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Model Pemanfaatan Lahan Pulau Moti, Kota Ternate, Maluku: Suatu Analisis Tata Ruang Berbasis Vegetasi

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Model Pemanfaatan Lahan Pulau Moti, Kota Ternate, Maluku: Suatu Analisis Tata Ruang Berbasis Vegetasi Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 6 (3): 415-428 (2010) Model Pemanfaatan Lahan Pulau Moti, Kota Ternate, Maluku: Suatu Analisis Tata Ruang Berbasis Vegetasi Roemantyo Bidang Botani, Pusat Penelitian Biologi – LIPI, Jl. Raya Jakarta – Bogor, Km 46, Cibinong Science Centre, Cibinong. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Land Use Model of Moti Island, Ternate, Moluccas: A Vegetation Based Spatial Design Analysis. The Moti Island was dominated by mountain areas and humitropepts soil type which have high organic matter and low subsoil base saturated values. Geologically, it is a volcanic rock with andesite composition includes lava, breccias and tuffs volcanic. Combined with high rainfall, width of island (24.6 km2) and very steep mountain (950 m asl.) the island has become fragile when not well managed. Compared to the other district, the productivity of this area was low because the natural resources have not been well developed yet. The shortage of biodiversity data of Moti Island has become major obstacles in developing Moti Island. This research was conducted to develop land use models as basic knowledge for spatial design analyses of Moti Island. Detail discussion on developing Digital Elevation Model of land use and slope area based on vegetation data was presented in this paper. Key words: Moti, land use, digital elevation model (DEM), spatial designing analyses PENDAHULUAN pulau lain yang ukurannya lebih kecil seperti pulau Maka, Mano dan Gurida Pulau Moti merupakan salah satu statusnya tidak dihuni (Kantor Statistik dari gugusan sederetan pulau-pulau kecil Kota Ternate, 2008). Secara geografis kepulauan Halmahera yang terletak di pulau ini membentang pada koordinat 127, sebelah barat pulau besar Halmahera. 38 – 127, 44 derajat bujur timur dan 0,43 Pulau-pulau tersebut antara lain adalah – 0,48 derajat lintang utara yang dibatasi pulau Ternate, Tidore, Mare, Moti, laut Maluku di sebelah utara, barat dan Makian, serta pulau-pulau lain yang selatan dan selat Halmahera di sebelah terletak di sebelah selatannya. Secara timur. Jarak pulau ini dengan ibukota administratif pemerintahan, pulau Moti Kota Ternate sekitar 29 km yang hanya masuk di dalam Kota Ternate. Luas pulau dapat dicapai dengan kapal selama Moti sekitar 24,6 km2 dan tergolong telah kurang lebih 1 – 2 jam pelayaran. dihuni sejak lama seperti pulau lain di Penduduk kawasan pulau Moti ini dalam wilayah Kota Ternate yaitu pulau umumnya merupakan penduduk asli Ternate, Hiri, Mayau, Tifure. Sedangkan dengan jumlah populasi kira-kira 4797 415 Roemantyo jiwa pada tahun 2007 (Kantor Statistik pembangunannya. Untuk maksud Kota Ternate 2008) yang jika tersebut penggunaannya harus ditata dibandingkan dengan seluruh penduduk sehingga dapat mendukung secara yang ada di 4 kecamatan Kota Ternate mandiri kebutuhan masyarakat adalah yang paling kecil jumlahnya (2 setempat dengan aman dan berke- – 3 %). Jika menggunakan perkiraan lanjutan. Dengan demikian produkti- pertambahan jumlah penduduk Indo- vitasnya dapat lebih ditingkatkan nesia dengan pertumbuhan rata-rata dengan tanpa mengganggu kualitas 1,1 % (Badan Pusat Statistik Republik sistem ekologi setempat. Ketergan- Indonesia 2009), maka pada tahun 2010 tungan akan pangan yang mengakibat- ini jumlah penduduk pulau Moti akan kan biaya hidup tinggi dapat dihindarkan mencapai angka kira-kira lebih dari sehingga produk yang dihasilkan oleh 5000 jiwa. Penduduk ini tersebar di masyarakat setempat selain untuk seluruh kawasan pulau terutama di menunjang kehidupan juga dapat sekitar kawasan pantai dengan mata disisihkan sebagian untuk meningkat- pencaharian sebagian besar sebagai kan kualitas sumber daya masyarakat nelayan dan petani kebun pala dan setempat baik dari segi ekonomi, tingkat cengkeh. Secara administratif pulau sosial dan pengetahuan melalui Moti berada di wilayah kecamatan pendidikan yang lebih baik. Penelitian Moti dengan 6 kelurahan, yaitu ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data Motikota, Figur, Tadenas. Tafaga, dasar sebagai modal pembuatan model Tafamutu, dan Takofi sesuai dengan pemanfaatan lahan untuk kawasan Peraturan Daerah (PERDA) Nomor 10 pulau Moti ini. Model yang diperoleh Tahun 2001 tentang pembentukan akan di analisis secara spasial untuk Kecamatan Moti. mendapatkan tata ruang yang cocok Kawasan ini tampak belum berbasis pada data vegetasi, sehingga tereksplorasi dengan baik sumberdaya kawasan ini dapat lebih diberdayakan alamnya, meskipun potensi kawasan ini secara aman dan berkelanjutan. secara tradisional telah dikembangkan seperti pada sektor perkebunan, BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA pertanian lahan kering dan perikanan. Belum tertatanya dengan baik Bahan yang diperlukan adalah pemanfaatkan lahan kawasan serta peta-peta yang meliputi peta digital rupa terbatasnya data sumberdaya alam bumi dan topografi 1: 250.000 kawasan ini menjadi salah satu kendala (Bakosurtanal 1999), AMS sheet NA untuk pengembangan wilayah ini 52 1944 1: 1.000.000 (US Army sehingga produktifitasnya kawasan ini Tophographic Command 1970), peta masih rendah hingga saat ini. Sebagai tutupan lahan, peta status lahan dan pulau yang berukuran sedang (24.6 sistem lahan 1 : 250.000 (Re PPProt km2), pulau Moti memiliki sumber daya 1989), peta geologi 1: 1.000.000 alam yang cukup untuk mendukung (Clarke, 1989), citra satelit topografi 416 Model Pemanfaatan Lahan Pulau Moti, Kota Ternate, (SRTM) dan citra satelit Ikonos Juni, lahan dan interpretasi akhir. Dengan 2006. Data sekunder lain dikumpulkan menggunakan parameter fisik dari Badan Pusat Statistik (2009) untuk kemiringan lereng, jenis tanah menurut data kependudukan, pertanian, kepekaannya terhadap erosi dan curah perikanan, dan perkebunan, serta data hujan harian rata-rata kemudian curah hujan yang dikumpulkan dari dianalisis status penggunaan lahannya. Stasiun Meteorologi Baabulah Ternate Penetapan penggunaan satuan lahan (Kantor Statistik Ternate 2008) dan kemudian mengikuti metode dan kriteria data iklim tahunan dari Agro-Climatic yang digunakan oleh Balai Rehabilitasi Map of Maluku and Irian Jaya 1 : Lahan dan Konservasi Tanah, 4.500.000 (Oldeman dkk 1980). Departemen Kehutanan dan Peraturan Data primer dikumpulkan di Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 26 lapangan dengan cara mengambil Tahun 2008 tentang Rencana Tata cuplikan tentang pola penggunaan lahan Ruang Nasional (Asdak 2002 dan yang ada untuk dicatat posisi koordinat, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum 2008.). ketinggian serta pemanfaatannya Satuan lahan dengan skor lebih dari 175 lahannya dengan menggunakan GPS. diklasifikasikan sebagai kawasan Berdasarkan data lapangan tersebut lindung. Satuan lahan dengan skor kemudian hasil cuplikan dipetakan pada antara 125 dan 174 diklasifikasikan citra ikonos dengan memperhitungkan sebagai kawasan penyangga. Satuan faktor perubahan fisik pemanfaatan lahan dengan skor kurang atau sama kawasan dan tutupan lahan (vegetasi). dengan 124 diklasifikasi dengan Hal ini diperlukan mengingat ada kawasan budidaya tanaman tahunan perbedaan waktu antara pengambilan seperti perkebunan, tanaman industri. data di lapangan dan data Citra Ikonos. Sedangkan satuan lahan dengan Catatan perubahan fisik merupakan kriteria seperti dalam penetapan data baru sehingga perubahan- kawasan budidaya tahunan serta perubahan yang terjadi dapat dipantau terletak di tanah milik, tanah adat dan dengan membandingkan kondisi tanah negara diklasifikasikan sebagai sebelumnya pada citra Ikonos. kawasan tanaman budidaya semusim. Selanjutnya data peta (spasial) dan data Penentuan penggunaan lahan juga penggunaan lahan dan perubahannya mempertimbangkan hal-hal khusus lain sebagai data tekstual dianalisis untuk seperti yang diatur dalam Peraturan mendapatkan peta tata ruang kawasan. Pemerintah No. 26 Tahun 2008 pasal Proses penentuan pengabungan data 55. spasial dan tekstual dapat dilihat pada Koreksi geometrik dilakukan bagan alir seperti pada Gambar 1. dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Analisis terhadap kawasan lindung, Erdas Imagine 9.1 dimana peta rupa penyangga, dan pemanfaatan atau bumi (Bakosurtanal 1999) dipakai budidaya tanaman tahunan dilakukan sebagai referensi. Sedangkan citra terhadap hasil digitasi pemanfaatan SRTM diolah dengan menggunakan 417 Roemantyo Gambar 1: Bagan alir kerja analisis Tata Ruang pulau Moti perangkat lunak Global Mapper9 untuk bergunung-gunung dan berbatu. mendapatkan data topografi dengan Kawasan yang tertinggi pulau ini beda ketinggian 5 m. Analisis data mencapai ketinggian sekitar 930 – 950 spasial dan tektual selanjutnya m dpl yaitu terletak di puncak gunung menggunakan perangkat lunak Tuanane (lihat Gambar 2). Secara ArcView 3.3 untuk mendapatkan nilai umum pulau Moti ini merupakan bagian sudut dan arah kelerengan lahan. dari lingkup lempeng bergerak bumi Sedangkan perangkat lunak Microsoft aktif yang dimulai dari Kepulauan access digunakan untuk memudahkan Filipina, Sangihe Talaud dan Minahasa proses query dan pengelompokkan dan yang dikelilingi oleh lengkung Sulawesi penggabungan data spasial dan dan Pulau Sangihe di mana keduanya tekstual. berkarakter vulkanis (Clarke 1989). Umumnya lahannya memiliki tipe HASIL tanah humitropepta dengan karakteristik agak lapuk dan kaya akan Kondisi fisiografi kawasan P. Moti bahan organik, sedikit berkapur dengan Dari citra SRTM (Shuttle Radar tingkat kejenuhan basa tanah bawah Topographic Mission), tampak dengan bernilai rendah. Sedangkan di dataran jelas bahwa pulau Moti merupakan yang lebih rendah bercampur dengan kawasan dengan permukaan yang tanah liat dan abu vulkanis. Di kawasan 418 Model Pemanfaatan Lahan Pulau Moti, Kota Ternate, dataran lebih tinggi sering dipenuhi
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