transport ■ 8.3 Utilities ■ 9 Sport ■ 10 Education ■ 11 International relations ■ 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities ■ 12 People from Hamburg ■ 13 Literature ■ 14 See also ■ 15 References ■ 15.1 Notes

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■ 16 External links

Geography

Hamburg is located on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, directly between Continental Europe to its south and Scandinavia to its north. The is west and the is northeast of Hamburg. Hamburg is located on the River Elbe at its confluence with the and Bille. The city centre is situated around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster") both of which were originally formed by damming up the River Alster to create lakes. The island of and two small neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, located in the Hamburg National Park, are also part of Hamburg.[5]

The neighbourhoods of , Cranz, and are part of the region (old land), the biggest contiguous -producing region in Central Europe. The neighbourhood of Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres (381 ft) AMSL.[6]

Climate

Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb). Hamburg's climate is influenced by its proximity to the coast and marine air masses that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby wetlands also enjoy a maritime temperate climate. Snowfall is rare, generally occurring once or twice a year.

The warmest months in Hamburg are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 19.9 to 22.2 °C (68 to 72 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of -1.4 to 0 °C (29 to 32 °F).[7]

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Climate data for Hamburg Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average 3.5 4.4 8.0 12.3 17.5 19.9 22.1 22.2 17.9 13.0 7.5 4.6 12.7 high °C (38.3) (39.9) (46.4) (54.1) (63.5) (67.8) (71.8) (72.0) (64.2) (55.4) (45.5) (40.3) (54.9) (°F) Daily 1.1 1.6 4.6 7.8 12.5 15.2 17.4 17.4 13.8 9.5 5.0 2.3 9.02 mean ° (34.0) (34.9) (40.3) (46.0) (54.5) (59.4) (63.3) (63.3) (56.8) (49.1) (41.0) (36.1) (48.23) C (°F) Average −1.4 −1.2 1.1 3.3 7.4 10.5 12.7 12.5 9.6 6.0 2.4 0.0 5.2 low °C (29.5) (29.8) (34.0) (37.9) (45.3) (50.9) (54.9) (54.5) (49.3) (42.8) (36.3) (32.0) (41.4) (°F) Rainfall 64.4 42.4 62.9 45.6 53.7 76.9 74.7 73.0 68.4 63.6 69.4 77.7 772.7 mm (2.535) (1.669) (2.476) (1.795) (2.114) (3.028) (2.941) (2.874) (2.693) (2.504) (2.732) (3.059) (30.421) (inches) Avg. rainy 12.1 9.2 11.3 8.9 9.6 11.3 11.4 10.2 10.8 10.5 11.7 12.4 129.4 days (≥ 1.0 mm) Mean monthly 43.4 67.2 105.4 162.0 217.0 222.0 207.7 207.7 141.0 99.2 54.0 34.1 1,560.7 sunshine hours Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[7] Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[8]

History

Main article:

The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva. But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor in AD 808. The castle was built on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion. The castle was named Hammaburg, burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain,[9] as is the exact The Saxoniae border between location of the castle.[10] the and the Slavic , established about 810. In 834, Hamburg was designated the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric, whose first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with as the bishopric of Hamburg- Bremen.[11] In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and Hamburg subsequently received Reformed from the Netherlands and and, in the 17th century, Sephardi Jews from .

Hamburg in 1150

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Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, a fleet of 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg which, at that time, was a town of around 500 inhabitants.[11] In 1030, the city was burned down by King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of Hamburg's population in 1350.[12] Hamburg had several great fires, the most notable ones in 1284 and 1842. In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". This conflagration started on the night of the 4 May 1842 and was extinguished on 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.

In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of an Imperial Free City and tax- free access up the Lower Elbe

into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.[13] This charter, along with Hamburg's Hamburg in 1320 Seal of 1245 proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. This was the first time in history that the word hanse was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.[14] The first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the , the Ordeelbook (Ordeel: Hamburg in 1811 sentence) was written by the solicitor of the of Hamburg, Jordan von Boitzenburg, in 1270.[15] On August 10, 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: Rezeß, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first of Hamburg.[16]

When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (Neustadt) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.[17]

Upon the dissolution of the in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1810–14). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg reassumed its pre-1811 status as a city- state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the (1815–66).

In 1860, the state of Hamburg adopted a republican constitution. Hamburg became a city-state within the North German Confederation (1866–71), the (1871–1918) and during the period of the Republic (1919–33). Hamburg experienced its fastest growth during the second half

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of the 19th century, when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second largest port. With as its director, the Hamburg-America Line became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to , Africa, and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for most and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves here.

A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which still retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city at the time. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.

Second World War

In the Third Reich, Hamburg was a Gau from 1934 until 1945. During World War II, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids, which devastated much of the inhabited city as well as harbour areas. On 23 July 1943, a firestorm developed as a result of Allied firebombing and, spreading from the Hauptbahnhof (central station) and quickly moving south-east, completely destroyed entire boroughs, such as , or Hamm-south. As a result, these densely populated working-class boroughs underwent a dramatic demographic change as thousands of people Hamburg after the 1943 bombing perished in the flames. While some of the destroyed boroughs have been rebuilt as residential areas after the war, others such as Hammerbrook are nowadays purely commercial areas with almost no residential population. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About 1 million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids.

Not fewer than another 42,900 people are thought to have perished[18] in the Neuengamme concentration camp (situated about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), Flakturm on the Heiligengeistfeld in mostly due to epidemics and in the bombing of evacuation Hamburg - one of four enormous vessels by the Royal Air Force at the end of the war. fortress-like bunkers which were made of reinforced concrete, built Postwar history between 1942 and 1944 and equipped with anti-aircraft artillery for air Hamburg surrendered without a fight to British Forces on 3 defense May 1945.[19] After World War II, Hamburg was in the British Zone of Occupation and became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs in the city. On 16 February 1962, the North Sea flood of that year caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.

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The Inner German border — only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg — separated the city from most of its hinterland and further reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of some Central European and Baltic States into the European Union in 2004, the has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre. Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hamburg

On 31 December 2006, there were 1,754,182 people registered as living in Hamburg (up by 6.2% from 1,652,363 in 1990) in an area of 755.3 km2 (291.6 sq mi). The population density was 2,322 /km2 (6,010 /sq mi).[20] The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to about 4.3 million, living on 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi).[21]

There were 856,132 men and 898,050 women in Hamburg. For every 1,000 males, there were 1,049 females. In 2006, there were 16,089 births in Hamburg (of which 33.1% were to unmarried women); 6,921 marriages and 4,583 divorces. In the city, the population was spread out with 15.7% under the age of 18, and 18.8% were 65 years of age or older.[20]

Recent estimates put the number of people with a migrant background at 30% (515.000).[22] Immigrants come from 180 different countries, including Turkey, Poland, , Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Iran or Ghana.

In 1999, there were 910,304 households, of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18; 47.9% of all households were made up of singles. The average household size was 1.9.[23]

Ancestry of Hamburg residents (31.12. 2010)[22]

Ancestry Number German 70.6% (1.231.993) Other European 13.7% (240.052) Asian 6.3% (109.933) Turkish 5.3% (92.766) African 2.0% (34.847) Hispanic and Caribbean 0.9% (16.224) Other/Unknown 1.2% (20.958)

Religion

In late 2009, 29.9% of Hamburg's population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 10.1% to the Roman Catholic Church.[24]

According to one 2011 estimate based on ethnic origin, there are 200,000[25] Muslims of whom 50,000 are Alevis,[25] although Alevis do not always identify themselves as Muslims.

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Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Islamic Centre Hamburg and a growing Jewish community.[26] Government

Further information: and List of of Hamburg

The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a - president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus, with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the .[27] From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was ,[28] who governed in Germany's first state-wide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance '90/The Greens party.[29] Von Beust (front was briefly succeeded by in 2010, but the view) coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010.[30] On 7 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor.

Boroughs

Main article: Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg

Hamburg is made up of 7 boroughs (German: Bezirke) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile). There are also 181 localities (German: The part of the North Sea in this Ortsteile). The aerial picture is called the Hamburg urban Wadden Sea National Park and organization is Boroughs of Hamburg belongs administratively to the regulated by the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 39 Constitution of people live here on the island Hamburg and several laws.[3][31] Most of the quarters were Neuwerk (visible just above the former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into centre). Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through

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the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, and were merged into the state of Hamburg.[32] The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.[33] Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times over the years.

Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: Bezirksversammlung) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: Bezirksamtsleiter). The boroughs of Hamburg are not independent municipalities. The power of borough governments is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate.[31] The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.

In 2008, the boroughs of Hamburg were Altona, , Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Mitte, Hamburg- Nord, Harburg and Wandsbek.[34]

Altona is the westernmost urban borough on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, , , , Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, , , , , Sülldorf, , .[34]

Bergedorf consists of the quarters Allermöhe, , Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, , , , Lohbrügge, , Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, , , and .[34]

Eimsbüttel is split into nine quarters: , Eimsbüttel, , -West, , Niendorf, , and Stellingen.[34] Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.

Hamburg-Mitte ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city of Hamburg and consists of the quarters Billbrook, , , Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, , Neuwerk, , St. Georg, St. Pauli, , , and Wilhelmsburg.[34] The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.

Hamburg-Nord contains the quarters , Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, , Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf, and .[34]

Harburg lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are , Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, , Harburg, , , , , , Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, and .[34]

Wandsbek is divided into the quarters , , , , Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, , Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, , , , Tonndorf, , Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.[34]

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Cityscape

A panoramic view of the Hamburg Skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrücke.

Architecture

Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and only a few skyscrapers. Churches are important landmarks, such as St. Nicholas's church, which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline of Hamburg features the tall Neoclassical Palmaille, Altona St. Michaelis Church on the spires of the most important €2 coin 2008 churches (Hauptkirchen) St. Michael's Church (nicknamed “Michel"), St. Peter's Church, St. James's (St. Jacobi) and St. Catherine's Church covered with copper plates, and of course the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).

The many streams, rivers and canals in Hamburg are crossed by over 2300 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and [35][36] Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside Urban regeneration at HafenCity in its city limits than any other city in the world and more canals 2009 than Amsterdam and Venice combined.[37] The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.

The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897. The tower is 112 metres (367 ft) high. Its façade, 111 m (364 ft) long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.[38] The , a stone office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.

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