Constanze Ranfeld Wet Etching of Printed Silver Layers Using an Etch

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Constanze Ranfeld Wet Etching of Printed Silver Layers Using an Etch Constanze Ranfeld Wet etching of printed silver layers using an etch resist structured by flexography Dissertation Constanze Ranfeld Wet etching of printed silver layers using an etch resist structured by flexography URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-45349 URL: http://tu-prints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/45349 Dieses Dokument wird bereitgestellt von tuprints. E-Publishing-Service der TU Darmstadt. http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de [email protected] Wet etching of printed silver layers using an etch resist structured by flexography Vom Fachbereich Maschinenbau an der Technischen Universit¨at Darmstadt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte DISSERTATION vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Constanze Ranfeld aus Schlema Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Edgar D¨orsam, TU Darmstadt Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Tim Claypole MBE, Swansea University Tag der Einreichung: 25.02.2014 Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 21.05.2014 Darmstadt 2015 D17 Abstract Flexographic printing is a common technique in the production of printed electronics. Its flexible printing plates offer many advantages, especially regarding printing on rigid and fragile substrates. Nevertheless, one major drawback is the so-called halo effect where ink is squeezed at the edges of the raised elements of the printing plate during transfer onto the substrate. The result is a halo-like structure surrounding the desired layout with a zone depleted of ink in-between. The approach of this study is to utilize the halo effect in flexographic printing for the structuring of a resist layer in wet etching processes of silver layers with the goal of integrating this process into printed electronics production. For this, three different aspects need to be considered. The first aspect is the influence of post-processing on printed silver layers. I investigated the effect of several parameters of photonic curing on the etching rate and on the sheet resistance of printed silver nanoparticle layers. For the latter, I utilized design of experiments (DoE). The second aspect is the impact of printing parameters on the behavior of printed lines regarding the halo effect in flexography. I investigated the halo effect of printed line structures on an IGT F1 printability tester, also utilizing DoE. With this method, I structured a resist layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for wet etching processes. The third aspect is the transferral of the layout of the printed etch resist to the silver layer using wet etching. For these trials I used nitric acid as etchant. The results of these investigations are the following: The printed silver layers were homoge- nous with a roughness of few ten nanometers. As expected, photonic curing does increase the conductivity. The extend of the increase depends on the energy density the sample is exposed to. I found a method to evaluate the isotropy of the electrical properties of printed silver layers using the correction factor in van der Pauw measurements. When printing line shaped elements the halo effect needs to be considered. Nearly all printed samples, regardless the printing parameters, show a more or less pronounced halo effect. Here, the most influential parameter is the pick-up volume: A high pick-up volume results in wide halos around a printed line with a distinct void in-between. The second largest impact has the printing force, whereas the influence of the printing speed is almost negligible. It was not possible to determine a relation between degree of post-processing, i.e. en- ergy density during photonic curing, and etching rate. The measurements were inconclusive. Therefore, I used a different dilution of the etchant to transfer the layout of the printed resist structures into the silver layer. Using the halo effect in flexographic printing for structuring the resist layer, we can obtain line widths smaller than those attainable by directly using flexographic printing. To achieve this, anilox rollers with low pick-up volume are needed. Nevertheless, those lines are hardly reproducible. Their line quality needs further improvement regarding edge sharpness, bulging and interruptions. Kurzfassung Flexodruck ist ein g¨angiges Herstellungsverfahren in der gedruckten Elektronik. Gerade die flexiblen Klischees machen es so attraktiv fur¨ z. B. starre oder zerbrechliche Substrate. Der Flexodruck hat jedoch einen gravierenden Nachteil, den Halo-Effekt, im grafischen Drucken auch Quetschr¨ander genannt. Dabei wird Fluid an den Kanten der erhabenen Druckformele- mente zwischen Klischee und Substrat herausgequetscht. Das Ergebnis sind halo-f¨ormige Strukturen, die das gewunschte¨ Druckbild umranden. Zwischen Druckbild und Halo befindet sich eine fluidarme Zone. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Nutzung des Halo-Effektes im Flexodruck zur Strukturierung von Resist-Schichten fur¨ Nass¨atzprozesse gedruckter Silberschichten mit Fokus auf die Inte- gration in die Produktionskette gedruckter Elektronik. Dafur¨ sind drei verschiedene Aspekte zu berucksichtigen.¨ Der erste Aspekt ist der Einfluss von Nachbehandlungsmethoden auf gedruckte Silberschichten. So wurde die Auswirkung ver- schiedener Parameter des Photonischen Sinterns (engl. Photonic Curing) auf die Atzrate¨ und den Fl¨achenwiderstand gedruckter Silbernanopartikelschichten untersucht. Fur¨ letzteres wurde Statistische Versuchsplanung angewendet. Der zweite Aspekt ist der Einfluss von Druckparametern auf die Auspr¨agung des Halo-Effektes gedruckter Linien. Mit Hilfe Statis- tischer Versuchsplanung wurden Atzresistschichten¨ aus PMMA (Poly(Methylmethacrylat)) im Flexodruck strukturiert und deren Linienparameter untersucht. Zum Einsatz kam das Bedruckbarkeitsger¨at IGT F1. Der dritte Aspekt ist die Ubertragung¨ des Layouts der Resist- strukturen auf die Silberschicht mittels Nass¨atzen mit Salpeters¨aure. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: Die gedruckten Silberschichten waren homogen mit einer Rauigkeit von wenigen zehn Nanometern. Wie erwartet steigert Photonisches Sintern die Leitf¨ahigkeit der Schichten. Wie stark diese steigt h¨angt von der Energiedichte w¨ahrend des Sinterns ab. Eine Methode zur Evaluierung der Isotropie elektrischer Eigenschaften gedruckter Silberschichten anhand des Korrekturfaktors der van der Pauw-Methode wurde gezeigt. Beim Flexodruck sollte immer der Halo-Effekt berucksichtigt¨ werden. Dieser trat, mehr oder weniger stark, in allen gedruckten Proben auf. Der Haupteinflussparameter hierbei ist das Sch¨opfvolumen der Rasterwalze: Ein hohes Sch¨opfvolumen erzeugt breite Halos um eine gedruckte Linie, sowie eine sehr ausgepr¨agte Lucke¨ dazwischen. Weiterhin hat die Druckkraft einen hohen Einfluss, w¨ahrend der Einfluss der Druckgeschwindigkeit vernachl¨assigbar ist. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Nachbehandlung (Energiedichte beim Photonischen Sintern) und Atzrate¨ konnte fur¨ 20%ige Salpeters¨aure nicht festgestellt werden. Die Messergebnisse waren nicht schlussig.¨ Daher wurden eine h¨ohere Konzentration der Salpeters¨aure fur¨ die Ubertragung¨ der Resiststrukturen in die Silberschicht verwendet. Unter Ausnutzung des Halo-Effektes im Flexodruck zur Strukturierung von Atzre-¨ sistschichten und anschließendem Atzen¨ ist es gelungen, kleinere Linienbreiten zu erzielen, als dies durch direktes Flexodrucken von Silberstrukturen m¨oglich w¨are. Um dies zu er- m¨oglichen, werden Rasterwalzen mit geringen Sch¨opfvolumina ben¨otigt. Jedoch ist die Re- produzierbarkeit solch schmaler Linien gering. Die Linienqualit¨at muss weiter in Hinblick auf Kantensch¨arfe, Beulenbildung und Durchg¨angigkeit verbessert werden. Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand w¨ahrend meiner T¨atigkeit als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut fur¨ Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren der Technischen Universit¨at Darmstadt. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt daher Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Edgar D¨orsam, der mir diese Zeit erm¨oglicht hat. Vielen Dank, Herr D¨orsam, dass Sie mir die Promotion zutrauten, bevor ich dies selbst getan habe, fur¨ die vielen fachlichen und pers¨onlichen Gespr¨ache, und die Aufgaben und Verantwortung, die Sie mir ubertragen¨ haben, damit ich daran wachse. I would also like to kindly thank Prof. Tim Claypole MBE from the Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating at Swansea University for agreeing to be my co-supervisor and his insights in my field of research. Ich m¨ochte auch meinen Kollegen am Institut fur¨ Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren danken: Thorsten und Steffi fur¨ die Unterstutzung¨ bei meinen zahlreichen Druckversuchen. Nils, ich h¨atte keinen besseren finden k¨onnen, um das Buro¨ zu teilen. Martin, vielen Dank, dass du mich zur Diplomarbeit ans IDD geholt hast und aus dem Betreuer ein Freund gewor- den ist. Maria, Alex und Simone, ohne euch und Schokolade w¨are ich vermutlich an meiner Diss, LATEXund manchmal auch am Rest der Welt verzweifelt. Maria, danke auch fur¨ die Last- Minute-Hilfe beim Plotten in Matlab. Jurgen,¨ danke fur¨ die vielen Mittagspausen, die wir mit Diskussionen verbracht haben. Karsten, Felipe, Robert, Ingmar, Evgeny, eure Spruche¨ haben mich oft zum Lachen und manchmal zur Verzweiflung gebracht, danke. Dem Kochclub danke ich fur¨ leckere Alternativen zur Mensa. Liebe (ehemalige) IDD-ler, ich hatte eine tolle Zeit mit euch! Ebenso danke ich meinen Hiwis und Bacheloranden, die mich bei dieser Arbeit unterstutzt¨ haben. Meiner Familie und insbesondere meinen Eltern danke ich fur¨ den Ruckhalt,¨ dafur,¨ dass ihr an mich geglaubt und akzeptiert habt, dass ich manchmal keine Zeit fur¨ euch hatte. Ronny, bei dir m¨ochte ich mich ganz besonders bedanken. Du
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