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The Makian Languages and Their Neighbours

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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series D - No. 46 THE MAKIAN LANGUAGES AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS C.L. Voorhoeve, ed. (MATERIALS IN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA, No.12) ' W.A.L. Stokhof, Series Editor Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Voorhoeve, C.L. editor. The Makian languages and their neighbours. D-46, viii + 156 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1982. DOI:10.15144/THEPL-D46.cover AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ©1982 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES B - Monographs SERIES C - Books SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender John Lynch University of Hawaii University of Papua New Guinea David Bradley K.A. McElhanon La Trobe University University of Texas A. Capell H.P. McKaughan University of Sydney University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. MOhlhiiusler Monash University Linacre College, Oxford S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Franklin A.K. Pawley Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Auckland W.W. Glover K.L. Pike University of Michigan; Summer Institute of LingUistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G.W. Grace E.C. Polome University of Hawaii University of Texas M.A.K. Halliday Gillian Sankoff University of Sydney University of Pennsylvania A. Healey W.A.L. Stokhof National Center for Summer Institute of Linguistics Language Development, Jakarta; L.A. Hercus University of Leiden Australian National University E. M. Uhlenbeck Nguy�n Elling Liem University of Leiden University of Hawaii J. W. M. Verhaar Gonzaga University, Spokane All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 Australia. Copyright 0 The Authors First Published 1982 Typeset by Dianne Stacey Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Covers by Patria Printers Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty. Ltd. Maps drawn by Manlio Pancino, Cartography, Dept. of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific Studies, A.N.U. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series. This pUblication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Dotigles Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 277 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Contri butors and thei r affi liations v Introduction viii TH E WEST MAKIAN LANGUAGE, NORTH MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA: A FIELDWORK REPORT C.L. Voorhoeve 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1. Fieldwork particulars, scope of the report 1 1.2. Earlier sources 3 1. 3. Setting 4 1.4. Local variation 4 1. 5. Linguistic stratification 5 1.6. Linguistic interference 5 1. 7. Folk orientation 7 2. GRAMMAR SKETCH 8 2.1. Phonology 8 2.2. Word classes and morphology 11 2.3 . Phrases 21 2.4. Sentences 27 3. TEXT 32 4. SOME COMPARATIVE NOTES ON WEST MAKIAN AND TIDORE 37 4.1. Introductory remarks 37 4.2. The North Halmahera family 37 4.3. We st Makian - Tidore sound correspondences 39 5. IKHTISAR SINGKAT 46 6. APPENDICES 48 6.1. West M�ian - English vocabulary 48 6.2. English - West M�ian finder list 60 6.3. Indonesian paraphrase of the text 69 NOTES 71 iii iv FURTHER NOTES TOWARDS A WEST MAKIAN VOCABULARY James T. Collins 75 1. THE DATA AND FORMAT 75 2. SOME TENTATIVE ELABORATIONS OF VOORHOEVE ' S REPORT 76 2.1. A phonological rule of deletion 76 2.2. Morphological processes 76 2.3. A dialectal difference 78 3. THE WORDLISTS : WEST MAKIAN - ENGLISH 79 3.1. Part I 79 3.2. Part II 84 4. CUMULATIVE ENGLISH - WEST MAKIAN INDEX OF WORDS IN PART I AND II 88 NOTES 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 A SHORT VOCABULARY OF EAST MAKIAN James T. Collins 99 1. INTRODUCTION 99 2.1. Vocabulary, Part I 101 2.2. Vocabulary, Part II 110 3. ENGLISH - EAST MAKIAN (CUMULATIVE) INDEX 116 NOTES 127 BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 SHORT WORDLISTS FROM SOUTH HALMAHERA, KAYOA, MAK IAN, TERNATE, TIDORE AND BACAN Dick Teljeur 129 1. INTRODUCTION 129 WORDLISTS 133 NOTES 148 MAPS Map 1: Location map vi Map 2 : Halmahera map vii Map 3: Makian Island 2 Map 4: Sketch map of South Halmahera, Ternate, Tidore, Makian, Kayoa, .and Bacan 130 CO NTRI BUTORS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS James T. Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia. Dick Teljeur, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands . C.L. Voorhoeve, The Australian National University , Canberra. v vi t;;) TERNATE I. 0--, TlDORE 1.0\" C) IVOORHOEVEl () MAKIA�}rJ)< " ,; ,.... �- ; WEDA SA Y ....IC-O-L-L-IN--,Sl ,..- KAYOA I.Q------ c!) � Moluccan Sea o 100 km L' ______________________�, o L' __ 1000 km ____ _________________, I o I o PAC/FIC / OCEAN I J I o J �AlMAHERA //------' " C2l ',0 01;) KALIMANTAN 0 0 <:> Java Sea Map 1: LOCATION MAP vii " 0,-, ______________.......1 �0 km /� -" '\ -,,-" '\ / '\ TO -" '\ -" r--- MOROTAI /" :GAQ\ " I / -" / w / <S / / f EM EAST MAKIAN GA GAlElA lO lOlOOA MO MODOlE PA PAGU SA SAHU TB TOBARU TE TERNATE n nDORE TO TOBElO WM WEST MAKIAN Map 2: HALMAHERA INTRODUCT ION One of the linguistically least known parts of the Moluccas , Indonesia, is the southern peninsula of Halmahera and the offshore islands to the west: Bacan , Kayoa , Makian . Until recently all that was known of the languages in this area was based on a few wordlists dating from the late 19th and early 20th century . Since 19 79 however surveys conducted by Collins , Te ljeur and myself have yielded a substantial amount of new data in these languages , especially in the languages of Makian Island . J.T. Collins collected materials in the East and West Makian languages during a stay of six days in Laiwui on Obi Island in February 1979 ; D. Teljeur collected comparative wordlists in many villages in the region during his anthropological fieldwork in South Halmahera from August 1978 to March 1980; I obtained data in West Makian during a five-day visit to Makian Island in January 1981. Although varying widely in scope and size , the four papers which are the re sult of those surveys have enough in common to warrant their inclusion in one volume : all of them deal wholly or partly with the languages of Makian Island. They further supplement each other in various ways . The first paper is a short sketch of the West Makian language followed by a wordlist; it is commented on by the second paper which in addition gives supplementary lexical data . The th ird paper presents East Makian materials: some grammatical notes and a wordlist. The last, comparative paper covers a much wider area. Its lists , though short , allow us to form an opinion on the mutual relationships of the languages in the area and their internal variation . It goes without saying that the four papers , being the product of short surveys , do no more than scratch the surface of the languages with which they deal. The series Ma terials in languages of Indonesia seem therefore the most appropriate place to make them available to the public. viii Voorhoeve, C.L. editor. The Makian languages and their neighbours. D-46, viii + 156 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1982. DOI:10.15144/PL-D46.cover ©1982 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. THE WEST MAKIAN LANGUAGE, NORTH MOLUCCAS, INDONES IA: A FIELDWORK REPORT C.L. Voorhoeve KATA PENGANTAR Karangan yang pendek ini adalah laporan ten tang penyelidikan bahasa Makian Barat yang dilakukan dalam rangka penelitian bahasa-bahasa non-Austronesia di Maluku Utara pada bulan Januari 1981. Penelitian itu dapat dilakukan dengan bantuan Departemen Pendidikan & Kebudayaan , khususnya Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) dan dibiayai oleh Universitas Nasional Australia (Australian National University , ANU) . Penulis sangat berterima kasih dan menyatakan penghargaan kepada segala pihak yang telah sudi membantu dengan berbagai cara , terutama kepada : Dr . E.K.M. Masinambow dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta; kepada Bapak Rochyani , Kepala Daerah Tingkat II Maluku Utara, Ternate ; kepada Dr. Saleh Saheb , Rektor Universitas Khairun di Ternate ; kepada Bapak Abdul Hamid Hasan dari Universitas Khairun , Ternate , dan kepada informannya Muhammad Sehe di Ngofakiaha. Agar dapat dibaca oleh masyarakat luas , laporan ini disajikan dalam bahasa Inggeris dan suatu ikhtisar singkat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia (Bab V) . Canberra , Nopember 1981 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Fi eldwork particul ars, scope of the report The data on which this report on the We st M�ian l language is based were collected during a short stay from 5-9 January 1981 in Ngofakiaha , the main village and government centre of Makian Island. My principal informant was Muhammad Sehe from Bobawa village , a young man in his early thirties who was employed at the Government Office in Ngofakiaha . Pak Kabir, an elderly man in Sabale , acted as an informant during a visit to that village . Apart from general background information, I collected lexical and grammatical data and a Voorhoeve , C.L. , ed. , Th e Makian languages and their neighbours . (Ma terials in languages of Indonesia, No .12; W.A.L. Stokhof, Series ed .) Pacific Linguistics , 0-46 , 1982 . 1 © C.L. Voorhoeve . Voorhoeve, C.L. "The West Makian Language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: A Fieldwork Report". In Voorhoeve, C.L. editor, The Makian languages and their neighbours.
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  • VOC in East Indies 1600 – 1800 the Path to Dominance

    VOC in East Indies 1600 – 1800 the Path to Dominance

    MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of International Relations and European Studies The Dutch Trading Company – VOC In East Indies 1600 – 1800 The Path to Dominance Master Thesis Supervisor: Author: Mgr. et Mgr. Oldřich Krpec, Ph.D Prilo Sekundiari Brno, 2015 0 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis I submit for assessment is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Date : Signature ………………… 1 Abstract: Since the arrival of the European in Asia, the economic condition in Asia especially in Southeast Asia has changed drastically. The European trading company such the Dutch’s VOC competing with the other traders from Europe, Asia, and local traders for dominance in the trading sphere in East Indies. In 17th century, the Dutch’s VOC gained its golden age with its dominance in East Indies. The purpose of this thesis is to find out what was the cause of the VOC success during its time. Keywords: VOC, Dutch, Company, Politics, Economy, Military, Conflicts, East Indies, Trade, Spices, Dominance Language used: English 2 Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my supervisor, Mgr. et Mgr. Oldřich Krpec, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Djoko Suryo for all of his advices, matur nuwun... My friends; Tek Jung Mahat, and Weronika Lazurek. Thank you.... Prilo Sekundiari 3 Table of Contents Glossary________________________________________________________6 Introduction_____________________________________________________8 1. Background and Historical Setting 1.1. Geographical Condition___________________________________12 1.1.1. Sumatera ______________________________________________13 1.1.2. Kalimantan____________________________________________ 15 1.1.3.