Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report (ANDAL)

Project Number: 50156-001 October 2013

INO: Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Project

Prepared by PT Greencap NAA Indonesia for PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML)

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Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL)

Geothermal Development Activities for 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant in South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province

October, 2013

Environmental Impact Assessment

(ANDAL)

Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) in South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province

October, 2013

PREFACE

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML), a company owned by PT Supreme Energy, GDF Suez (a company domiciled in France), and Sumitomo Corporation (a company domiciled in Japan), plan to conduct "Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant in South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province".

The planned Geothermal Development Activities generally include the development and operation of geothermal power plant and the construction of supporting facilities. It is expected that the planned activities will give benefits in supporting the policy of Indonesian Government on energy diversification. However, these planned activities potentially create environmental impacts on the physical-chemical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural components as well as on the public health.

As follow up action to the Decision of the Chairman of AMDAL Assessment Commission of South Solok Regency Government Number: 660/162/KPA/VI-2013 on June 27, 2013 on the Approval of Terms of Reference of Environmental Impact Assessment (KA-ANDAL) of the Planned Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) in South Solok Regency, thus PT SEML composes the Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RKL), and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents by referring to the Regulations of Minister of Environment No. 16 of 2012 on Guidelines for Composing Environmental Documents.

PT SEML is always committed to the Occupational Safety and Health as well as Security management programs. It is expected that these activities will give benefits for the stakeholders, especially: local community, regional government, employees, and shareholders. PT SEML would like thank all of the parties who have supported and worked hard to compose this document. Hopefully, this AMDAL study will be a good step for the development of this project.

Muara Laboh, September 2013

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... I

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II

LIST OF TABLES ...... VI

LIST OF FIGURES ...... IX

LIST OF MAPS XI

LIST OF TERMS/ABBREVIATION ...... XII

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... I-1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...... I-1 1.2 DESCRIPTION OF PLANNED GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES FOR 250 MW MUARA LABOH GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT ...... I-2 1.2.1 Stages of Project ...... I-4 1.2.2 Schedule of Proposed Project ...... I-29 1.3 SCOPING PROCESS ...... I-29 1.3.1 Identification of Potential Impacts ...... I-30 1.3.2 Evaluation of Potential Impacts ...... I-33 1.3.3 Hypothetically Significant Impacts ...... I-50 1.4 STUDY AREA SCOPING AND STUDY TIMELINES ...... I-51 1.4.1 Study Area Boundaries ...... I-51 1.4.2 Study Timelines ...... I-52

CHAPTER II ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ...... II-1

2.1 GEOPHYSICAL-CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ...... II-1 2.1.1 Climate ...... II-1 2.1.2 Air Quality ...... II-3 2.1.3 Noise ...... II-6 2.1.4 Physiography and Geology ...... II-7 2.1.5 Geotechnical and Earthquakes ...... II-10 2.1.6 Hydrogeology ...... II-14 2.1.7 Hydrology...... II-16 2.1.8 Water Quality ...... II-19 2.1.9 Soil Quality ...... II-24 2.2 BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS ...... II-27 2.2.1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna ...... II-27 2.2.2 Aquatic Biota ...... II-37 2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURE, AND HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITIES ...... II-45 2.3.1 Socio-economic ...... II-45

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh ii ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.3.2 Socioculture ...... II-53 2.3.3 Public Health ...... II-61 2.3.4 Transportation ...... II-66 2.4 OTHER ACTIVITIES IN VICINITY OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES ...... II-70

CHAPTER III PREDICTED SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ...... III-1

3.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... III-3 3.1.1 Socio-economic and Culture Components ...... III-3 3.2 CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... III-4

3.2.1 Physical-Chemical Components ...... III-4 3.2.2 Biology Components ...... III-19 3.2.3 Socio-Economic and Culture Components ...... III-22 3.2.4 Public Health Components ...... III-26 3.3 OPERATION STAGE ...... III-27

3.3.1 Physical-Chemical Components ...... III-27 3.3.2 Biology Components ...... III-51 3.3.3 Socio-Economic and Culture Components ...... III-52 3.3.4 Public Health Components ...... III-55 3.4 POST OPERATION STAGE ...... III-56

3.4.1 Physical-Chemical Components ...... III-56 3.4.2 Biology Components ...... III-59 3.4.3 Socio Economics, Culture and Public Health Components ...... III-61

CHAPTER IV EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ...... IV-1

4.1 IMPACT EVALUATION...... IV-1 4.1.1 Physical-chemical Components ...... IV-1 4.1.2 Social-Economic-Cultural Components ...... IV-3 4.1.3 Biological Components ...... IV-5 4.1.4 Public Health Components ...... IV-6 4.2 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT ...... IV-21

4.2.1 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Pre-construction Stage ... IV-25 4.2.2 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Construction Stage ...... IV-26 4.2.3 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Operational Stage ...... IV-29 4.2.4 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Post-Operation Stage ..... IV-33 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY ...... IV-34

CHAPTER V BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... IV-1

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh iii ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

TABLE OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Revision on the account of the input/suggestion/feedback of the Commission Team

Appendix 2 Revision on the account of the input/suggestion/feedback of the Technical Team

Appendix 3 Decision Letter of the Composition of AMDAL Documents of PT Supreme Energy

Appendix 4 Letter of Approval on the Agreement of KA-ANDAL

Appendix 5 Assigning Preliminary Geothermal Survey to PT Supreme Energy

Appendix 6 Determining the Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh and Its Alteration

Appendix 7 Geothermal Exploration Site License

Appendix 8 Geothermal Mining Business License (IUP) and Its Modifications

Appendix 9 Cooperation Contracts on the Utilization of the Drilling Cutting wastes with PT Semen Padang

Appendix 10 Drilling Cutting Waste Transportation Licenses by PT. Intisumber Nusarezeki

Appendix 11 Surface Water Use Permit (SIPA)

Appendix 12 Forestry Recommendations for the Land Certification Process of PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

Appendix 13 Letter of Confirmation on the Former Land of the Right to Cultivate (HGU) from National Land Affair Agency (BPN)

Appendix 14 Application for Environmental Permits

Appendix 15 Laboratory Analysis Results

Appendix 16 Summary of the Basic Theories on Predicting and Evaluating Environmental Impacts

Appendix 17 Official Reports on the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh South Solok Regency No. 660/188/TT.AMDAL/KLH/VIII-2013 dated on August 20, 2013 and Correction Minutes

Appendix 18 Official Reports of the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh iv ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

South Solok Regency No. 660/199/KPA/KLH/IX-2013 dated on September 3, 2013 and Correction Minutes

Appendix 19 Approval of the Document of Environmental Management Efforts/Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL/UPL)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh v ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

LIST OF TABLES

Table I-1 Initial Estimate of Land Needs ...... I-5 Table I-2 Coordinates of Wellpads ...... I-10 Table I-3 Proposed Geothermal Production in Muaralaboh 250 MW PLTP Development Area ...... I-18 Table I-4 Estimated Manpower Number During Operation Stage ...... I-20 Table I-5 Schedule of the Proposed Project ...... I-29 Table I-6 List of Potential Impacts of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW PLTP Muara Laboh ...... I-30 Table I-7 Matrix of the Identification of Potential Impacts of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP ...... I-32 Table I-8 Matrix of the Hypothetical Significant Impacts of the Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh ...... I-47 Table I-9 Study Timeline Scoping ...... I-52 Table II-1 Rainfall Data from the Last 10 Years (2002-2011) ...... II-1 Table II-2 Result of Ambient Air Quality Analysis, 2013 ...... II-4 Table II-3 Noise in Study Area, 2013 ...... II-6 Table II-4 Lithologic Descriptions ...... II-7 Table II-5 Erosion Hazard Level in Project Site...... II-18 Table II-6 Observation Result of the Surface Water Quality, 2013 ...... II-21 Table II-7 Analysis Result of the Water Quality of Shallow Wells, 2013 ...... II-24 Table II-8 Results of Soil Sample Testing around Activity Locations ...... II-25 Table II-9 Species of Flora in FF-4 (Well Pad E 01.36'.55" S, 101.07'.40" E ; Alt. 1222 m asl) ...... II-28 Table II-10 Species of Flora in vicinity of the Planned Areas of Power Plant (FF-1) 01.36'.36" S, 101.08'.42" E ; Alt. 1134 m asl ...... II-29 Table II-11 Analysis of Tree Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29" E ; Alt. 1645 m asl)...... II-31 Table II-12 The Analysis Result of Sapling Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: E 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29") ...... II-31 Table II-13 Analysis of Sampling Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29" E) ...... II-32 Table II-14 Analysis of Tree Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Idung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B) Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23" E; Alt. 1413 m asl) ...... II-32 Table II-15 Analysis of Sapling Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Indung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B, Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23" E) ...... II-32

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh vi ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-16 Analysis of Sapling Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Indung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B, Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23"E) ...... II-33 Table II-17 Recorded Species of Mammals in the Course of Field Observation in the Vicinity of Project Locations...... II-33 Table II-18 Species of Birds Observed in the Course of Field Observation ...... II-34 Table II-19 The Identification Result of Amphibian and Reptile Encountered in the Vicinity of Project Locations ...... II-37 Table II-20 Types of Plankton in the Waters of River ...... II-38 Table II-21 Types of Benthos in the Waters of River ...... II-42 Table II-22 The Number and Distribution of Population, Total Area and Population Density by Subdistrict in South Solok Regency, 2011 ...... II-45 Table II-23 Total Area, Distribution, Density and the Number of Population by Nagari in Pauh Duo Subdisrict ...... II-45 Table II-24 The Number of Population, Number of Head of the Family (HF), and the Average Household by Jorong in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011 ...... II-46 Table II-25 Population Distribution by Age and Sex Group in South Solok Regency, 2010 (%) ...... II-47 Table II-26 Population Distribution by Age and Sex Group in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, 2010 ...... II-47 Table II-27 The Number of Population by Age Group in Sangir Subdistrict ...... II-48 Table II-28 Dependency Ratio in Pauh Duo Subdistrict and South Solok Regency ...... II-48 Table II-29 The Population of South Solok Aged 15 and Older By Types of Activity and Sex, 2011 ...... II-49 Table II-30 Population distribution by the Source of Livelihood in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011 ...... II-50 Table II-31 Non-Farm Businesses in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011 ...... II-51 Table II-32 The Composition of Population by Jorong in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo ...... II-54 Table II-33 Educational Facilities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo ...... II-57 Table II-34 The Number of Religious Facilities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo ...... II-57 Table II-35 The Greatest Number of Dieases in the Working Area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas ...... II-61 Table II-36 Types of Basic Sanitation Facilities in Working Area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas ...... II-63 Table II-37 The Length of Road by Its Surface (km) and the Authorized Governmental Status in South Solok Regency, in 2012 ...... II-67 Table II-38 The Number of Bridges and Roads Listed by Their Length ...... II-67 Table II-39 The Length of Roads (km) by the Types of Road Surface ...... II-68 Table II-40 The Number of Vehicles Passing Through Pekonina ...... II-69

Table III-1 Projection of CO2 emission in Indonesia ...... III-8

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh vii ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-2 Erosion Rate and Sediment Load ...... III-12 Table III-3 Classification of Erosion Rate ...... III-13 Table III-4 Pre-managed Sediment Load ...... III-14 Table III-5 Post-managed Sediment Load ...... III-15 Table III-6 Surface Water Runoff ...... III-18

Table III-7 The Projection of CO2 Emission in Indonesia ...... III-31 Table III-8 Types of Operational PLTP Impact ...... III-33

Table III-9 Cooling Tower Data for H2S Emission Calculation...... III-35

Table III-10 H2S Gas Odor Level ...... III-39

Table III-11 The Total Area of H2S Gas Odor Distribution ...... III-39

Table III-12 H2S characteristics on human health ...... III-40 Table III-13 Equipment Noise Propagation PLTP...... III-48 Table IV-1 Matrix Impact Evaluation Using Leopold Modified Method on the Development of Geothermal Development Activities for Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) ...... IV-7 Table IV-2 Impact Analysis Summary ...... IV-8

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh viii ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I-1 Stages of Geothermal Development Activities ...... I-3 Figure I-2 Selected Locations of Injection Wells ...... I-11 Figure I-3 PLTP Site Selection...... I-13 Figure I-4 Construction of Power Plant ...... I-14 Figure I-5 Drilling Activities in Geothermal Field ...... I-15 Figure I-6 Typical Big Hole Casing Design ...... I-16 Figure I-7 PLTP Operational Activities ...... I-19 Figure I-8 Process Diagram of Geothermal Steam Power ...... I-22 Figure I-9 The Organization Structure of Emergency Management Team ...... I-27 Figure I-10 Scoping Process ...... I-30 Figure I-11 The Flow Charts of Hypothetical Significant Impacts on Pre- construction and Construction Stages...... I-48 Figure I-12 The Flow chart of Hypothetical Significant Impacts on Operational and Post Operational Stages ...... I-49 Figure II-1 Average Rainfall and Number of Annual Rain Days in Study Location ...... II-2 Figure II-2 Wind Velocity Annual Average ...... II-2 Figure II-3 Ambient Air Quality in Study Area Analysis Result ...... II-5 Figure II-4 Noise Level Around the Study Area ...... II-6 Figure II-5 Cross Section of Rock Lithology ...... II-8 Figure II-6 Earthquake Zone of Indonesia ...... II-11 Figure II-7 Erosion Hazard Level ...... II-18 Figure II-8 The Footprint and Image of Mammals Encountered in the Vicinity of Project Locations ...... II-34 Figure II-9 The Curve of the Observed Species Increment ...... II-36 Figure II-10 The Numbers of Individual and Species of Birds ...... II-36 Figure II-11 The Numbers of Species and Individual of Birds Based on the Food Types ...... II-37 Figure II-12 Plankton Abundance (Individual/Liter) in Observation Locations ...... II-40 Figure II-13 Plankton Diversity Index (H') in the Observation Locations ...... II-41 Figure II-14 Plankton Evenness Index (E') in the Observation Locations ...... II-42 Figure II-15 Benthos Abundance (Individual/Liter) in the Observation Locations ...... II-43 Figure II-16 Benthos Species Diversity in the Observation Locations ...... II-44 Figure II-17 Benthos Species Evenness Index in the Observation Locations ...... II-44 Figure II-18 Respondent‟s Period of Living in Jorong/Nagari ...... II-55 Figure II-19 The Opinion of People on Decision Making ...... II-56 Figure II-20 Community Perception Regarding the PLTP Development Activities ...... II-60

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh ix ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure II-21 Community Perception Regarding the Environmental Issues Caused by the PLTP Development ...... II-60 Figure II-22 Environmental Diseases in the Study Areas ...... II-62 Figure II-23 Access to the Public Health Care Services ...... II-63 Figure II-24 The Percentage of Clean Water Sources of the Community in the vicinity of Project ...... II-64 Figure II-25 The Percentage of Defecation Facilities of the Communities in Study Areas ...... II-64 Figure II-26 The Presentage of Waste Water Drainage of the Communities ...... II-65 Figure II-27 The Percentage of Garbage Disposal Pattern of the Communities in the Study Areas ...... II-65 Figure II-28 The Percentage of Healthy House of the Communities in the Study Areas ...... II-66 Figure II-29 Percentage of the Number of Vehicles Passing the Study Locations ...... II-69

Figure III-1 Distribution Pattern of H2S Gas Ambient During Production Test...... III-6 Figure III-2 Propagation Pattern During Drilling and Production Tests...... III-9

Figure III-3 Distribution Pattern Of Ambient H2S Gas During Production Testing ...... III-29

Figure III-4 The H2S Gas Distribution Pattern from the Cooling Tower ...... III-38 Figure III-5 Propagation Pattern during drilling and Production Testing ...... III-44 Figure IV-1 Flow Chart of Significant Impact of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP on Pre-construction and Construction Stages ...... IV-23 Figure IV-2 Flow Chart of Significant Impact of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP on Pre-construction and Construction Stages ...... IV-24

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh x ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

LIST OF MAPS

Map I-1 Layout of the Muara Laboh PLTP Activities ...... I-6 Map I-2 Layout of PLTP ...... I-7 Map I-3 Study Area Boundaries ...... I-53 Map II-1 Geology of PLTP Muaralaboh Project Sites ...... II-9 Map II-2 Soil Movement Vulnerability in South Solok Regency ...... II-12 Map II-3 Earthquake Records from 2004 to 2013 ...... II-13 Map II-4 Hydrogeology Map of South Solok Regency ...... II-15 Map II-5 Hydrology of PLTP Muara Laboh Project Sites ...... II-17 Map II-6 Sampling Locations of Environmental Components ...... II-71

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh xi ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

LIST OF TERMS/ABBREVIATION

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL) API American Petroleum Institute B3 Hazardous and Toxic Wastes BBM Fuel BCC Binary Combined Cycle BOP Blow Out Preventer BPN National Land Affairs Agency CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora DAS Watershed or catchment FGD Focus Group Discussions GOR Stadium HGU Right to Cultivate HL Protection Forest HPT Limited Production Forest IPA Water Pollution Index IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUP Geothermal Mining Business License Jorong Village KA ANDAL Terms of Reference of Environmental Impact Assessment KAN Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) KK Head of Family LH Environment LHR Daily Average Traffic LPM Institute for Community Empowerment MDL Methods Detection Limit MCK A Place for Bathing, Washing, and Lavatory (Toilet) MEQ Micro Earth Quake MKJI Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual MW Megawatt Nagari Village ORC Organic Rankine Cycle PERDA Regional Regulations PLN State Electricity Company PLTM Micro Hydroelectric Power Plant PLTP Geothermal Power Plant PP Government Regulation PT SEML PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh xii ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Pole Vegetation with trunk diameter ranges from 5 to 10 cm Tree Vegetation with trunk diameter is >10 cm RSUD Regional General Hospital RTRW Spatial Zoning Plan RUPTL Business Plan on Provision of Electrical Power RKL Environmental Management Plan RPL Environmental Monitoring Plan MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet Sapling Vegetation with trunk diameter < 5 cm and height > 1.5 m Seedling Young tree with the height up to 1.5 meters SIPA Water Use Permit SMP Passenger Car Equivalent TBE Erosion Hazard Level TNKS Kerinci Seblat National Park TSS Total Suspended Solids TDS Total Dissolved Solids TPS Temporary Disposal Station UKL Environmental Management Effort UPL Environmental Monitoring Effort UU Law or Act WKP Mining Working Area

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Geothermal, as defined in Law No. 27 of 2003 concerning Geothermal Energy, is the source of heat in natural hot water, hot rocks and minerals, steam, and other gases in geothermal system, requiring a “mining” process for utilization. The development of geothermal resources has become a priority of the Indonesian Government in its attempts to find new and renewable energy sources. These efforts are in line with the energy diversification policy, petroleum saving efforts (fuel), and in anticipation of the increasing electricity needs in Indonesia, and in particular the western part of Sumatra

Based on the Business Plan data on Provision of Electrical Power ( RUPTL), power installed in West Sumatra Province amounts to 1,350 MW and when the Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (SEML) is operating, it will produce 220 MW for PLN (30 MW will be used for SEML operational) and contribute about 16 % to capacity in West Sumatra.

The prospective WKP Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh Geothermal, is located in West Sumatra, on a fault system about 130 km to the southeast of Padang, in Pauh Duo Kecamatan, South Solok Regency. Two geothermal sources in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh Geothermal spread along 50 km of the Sumatran fault zone, that is North Muara Labuh and South Muara Labuh. The two geothermal sources have different geothermal resources and absorption (recharge) areas, though the tow are hydraulically connected.

Most of the hot springs associated with Muara Labuh are located in Sungai Suliti valley (tectonic basin) over some 30 km in length and 2 to 3 kilometers wide, and at an elevation 450 meters above sea level (asl). A tectonic basin is located at North Muara Labuh; from the southern end of the basin, topography continues climbing and hot springs are found over more than 3 km, from Sikapa Hill (656 m asl) to Sapan Malulong (850m asl). The southern area of Bukit Sikapa is called South Muara Labuh. The activity of the hot springs in the south shows high temperature geothermal system, including fumaroles, boiling springs, and steaming hot springs.

Preliminary geothermal surveys in Muara Labuh started in 2008 in accordance with a permit issued by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) in Minister Decree No. 0128K/30/MEM/2008 (Appendix 5).

Geothermal resource development by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (SEML) in the “mine” working arae (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh Geothermal in South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province was established on March 30, 2009, by KEPMEN 1086 K/30/MEM/2009 (Appendix 6).

In 2010, SEML has carried out exploration activity including Micro Earth Quake survey (MEQ), topographic survey, infrastructure civil works, and land acquisition for exploration. Drilling

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-1 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

implementation at the exploration stage began after the Electricity Purchase Agreement with the State Electricity Company (PLN) were signed. Drilling the first exploratory wells was conducted in September 2012. Exploration is searching for geothermal energy potential sufficient to build a power plant of 250 MW. This power plant will receive its steam supply through steam flowlines coming from seven or more well pads with a total number of about 24 to 27 production wells.

According to Presidential Regulation No. 4 of 2010 and Presidential Regulation Number 48 of 2011, geothermal power plants (PLTP) in Muara Labuh developed by SEML are national projects and included in the Accelerated Program for construction of 10,000 MW power plants, Phase II.

SEML is a company owned by PT Supreme GDF Suez Energy (domiciled in France) and Sumitomo Corporation (domiciled in Japan). SEML was formed and founded in 2008 and became the first geothermal electric power developer that has succeded in conducting exploration among the holders of Geothermal Mining Business Licenses (IUP) Phase II, after the publication of Law No. 27 of 2003 on Geothermal.

Geothermal exploration stages by SEML currently being conducted is approved by South Solok Governor through the UPL and UKL approval documents issued by South Solok Bupati Decree Number 660.32. UKL-UPL.V-2009, on May 15, 2009 (Appendix 3) and Geothermal Mining Business License (IUP) through South Solok Governor Decree Number 540/02/DESDM/Bup- 2010 dated 26 April 2010 (Appendix 4). The company currently plans to conduct geothermal development (exploitation and production) in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh Geothermal to become electricity sources, which will require AMDAL documents and permitting.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF PLANNED GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES FOR 250 MW MUARA LABOH GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

Geothermal development activities are activities carried out in a Mining Work Area (WKP) to locate geothermal resources, to be further utilized either directly or indirectly. According to Law No. 27 of 2003, the geothermal development activities include following stages:

 Preliminary survey

 Exploration

 Feasibility study

 Exploitation

 Utilization

Preliminary survey is a series of activities involving collection, analysis, and presentation of data related to geological, geophysical, and geochemical information to estimate location and existence of geothermal resources as well as working areas.

Exploration is a series of activities which include geological, geophysical, geochemical studies, test drilling, and drilling of exploration wells with aim to acquire and add information on

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-2 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

subsurface geological conditions to find and obtain geothermal energy estimates. Exploration activities have been completed and are ready to proceed to development stage (exploitation).

Feasibility study is a phase of geothermal mining operations to obtain information in detail on all aspects related to determine the feasibility of geothermal exploitation, including investigation or study of the quantity of reserves that can be exploited in a Work Area. As a consequence of a precautionary decision, Feasibility Study can be preceded by preparation of a pre-feasibility study, which has now been completed and is porceeding to the Feasibility Study stage.

Exploitation is a series of activities in a particular work area which includes the drilling of development wells and reinjection wells, field facilities construction, and operation of geothermal resource production. To supply steam to geothermal power plant requires drilling a number of wells from one drilling location (well pad).

Indirect utilization for power generation is a business activity that utilizes geothermal energy for power generation, either for public interest or for sole use.

Direct use is a business activity that utliize geothermal energy and/or fluid for non-electrical purposes, either for public interest or for sole use.

More detail on stages of Geothermal Development Activities are jprovided in SNI 13-5012- 1998, so when this is aligned with Law No. 27 of 2003, there are similar stages, which can then be systematically described as follows:

Figure I-1 Stages of Geothermal Development Activities

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-3 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.2.1 Stages of Project

Geothermal is a more environmentally friendly energy, in which the thermal energy from geothermal fluids (steam and sometimes hot water) is converted with turbines into electrical energy, with the fluids reinjected as brine water is into the formation via injection wells. Thus, geothermal energy utilization is a closed cycle, as: reservoir - steam production wells – Electricity Generation (PLTP)- reinjection wells - reservoir. The reinjection into the reservoir is necessary to maintain mass balance, thus slowing pressure drop in the reservoir. This reinjection and recharge of reservoir makes geothermal a sustainable energy source.

Compared to fossil-fueled power plants (PLTU), geothermal plants have very low emissions, so that geothermal is considered a clean energy. It is eligible to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) program of the Kyoto Protocol. This mechanism stipulates that developed countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 5.2% below 1990 levels, which can be done through purchase of emission credits from clean energy from developing countries in projects implemented after 2000.

Based on studies of potential resource, exploration appraisal well drilling and testing, as well as on development, SEML plans to develop a Geothermal Project for the 250 MW Muaralaboh PLTP in South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province, comprising two main components:

 Geothermal steam field development plan, which includes main activities in the forms of development/exploitation/production drilling, delivery of steam product to PLTP, and injections of hot water and condensate into reservoir through injection wells.

 Geothermal power plant (PLTP) to convert steam into electricity that is sent to a PLN sub- station through a switchyard.

This project description will provide details on these two plans covering pre-construction, construction, operation, and post-operation.

1.2.1.1 Pre-Construction Stage

At this stage, tasks to be accomplished are feasibility study, detailed construction design, and land acquisition for the construction.

1.2.1.1.1 Preliminary Study

1. Technical Feasibility Pada tahap perencanaan teknis, dilakukan pekerjaan:

 Planning on equipment for producing geothermal fluids such as wells, separators, brine accumulators,and distribution and safety valves in geothermal field;

 Planning equipment for securing abnormal conditions in steam production process, and

 Planning distribution of geothermal fluids to PLTP and planning on its distribution to injection wells.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-4 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.2.1.1.2 Topographic Survey Measurement

At the pre-construction stage, topographic survey measurements will be carried and used to determine position, site size and boundaries of construction, and supporting facilities for proposed well sites, plus pipelines, access roads, and transmission line corridors. These activities will not deliver any potential impacts since it only consists of boundaries and slope measurement and will not employ many workforce.

1.2.1.1.3 Construction Design Work

Work at this stage will include feasibility study and technical design of the geothermal field that will supply the geothermal fluid to PLTP. Geotechnical investigations that include site investigation, laboratory testing, analysis, and recommendations are made to understand sub- surface conditions for the design and construction plan, site preparation, and civil works.

1.2.1.1.4 Land Acquisition

All land required for provision of access roads, wellpads, and supporting facilities for geothermal development project had been acquired at the exploration stage. When required, additional land for geothermal development needs at development stage will be acquired as during the exploration stage.

The amount of land needed in the planned geothermal development is shown in Table I-1 and Map I-1 as well as listed in the following table:

Table I-1 Initial Estimate of Land Needs

Utilization Land Needs

Well pad 21,7 Ha Pipe route 8.040 m Access road 14.205 m PLTP 64.925 m2 Pump station 216 m2 Emergency vent station 3.200 m2 Pond 20.452 m2 Site office 15.000 m2 Contractor areas 15.000 m2 Switchyard 3.500 m2 Camp 30.400 m2

Source: PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh, 2013

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-5 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map I-1 Layout of the Muara Laboh PLTP Activities

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-6 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map I-2 Layout of PLTP

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-7 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Land acquisition process had been performed based on openness and fairness principles and in accordance with applicable procedures in the region.

The process began with socialization of the proposed project, followed by collection of land tenant data by a community-based committee. The next process was negotiation, which ended with agreement and direct payments to the land tenants. Everything was done openly and by mutual consent, supported by Lembaga Kerapatan Adat and Wali Nagari.

Letters Recognizing the Release of Land and/or Building Right were signed by the tenants, Head of Jorong, Head of KAN, and Wali Nagari.

Construction Phase

Activities at this stage include recruitment of manpower for construction activities, mobilization of equipments and materials, land clearing and leveling, construction of supporting facilities for the proposed PLTP operations, construction of warehouses, offices, staff accommodation, turbines transportation and installation, pipe installation, and others.

Labor recruitment

Manpower needs will be adjusted to progress in the SEML project in Muara Labuh, which will significantly fluctuate from time-to-time in number and qualifications of manpower to be employed by of for the Company, depending on type and scope of activity.

Since work to be performed by SEML before operations is a construction project, then the work will be carried out by contractors in accordance with their respective areas of competence, including use of manpower.

The Muaralaboh PLTP development project will absorb manpower to be recruited directly by SEML or by the contractors. Qualifications of the manpower will be tailored to needs for the project to be carried out on schedule and in accordance with set budget.

During construction stage, it is expected contractors will recruit about 2,000 to 2,500 people, both permanent and non-permanent with various fields of knowledge and expertise. This project so far as possible will use local manpower who have qualifications in accordance with the company's needs. It is estimated that about 15% of construction phase workers will come from the vicinity of the project location.

Activities at this stage include improvement of roads connecting the wells, improvement of existing wellpads, drilling of production wells, injection wells, and installation of wellpad equipment such as separators, accumulators, and pipeline networks used for production well testing and PLTP operations.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-8 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Mobilization of Equipment and Materials

Construction activities started with mobilization of equipment and materials to be used for the project. Mobilization is planned through existing road infrastructure, notably the Trans-Sumatra Highway.

The equipment and materials to be mobilized are:

 Heavy equipment such as dozers, loaders, dump trucks, excavators, etc.;  Drilling and supporting equipment such as well cementing tools, diesel generators, pumps, etc.;  Mechanical construction equipment such as cranes, welding machines, cutting tools, etc..  Drill pipe and casing;  Building construction materials and equipment;  Ancillary drilling equipment;  Maerials commonly used in construction such as lumber, reinforcing, and structural steels, concrete, etc.;  Pipefitting and ancillary tools, insulation tools, etc.  Turbines, generators, and transformers

Major equipment for the PLTP and geothermal field will be mobilized from inside and outside Indonesia. Material needs that can be obtained from the local area as much as possible will be purchased. All equipment and materials will be brought by road in trucks, trailers, and low-boys as appropriate to their weights and sizes.

Transportation of heavy equipment will be always escorted by Traffic Patrol Police from South Solok Police Office (Polres) and/or from West Sumatra Police (Polda). Mobilization will be held in the evening at 9 PM until 6 AM, with a maximum number of 6 vehicle units in each convoy. These are precautions to avoid public transport disruption.

Land Preparation

Land clearing and preparation consist of two main types of activities:

 Vegetation Clearing  Soil stripping and filling, including leveling.

Land use on the project location varies, including among others former rice fields, former community plantations, dry land, and shrubs. Tree cutting will be minimal; trees will be cut only after correct compensation is paid.

Soil from stripping will be moved to a designated disposal area. This area is used to collect residual soil from civil construction; later it will be replanted with cover vegetation types from the local region; some will be used as fill soil for supporting facilities.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-9 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Land will be prepared for construction of foundations inside Power Plan (PLTP) footprint areas, including the PLTP buildings, steam turbine, air cooled condensers, pipelines, substations, offices, administrative buildings, and staff accommodation.

Civil Construction a. Improvement of Access Roads and Preparation of Wellpads

Access roads and wellpads will have been mostly constructed in the exploration phase. Improvement of roads to wellpads and construction of new roads for transportation of equipment and materials needed in land preparation for wellpads and well drilling will be carried out as needed. b. Wellpad Preparation

Production Wellpads

Current status of Muaralaboh PLTP Development is well drilling at seven existing wellpads (Table I-2), which will be further developed as production wells. It is estimated there will be about 24 to 27 development wells from one wellpad. The size of one wellpad is about 2 or 3 hectares. Coordinates of each well pad are presented in Table I-2.

Table I-2 Coordinates of Wellpads

Location of Wellpad Northing Easting M LA (Wellpad ML-A) 9 819 913 737 224 M LB (Wellpad ML-B) 9 819 666 738 203 ML -C (Wellpad ML-C) 9 822 827 737 497 ML -D (Wellpad ML-D) 9 822 428 736 502 ML -E (Wellpad ML-E) 9 821 404 736 619 ML -G (Wellpad ML-G) 9 821 562 738 571 ML -H (Wellpad ML-H) 9 819 167 737 020

Injection Wellpads

Injection wells will be required for the operations of the 250 MW Power Plant (PLTP). Injection (or reinjection) wells, consisting of brine water injector wells and condensate injector wells, will be located with respect to the production area so as to minimize risk of production well cooling.

Selected locations of injection wells are shown in Figure I-2. Locations of injection wells still require further investigation based on exploration drilling results; the Project also can sometimes take advantage of exploration wells as injection wells.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-10 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure I-2 Selected Locations of Injection Wells

c. Electrical and Mechanical Construction

Mechanical construction work activities include: installation of geothermal equipment, such as steam turbine generators and auxiliary equipments, OEC units, condensers with air conditioning, overhead cranes, and others. Electrical construction work includes: assemblies and installations of generators, and of control devices and relays for transformers, power substations, and lighting facilities. Other works are painting and installation of pipe insulators. Pipe insulators are used to stabilize temperature and pressure of steam and brine moving from wells to power plant. d. Construction of PLTP

SEML proposes to build a steam power plant with a capacity of 250 MW, located near Jorong Pekonina. The plant will receive a supply of steam from a steam pipe from about 7 (seven) or more wellpads that have some 24 to 27 total production wells. Steam will be separated from the brine in the separator station. Brine then flows by gravity to 3 to 6 injection wells, which return the water to the formation. SEML has acquired, and when necessary will acquire, all land required for the construction of these facilities, by involving community leaders and local government.

The proposed plant site is located in the southern part of Jorong Pekonina, which lands are former community rice fields and plantations. Two-phase flow pipelines will be constructed to collect produced water (brine) from the seven (7) well pads to the separator station downstream.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-11 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Steam that has been separated will be channeled to the plant, while the brine will be discharged by gravity to the injection wells.

The plant site will be placed on an elevated location to provide good ventilation for the cooling tower emiting uncondensed steam and gas. Entrance to the plant site and field facility will be through Block 0 in Jorong Pekonina. Land clearing, road widening and improvement of Block 0 to the project location had been carried out in the exploration phase for project purposes.

Civil construction activities consist of:

 Preparation of the project site, which consists of construction of a road to the PLTP location, and building the steam separators, PLTP, and supporting facilities;

 Improvement of existing access or new road to the plant site and wellpads;

 Construction of PLTP, and supporting facilities.

Site selection plan for the construction of PLTP as shown in Figure I-3.

Buildings in this project will be designed and built according to Planning Procedures for Building Earthquake Resistance SNI 03-1726-2002 or other equivalent international standards.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-12 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure I-3 PLTP Site Selection

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-13 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

e. Construction of Pipelines (Cross country pipe corridor)

The pipeline route will generally follow the existing road construction to facilitate processes of construction, of maintenance, and of inspection during production operations. The route requires certain slope, security, and safety, so that cut and fill are necessary along the route to achieve a slope that allows gravity flow.

The pipeline consists of pipes for dry steam, wet steam, brine, and condensate. Drainage channels will be built left or right of the pipeline in addition to inspection roads parallel to pipeline sections that have no road access. At some places, structures that cross roads, rivers, or other features will also be built. Illustration of pipeline construction is shown in Figure I-4.

The pipeline route is designed to resist against the hight pressure and the 7-RS earthquake. Therefore, the leak possibility caused by the disaster will be low. In addition, each well is equipped with a safety valve to prevent the widespread distribution of steam when there was a leak.

(a) Steamfield Construction (b) Power Plant Construction

Figure I-4 Construction of Power Plant

1.2.1.1.5 Construction of Other Supporting Facilities

Temporary Construction Facilities and Worker Accomodation

Contractor shall provide all temporary construction facilities, including offices, staff accommodation, storage of used and surplus materials in the working area.

Storage of Surplus Materials

All unused materials excess to the works carried out during the construction stage will be collected in one place by the Contractor to be reused or handed over to a third party to be used.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-14 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Temporary Drainage during Project Site Preparation

A temporary drainage system will be provided by the Contractor during project site preparation and other construction works. This drainage system will include temporary ditches, collecting sump, and sedimentation tank for processing muddy water.

1.2.1.1.6 Drilling of Production Wells, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing

Drilling of Production Wells and Injection Wells Three (3) of seven (7) proposed wells were drilled in the exploration phase. Preliminary technical results of exploration are illustratated below:

Well A1 Well B1 Well C1 Depth (meters) : 1,300 – 1,400 1,800 – 1,900 1,900 – 2,000 Results (MW) : + 20 MW tight permeability tight permeability (under study) (under study)

Furthermore, in the construction stage, additional production and injection wells will be drilled. Injection wells are needed to drain brine from the fluid separation process in the separator and condensate from steam condensation in the condenser, which are parts of the generation process, into the reservoir. Additional production well drilling is to meet the needs of steam for the power plant, which with a capacity of 250 MW will require approximately 24 to 27 production wells. A production well is designed durably to generate optimal steam.

Geothermal Drilling Activity is illustrated in Figure I-5.

(a) Drilling of Production and Injection (b) Well Testing after Drilling Well

Figure I-5 Drilling Activities in Geothermal Field

In addition, the production wells to be drilled during the development can provide further information on mapping of the geothermal reservoir, its characteristics as well as fractures. In

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-15 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

addition to the production wells, at this stage, 3 to 6 injection wells also need to be drilled. Basically, exploitation and injection well drilling are the same as exploration well drilling, both in terms of equipment and methods. A geothermal production well has a depth of approximately 1,500 to 3,000 meters below ground level. This well can be drilled in a vertical or in a particular direction (directional well).

Targets for geothermal drilling are not shallow groundwater units. Shallow groundwater, in fact, is to be avoided as its intrusion into the wells will lower temperature of the reservoir. To avoid this, a blank instead of perforated casing design is used . The whole well shaft will be covered with steel pipe casing. The casing is cemented into the rock formations penetrated using a special cement. At big holes, casing diameter can reach up to 30 inches. Figure I-6 shows types of well casing.

Figure I-6 Typical Big Hole Casing Design

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-16 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

The drilling process will use water-base mud (WBM) to prevent well walls from collapsing during drilling. To a certain depth, well casing will also be installed not only to keep the hole open, but also to protect against leakage from or into the formation.

Designs for drilling equipment and well structure use API (American Petroleum Institute) and/or New Zealand Drilling Standard. Standard materials have ability to withstand the anticipated pressure. Additionally, the drilling rigs will be equipped with Blow Out Preventers (BOP) and during the drilling workers will refer to standard operating procedures to assure safety and security.

Conditions of the area to be drilled have been well studied in a comprehensive way in accordance with the Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry disciplines. This is very different from the drilling by Lapindo. The location of Lapindo drilling has a geological setting (rock type) that is different from geothermal drilling in Muaralaboh. The geological structure of the Lapindo drilling location is weathered sedimentary rocks, while structure of the geothermal drilling at Muaralaboh is volcanic rock (pyroclastics and lava) which tend to be very hard and massive, so that a repeat of the Lapindo case may not occur with SEML‟s operations.

Once a drill hole is completed, a wellhead will be installed that is equipped with an instrument to regulate fluid flow rate from the well.

Chemicals used have MSDSs (Material Safety Data Sheets). Most of the chemicals are categorized as non-hazardous materials (non-B3), based on a list issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). Storage and handling of a chemical as well as its residual will refer to its accompanying MSDS.

Drilling mud and cuttings will be managed in accordance with Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 045 of 2006.

Explosive materials will only be used if there is a problem during the drilling, for example to release a stuck drill pipe. As for the amount used, it is approximately 4 kg for every problem. The existing explosives warehouse already has a permit from the State Police Headquarters (MABES POLRI) and its condition is monitored regularly by relevant agencies, among others, by the Provincial Police (POLDA) and the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources. Any use of explosives will be informed to the local police and reported regularly to relevant agencies.

Water required for drilling will be taken from surface water and run-off water. The amount of water used will be limited and arranged in such a way that it does not interfere with the water conditions and the needs of the community. During the drilling process, the water needed will be 30 to 60 liters/sec, a very small amount compared to the river discharge, which can reach more than 1,000 liters per second. This water will be taken from a river that is not used by its surrounding population or taken in a limited amount from a river that is used by the population for irrigation and other purposes.

According to a procedure, the water use has already a SIPA (Water Use Permit) issued by the relevant agency.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-17 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Well Testing

Production testing for a newly drilled well will be done after heat recovery is confirmed by a temperature gradient survey. The purpose of the test is to estimate the well production yield and to obtain the well deliverability curve. The well will be opened at a specific valve position/size to obtain a stable well production curve.

This curve serves as a base line and changes in the production curve in the future should be compared with this baseline curve. During the production test, temperature and pressure will be measured to determine depth of feed zone and to give a profile of an opened/production well.

Table I-3 shows the Muaralaboh PLTP development scenario for generating a capacity of 250 MW. Based on current calculations, 24 to 27 wells are needed to maintain the 250 MW generating capacity . Number of wells can be changed in accordance with results obtained in production drilling.

Table I-3 Proposed Geothermal Production in Muaralaboh 250 MW PLTP Development Area

Description Remarks Period of geothermal activity based on concession, years 30 year Proposed generating capacity, MW 250 MW Average production capacity of wells, MW 10 – 17 MW Steam generation needs, kg/s/MW 2 kg/s/MW Total steam need, kg/s 500 kg/s Estimated number of production wells 24 – 27 Estimated number of injection wells 56 – Source: Summary of Preliminary Feasibility Study of Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh WKP

Steam collection system consists of all necessary means at the surface to transport and process steam from production wells to the power plant. This system consists of two-phase flow pipelines, brine and steam pipelines, separator, and control system and electrical facility. It also includes chemical inhibition systems both on the surface and inside the well, if necessary.

1.2.1.1.7 Environmental Impact Management

Residual materials after construction will be collected in one place and reused or handed over to a third party that will manage and utilize them.

Solid waste generated during the PLTP civil construction period is spoil from dugouts. This waste will be treated in the same manner as soil wastes from exploitation construction, that is, by placing it in a specified location (soil disposal).

Solid wastes from drilling (drilling cuttings) will be placed in special TPS (Temporary Disposal Station) that has a control system, which is

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-18 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

. the drilling cuttings will be settled in the TPS

. water content will be directed into the Mud Pond and the back into the pond to meet the water needs for the drilling.

Currently, drilling cuttings is sent to PT Semen Padang to be managed/utilized as cement raw material. SEML is trying to obtain a permit from the Ministry of Environment for utilization of the drill cutting for own use as raw materials for making concrete, paving blocks, cable markers, etc.. Solid wastes in the form of metals (iron and pieces of wires) are collected and placed on collection site for project residual materials. The collection site is planned to be integrated with the construction waste collection point. Domestic solid wastes originating from construction works will be collected in TPS at the project site before finally moved to Final Disposal Station (TPA) prescribed by the Government of South Solok Regency for further management.

Liquid waste from the drilling contained in the mud and water pond will be channeled back to the earth through the injection wells if it is not used anymore. Domestic gray wastewater will be treated in a wastewater treatment system in order to meet quality standards, while „black‟ wastewater (sewage) will be discharged to a septic tank.

1.2.1.1.8 Manpower Release

Laborers will be released after the construction stage ends. The release will follow applicable laws and regulations.

1.2.1.2 Operation Stage

In this stage, the PLTP will be operated to generate electricity to be sold to PLN (State Electricity Company). Additional wells will be drilled on a regular basis to maintain production.

Muaralaboh PLTP operational stage is the stage of steam production system operation to supply electricity to PLN. The steam production system consists of production source, wellhead, safety valves, pipelines, separators, and brine accumulator units and control equipment.

(a) Commissioning and Performance Testing (b) Geothermal Power Plant Operation

Figure I-7 PLTP Operational Activities

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Geothermal fluid from the reservoir will be channeled to the separator for separating steam and brine at an optimum pressure. The steam is used to generate electricity for a capacity of approximately 250 MW.

After drilling is completed, production testing will be conducted at each well site. Equipment at the wellhead for the well testing consists of wellhead separators, steam and brine flow rate gauges, steam and brine sampling tools, steam mufflers, brine muffler, and others.

During the testing, steam is released through the steam muffler, while the brine flows back to the earth through injection wells. In the production phase of plant operation, the separator is used for separating steam and brine. Steam is then directed to the power station to generate electricity.

1.2.1.2.1 Labor recruitment

Number of manpower required in the operation stage is much less than in the construction stage. This is because operational equipment uses automated, computer-controlled systems. Manpower recruited by SEML must have specific competence and/or certification according to their expertise. During operation stage, number of manpower to be recruited ranges from 200 to 240 people from various fields of expertise (Table I-4

Table I-4 Estimated Manpower Number During Operation Stage

Potition Manpower Number Other Information Field superintendent and staff 3 Trained Plant and Field Operator 38 Trained Maintanance Staff 11 Trained Engineering Support 8 Trained Administration Staff 10 Semi- Trained Etc (Contractor, etc) 150 Trained, Semi- Trained Remarks: For the superintendent to the administrative staff required education degree with a minimum experience with specific specifications

1.2.1.2.2 Geothermal Field Development a. Drilling of Additional/Development Wells (Production and Injection Wells), Well Testing, and Well Maintenance

During operation, new wells are likely to be drilled and new wellpads to be developed. These are intended to anticipate the decline in the quality of existing production and injection wells.

1.2.1.2.3 Operation of Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP)

Steam supplied from production wells is separated into steam and brine before being sent to the PLTP for power generation. Before it flows into the turbine, the steam is purified with a separator.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-20 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

a. Commissioning

Commissioning will be done according to project milestones. This activity will consist of equipment operational testing, functional testing, protection and interlock testing, and so forth. All relevant parties will be involved during the comissioning process. b. Turbine Operations

Geothermal energy is derived from hot fluid, which is water heated inside a reservoir by a heat source in the earth's interior. In general, energy from a geothermal source is used for power generation or for other heating systems such as building heating or for heat processing agricultural/fishery products.

In addition to single pressure steam cycle, feasibility study will consider all proven geothermal power plant technologies, such as dual and triple pressure cycle, butane and pentane phase binary cycle, steam and hot water (butane and pentane, steam and brine phases), and combinations such as hybrid and combined cycle.

Technology to be selected depends on enthalpy (total energy and its change) of the geothermal fluid to be produced, well production capacity, topography and land availability, availability of equipment, capital and operating costs, costs for production and injection well drilling, and process optimization costs. Analysis and evaluation of the above matters will determine which technology will be used, by also considering the optimum costs and benefits.

Priority alternative technology to be used depends on the results of quality testing of exploration wells and steam produced. SEML is likely to use a single pressure technology, which is commonly used around the world. This simple technology is expected to avoid the possibility of chemical deposition problems (such as occurrence of deposited silica); however, its performance is not as good as other technologies. Most geothermal power plants in Indonesia use this technology (Salak, Lahendong, and Wayang Windu).

Another alternative for the operation of the SEML's PLTP is dual pressure technology. This technology is similar to the single-pressure technology, the difference being the use of low- pressure steam (residual) to generate additional electricity. This technology has been successfully used in the operations of geothermal power plants in the United States, Japan, the Philippines, and New Zealand.

The third alternative is Organic Rankin Cycle (ORC) technology. This technology has been successfully developed commercially by Ormat Technologies and has long been successfully used for the development of geothermal energy. This technology, when combined with a back pressure steam turbine, will generate binary combined cycle/BCC. This technology is very competitive in terms of price and performance when combined with single and double flash. PLTP technology with BCC system has been successfully operated in Tongonan, Philippines, and in several other countries. Operation of PLTP with single flow backpressure is illustrated by Figure I-8.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-21 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

injeksi

Figure I-8 Process Diagram of Geothermal Steam Power

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-22

Steam fluid from under the earth's surface contains a mixture of steam, brine, and non- condensable gas (NCG). This fluid then flows from the earth reservoir through production wells with depths between 1,500 - 3,000 meters having casing with design diameter between 4.5 inch and 13.375 inch. The NCG will be partially dissolved in the brine and condensate water that will flow back into the depths of the earth through injection wells, while the rest will be released in the cooling tower with steam.

After the well fluid flows to the surface, it is then distributed through pipelines to the separator. The distribution pipeline from production wells is planned for 2-phase fluid flow in the forms of steam, brine, and NCG. This pipeline will be wrapped with heat protective coating made of calcium and aluminum in order to prevent heat loss when the fluid flows from the production wells to the power station.

In the separator, because the specific gravity of water is heavier than steam, the centrifugal force/effect of cyclone and force of gravity will make the water separate from the steam.

Brine separated in the separator has a temperature of about 150oC and contains some chemicals that will be channeled back into the reservoir through injection wells with a depth of 1,500 meters - 3,000 meters. Thus the injection well is useful to protect the environment from brine pollution in addition to maintaining stability of the reservoir's pressure . The injected brine will be re-heated in the reservoir so that it will be reproduced as steam and brine. The separator will also be equipped with a "wash water" system to clean the steam from chemical impurities to avoid their being contained in the flow to the power plant, to prevent equipment damage.

Before entering the turbine, the steam from the separator will be repurified with a scrubber to get steam dryness of 99.9%. Working principle of the scrubber in purifying the water is the same as with the separator, which is by utilizing the effect of a "cyclone" and gravity, so that the steam will be separated from impurities due to the greater density of water.

Between the separator and scrubber, safety facilities will be installed to avoid excess pressure in the forms of a pressure relief valve unit (vent valve) and a rupture disc. This facility will work automatically, if there is excess pressure in the system the valve will open so that the pressure in the system will soon be reduced quickly and safely.

Dry steam from the scrubber will be directed through two channels, the main pipe to the turbine and another pipe toward the Gas Removal System (GRS). Heat energy of the steam will be converted into mechanical energy in the turbine unit to rotate generator shafts. The steam will flow through the steam turbine inlet pipe and will pass through turbine blades so as to spin them, which in turn will rotate the generator shaft to produce electricity. After passing through the turbine blades, the steam will flow to the condenser at the bottom of the turbine. In the condenser, the steam will condense due to the nozzle spray of cooling water in large quantity, to cool off and change the steam into water.

From the condenser, the water will be pumped to the "Hot well pump" to be directed to the Cooling Tower for further cooling. Temperature of water streamed to the cooling tower is about

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-23 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

40 oC and drops to about 28 °C. Some of the water from the cooling tower (which is referred to as "condensate water") is used for circulation in the condenser unit as water that is sprayed through nozzles in the condenser and also for the "Gas Removal System." Excess water in the cooling tower is piped to the injection wells.

Thus the power generation process of the PLTP is a closed system, where fluid media from the reservoir go through the production wells, and return to the deep formation through injection wells. Similarly, the cooling process at the power station will utilize condensed steam. Non- condensable gas in the condenser that comprises about 0 to 2% of the total flow will be pumped using a steam ejector, and will be mixed with circulation water to be supplied to the cooling tower unit. The gas will be mixed with water condensate and be dissolved in water then be directed down into the formation through injection wells. In the generator unit, mechanical energy will be converted into electrical energy to be channeled through PLN's transmission network cable after its voltage is increased from 13.6 kV to 150 kV using a step-up transformer unit.

Characteristics of the geothermal fluid are that it is two-phase with more liquid content in the vapor phase and with a temperature range up to 260 °C. Technology to be applied is steam flush turbine as the top choice, while other technologies will be considered.

Cooling medium used is water and lubricants, supported with additional equipment such as the cooling tower fan.

Produced water in the PLTP is a closed circulation system where it is returned to the reservoir for re-heating by the geothermal system.

The quality standards for the produced water, which is reinjected to the injection well, shall refer to the Regulations of Minister of Environment No. 19 of 2010 on the Wastewater Quality Standard for Businesses and/or Activities of Oil and Gas as well as Geothermal.

1.2.1.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

To address the possibility of an accident or disaster, trained and educated safety and security officers are trained and empowered to be able to run and oversee Occupational Health and Safety as well as security programs, using prepared equipment. Safety equipment will be placed at locations to be easily accessible at any time needed.

To deal with victims of accidents at the project site, some employees have been trained in first aid (P3K). A medical clinic is available at the drilling location equipped with emergency needs, ambulance, and paramedics. If a victim needs major medical assistance, the paramedics in the field will send the victim directly to the nearest hospital (South Solok Regency Hospital). In addition to South Solok Regency Hospital, SEML also has worked with Siti Rahmah Hospital in Padang.

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The emergency clinic at the project site operates 24 hours and is used only in an emergency situation and no long-term patients. Therefore the clinic does not generate medical wastes that need to be addressed.

1.2.1.2.5 Environmental Impact Control of PLTP Operations

1. Gas Handling

Non-condensable gases (mostly fractions of CO2 and H2S) will be streamed from heat exchanger to cooling tower fan and released into the air, so that the gases will be dispersed naturally in accordance with environmental standards.

2. Solid Waste Handling Domestic solid wastes will be collected in a temporary storage facilityI on the project site, to be sent to a licensed Final Disposal Station (TPA). Other solid wastes will be transferred to a third party for further management or utilization, while usable solid wastes at the site will be reused.

3. Liquid Waste Handling Generally, every geothermal field activity will create produced water in the form of brine or condensate water with the TDS grade ranging from 2,000 - 50,000 ppm, in which is especially containing NaCl, neutral pH value, and minerals such as Boron (B), Arsenic (As), Lithium (Li), and Silica (SiO2). It has been a part of geothermal field standard that the geothermal produced water has to be returned back to the reservoir through the injection wells so that it will not cause significant impacts.

The volume of condensate water formed along the route of steam distribution pipeline is low, so it just needs to be vented through CPD (Condensate Drain Pot) so that it is released to the atmosphere in the form of steam.

In addition, the condensate water collected from steam trap along the pipeline route that distributes the steam from production wells to the power plant site, has to be flowed back to reservoir through the injection wells after it is condensed in a pond filled with gravels. The condensate water formed in rock muffler on the well pads shall be flowed to the settling ponds and furtherance flowed to the injection wells.

The condensate produced from the steam turbine will be flowed through special pipelines to the injection wells without proceeding through the settling ponds. The same thing happens with the injection system of brine in the geothermal fields. This injection system is designed based upon the flowing/pumping system principles. Whenever, there is a breakdown in the injection pumps, the back-up pumps will be operated. The injection activities will be controlled from the control room, which monitors as well as activates the pumps and valves automatically.

Though the injection wells, either brine or condensate water will be returned back to the reservoir in the depth of > 1.800 m, so that it will not bring any impacts on the environment. It is

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-25 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

strictly forbidden to throw the brine and condensate water into the surface water or the layers of groundwater.

4. Handling of Oil Waste, Hazardous Chemicals, and Toxic Materials (B3) In principle, the Geothermal Development Operations will not generate large quantities of B3 wastes (Hazardous Wastes). B3 waste management will be based on Government Regulation No. 85 of 1999 Amending Government Regulation No. 18 of 1999 regarding Management of Hazardous and Toxic Wastes (B3).

1.1.1.1.1 Emergency Response

According to the Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2007 on Disaster Response:

 Disaster is defined as an event or series of events threatening and disturbing the life and livelihood of communities that is caused by natural factors and/or non-natural factors as well as human factors, which eventually causes loss of life, environmental damage, loss of property, and psychological impacts.

 Natural disaster is defined as disaster resulted from by an event or series of events caused by the nature among others are earthquake, tsunamy, erupting mountain, flood, drought, hurricane, and landslide.

In the state of emergency during a time of disaster, the unpreparedness in handling disaster and the lack consistency of information and victim data as well as damage condition often occur, thereby it will be difficult to make policies on the disaster emergency response. The coordination is not executed well. The distribution of relief and logistic is difficult to be monitored, thus the progress of emergency response activities cannot be measured and directed objectively. Such situation and condition in the field are caused by lack of good, structured and systematic working mechanism.

PT SEML, as one of geothermal development companies, has already have a system for handling emergency situation. The main objective of which is that the capability of PT. SEML in responding emergency situation immediately and efficiently, thus it can guarantee the availability of the right relief for location that is in the state of emergency on the required time.

According to the geothermal activities that are being developed by PT. SEML in South Solok Regency, the possible emergency situations that might be occurred, among others:

 Fire/Explosion  Well control situation  Equipment breakdown

 Leak of H2S gas  Used rigs  Emergency drilling situation  Earthquake

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-26 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Eruption of volcanic mountain  Severe/fatal injury  Car accident  Missing people  Riots  Terrorism/sabotage

PT. SEML regularly conducts personnel training in order to provide its personnels with the required ability and techniques in handling emergency situation such as fire, explosion, search and rescue team, victim treatment and evacuation, self rescue, and other emergency situations that are possibly to be happened in PT. SEML facilities, including the leak of H2S, earthquake, riots, etc.

Currently, PT SEML has some documents of Emergency Management Plans and Crisis Management Plans. A training to evaluate the readiness of the personnels in responding the emergency situation is conducted regularly. The organization structure of emergency management team can be seen in Figure I-9.

Figure I-9 The Organization Structure of Emergency Management Team

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-27 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.2.1.3 Post Operation Stage

When production of the PLTP is no longer economical due to declining resources, then the plant's operations will be discontinued. All wells in the steam field and all power plant facilities including support structures will be demolished or closed temporarily or permanently, unless alternative geothermal resources are discovered. Post-mining activities will refer to Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation (Permen ESDM) No. 78 of 2010 regarding Reclamation and Mine Closure Planning.

1.2.1.3.1 Production and Injection Well Closure

Decommissioning of wells will be conducted in accordance with well closure procedures. Local grass and plants will be planted on the former well sites. The well closure process is as follows:

. Backfilling of drilled wells. The well will be plugged with cement to a minimum thickness of 30 m. The cement plug will be above the casing shoe. Another cement layer will be placed on it. Drilling mud with a specific gravity equal to or heavier than that generated during drilling will be used to fill the casing between the two cement plugs.

. Production and injection wells will be closed in accordance with permanent closure procedures.

. The former location of the well site will be replanted with local grasses and plants.

1.2.1.3.2 Decommissioning of Pipeline and Supporting Facilites

Subsequent to the end of operation stage, the pipelines, pumps, and ancillary equipment will be dismantled. The dismantling process will be carried out through the following steps:

. Pipes, pumps, and other ancillary equipment will be dismantled and then moved on trucks to a scrap metal buyer or sent to a third party to be reused or recycled.

. The former location of pipelines and supporting facilities will be replanted with native grasses and plants.

1.2.1.3.3 Decommissioning of Geothermal Power Plant

Assuming the power plant as a whole will not be used again after the operation ends, it will be decommissioned by the procedure:

. All equipment that can still be used will be dismantled and reused in other projects within or outside of Indonesia, while those that are not used can be sold.

. Remainderst of buildings and equipments will be demolished. Debris will be sold to scrap buyers or sent to appropriate final disposal facilities.

. Former power plant site will be reclaimed with native grasses and plants.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-28 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

. Former geothermal concession land will be sold to a third party or returned to the party legally entitled to it, when it is no longer needed.

. Termination of staff employment will follow labor laws and regulations in force

1.2.2 Schedule of Proposed Project

The PLTP is planned to be ready for operation in 2016, and its construction is planned to start around the end of 2013. This schedule is developed with assumptions that there are no delays in exploration activities, in EPC contracts, or in provision of funds for the project implementation.

Schedule of the proposed project, including pre-construction, construction, and operation stages is shown in Table I-5.

Table I-5 Schedule of the Proposed Project

Stages of Project <2013 2013 -2015 2016 -2025 >2046 Pre-Construction

Construction

Operation

Post-Operation

1.3 SCOPING PROCESS

The goals in scoping the significant impacts are to determine the impacts that need to be examined in depth in the phase of ANDAL study. The determination of significant impacts must be through a meticulous scoping process in order to be truly able to differ which impacts can be categorized as significant and insignificant.

In accordance with the Regulations of Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia No. 16 of 2012 regarding the Guidelines on Composing the Environmental Documents. The scoping is generally conducted through tree stages, namely: identification of potential impacts, evaluation of potential impacts, and listing the hypothetical significant impacts (see Figure I-10)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-29 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure I-10 Scoping Process

1.3.1 Identification of Potential Impacts

Principally, the identification of potential impacts is predicting all potential impacts occurring on a planned activity that is carried out in an environmental baseline location. The list of potential impacts will be derived from that identification of potential impacts (Table I-6). In addition, the identification of potential impacts will also be conducted by using method of impact identification in the form of simple interaction matrix (Table I-7).

Table I-6 List of Potential Impacts of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW PLTP Muara Laboh

SOURCE OF IMPACTS POTENTIAL IMPACTS Pre-construction Stage 1. Land acquisition - - Changes of land ownership and tenure - - Changes of community perception Construction Stage 1. Labor recruitment - Open job opportunities - Open business opportunities - Changes in the income of the community - Changes of social values and norms - Changes of the community perception

2. Mobilization of equipments and materials - Changes to air quality - Changes of noise level - Disturbances of road transportation - Disturbances of public health 3. Land clearing - Changes to air quality - Changes of noise level

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-30 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

SOURCE OF IMPACTS POTENTIAL IMPACTS - Changes of erosion and sedimentation - Changes of the surface water runoff - Changes of the surface water quality - Disturbances on the terrestrial flora and fauna - Disturbances on the aquatic biota

4. Civil, mechanic, electric, and PLTP - Changes to air quality constructions - Changes of noise level - Disturbances of Public Health

5. The drilling of production and injection wells, - Changes to air quality and noise level Changes of and production well testing the quality groundwater - Changes of the surface water quality - Disturbances on the aquatic biota - Disturbances of public health - Changes of the community perception

6. Manpower Layoff - Loss of job opportunities - Loss of business opportunities - Changes in the income of the community - Changes of the community perception Operation Stage 1. Labor recruitment - Open job opportunities - Open business opportunities - Changes in the income of the community - Changes of social values and norms - Changes of the community perception 2. Geothermal field development - Changes to air quality and noise level. Changes of - The drilling of Additional Wells groundwater quality (Production and Injection Wells), well - Changes of the surface water quality testing and well maintaining - Disturbances on the aquatic biota - Disturbances of the Public Health - Changes of the community perception

3. PLTP Operation - Changes to air quality a. Testing (commissioning) - Changes of noise level

b. Turbine operations - Changes to air quality - Changes of noise level - Changes of the surface water quality Post-Operation Stage 1. The Closure of Production and Injection - Changes to air quality Wells, the Dismantling of Pipeline - Changes of noise level Networks and Supporting Facilities, as - Disturbances of the Public Health well as Dismantling of PLTP - Changes of the community perception

2. Land rehabilitation/revegetation - Changes of erosion and sedimentation - Changes of the surface water runoff - Changes of the surface water quality - Disturbances of the terrestrial flora and fauna - Changes of aquatic biota

3. Land Backfilling - Changes of land ownership and tenure

4. Manpower Layoff - Loss of job and business opportunities - Changes in the income of the community - Changes of social values and norms - Changes of the community perception

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-31 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table I-7 Matrix of the Identification of Potential Impacts of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-32 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.3.2 Evaluation of Potential Impacts

Basically, the evaluation of potential impacts is to distinguish the impacts that still need to be examined with other impacts that do not need to be examined anymore in ANDAL. The impacts that still need to be examined in depth in ANDAL are conducted to prove the impact hypothesis in KA -ANDAL with the prediction result of significant impacts in ANDAL. The impacts that do not need to be examined anymore in ANDAL are the impacts that have known to be insignificant impacts and the activity draft has been arranged to cover the impacts control. These impacts are known as mitigated impacts. A list of hypothetical significant impacts will be derived from the evaluation of potential impacts.

The methods used to determine the hypothetical significant impacts are through discussion among compiler team, proponent, and authorized technical institutions, by having literature study, field observation and expert assessment, then they are set forth into interaction matrix and flow chart of impact interaction. The hypothetical significant impacts will be further examined in in depth in the ANDAL discussion.

The predicted hypothetical significant impacts will arise because of the activities described as follows:

1.3.2.1 Pre-Construction Stage

1. Land Acquisition

 Changes of land ownership and tenure The land acquisition activities executed directly by PT. SEML will cause the impact of the loss of land ownership. From the result of public consultation that has been conducted, the problems of land acquisition are in concern because of the existence of customary land of Nini Mamak that is acknowledged by the people, therefore these impacts are categorized hypothetical significant impacts (DHP)

 Changes of the community perception The land acquisition activity usually takes relatively long process and involves various parties such as National Land Affairs Body (BPN), Spatial Plan, villages, districts, corporate parties, and the community representatives. The community unrest can arise, not only because of the long process but also the uncertainty of the borders of the land that will be in acquisition, lack of understanding of land acquisition procedures and the big amount of compensation for land, building, and even plants. From the result of public consultation that has been conducted, the problems of land acquisition are in concern because of the existence of customary land of Nini Mamak that is acknowledged by the people will create negative perceptions of the people. Therefore, the impacts of changes of people perceptions are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Loss of local community livelihood sources from agricultural and plantation sectors. The land clearing activities carried out by PT. SEML will take away the agricultural and plantation land of the communities, thereby the source of community livelihood from those

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-33 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

sectors will be gone. This situation will increase the poverty rates and the number of unemployment.

1.3.2.2 Construction Stage

1. Labor recruitment

 Open job opportunities Construction activities of the geothermal fields development of Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh will not only provide job opportunities in various fields for 2,500 people but also open business opportunities by purchasing local goods and services; for instance, food supply and other things.

The need for construction workforce which is quite high, will be taken some of them from local workforce according to their skills, while the other need of workforce will be used the workforce from outside of Muara Labuh areas, like from other regions in West Sumatra province. In addition, it will open opportunities to hire the workforce from other provinces that are brought by the contractors to fulfill the needs of the workforce with certain fields of skill.

Thereby, it is predicted that the workforce recruitment activities will create hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH) to the opening of job opportunities. When the construction stage is over, there will be the decrease of work opportunities, among others for the local workforce who will not be needed anymore for the operational stage, thus this situation will cause the unemployment. For that reason, these activities can be categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Open business opportunities During the period of project construction, the people around the project locations will get benefits by running business opportunities around the project locations such as having shops, boardinghouses and etc. The intensity of these impacts is relatively high, thus it is predicted that it will cause hypothetical significant positive impacts to the business opportunities. However, at the end of the construction stage, the business opportunities for various types of business running by the communities as mentioned above will be gone. These impacts will be suffered by most of the people running businesses, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts DPH).

 Changes in the income of the community These is the derivative impact from the opening of job opportunities and business opportunities. It is predicted that the people around the project who get the job opportunities will stimulate business opportunities for the people living around the project locations, therefore it is categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH). At the end of construction stage, the termination of working agreement on the construction stage and the decrease of business opportunities will cause the decrease of the income of the community. This impact will be suffered by the workers who are losing their jobs, therefore these impact is categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-34 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Changes in social values and norms The changes of social values and norms are the secondary impacts of the incoming of new comers who interact with the local people, the increase of the family's income, and the access and availability of public infrastructure and facilities. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts because they will cause unrest and negative perception of the community, and the conflict with corporate parties, which will disturb the process of construction activities. At the end of construction stage, the termination of working agreement on the construction stage and the decrease of business opportunities will result in the changes of the community values and norms. These impacts will be suffered by the workers who are losing their jobs, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH).

 Changes in community perception The social interaction between construction workers either in working places or in the residential areas will be a knowledge transfer. There will be also acculturation and possibility of marriages between the new comers with the local people. However, these processes will also create social problems, etc. The long proses of construction, which is around 3 years and conducted gradually, will be resulted in the changes to the life condition of the people living around project locations. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) because they will cause negative perceptions from some parts of the community members, and conflicts with the corporate parties, which probably disturb the process of construction activities.

2. Mobilization of equipments and materials

 Changes to air quality Source of the impact on the decrease of air quality (dust/TSP) is from the increased dust particles in the air caused by the equipment and material mobilization activities. The equipment and material mobilization activities do not pass through the residential areas. In addition, it is predicted that the dust quality standards during the mobilization activities will still be under the environmental quality standards (< 230 ug/m3), at the beginning of baseline, the TSP value ranges 46-65 ug/m3. Furthermore, PT. SEML have implemented the procedures for handling the increase in dust floating in the air and the utilization of haulage vehicles (passing the emission test and limiting the haulage vehicles). From the description above, those impacts are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes of noise level The impacts on the increase of noise are sourced from the noise generated by the equipment vehicles and the material haulage. The heavy equipments that will be mobilized are bulldozer, backhoe, dump truck, grader, rock crushing & sorting plant, crane, compactor, roller, concrete mixer, small truck, etc. It is predicted that the value of noise level during the activities still fulfill the required quality standards (< 55 dBA). From the baseline observation data, the noise level ranged from 35 to 37 dBA. From the description above, those impacts are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Disturbances to road transportation The PLTP's equipments, such as turbine, separator, scrubber, condenser are also transported using trailers. The equipments are in large size

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-35 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

and heavy, thus the equipment haulage from the port to the project locations, which is through the roadways, can cause traffic/transportation disturbance. However, the regular organized transportation schedule and the good coordination with the police officers will minimize the impacts on the transportation. In addition, the heavy load also needs to be considered in the strength of roads and bridges. PT. SEML has coordinated with Provincial Public Work Agency and conducted study as well as fixed some roads and bridges to anticipate the heavy load transportation. In the organized schedule, all equipments and materials will be hauled via roadways by using trucks, trailers, and lowboy according to their size and weight. Traffic Patrol Police from South Solok Police (Polres) and/or Regional Traffic Police of West Sumatra always escort the heavy equipment haulage. The haulage is conducted from 9 PM to 6 AM Indonesia Western Time, with maximum of 6 series of vehicles in each convoy. Thus, the public transportation will not be disturbed by this activity. From the description above, those impacts are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Disturbances to public health The impacts on public health disturbance are the derivative impacts from the decrease of air quality and the increase in noise. From the study result of primary impacts that are the decrease of air quality and the increasing in noise, they are predicted as insignificant impacts. It is as the result of the preparation conducted PT. SEML to the equipment and material mobilization activities. It is expected that the mobilization activities will not cause any impacts on the public health. From the description above, those impacts are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. Land Clearing

 Changes to air quality This impact is as the result of dusts and air emission generated by heavy equipments during the land clearing process. The affected total area is relatively limited to certained locations, either around PLTP or other infrastructure that are located relative far from the residential areas, therefore the impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes to noise levels This impact is as the result of noises generated by heavy equipments used during the process of land clearing activities. Based on the result of observation that has been conducted, it was noted that the value of noise ranged from 35 to 37 dBA (still under quality standards). Furthermore, because of its less quantity, no human get the impact of it, and it does not affect other components, thus the intensity of this impact is low. Therefore, the impact of the increase in noise is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes to erosion and sedimentation The increase in soil erosion can be caused by the activities of land clearing. It is predicted that these activities will increase rates of soil erosion. It happens because land clearing activities will release soil/rock materials, which will allow erosion easily. These impacts can influence the surface water quality and further disturb the life of aquatic biota, thus it is predicted that the intensity of these impacts are

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-36 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

relatively low, therefore they are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes in surface water runoff It is predicted that the land clearing activities will cause the increase in surface water runoff as the result of the loss of vegetation. However, because of its relative small quantity, it is predicted that the intensity of this impact is relative low. Therefore, this impact is categorized as hypothetical significant negative impact (DPH).

 Changes in surface water quality The PLTP land clearing activities has potential to pollute the quality of surrounding water river and tributaries as the result of erosion and sedimentation. The parameters on the water quality aspects that are predicted to get impacts are turbidity and TTS caused by the increase in erosion. During the land clearing of PLTP site, there will be changes on the land, which is initially covered by vegetation plants turns to be an open land. These changes can cause erosion and sedimentation, especially the works performed on sloping land and in the rainy season. Erosion cause the increase in river and tributary turbidity around the land clearing locations that may disturb the life of aquatic biota. From the description above, those impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts(DPH).

 Disturbances of terrestrial flora and fauna Based on the result of field observation conducted in several locations, 28 species of wild plants were encountered. They consisted of 3 dominant living forms, namely trees, shrub, and herbaceous plant. Several tree species, which have quite good quality wood and are climax species, are Shorea sp, Litsea Glutinosa, Aglaia sp dan Peronema sp. For shrub species, it is generally dominated by Euphatorium odoratum (Krynyuh) and Lantana camara as well as Mimosa pygra. Meanwhile, for herbaceous plant species, the number of its population that was encountered was fewer. Some of them have a quite high population such as Blechnum sp dan Nephrolepis sp. The terrestrial fauna that were encountered, were from mammal species, among others, Monkey, Sumatran Surili, Squirrels, and Pigs.

Because the areas that will be cleared are not too large, thus the intensity of the impacts is low, nevertheless it will last for a very long period of time. Therefore, it is predicted that land clearing activities will cause hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) to the disturbance of terrestrial flora and fauna.

 Disturbances to aquatic biota These are the derivative impacts of the decrease of water quality, as the result of the increase in rates of soil erosion. The erosion will increase the TSS content and turbidity in the water body and disturb the aquatic biota life, either plankton or benthos. The intensity of these impacts is quite high, and it lasts for a long period of time. Thereby, it is predicted that the activities of land clearing will give hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) to the water quality.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-37 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4. Civil, electrical mechanic, and PLTP constructions

 Changes to air quality The Changes to air quality are caused by the operation of vehicles used during the construction activities, which potentially decrease the air quality as the result of the rise of dust and gas from the operating vehicles. These impacts are temporarily and only occur during the construction, thus their intensity is relatively low. Furthermore, PT. SEML has a SOP relating to this case, which is requiring every worker to use Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as masker, while working in dusty areas. Thereby, it is predicted that the construction activities cause insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes to noise levels The operation of heavy equipments during the construction activities potentially produce noises (the initial noise value ranges from 34 to 37 dBA ) that lead to the ear disturbance. This impact only is temporarily and only occurs during the construction, thus its intensity is relatively low. It is predicted that the noise level is still under the quality standards. Furthermore, PT. SEML has a SOP relating to this case, which is requiring every worker to use Personal Protection Equipment such as earplug, while working in dusty areas. Thereby, it is predicted that the construction activities cause insignificant negative impacts.

 Disturbances of public health The impacts on public health are the derivative impacts from the decrease of air quality and noises that can disturb the public health, therefore the impacts of public health disturbance are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

5. The drilling of production and injection wells, and production well testing

 Changes to air quality and noise levels Similar to the PLTP construction activities, the drilling activities of production wells, injection wells and production well testing can also cause the Changes to air quality and noises, which are produced by the drilling equipments. However, PT. SEML has a SOP relating to this case that every worker is required to wear Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). Thereby, it is predicted that the impacts will cause hypothetical significant negative impacts to the Changes to air quality and noises.

 Changes in groundwater quality The drilling activity is conducted on the land structure with depth of > 1,000 m. The structure that will be the target for the geothermal drilling is not the layer of groundwater. As matter of fact, this groundwater is avoided in order to prevent it from getting into the well because it will decrease the temperature of the steam coming from reservoir. In order to prevent intrusion of groundwater to the wells, PT. SEML installs the blank casing, not the perforated casing. The blank casing will be cemented in order to avoid any leaks. Because there is completely no groundwater get disturbed during this geothermal field operational activity, thus the disturbance impacts to the groundwater quality are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes in surface water quality It is predicted that the impacts on surface water quality are sourced from the brine, which is leaked from the brine storage installation. Generally,

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-38 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

every geothermal field activity will create produced water in the form of brine or condensate water, with the TDS grade ranging from 2,000 to 50,000 ppm, which is especially containing NaCl, neutral pH value, and minerals such as Boron (B), Arsenic (As), Lithium (Li), and

Silica (SiO2). It has been a part of geothermal field standard that the geothermal produced water has to be returned back to the reservoir through the injection wells, so that it will not cause significant impacts.

The volume of condensate water formed along the route of steam distribution pipeline is low, therefore it only needs to be vented through CPD (Condensate Drain Pot) that it will release to the atmosphere in the form of steam.

Although it has been the geothermal SOP that the waste of brine must be flowed back to the reservoir, on the depth of >1,800 m, through the injection wells, thus it will not give any impacts to the waterways. However, there is some concern that any brine leaking to the water body will disturb the surface water quality, which eventually will disturb the health of the communities using the rivers. Therefore, It causes the hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) to the waterways.

 Disturbances to aquatic biota These impacts are the derivative impacts caused by the decrease of water quality. Therefore, these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Disturbances of public health The impacts on public health are the derivative impacts from the decrease of air quality and noises that can disturb the public health, therefore the impacts of public health disturbance are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes of community perception The impacts on the changes of community perception are the derivative impacts from the noise level during the activities of production well testing. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) because they will create negative perceptions from some members of the community to the Corporate parties, which will disturb the activities.

6. Manpower Layoff

 Loss of job opportunities The end of construction work will cause the employment termination by the corporate party. This employment termination will cause the unemployment, which will decrease their family's income. These impacts will also be suffered by the local workforce who are generally unskilled or semi skilled, thus these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Loss of business opportunities The end of construction work will cause the decrease of business opportunities due to the decreasing number of buyers. Some business activities must be terminated, thus it will decrease the income from the business. These impacts will

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-39 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

be suffered by most of the people conducting business activities with PT. SEML , therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Loss of the income of the communities The end of construction work and the decrease of business opportunities will cause the loss/decrease of the income of the communities. These impacts will be suffered by the workers who have completed his working contract and most of the related businessmen, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes of social values and norms At the end of construction stage, employment termination during construction stage and the decrease of business opportunities will cause the changes of the community values and norms. These impacts will be suffered by most of the workers who are losing their jobs, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes of the community perception These impacts are the derivative impacts from the loss of job opportunities, business opportunities, and community income as the result of the manpower layoff on the construction stage. These impacts will be suffered by most of the people running businesses, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts DPH.

1.3.2.3 Operation Stage

1. Labor Recruitment

 Open job opportunities Various qualifications of manpower will be needed on the operation stage, such as project workers, operators, tool maintenance technician, laboratory personnels, financial staff, drivers, and etc. The numbers of manpower needed during the operation stage are about 200-300 people. These numbers can be changed anytime adjusting the production. Based on the numbers of manpower that will be recruited, the impact intensity that is relatively high, and the duration of the operation, thereby the work recruitment activity is categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH) to the opening of job opportunities.

 Open business opportunities During the PLTP operation, the people around the project locations will get benefits from having business opportunities around the project locations such as stall of goods (warung), shops, boarding houses, etc. The intensity of these impacts is relatively high, thus it is predicted that it will create hypothetical significant positive impacts to the business opportunities.

 Changes in the income of the community These are derivative impacts from the opening of job opportunities and business opportunities. It is predicted that people who get the job opportunities will stimulate business opportunities for the communities around the project locations, thus the impact is categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-40 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Changes in social values and norms These are the secondary impacts from the incoming of newcomers who interact with the local people, the increase of the family's income, and the access and availability of public infrastructure and facilities. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts because they will cause community unrest, negative perceptions from the communities, and conflicts with corporate parties, by which will disturb the process of construction activities. At the end of construction stage, the employment termination on the construction stage and the decrease of business opportunities will cause the changes of community values and norms. This impacts will be suffered by the workers who are losing their jobs, therefore these impact are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes in community perception The social interaction between operational workers either in working places or in the residential areas will be a knowledge transfer. There will be also acculturation and the possibility of marriage between the newcomers and the local people. However, these processes will also cause social problems, and etc. Because of the long period of operation, it will cause the changes of life condition of the people living around project locations. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) because they will create negative perceptions from some community members and conflicts with the corporate parties, which will probably disturb the process of PLTP operations.

2. Geothermal field development

The drilling of Additional Wells (Production and Injection Wells), well testing and well maintaining

 Changes to air quality and noise levels Similar to the PLTP construction activities, the drilling activities of production wells, injection wells, and production well testing can also cause the changes of the air quality and noises, which are sourced from the drilling equipments. However, PT. SEML has a SOP relating to this case, which is requiring every worker to wear Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as earplug. While performing production well testing, it is concerned that there will be some gases leaking

to the air especially H2S dan CO2, which are dangerous for human health. Thereby, it is predicted that the impacts will cause hypothetical significant negative impacts to the Changes to air quality and noises.

 Changes in groundwater quality The drilling activity is conducted on the soil structure with the depth of > 1,000 m. The structure that will be the target for the geothermal drilling is not the layer of groundwater. As matter of fact, this groundwater is avoided in order to prevent it from getting into the well because it will decrease the temperature of the steam coming from reservoir. In order to prevent intrusion of groundwater to the wells, PT. SEML installs the blank casing, not the perforated casing. The blank casing will be cemented in order to avoid any leaks. The PLTP construction and operational activities do not disturb the quality and quantity of the groundwater because of the depth difference, in which the geothermal, generally, has the depth >1,000 m while

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-41 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

groundwater is on the depth of < 60 m. Because there is completely no groundwater disturbed during the geothermal operational activities, thus the impacts of disturbances to the groundwater quality are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

 Changes in surface water quality Brine water will be separated from the steam in separator. This brine will be flowed back through the injection well into the reservoir. In addition, there will be condensate water produced by the condensation in the condenser. This condensate water will be flowed back through the injection well into the reservoir. Although it has been the geothermal SOP that the brine and condensate water must be flowed back to the reservoir on the depth of > 1,800 m, through the injection wells, in order to avoid the impacts to the waterways. However, there is some concern that there will be some brine leaking to the water body that will disturb the surface water quality, which is leading to the disturbances of the health of communities using the rivers. Therefore, they will cause hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) to the waterways.

 Disturbances to aquatic biota These impacts are the derivative impacts caused by the decrease of water quality. Therefore, these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Disturbances of public health The impacts of public health are the derivative impacts from the decrease of air quality and noises that can disturb the public health, therefore the impacts of public health disturbance are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes in community perception The impacts of the changes of community perception are the derivative impacts from the noise level during the production well testing activities. These impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) because they will create negative perceptions from some members of the community to the Corporate parties, which eventually will disturb the activities.

3. PLTP Operation

The activities of the operation of geothermal fields are to put the steam from the head of well, then flow the steam through the pipeline system heading the PLTP. The activities of operation of PLTP starts from the receiving the steam in Steam Receiving Header, then the dry steam enter the turbine and finally produce electricity power to be connected to switch yard before it is connected with PLN station. The planned activities of operation PLTP from the receiving the steam until it becomes electric in swich yard, can cause impacts as follow:

4. Testing (commissioning)

 Changes in air quality Geothermal Fluid, in the reservoir, contains non-condensable

gas (NCG), which consists of 80–90 %-weigh CO2, ± 2% H2S, and a small amount of

H2, CH4 and N2. Then the NCG is separated from stem fraction in the Steam Ejector,

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-42 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

afterward it is released to the atmosphere through the Cooling Tower, so that it causes

emission and dispersion of CO2 and H2S in the atmosphere. Steam Ejector is an instrument used for creating vacuum pressure in Condenser with venturi effect system (

convergent nozzle- divergent). H2S gas is heavier than air, thus the gas tends to be

accumulated and can form H2S, which is dangerous when it is on the surface of the earth, although it is eventually dispersed in the atmosphere. Therefore, in order to

minimize the accumulation of H2S gas, the gas is dispersed with thermal draft in the Cooling Tower.

Thereby, the operation of PLTP potentially cause the hypothetical significant negative

impacts (DPH) to the air quality, especially by the distribution of H2S and CO2 .

 Disturbances to noise During the PLTP operation, the potential noises are sourced from the Cooling Tower, Steam Ejector, and Turbine. In normal operation condition, the vibration of noise only reaches a few kilometers from the source of noise, thus the areal can become the buffer Zone of PLTP. The highest noise in PLTP occurs when there are some troubles in the Turbine, thus the steam must be got rid into the atmosphere, so it causes the high noise for a few hours that can be heard from the distance of 1 km. Thus, in normal operation condition, PLTP cause the noise far away until the buffer zone of PLTP, while in abnormal operation condition, PLTP potentially causes hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

5. Turbine operations

 Changes in air quality Geothermal Fluid in the reservoir contains non-condensable

gas (NCG), which consist of 80–90 %-weigh CO2, ± 2% H2S and a small amount of H2,

CH4, and N2. Then the NCG is separated from stem fraction in the Steam Ejector, afterward it is released to the atmosphere through the Cooling Tower, so that it causes

emission and dispersion of CO2 and H2S in the atmosphere. Steam Ejector is an instrument used for creating vacuum pressure in Condenser with venturi effect system

(convergent nozzle- divergent). H2S gas is heavier than air, thus the gas tends to be

accumulated and can form H2S, which is dangerous when it is on the surface of the earth, although it is eventually dispersed in the atmosphere. Therefore in order to

minimize the accumulation of H2S gas, thus the gas is dispersed with thermal draft in the Cooling Tower. Thereby, the operation of PLTP potentially cause the hypothetical

significant negative impacts (DPH) to the air quality, especially by the distribution of H2S

and CO2 .

 Changes in noise During the operation of PLTP, the potential noises are sourced from the Cooling Tower, Steam Ejector, and Turbine. In normal operational condition, the vibration of noise only reaches a few kilometers from the source of noise, thus the areal can become the buffer Zone of PLTP. The highest noise in PLTP occurs when there is some troubles on the Turbine, thus the steam must be got rid into the atmosphere, so it causes the high noise for a few hours that can be heard from the distance of 1 km.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-43 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Thus, in normal operation condition, PLTP cause the noise far away until the buffer zone of PLTP, while in abnormal operation condition, PLTP potentially causes hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes in surface water quality When the steam finished spinning the Turbine, the steam residue will be condensated in the condenser. From the condenser, the hot water will be flowed to the Cooling Tower for air cooling process by using fan machine installed in the Cooling Tower. Afterward, the cooling water will flow back to the condenser for re-cooling process. This process is carried out continuously. The water residue from the condensation process in the cooling water will be injected into the injection wells. Although it has been the geothermal SOP that the brine and condensate water must be flowed back to the reservoir through the injection wells in order to avoid the impacts to the waterways, there is still some concern that some brine would leak to the water body, which could disturb the surface water quality. Therefore, they will cause hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH) to the waterways.

1.3.2.4 Post Operation Stage

Prior to the end of operation stage or the closure of the entire operational activities of PLTP, the Reclamation Plan and Mine Closure Plan documents are necessary to be composed. These documents will be the ground in conducting and managing the post operational activities. The planned and component activities that are needed to be carried out on the stage of post operation are:

1. The Closure of Production and Injection Wells, the Dismantlement of Pipeline Networks and Supporting Facilities, as well as PLTP

The closure of geothermal fields and PLTP, on the post operation, must be involving the government, corporation, and communities as the stakeholders in the geothermal fields development of Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh. According to the Government Regulation No. 78 of 2010 and the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 18 of 2008, subsequent to the end of the project, the Company is obligated to compose the Reclamation Plan and Mine Closure Plan. By fulfilling the provisions of mine closure documents, thus the impacts caused by the closure of geothermal fields and PLTP can be minimized. Therefore, the impacts of the closure of production wells and injection wells, and the dismantlement of pipeline networks and supporting facilities as well as PLTP, to the Changes to air quality, noise level, and disturbances of the public health are categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. Land rehabilitation/revegetation

 Changes in erosion and sedimentation. Land rehabilitation/revegetation activities are meant to return the land function and use to its former function and use, which is prior to the Muara Laboh geothermal project activities. After the plants grow well, thus they will reduce the flow of surface water, which will further decrease of rates of soil erosion. The

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-44 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

impacts will run continuously and for a long time, and will influence the other components. By conducting rehabilitation and revegetation activities, it is expected that the level of erosion and sedimentation will decrease and return to the former condition. Thereby, the impacts of erosion and sedimentation are categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH) and will be examined in the document of EIA.

 Changes in surface water runoff As explained above, during the post operation, revegetation activity is also conducted beside rehabilitation activity. When the plants grow well, they will increase the infiltration flow, which will have further impacts on the decrease of surface water runoff. Subsequent to the rehabilitation activities, there will be any changes in coefficient runoff, which will affect the value of surface water runoff. The impacts will run continuously for a long time and affect other environmental components, namely the increase of water quality (TSS). Therefor, these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DHP).

 Changes in quality of surface water The impacts of the increase of surface water quality (the decrease of TSS contents and turbidity) are the derivatives impacts of the decrease of rates of soil erosion, as the result of the land rehabilitation activities on post operation. Based on the affected components, the water quality impacts will further affect the life of aquatic biota. Therefore, these two impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts (DPH).

 Disturbances of terrestrial flora and fauna. The activities of vegetation planting in the former mining land make the changes of open land to be the land grown by vegetation/plants, the changes of structure and composition of flora species, a better condition with abundance of vegetation species and giving impacts to the existence of scare, protected and endemic fauna. These activities have hypothetical significant positive impacts to the terrestrial biota, these impacts will be last for long time and continuously, and permanently.

 Changes in aquatic biota. The impacts to the aquatic biota are the derivative impacts of the water quality impacts, thus these impacts will be last for a long time, therefore they are categorized as hypothetical significant positive impacts

3. Land backfilling

 Changes in land ownership and tenure. The impact on the changes of land ownership and tenure. Land will be returned to the regional government that has issued the right to cultivate (HGU). Intrinsically, the regional government has authority regarding the land that they can hand the right over for other activities, thus the land temporarily will be nonproductive land. Therefore, the impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-45 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4. Manpower Layoff

 Loss of job opportunities. The closure of Muara Laboh geothermal location will cause the employment termination by the Company. This employment termination will cause the unemployment, which will decrease their family's income. These impacts will also be suffered by the local manpower who are generally unskilled or semi skilled, thus these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Loss of business opportunities The closure of Muara Laboh geothermal location will cause the decrease of business opportunities because of the decrease of buyers. Some business activities must be terminated, thus it will decrease the income from the business. These impacts will be suffered by most of the communities conducting business activities with PT. SEML , therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Loss of the income of community The employment termination by the corporation and the decrease of business opportunities will cause the loss/decrease of the income of the community. These impacts will be suffered by all workers and most related businessmen, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts (DPH).

 Changes in social values and norms These impacts are derivative impacts of job opportunities and business opportunities as the result of the closure of the Muara Laboh geothermal location. These Muara Laboh impacts will be suffered by most of the people running businesses, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts DPH).

 Changes in community perception. These impacts are derivative impacts of job opportunities, business opportunities, and the changes of the norms and social value as the result of the closure of Muara Laboh geothermal location. These impacts will be suffered by most of the communities running the businesses, therefore these impacts are categorized as hypothetical significant negative impacts DPH).

The mine closure on post operation stage will be also conducted in accordance with the environmental principles, occupational health and safety, including in handling social aspects by complying all provisions in the Reclamation Plan and Mine Closure Plan documents.

Matrix of the evaluation of potential impact that turns to be hypothetical significant impacts is presented on Table I-8. While, the relation between one environmental impact and another environmental impact to determine the primary, secondary, and tertiary impact, as well as to determine an environmental component/parameter that mostly gets the impact, are presented by using the flow chart as displayed in Figure I-11 and Figure I-12.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-46 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table I-8 Matrix of the Hypothetical Significant Impacts of the Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-47 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure I-11 The Flow Charts of Hypothetical Significant Impacts on Pre-construction and Construction Stages

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-48 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure I-12 The Flow chart of Hypothetical Significant Impacts on Operational and Post Operational Stages

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-49 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.3.3 Hypothetically Significant Impacts

The stages of geothermal development activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP that potentially cause hypothetical significant impacts are:

. Pre-Construction Stage

 Land acquisition

. Construction Stage

 Labor recruitment

 Land clearing

 The drilling of production and injection wells, and production well testing

 Manpower layoff

. Operation Stage

 Labor recruitment

 Geothermal fields, the drilling of additional wells (production, and injection wells, and well testing and well maintenance)

 PLTP operations (Commissioning/testing and turbine operation as well as condenser operation)

. Post-Operation Stage

 Land rehabilitation/revegetation

 Manpower Layoff

The environmental components and parameters that will be the hypothetical significant impacts are:

. Geophysical-Chemical Components

 Air quality: H2S including the quality standards of odor level and TSP/dust

 Noise: noise

 Soil: soil erosion and sedimentation

 Hydrology: Surface water runoff

 Surface water quality: TSS, turbidity

. Biological Components

 Terrestrial flora: species structure and compositions

 Aquatic biota: the abundance of plankton, benthos, and fishes

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-50 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

. Socioeconomic, Culture, and Health Components of the communities

 Social economy: job opportunities, business opportunities, and income of the community as well as land ownership and tenure

 Socio culture: community perception as well as social values and norms

. Public health

 Health disturbances and environmental sanitation

1.4 STUDY AREA SCOPING AND STUDY TIMELINES

1.4.1 Study Area Boundaries

The study area boundaries are derived from the project boundaries, ecological boundaries, social boundaries, and administrative boundaries. Furthermore, the study area boundaries are determined based upon the consideration of time, budget, expert staff, and study methods. Based on the considerations above, the study area boundaries of activity planning are displayed on Map I-3.

1.4.1.1 Project Boundaries

The project activity boundaries cover the geothermal development areas and area in which Geothermal Power Stations (PLTP) will be constructed as well as its supporting facilities.

1.4.1.2 Ecological Boundaries

The ecological boundaries will be determined by considering the impacts‟ spatial distribution based upon the transport media, solid and liquid, and mechanisms of runoff and impact dispersion. The ecological boundaries emphasize the aspects of water and air / wind movement.

1.4.1.3 Social Boundaries

The determination of social boundaries is based on the spaces in the Study Area where social interaction and communication take place. Project activities can impact and change the social values and norms system. The study area includes villages or desa (Nagari) and sub-villages or dusun (Jorong) in the Kecamatans that are directly or indirectly affected by the geothermal development activities and the development of PLTP.

1.4.1.4 Administrative Boundaries

The administrative boundaries are covering kecamatan Pauh Duo and Sangir, South Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-51 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1.4.2 Study Timelines

In addition to the necessary of impact and study area scoping, the study deadline scoping is also necessary. The scoping of ANDAL study timeline of the geothermal development activities for the Muara Laboh PLTP is presented on the following table:

Table I-9 Study Timeline Scoping

No Source of Impacts and Hypothetic Impacts Time Duration 1. Land acquisition, starting from surveying, discussion, payment 1 year until the completion of land administration requires a time duration of 1 year. 2. Recruiting work force of construction for 4 months, then toward 1 year the end of construction stage, followed by recruiting operational work force for 4 months plus the training process for 4 months 3. Production well testing is performed for each well, with the total 3 years number of wells around 5 to 6 exploration wells, 19 to 21 production wells, and 5 or 6 injection wells to fulfill the need for steam for the 250 MW PLTP. It is planned that the drilling will be carried out gradually until the end of 2015. 4. Operation of geothermal field and PLTP that cause noise 30 years impacts, dispersion of H2S and CO2 and other impacts. These activities will take place for 30 years from the beginning of operation. The number of years of the impact assessment for the entire activities 33 years

By this, it can be concluded that the operational preparation requires a duration of 3 years, while the duration of operation requires 30 years after construction. However, it is necessarily understood that the cessation of one source of impacts does not necessarily mean that the impact also ceases, because there is a possibility of further impacts that take a long time for recovery.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-52 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map I-3 Study Area Boundaries

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh I-53

CHAPTER II ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

2.1 GEOPHYSICAL-CHEMICAL COMPONENTS

2.1.1 Climate

Based on data collected from Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Kerinci Meteorological Station from 2002 to 2011, the climate baseline around the study location is described below.

2.1.1.1 Rainfall

Based on the climate classification of Schmidth and Ferguson (1951), the areas of activity plans are classified as type A (extremely wet category). From the 10-year-data analysis, it is found that the value Q is 0.11, categorized as extremely wet, in which the number of dry months which are months measuring rainfall less that 60 mm is 0.83 and the number of wet months, months measuring rainfall more that 100 mm is 9.1.

Between 2002 and 2011, the range of annual rainfall average was 209 mm, with the highest rainfall 1,690.6 mm (occurred March 2005) and the lowest rainfall was 25.7 mm (occurred June 2003).

Table II-1 Rainfall Data from the Last 10 Years (2002-2011)

Rainfall (mm) Year Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec 2002 256.3 19.2 285.2 257.4 1690.6 108 288.8 81.1 169.7 97.1 233.8 344.8 2003 319.9 289.9 172.7 371 174.9 25.7 201.7 286.3 309.4 229.5 123.3 200.7 2004 232.4 136.6 393.1 233.4 208.6 45.3 282.8 51.5 47 282.2 275 236.6 2005 100.8 69 405.8 183.8 157.2 102.1 89.5 255.1 215.6 265.5 330.2 209.8 2006 280.9 269.7 158.3 379.4 142.4 120.2 119.5 76.1 150.1 105.5 179.5 206.2 2007 333.9 131.7 169.4 218.8 201.8 135.8 234.1 139.1 215.8 166.4 145.3 305.1 2008 144.3 132.8 315.4 239.4 228.9 64.8 82.1 169.9 114.4 276.1 216.5 290.1 2009 160.2 318.2 323 200.5 192.2 149.1 77 115.8 128.4 199.6 310 280.6 2010 122.3 371.5 190.6 241.7 119.9 192.1 309.9 329.1 239.3 352.8 275.8 285.1 2011 82.2 57.7 58.9 328.4 104 44.5 13.7 40.5 82.7 215.4 251.5 148.9 Source: Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Kerinci Meteorological Station,2002 – 2011

Based on the Table II-1, it can be seen that the highest average rainfall was 352 mm, which occured in 2010, while the lowest average reainfall was 13,7 mm, which occured in 2011. The complete data of monthly rainfall for the last 10 years is presented in Figure II-1.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-1 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure II-1 Average Rainfall and Number of Annual Rain Days in Study Location

2.1.1.2 Wind Velocity and Direction

Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, Kerinci Meteorological Station reported that from 2007 to 2013, the average wind velocity in the study location was 1,12 m/s. Annual average of wind velocity is shown in Figure II-2.

Figure II-2 Wind Velocity Annual Average

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-2 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.2 Air Quality

In general, the potential for emissions of CO2, SOx, and NOx produced by geothermal power stations (PLTP) is much lower compared to conventional energy use utilizing fossil fuels. The observation of air quality was carried out by direct measurement in 7 (seven) points which represent the general conditions in study location. The sampling points for the air quality observation are as follows:

 Well Pad H (AQ 1)

 Location near TNKS / undisturbed (AQ 2)

 Well Pad A (AQ 3)

 Well Pad B (AQ 4)

 Power Plant proposed location (AQ 5)

 Community settlement in Kampung Baru (AQ 6)

 Community settlement in Pekonina (AQ 7)

Parameters measured for the air quality observation are : SO2, N02, O3, CO, PM10, Pb, and dust (TSP). The analysis result is presented in Table II-2. Scale presented Figure II-3 is for the environment condition, which is used to estimate change in impact prediction

From the result obtained, it can be seen that in general, the air quality in study location is good and all parameters are still below the standards stated in Government Regulation No 41 of 1999.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-3 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-2 Result of Ambient Air Quality Analysis, 2013

Results Parameters Unit MLV*) conclusion AQ1 Scale AQ2 Scale AQ3 Scale AQ4 Scale AQ5 Scale AQ6 Scale AQ7 Scale

Sulfur 3 µg/Nm 900 39.09 5 28.84 5 30.84 5 27.66 5 32.96 5 26.37 5 38.81 5 5 Dioxide(SO2)

Carbon 3 µg/Nm 30.000 3.712 4 3.528 4 3.689 4 3.380 4 3.437 4 3.437 4 3.563 4 4 Monooxide (CO)

Nitrogen 3 µg/Nm 400 15.97 5 13,.1 5 16.48 5 12.40 5. 25.31 5 18.17 5 17.10 5 5 Dioxide(NO2)

3 Oxides(O3) µg/Nm 235 29.59 5 27.79 5 38.68 5 13.26 5 24.48 5 39.40 5 15.38 5 5

3 PM10 µg/Nm 150 111 4 105 4 111 4 111 4 98 4 111 4 111 4 4

Dust (TSP) µg/Nm3 230 125 4 68 5 74 5 71 5 97 4 124 4 101 4 4

Pb µg/Nm3 2 0.06 5 0.06 5 0.06 5 0.04 5 0.03 5 0.04 5 0.02 5 5

Source: Analysis result of PT Unilab to PT SEML, 2013 Remarks: *) Governemnt Regulation No. 41 of 1999 regarding Air Pollution Control N Suction Volume Unit of Dry Air is calibrated on Normal Condition (25°C, 76 cmHg) Dust Measurement (TSP) and Lead (Pb)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-4 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the ambient air quality is in good condition (scale 4) and the importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

1000 40.000

800 30.000

600 20.000 400

(µg/Nm3) CO 10.000 3.712 3.528 3.689 3.380 3.437 3.437 3.563 SO2 (µg/Nm3) (µg/Nm3) SO2 200 39,09 28,84 30,84 27,66 32,96 26,37 38,81 - 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 Location Location Karbon Monooksida (CO) µg/Nm3 BML Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) µg/Nm3 BML

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) 120 250 100 200 80 150 60 100 40 25,31 29,59 27,79 38,68 39,4 O3 (µg/Nm3) O3 24,48 15,97 16,48 18,17 17,1 50 13,26 15,38 NO2(µg/Nm3) NO2(µg/Nm3) 20 13,31 12,4 0 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 Location Location Oksidan (O3) µg/Nm3 BML Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) µg/Nm3 BML

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Oxides (O3) 200 250

200 150 111 111 111 111 111 105 98 150 125 124 100 97 101 100 68 74 71

50 (µg/Nm3) TSP

PM 10 (µg/Nm3)10 PM 50

0 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 Location Location PM 10 µg/Nm3 BML TSP µg/Nm3 BML

PM 10 Dust (TSP) 2,5 2 1,5 1

Pb (µg/Nm3) (µg/Nm3) Pb 0,5 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,04 0,03 0,04 0,02 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 Location Pb µg/Nm3 BML

Pb

Figure II-3 Ambient Air Quality in Study Area Analysis Result

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-5 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.3 Noise

The noise observation was carried out in the same location as the air quality analysis.

Noise measured in study area is around 32,2 - 58,4 dBA. The result showed that the noise in study area was below the standard stated in Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996, whether it is for the industry or settlement area. The high level of noise measured in Well Pad A is due to the observation time, which was carried out in the middle of production test process.

The result of noise observation for each area is shown in Table II-3.

Table II-3 Noise in Study Area, 2013

Noise Level Scale Code Observation Location MLV dB(A) a. Industry AQ 1 Well Pad H 70 36.4 4 AQ 3 Well Pad A 70 58.4 3 AQ 4 Well Pad B 70 32.2 5 Power Plant proposed AQ 5 70 49.6 3 location b. Settlement Location near TNKS AQ 2 55 37.8 4 /undisturbed area Community settlements in AQ 6 55 47.2 3 Kampung Baru Community settlements in AQ 7 55 47.7 3 Pekonina Source:: Analysis result of PT Unilab to PT SEML, 2013 Remarks: Noise level based on the Decision of Minister of Environment No. 48 0f 1996 Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996 *) Residential & Settlement Area are 55 dB(A) **) Industry 70 dB (A)

80 60 47,2 47,7 58,4 50 60 49,6 37,8 40 36,4 40 32,2 30 20 20 10 0 0 AQ 1 AQ 3 AQ 4 AQ 5 AQ 2 AQ 6 AQ 7

a. Industry b. Settlement

Figure II-4 Noise Level Around the Study Area

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the noise quality is in intermediate condition (scale 3) and the importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-6 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.4 Physiography and Geology

The physiography is characterized by the fault zone that is associated with a row of active volcanoes. South Solok regency is located on Great Sumatera Fault System (Sumatera Fault), known as Semangko Faul,t which remains active. The Sumatera Fault is lying 1,650 km from Semangka Bay in the south to the Aceh Valley in the north of Sumatera. The general direction of the Sumatera Fault zone is southeast-northwest, which is parallel with long axis of Sumetara Island. .

From the regional tectonic plates perspective, the Sumatera Fault zone is also a magmatic arc zone. The activity planning areas are parts of the down thrown block related to the dextral (right side) of the Great Sumatera Fault (Semangko Fault), and are constituted by the products of pretertiary rocks until the end of quaternary volcanic rocks, comprising a complex of metamorphic rocks and a unit of volcanic rocks. Volcanic rock is distinguished between units of tertiary volcanic rocks and quaternary volcanic rocks, in which generally these two volcanic rocks are inseparable, consisting of volcanic breccia and tufa Map II-1.

Table II-4 and Figure II-5 describe the lithology of a rock cross section from the drilling results.

Table II-4 Lithologic Descriptions

Depth (m MD) Volcanic Facies Lithology Descriptions Surface to 600 Proximal - Medial Consisting of andesitic to ballistic lava flow and pyroclatic rocks which predominantly comprise tuff breccias and minor tuff associated with volcanic products of Mt. Patah Sembilan. 600 to 1,000 Medial Consisting of pyroclastic rocks that comprise volcanic breccias and tuff associated with volcanic products of Mt. Patah Sembilan. 1,100 to 1,400 Medial – Proximal Consisting of pyroclastic rocks (dominant volcanic breccias) and a minor lava flow (basaltic andesite). The distribution of rocks in this layer is associated with volcanic products of Mt. Patah Sembilan. 1,400 to TD Well Medial Mostly consisting of pyroclastic rocks. Lithology consists of volcanic breccias and tuff associated with the oldest volcanic products of Mt. Patah Sembilan. Sumber: PT SEML Sub-surface Department, 2012

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-7 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure II-5 Cross Section of Rock Lithology

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-8 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-1 Geology of PLTP Muaralaboh Project Sites

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-9 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.5 Geotechnical and Earthquakes

Historically, in the off-site investigation areas, which are Padang, Pariaman, and Bukittinggi, the ground movement happened in those areas because of the steep slope or the trigger from an earthquake that is quite hard to cause rockfall, etc.

Based on the map of Ground Movement of West Sumatra Province, at scale 1: 1.000.000, the study areas generally have ground characteristics that experience ground movement from low to moderate level (Figure II-6)

Based on the Earthquakes Hazard Prone Areas (Geology Agency, 2000), in general Sumatra is divided into 5 seismic areas, namely Aceh Region, North Sumatera Region, West Sumatra Region, Bengkulu Region, and Lampung Region, with the earthquake intensity varies from V to VII at MMI scale (Figure II-6). West Sumatra, which is the investigation area, is a destructive seismic area with earthquake intensity ranging from V to more than VII at MMI scale.

The result of the preliminary geotechnical survey conducted by SEML and Golder Associates, which was aimed to identifying any potential disasters (geological hazards) or obstacles that may occur during the operation or development process of geothermal fields, shows that Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh is located in a relatively high seismicity zone (Zone 5), because it is located along the Graben Fault of Muara Labuh, associated with the zone of the Great Sumatera Fault Map II-3.

This study also shows some potential geologic hazards in this area with the probability of occurrence low to medium, which are debris flow, flood, landslide, cracks in the earth's surface caused by fault movement, vibration caused by seismicity/earthquake, and rock fall as the impact of volcanic eruption

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-10 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

U

P. WE LAUT MINDANAO SKALA (SCALE) 1 : 10 000 000 BANDA ACEH L A U T C I N A S E L A T A N 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 km G. Peuet-Sagoe

Burni Telong I _ P. NATUNA G. Sangir KEP. TALAUD

MEDAN G. Awu XVII KEP. ANAMBAS KEP. SANGIR

G. Banua Wuhu

P. SIMEULEU XXIV G. Karangetang P. MOROTAI L A U T N A T U N A G. Ruang L A U T S U L A W E S I G. Dukono MANADO G. Tangkoko G. Ibu G.Lokon P. NIAS G. Mahawu II _ G. Gamkonora P. BINTAN G. Soputan G. Gamalama PAKANBARU P. HALMAHERA TERNATE G. Sorik Marapi XVI KEP. RIAU GORONTALO G. Kie Besi Tel. Breda P. WAIGEO G. Colo (Una-una) KEP. BATU KEP. TOGIAN G. Marapi PONTIANAK SAMARINDA TEL. TOMINI L A U T M A L U K U XVIII G. Tandikat P. BACAN MANOKWARI P. BIAK PADANG PALUXV LAUT CAROLINE III G. Talang P. SIBERUT XX XXVII Tel. Balikpapan P. OBI G. Kerinci JAMBI XXVI P. BANGKA KEP. SULA KEP. BANGAI P. MISOOL P. SIPORA P. YAPEN PANGKALPINANG PALANGKARAYA Tel. Tolo L A U T S E R A M XXI JAYAPURA P. BELITUNG KEP. PAGAI P. SERAM PALEMBANG TEL. CENDRAWASIH P. BURU BANJARMASIN IRIAN Tel. Mandar Tel. Sebakar G. Kaba AMBON XXII BENGKULU P. LAUT G. Dempo XXV KENDARI XIX IV XIII Tel. Etna XXIII G. Banda Api TIMIKA

L A U T J A W A P. BUTON MAKASSAR L A U T B A N D A P. ENGGANO BANDARLAMPUNG XIV KEP. KAI G. Manuk V P. BAWEAN P. KABAENA KEP. TUKANGBESI KEP. ARU Tel. Flamingo G. Krakatau JAKARTA P. SELAYAR SERANG G. Lagatala (Serua) XXVIII L A U T F L O R E S G. Nieu Werkerk G. Wetar G. Tangkubanparahu G. Laworkarwa (Nila) G. Emperor of China L A U T A R U G.Ciremai KEP. KANGEAN G.Gede SEMARANG P. MADURA G. Serawawerna (Teon) BANDUNG VIII G. Dieng G.Slamet G. Wurlali G. Sundoro G. Galunggung SURABAYA P. KOLEPOM G.Papandayan JAWA VI G. Guntur G. Merapi P. YAMDENA G. Arjuno Welirang P. WETAR YOGYAKARTA G. Batu Tara KEP. BABAR G. Kelud G. Bromo XII G. Ijen G. Butak Petarangan P. ALOR P. BALI G. Batur P. SUMBAWA G. Semeru G. Raung P. LOMBOK G. Ililewotolo _ G. Rokatenda G. Lereboleng G. Iliboleng G. Rinjani G. Tambora G. Sangeang Api G. Agung G. Anak Ranakah P. FLORES G. Iliwerung G. Sirung VII G. Inielika IX MATARAM G. Ebulobo G. Lewotobi Laki-laki DENPASAR G. Kelimutu G. Lewotobi Perempuan G. Iya L A U T T I M O R L A U T A R A F U R A SELATX SUMBA XI + _ + _ + _ P. SUMBA L A U T S A W U P. TIMOR

KUPANG P. SAWU

P. CHRISMAST P. ROTE

SKALA (SCALE) MMI INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE HAZARD PRONE AREAS MMI MMI MMI MMI < V V- VI VI- VII >VII NOMOR WILAYAH GEMPABUMI MERUSAK REGION NUMBER OF DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE

Sesar utama di darat I Aceh XI Timor - Alor XXI Jayapura Main fault on land II Sumatera Utara (North) XII Yamdena XXII Paniai & Nabire Sesar sungkup utama di darat Main thrustfault on land III Sumatera Barat (West) XIII Sulawesi Selatan (South) XXIII Wamena (Jayawijaya) IV Bengkulu Sulawesi Tenggara Sesar utama lepas pantai XIV (Southeast) XXIV Tarakan Main fault offshore V Lampung XV Sulawesi Tengah (Central) XXV Kalimantan Selatan (South) VI Jawa Barat (West) Sesar turun lepas pantai XVI Sulawesi Utara (North) XXVI Peleng Normal fault offshore VII Yogyakarta XVII Sangir & Talaud XXVII Biak Sesar belakang busur lepas pantai VIII Lasem XVIII Halmahera Back-Arc thrust offshore XXVIII Aru IX Bali - Lombo XIX Ambon Lajur tunjaman lepas pantai Subduction zone offshore X Flores - Sumbawa XX Kepala Burung (Bird Head)

Figure II-6 Earthquake Zone of Indonesia

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-11 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-2 Soil Movement Vulnerability in South Solok Regency

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-12 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-3 Earthquake Records from 2004 to 2013

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-13 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.6 Hydrogeology

The rocks that are in off-site of investigation areas, especially in the north side along the Great Sumatera Fault from Singkarak Lake, Solok to the investigation areas, consist of metamorphic rocks and plutonic rocks that have hard texture with a relative lower water permeability, some limestone, tertiary volcanic rocks that have a moderate water permeability, and quaternary volcanic rocks that have moderate to high water permeability characteristics.

Based on the water permeability, the rocks on the investigation areas, especially consolidated sedimentary rocks and semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks, are the rocks that absorb meteoric water or rain water, thereby the water absorb into the ground because the rocks have moderate to high water permeability. Similarly, the young volcanic rocks on the surface of investigation areas can absorb rainwater to the underground. In the off-site investigation areas, the rocks on the surface, which are the old and young volcanic rocks, can absorb rainwater or meteoric water from the surface to the underground. The limestone rocks and hard rocks like metamorphic rocks, such as slates and igneous rocks on the surface (the area is involved in a fairly intensive fault structures) have mostly poor to moderate permeability characteristics. These rocks can serve as a mediator absorption of surface water to subsurface and into the aquifer with moderate to good permeability (Map II-4).

On the underground surface, tertiary and quaternary volcanic rocks, particularly in the investigation areas, have the moderate to high permeability, thus they can serve as good aquifer with the moderate to high permeability. The rocks in the investigation areas are expected to serve as reservoir rocks, and the hard rocks beneath can serve as bedrock heated by a heat source of magma under Patah Sembilan Mountain or also by magma from the intrusive rocks (grano-diorite) around the Hidung Mancung. Thus, hydrogeologically, the investigation areas are the areas that have good geothermal prospects with good geothermal systems as well.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-14 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-4 Hydrogeology Map of South Solok Regency

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-15 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.7 Hydrology

South Solok Regency is drained by 18 watercourses. Five of them are in Sangir Kecamatan, three are in Sungai Pagu, and 10 watercourses are in other kecamatans. The rivers generally have a sufficient depth for permanence of flow, and in fact quite rapid flows. In addition, South Solok Regency is one of the four regencies included in the headwaters or source of Drainage Basin (DAS) of Batanghari River, flowing to the east cost. Based on the UKL/UPL 2008, some information relating to the hydrology in Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh is described as follows.

1. River Characteristics

In Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP), there are several large and small rivers, either passing through regions or being nearby, including Batang Liki, Batang Bangko Janiah, Batang Pulakek, dan Batang Sapan. Generally, there are many rocks in the river channels with a quite rapid flow. Depth of the rivers are shallow, between 0.5 meter and 1.5 meter. The quality and quantity of the river waters depend on the season, although the freshwater flows are generally constant in both the the drought and rainy seasons.

2. Drainage Pattern

The Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) has a branched drainage resembling a tree (sub dendritic pattern). The drainage pattern is turbulent because the topography is sloping and has many rocks, thus considerable aeration occurs.. In general, this pattern occurs in hilly areas of hard rocks, with many tributary branches.

3. Aquifer Conditions

The value of the coefficient of drainage in Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) ranges between 0.25 and 0.30. This value shows that the amount of rainwater flowing as runoff is between 25 and 30%, while the amount of rainwater that is seeping into the ground is between 70 and 75 %. Meanwhile, the determination of surface water runoff is based on the catchment of surface water and rainfall. Based on the description, it can be oredicted that the surface water runoff is in good condition (scale 4) and the importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

4. Utilization of River Water

The rivers around the location of activity planning such as Sungai Batang Liki, Sungai Batang, Sungai Bangko Janiah, Sungai Batang Pulakek, and Sungai Batang Sapan, generally are used by the people for farming, normally rice field irrigation, to turn water wheels of mini- hydroelectric power plants, and for bathing, washing, and toilet (MCK) needs. A few people use the rivers as fish ponds near their residences.

The hydrology map as shown in Map II-5.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-16 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-5 Hydrology of PLTP Muara Laboh Project Sites

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-17 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

5. Erosion

Erosion is defined as the movement of soil or parts of soil from one place to another place that is caused by natural factors. The measurement using model will provide the erosion hazard level. Generally, the project has erosion hazard level from very low to moderate. The following Figure is the Erosion Hazard Level (TBE) in the water catchment areas in the project locations. The TBE class is pursuant to the standard issued by Ministry of Forestry (Herawati, 2010).

Figure II-7 Erosion Hazard Level

Table II-5 is the erosion hazard level in the project locations. Generally, the areas are on the very low and moderate zones The high and very high zones are generally found in the outside of the project location borders. Based on backfilling data, the areas are used for agricultural areas, meanwhile from the topographical condition, the areas have quite high slope.

Table II-5 Erosion Hazard Level in Project Site.

Erosion Index Erosion Hazard Level Percentage (%) Scale (ton/ha/year) *)

Very Low < 15 60 1 Low 15 - 60 8 2 Medium 60 – 180 20 3 High 180 – 480 5 4 Very High > 480 6 5 *) Ministry of Forestry (1998) sourced from Herawati (2010)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-18 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the environment quality for erosion and sediment is in good condition (scale 4) and the importance of impact is categorized as more important (scale 4).

2.1.8 Water Quality

2.1.8.1 Surface Water Quality

Sampling of surface water was carried out in 7 (seven) locations as follows:

 Upstream ofBangko Keruh River, SW-1,  Downstream of Bangko Keruh River, after the location of Well Pad E, SW -2  Upstream of Bangko Janiah River, SW -3,  Center of Bangko Janiah River, after the location of Well Pad A, SW -4  Downstream of Bangko Janiah, after the location of Well Pad D, SW -5  Upstream of Liki River, before the location of Well Pad H, SW -6  Center of Liki River, before the location of Well Pad G, SW -7  Downstream of Liki River, SW-8

Based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 regarding Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control on Article 55, it is cited that water quality standards that have not been stipulated or do not stipulated, thus it shall be in force the water quality standards for Class II, as specified on the Appendix of this Government Regulation. The analysis result of surface water quality showed that it is in a good quality and comply to water quality standard (see Table II-6).

Surface Water Physical Study

The water physical parameters that were analyzed comprised temperature, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS). The laboratory analysis result shows that the physical parameters in all sampling locations still fulfilled the quality standards stipulated on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001.

Surface Water Chemical Study

The water chemical parameters that were analyzed pursuant to the parameters stipulated on Government Regulation No. 82, and 2001. Generally, all chemical parameters for surface water still fulfilled the stipulated quality standards. The metal on the studied surface water, generally, did not show any values exceeding the quality standards stipulated on the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001.

Microbiological Study

The microbiology on the studied surface water, generally, shows relative high values on faecal coliform and total coliform parameters, in the observation locations, that are in accordance with the quality standards stipulated on the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-19 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Based on the description above, it is identified that the surface water quality (river water) around the planned activity locations were on the moderate condition (scale 3) and the importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-20 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-6 Observation Result of the Surface Water Quality, 2013

BML*) Observation result Parameters Unit SW I SW 2 SW 3 SW 4 SW 5 SW 7 SW 8 II SW 1 SW 2 SW 3 SW 4 SW 5 SW 6 SW 6 SW 7 SW 8 scale scale scale scale scale scale scale PHYSIC Temperature (insitu **) 0C Air ± 3 20.0 20.6 20.2 20.0 20.8 19.8 20.4 22.1 Dissolved Residue (TDS) mg/l 1 30 29 148 142 138 100 98 94 Suspended Residue (TSS)** mg/l 50 14 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 <2 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 CHEMICAL pH (insitu) 26°C **) - 6 -- 9 7.16 5 7.88 5 7.23 5 6.37 5 6.05 5 7.21 5 6.95 5 8.20 5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH -N) 3 mg/L - < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 **) Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.002 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 Arsenic (As) < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005

Barium (Ba) - < 0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419 <0.00419

Boron (B) < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

Iron (Fe)**) - <0.00306 0.0804 5 <0.00306 5 <0.00306 5 <0.00306 5 0.129 5 0.134 5 0.166 5

Dissolved oxygen (DO) (insitu) mg/L 4 5.9 5 6.8 5 6.6 5 6.5 5 7.0 5 6.4 5 6.9 5 6.8 5 Fluoride (F) **) mg/L 1.5 0.15 <0.01 0.35 0.20 0.20 0.31 0.25 0.29 Phenol mg/L 0.001 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4 < 0.001 4

Total phosphate (PO4--P) **) mg/L 0.2 0.16 2 0.19 2 0.17 2 0.18 2 0.14 3 0.17 2 0.12 3 0.14 3 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.01 < 0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 <0.00180 5 Chloride (Cl) **) mg/L - 2.0 5 1.5 5 2.0 5 2.5 5 2.5 5 3.4 5 2.5 5 2.0 5

Hexavalent Chromium (Cr 6+) mg/L 0.05 < 0.01 <0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 <0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.2 < 0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442 <0.00442

Chlorine (Cl2) mg/L 0.03 < 0.01 - < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 <0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Manganese (Mn) **) - < 0.00289 < 0.00289 0.255 4 0.130 4 0.0922 5 < 0.00289 5 < 0.00289 5 < 0.00289 5

Minyak Lemak mg/L 1 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5 < 0.2 5

Nitrate (NO3-N) **) mg/L 10 0.4 5 0.5 5 0.4 5 0.6 5 0.4 5 0.6 5 0.6 5 0.4 5

Nitrite (NO2-N) **) mg/L 0.06 < 0.002 5 0.004 4 < 0.002 5 < 0.002 5 < 0.002 5 0.004 4 < 0.002 5 < 0.002 5 Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.05 < 0.002 <0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 <0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002

Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.05 < 0.00306 5 0.14 4 < 0.00306 5 < 0.00306 5 < 0.00306 5 < 0.00306 5 < 0.00306 5 < 0.00306 5

Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.02 < 0.005 <0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005

Sulfate (SO4) mg/L - 10.8 5 13.8 5 137.8 4 136.0 4 127.8 4 63.6 5 70.1 5 62.4 5

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) mg/L 0.002 < 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Anionic surfactant (MBAS) mg/L 0.2 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.02 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5 < 0.00864 5

Lead (Pb) mg/L 0,03 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5 < 0.00451 5

BOD5 mg/L 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 COD mg/L 25 11 2 3 5 6 4 4 4 11 5 9 3 3 5 3 5

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-21 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

BML*) Observation result Parameters Unit SW I SW 2 SW 3 SW 4 SW 5 SW 7 SW 8 II SW 1 SW 2 SW 3 SW 4 SW 5 SW 6 SW 6 SW 7 SW 8 scale scale scale scale scale scale scale MICROBIOLOGY MPN/ Fecal Coliform 1,000 23 43 460 150 93 460 43 460 100ml MPN/ Total Coliform 5,000 39 93 1100 210 150 1100 75 1100 100ml Source: Measurement Result by PT. Unilab for PT. SEML, 2013 Note: *) Surface Water. Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 Class II: Water that can be used for water recreation infrastructure/facilities, freshwater fish cultivation, animal husbandry, plant irrigation, and/or another appropriation, which requires the same water quality standard with the appropriation

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-22 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.1.8.2 Water Quality of Shallow Wells

The sampling of water quality of the shallow wells were carried out in 3 locations:

Public well of Jorong Kampung Baru, GW-1

Public well of Jorong Pekonina, GW-2

Public well of Jorong Sapan Sari, GW-3

The analysis result of surface water quality in the 3 (three) locations, generally, shows that the water quality of shallow wells still fulfilled the required quality standards, which is in accordance with the Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 on the Requirements and Water Quality Control, except for the Manganese ans pH parameters (see Table II-7).

Physical Study

The laboratory analysis result shows that the physical parameters in all sampling locations still fulfilled the quality standards stipulated on Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/ PER/IX/1990.

Chemical Study

The water chemical parameters that are analyzed pursuant to the parameters stipulated on Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990. In general, all chemical parameters for the surface water still fulfilled the stipulated quality standards, except for the Manganese parameter in GW - 1 observation location and pH value in all observation locations. pH value is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water body. It can affect the aquatic organisms either directly through respiration, growth, and fish growth, or indirectly by increasing the certain metal bioavailability such as aluminum and nickel.

Microbiological Study

The microbiology for Total Coliform parameter in all observation locations shows a value under the quality standards that is stipulated on the Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/ PER/IX/1990.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-23 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-7 Analysis Result of the Water Quality of Shallow Wells, 2013

Observation result Parameters Unit BML*) GW1 GW2 GW3 PHYSIC Temperature (insitu **) 0C Air ± 3 24.6 25.4 24.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 1,500 83 47 42 Turbidity NTU 25 1 1 2 Odor (insitu) - Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Color **) Pt-Co 50 < 1 < 1 1 Taste - Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless CHEMICAL Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0,001 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 Iron (Fe) **) mg/L 1.0 < 0.00306 < 0.00306 < 0.00306 Fluoride (F) **) mg/L 1.5 0.10 0.13 < 0.01 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.005 < 0.00180 < 0.00180 < 0.00180

Total Hardness (CaCO3) **) mg/L 500 43.8 21.3 18.2 Chloride (Cl) **) mg/L 600 3.9 3.0 2.5 Chromium Hexavalent (Cr 6+) **) mg/L 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Manganese (Mn) **) mg/L 0.5 0.658 0.101 0.334 Nitrate (NO3-N) **) mg/L 10 0.9 0.7 0.6 Nitrite (NO2-N) **) mg/L 1.0 < 0.002 < 0.002 0.006 pH (insitu) **) - 6.5 – 9 5.55 5.46 5.47 Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.01 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 15 < 0.00306 < 0.00306 < 0.00306 Cyanide (CN) **) mg/L 0.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 Anionic surfactant (MBAS) mg/L 0.5 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.05 < 0.00451 < 0.00451 < 0.00451 Sulphate (SO4) **) mg/L 400 61.6 36.2 37.1 Potassium permanganate Mg/L 10 0.4 0.6 1.2 (KMnO4) **) MICROBIOLOGY MPN/ Total coliform 50 23 9 28 100ml Source: Measurement Result by PT. Unilab for PT. SEML, 2013 Note: *) Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 – Requirements of the Clean Water Quality **) Using the parameters that have been accredited by National Accreditation Committee (KAN) No. LP-195-IDN

2.1.9 Soil Quality

Soil, in agriculture, is a media for the plants to grow. A good media for the plants to grow must provide the things that plants need, such as water, air, nutrients, and free from toxic materials with excessive concentration.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-24 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Soil reaction shows the soil acidity or basicity/alkalinity, which is stated on pH value. The pH value shows the amount of hydrogen ion (H) in the soils. The higher H ion in the soils, the more basic the soils are. Besides hydrogen ion (H) and other ions, hydrogen oxide (OH) also can be found in the soils, the amount of which is inversely proportional to the amount of hydrogen ion (H). In the acid soils, the amount of hydrogen ion (H) is higher than the amount of hydrogen oxide (OH), while in the basic soils, the amount of hydrogen oxide (OH) is higher than the hydrogen ion (H). When the amount of these ions are equal, then the soils become neutral, which is pH 7 (Agus, Cahyono. 1998).

The four soil sampling locations are as follows:

 Well Pad H, S-1 activity location

 Well Pad C, S-2 activity location

 Location, which is close to the Upstream side of Liki River, S-3

 Location, which is close to Well Pad B, S-4

The result of soil sample testing is presented in the following Table II-8.

Table II-8 Results of Soil Sample Testing around Activity Locations

Result No Parameters Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 A. SOIL PHYSIC

1 B.D (Bulk Density) g/cc 0.26 0.32 0.60 0.41 2 P.D (Particle Density) g/cc 1.21 0.85 2.08 1.95 3 Total Pore Space % vol 78.4 62.9 71.0 79.2 4 Water Content - pF 1 % vol 74.4 60.0 65.9 78.3 - pF 2 % vol 55.5 44.6 47.6 56.6 - pF 2,54 % vol 50.1 39.3 40.6 48.8 - pF 4,2 % vol 31.1 21.3 18.6 25.1 5 Drainage Pore - Fast % vol 22.9 18.3 23.4 22.7 - Low % vol 5.4 5.3 7.0 7.7 6 Water Availability % vol 19.0 18.0 22.0 23.7

7 Permeability cm/hour 13.38 2.37 3.41 20.80

B. SOIL CHEMICAL 1 pH

- H2O - 4.61 5.72 5.88 5.64 - KCl - 3.95 5.32 5.35 5.00 2 C. Organic % 5.25 6.16 6.82 6.88 3 N. Total % 0.10 < 0.01 0.09 0.23

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-25 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Result No Parameters Unit S1 S2 S3 S4

4 P 2O5 (HCl 25 %) mg/100 g 24,469 35,463 94,228 25,650

5 K 2O (HCl 25 %) mg/100 g 16,826 4,998 6,193 198,192

6 P 2O5 bray ppm 0.478 0.546 0.561 25,650

7 Cation arrangement (NH4-Act) - Ca me/100 g 30,190 52,013 77,403 51,934 - Mg me/100 g 69,030 80,793 113,015 122,307 - K me/100 g 3.157 0.523 0.773 10,453 - Na me/100 g 4,744 4,327 5,416 13,116 8 Cation Exchange Capacity me/100 g 212.08 192.94 291.88 190.34 9 Acidity - Al-Exchange me/100 g 0.391 0.781 1.147 3.361 - H-Exchange me/100 g 2,158 6,211 14,214 8,149 10 Texture - Sand % 80.26 50.59 50.64 64.94 - Dust % 13.05 15.14 12.29 11.64 - Clay % 6.69 34.27 37.07 23.42 Source: Analysis Result by PT. Unilab for PT. SEML, 2013

Soil Physical Component

The soil physical component discussed here is the soil texture. The analysis result from the 4 sampling locations by using soil texture triangle showed that the dominant texture class was sand texture > 50%, by this content the drainage level is reaching > 20 % that can be seen in the four observation locations.

Cation Exchange Capacity

Cation exchange capacity is defined as the ability of soil colloids to absorb and exchange the cation. The result of soil analysis from the four locations shows that the highest Cation Exchange Capacity (KTK) is reaching > 192 me/100 gr.

Soil Fertility

The evaluation of soil chemical fertility status was carried out based on several important parameters as follows Cation Exchange Capacity (KTK), Base Saturation (KB) as well as

P2O5, K2O5, C-Organic. From the grade, the soil fertility in the study areas is ranging from moderate to high.

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2.2 BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS

2.2.1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

2.2.1.1 Flora

The Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) of Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh comprises the protection forest and non-forest area, as well as adjacent to the area of Kerinci Seblat National Park (TNKS) in the west side.

TNKS is a national park that is located in four provincial areas, namely West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu and South Sumatera. Majority of the areas is South Barisan mountains. TNKS is geographically located in 100°31'18"E - 102°44'01"E and 1°07'13"S - 3°26'14"S The total area of Kerinci Seblat National Park is 1.368.000 ha. The national park area located in West Sumatra Province has a total area of 281.120 ha or 20.55% of TNKS total area.

TNKS was inaugurated by Minister of Agriculture in 1982 with the Letter of Statement No. 736/Mentan/X/1982 as well as Decree of Minister of Forestry in 1996 No. 192/Kpts-II/1996.

In general, TNKS still has primary forest that is dominated by flora from family of Dipterocarpaceae, with scare and endemic flora, namely Sumatran Pine (Pinus Merkusii strain Kerinci), Harpullia arborea (Harpulia Alborera), Rafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesia Arnoldi), and corpse flower (Armphophallus Titanium and A.Decussilvae).

Fauna encountered in TNKS are 42 species of mammals (19 families), among others Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis), Sumatran Elephant (Elephas Maximus Sumatrensis), Clouded Leopard (Neopholis Nebulosa), Sumatran Tiger (Pantheratigris Sumatrensis), Asian Golden Cat (Felis Termminnckii), Asian Tapir (Tapirus Indica), Sumatran Serow (Capricornis Sumatrensis); 10 reptile species; 6 amphibian species, among others Horned Frog (Mesophyrs Nasuta); 6 primate species, among others Siamang (Sympalagus Syndactylus), Agile Gibbon (Hylobates Agilis), Lar Gibbon (Hylobates Lar), Sumatran Surili (Presbytis Melalobates), Southern Pig-Tailed Macaque (Macaca Nemestrina), and Crab- Eating Macaque (Macaca Fascicularis). In addition, it was also recorded that there are 306 bird species (49 families), among others, endemic species such as Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa Becari), Bird Quail Howl (Arborophilarubirostris), Stresemann's Scops-Owl (Otus Stresemanni), Red-Cheeked Bird (Laphora Inornata).

Kerinci Seblat National Park, generally, still has primary forest with main vegetation type that is dominated by the formation of:

 Lowland vegetation (200 - 600 m asl)

 Mountain/hill vegetation (600 - 1,500 m asl),

 Montane vegetation (1,500 - 2,500 m asl),

 Fern vegetation (2,500 - 2,800 m asl),

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 Sub-alphine vegetation (2,300 - 3,200 m asl).

Based on the field survey and the map of land use location of the Planned Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP in South Solok Regency that is provided by PT. SELM, there are several types of ecosystems in the project locations and the pattern of vegetation land cover comprises forest, mixed gardens, and shrubs as well as rice- fields.

The observation was conducted in four locations as follows:

 Surrounding disturbed area, FF-1

 Undisturbed area (Idung Mancung), FF-2

 Well Pad H, FF-3 surrounding areas

 Well Pad E, FF-4 surrounding areas

Results of the observations are as follows:

1. Rice-fields

The flora/vegetation of rice-fields, generally, is located not far from the village and adjoining to some project areas. Types of flora in the rice-fields are mostly paddy (Oryza sativa) and some species of aquatic weed such as, Lymnocharis flava, Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus sp, Marsilea crenata, and herbaceous plants.

2. Mixed Gardens and Young Shrubs

Most of the vegetation of mixed garden and young shrubs that were found have already fragmented in some locations. Most species of the flora and cultivated plants that were found were the long-life hard plant species. The dominant species were rubber plant (Havea brasiliensis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii), resin (Aleurites moluccana), Arenga pinnata, and wild banana (Musa sp). While, the young shrubs were generally dominated by several pioneer plants that predominantly grow in open areas. The species that mostly found are from Ephorbiaceae and Asteraceae families such as Euphatorium sp, Gynura sp and Ageratum conyzoides (Table II-9 untill Table II-10).

Table II-9 Species of Flora in FF-4 (Well Pad E 01.36'.55" S, 101.07'.40" E ; Alt. 1222 m asl)

No Family Species Local Name Abundance 1 Araceae Colocasia gigantea Hook.f. Kamumu ++ 2 Araliaceae Arthrophyllum diversifolium Bl. Kalikih alang +++ 3 Asteraceae Mikania micrantha H.B.K. Kalimpanang ++++ 4 Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Simokmok +++ Moore 5 Costaceae Costus speciosus (Koenig) J.E. Smith. Sitawa ++ 6 Datiscaceae Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Binuang ++

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No Family Species Local Name Abundance 7 Euphorbiaceae Eupatorium inulifolium Kunth. Inju batino ++++ 8 Euphorbiaceae Clibadium surinamense L. Inju ++++ 9 Euphorbiaceae Omalanthus populneus (Geisel) Pax. Bodi ++ 10 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius Muell. Arg. Sapek ++ 11 Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. Karet +++ 12 Fagaceae Lithocarpus sp. Rasak ++ 13 Lauraceae Alseodaphne sp. Madang ++ 14 Leguminosae Gliricidia sepium Steud. Gamal ++ 15 Magnoliaceae Magnolia sp. - + 16 Malvaceae Abutilon sp. Kapeh aro ++ 17 Mimosaceae Mimosa pigra L. Sikajuik loreh +++ 18 Moraceae Poikilospermum suaveolens (Bl.) Merr. Landie +++ 19 Moraceae Ficus pandana Burm. f. Cimantuang ++ 20 Musaceae Musa malaccensis Ridl. Pisang rimbo ++++ 21 Rubiaceae Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. Kalampayan +++ 22 Rubiaceae Coffea robusta L. Linden. Kopi ++++ 23 Rubiaceae Uncaria sp. Gambia rimbo +++ 24 Rutaceae Evodia sp. - ++ 25 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Bl. Indaruang ++++ 26 Urticaceae Boehmeria sp. - ++ 27 Urticaceae Villebrunea rubescens Bl. Lasi +++ 28 Urticaceae Laportea stimulans Miq. Jilatang api ++ 29 Urticaceae Elatostema sp. Sibarebe ++ 30 Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale L. Sipadeh ++ 31 Zingiberaceae Curcuma domestica Val. Kunyik ++ Note: +++++ = Abundant ++++ = Common +++ = Frequent ++ = Occasional + = Rare

Table II-10 Species of Flora in vicinity of the Planned Areas of Power Plant (FF-1) 01.36'.36" S, 101.08'.42" E ; Alt. 1134 m asl

No Family Species (Scientific Name) Local Name Abundance 1 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Sibasah ++++ 2 Asteraceae Clibadium surinamense L. Inju ++++ 3 Asteraceae Eupatorium inulifolium Kunth. Inju batino +++ 4 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Siamih +++ 5 Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. Ambuang-ambuang ++ 6 Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia DC. - ++ 7 Asteraceae Spilanthes iabadicensis H. Moore Gatang ++ 8 Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Simokmok ++ Moore

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No Family Species (Scientific Name) Local Name Abundance 9 Cluciaceae Cratoxylon ligustrinum Bl. Garunggang ++ 10 Cyatheaceae Cyathea junghuhniana (Kunze) Copel. Paku tiang +++ 11 Euphorbiaceae Omalanthus populneus (Geisel) Pax. Bodi +++ 12 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius Muell. Arg. Sapek ++ 13 Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Wild. Dama ++ 14 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga triloba Muell. Arg. Sapek ++ 15 Ixonanthaceae Ixonanthes icosandra Jack. Paga-paga ++ 16 Lauraceae Litsea sp. Madang ++ 17 Lauraceae Cinnamomum burmanii Bl. Kulik Manih +++ 18 Leguminosae Crotalaria anagyroides H.B. & K. Kacang giriang-giriang ++ 19 Leguminosae Leucaena leucochepala (Lam.) de Wit Patai cino +++ 20 Lythraceae Cuphea hyssopifolia H.B.K - ++ 21 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. Bangua ++++ 22 Mimosaceae Mimosa pigra L. Sikajuik loreh +++ 23 Moraceae Ficus pandana Burm. f. Cimantuang ++++ 24 Moraceae Ficus variegata Bl. Aro ++ 25 Piperaceae Piper aduncum L. Siriah-siriah ++ 26 Poaceae Axonopus compressus (Swartz.) Beauv. Rumpuik Paik ++++ 27 Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Schumach Rumpuik gajah ++++ 28 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Bea. Ilalang ++++ 29 Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata L. Akar wangi +++ 30 Proteaceae Helicia javanica Bl. - ++++ 31 Rubiaceae Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. Rumpuik sitawa +++ 32 Rubiaceae Coffea robusta L. Linden. Kopi +++ 33 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Bl. Indaruang ++++ 34 Urticaceae Boehmeria sp. - ++ 35 Urticaceae Villebrunea rubescens Bl. Lasi +++ 36 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Bungo cik ayam ++++ 37 Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl. Bujang kalam +++ Note: +++++ = Abundant ++++ = Common +++ = Frequent ++ = Occasional + = Rare

3. Forest

Based on the vegetation species that were found, the forest is classified as old secondary forest. The dominant species in Well Pad H location are from fagaceae family, namely Quercus sp with the highest Importance Value (IVi) (44.781%), Callophyllum pulcherrium species (41.699 %), and Callophyllum inophyllum species (37.539%). The result shows that there was no a dominant species because the highest Importance Value of the encountered species was under 50%. While, the acquired diversity index is 2.635. Next, in Well Pad B location, the tree species that were mostly found are from Cluciaceae family, namely Crotoxylon ligustrinum with IVi (57.695%), Callophylum inophyllum with IVi (34.637%), and

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Schima wallichii with IVi (33.949%). This data shows that there is one dominant species with IVi above 50%. (Table II-11)

From the table, the acquired diversity index is 2.551. Furthermore, When it is observed from the sampling level in Well Pad H, the dominant species are Lasianthus sp with IVi (58.933%), and Psychotria sp with IVi (55.926%). While in Well Pad B location, the dominant species is Omalanthus populneus with IVi (51.941%). The acquired diversity index in Well Pad H is 1.993 and in Well Pad B is 2.390. When it is observed from the seedling vegetation, the dominant species is Syzigium sp with the highest IVi (65.500%), with diversity index 2.089 (Well Pad H) dan 0.747 (Well Pad B).

Based on the description above, the environment quality for the vegetation is in good condition (scale 4) and the importance of impact is categorized as more important (scale 4).

Table II-11 Analysis of Tree Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29" E ; Alt. 1645 m asl)

No Species K KR F FR D DR NP Id 1 Quercus sp. 0.005 8,772 0.300 7,500 16,049 28,509 44,781 -0.284 2 Calophyllum pulcherrimum 0.012 21,053 0.600 15,000 3.179 5,646 41,699 -0.274 3 Calophyllum inophyllum L. 0.010 17,544 0.400 10,000 5,627 9,996 37,539 -0.260 4 Ixonanthes icosandra Jack. 0.006 10,526 0.400 10,000 4,553 8,087 28,613 -0.224 5 Dacrydium elatum Wall. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 13,063 23,205 27,459 -0.219 6 Vatica pallida Dyer. 0.003 5,263 0.200 5,000 4,093 7,271 17,534 -0.166 7 Chisocheton sp. 0.003 5,263 0.300 7,500 1,778 3,158 15,921 -0.156 8 Sterculia parviflora Roxb. 0.002 3,509 0.200 5,000 3,256 5,783 14,292 -0.145 9 Alianthus sp. 0.002 3,509 0.200 5,000 0.872 1,548 10,057 -0.114 10 Melanorrhoea sp. 0.002 3,509 0.200 5,000 0.350 0.621 9,130 -0.106 11 Syzigium sp. 0.002 3,509 0.200 5,000 0.279 0.496 9,005 -0.105 12 Litsea sp. 0.002 3,509 0.200 5,000 0.267 0,474 8,983 -0.105 13 sp.2 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 1,017 1,807 6,062 -0.079 14 Shorea parvifolia Dyer. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.594 1,055 5,309 -0.071 15 sp.1 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.572 1,017 5,271 -0.071 16 Styrax benzoin Dryand. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.397 0,706 4,960 -0.068 17 Diospyros sumatrana Miq. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.133 0.236 4,490 -0.063 18 Schefflera sp. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.123 0.218 4,472 -0.063 19 Psychotria sp. 0.001 1,754 0.100 2,500 0.095 0.169 4,423 -0.062 0.057 100 4 100 56,296 100 300 2,635

Table II-12 The Analysis Result of Sapling Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: E 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29")

No Species K KR F FR D DR NP id 1 Lasianthus sp. 0.012 21,429 0.200 16,667 0.152 20,838 58,933 -0.320 2 Psychotria sp. 0.012 21,429 0.200 16,667 0.130 17,830 55,926 -0.313 3 Calophyllum inophyllum L. 0.008 14,286 0.200 16,667 0.129 17,615 48,568 -0.295 4 Litsea sp 0.008 14,286 0.200 16,667 0.089 12,137 43,090 -0.279 5 Diospyros sumatrana Miq. 0.004 7,143 0.100 8,333 0.113 15,467 30,943 -0.234 6 Petunga sp. 0.004 7,143 0.100 8,333 0.079 10,741 26,217 -0.213 7 Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. 0.004 7,143 0.100 8,333 0.020 2,685 18,161 -0.170 8 Litsea sp.2 0.004 7,143 0.100 8,333 0.020 2,685 18,161 -0.170 0.056 100 1.2 100 0.731 100 300 1,993

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Table II-13 Analysis of Sampling Vegetation in FF-3 (vicinity of Well Pad H, Coordinate: 01.38'.10" S, 101.07'.29" E)

No Species K KR F FR NP id 1 Syzigium sp. 0.375 37,500 0.700 28,000 65,500 -0.366 2 Calamus sp. 0.150 15,000 0.300 12,000 27,000 -0.270 3 Styrax benzoin Dryand. 0.125 12,500 0.300 12,000 24,500 -0,257 4 Calophyllum sp. 0.075 7,500 0.300 12,000 19,500 -0.227 5 Ficus sp. 0.050 5,000 0.200 8,000 13,000 -0.178 6 Medinella sp. 0.050 5,000 0.200 8,000 13,000 -0.178 7 Diospyros sumatrana Miq. 0.050 5,000 0.100 4,000 9,000 -0.140 8 Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.Moore 0.050 5,000 0.100 4,000 9,000 -0.140 9 Areca catechu L. 0.025 2,500 0.100 4,000 6,500 -0.111 10 Piper aduncum L. 0.025 2,500 0.100 4,000 6,500 -0.111 11 Shorea sp. 0.025 2,500 0.100 4,000 6,500 -0.111 1 100 2.5 100 200 2,089

Table II-14 Analysis of Tree Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Idung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B) Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23" E; Alt. 1413 m asl)

No Species K KR F FR D DR NP id 1 Cratoxylon ligustrinum Bl. 0.007 23,333 0.600 22,222 1.590 12,140 57,695 -0.317 2 Calophyllum inophyllum L. 0.003 10,000 0.300 11,111 1,771 13,526 34,637 -0.249 3 Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 3,524 26,912 33,949 -0.247 4 Alseodaphne sp. 0.002 6,667 0.200 7,407 2,595 19,821 33,895 -0.246 5 Laportea stimulans Miq. 0.003 10,000 0.200 7,407 0.143 1,093 18,500 -0.172 6 Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble. 0.002 6,667 0.200 7,407 0.254 1,942 16,016 -0.156 7 Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. 0.002 6,667 0.200 7,407 0.133 1,013 15,087 -0.150 8 Endospermum sp. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.962 7,344 14,381 -0.146 9 Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.855 6,529 13,566 -0.140 10 Saurauia sp. 0.002 6,667 0.100 3,704 0.104 0.793 11,163 -0.122 11 Toona sureni Merr. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.531 4,053 11,090 -0.122 12 Baccaurea sp. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.201 1,535 8,572 -0.102 13 Aporosa sp. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.165 1.260 8,297 -0.099 14 Boehmeria sp. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.113 0.863 7,900 -0.096 15 Ixonanthes icosandra Jack. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.083 0.636 7,673 -0.094 16 Omalanthus populneus (Geisel) Pax. 0.001 3,333 0.100 3,704 0.071 0.541 7,578 -0.093 0.03 100 2.7 100 13,094 100 300 2,551

Table II-15 Analysis of Sapling Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Indung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B, Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23" E)

No Species K KR F FR D DR NP id 1 Omalanthus populneus (Geisel) Pax. 0.028 25,000 0.400 20,000 0.038 6,941 51,941 -0.304 2 Litsea sp. 0.008 7,143 0.200 10,000 0.113 20,398 37,541 -0.260 3 Laportea stimulans Miq. 0.012 10,714 0.300 15,000 0.028 5,099 30,814 -0.234 4 Eurya acuminata DC. 0.004 3,571 0.100 5,000 0.113 20,398 28,969 -0.226 5 Saurauia sp. 0.012 10,714 0.200 10,000 0.038 6,941 27,655 -0.220 6 Boehmeria sp. 0.016 14,286 0.200 10,000 0.013 2,266 26,552 -0.215 7 Cratoxylon ligustrinum Bl. 0.008 7,143 0.100 5,000 0.064 11,474 23,617 -0.200 8 Glochidion rubrum Bl. 0,008 7,143 0.100 5,000 0.038 6,941 19,084 -0.175 9 Flacourtia rukam Zoll. 0.004 3,571 0.100 5,000 0.032 5,802 14,373 -0.146 10 Ardisia elliptica Thunb. 0.004 3,571 0.100 5,000 0.028 5,099 13,671 -0.141

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-32 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

No Species K KR F FR D DR NP id 11 Calophyllum inophyllum L. 0.004 3,571 0.100 5,000 0.028 5,099 13,671 -0.141 12 Syzigium sp. 0.004 3,571 0.100 5,000 0.020 3,541 12,113 -0.130 0.112 100 2.00 100 0.554 100 300 2,390

Table II-16 Analysis of Sapling Vegetation in the Undisturbed Area (Indung Mancung) FF-2 (vicinity of Well Pad B, Coordinate: 01.37'.52" S, 101.08'.23"E)

No Species K KR F FR NP id 1 Omalanthus populneus (Geisel) Pax. 0.125 38,462 0.300 33,333 71,795 -0.368 2 Ficus sp. 0.050 15,385 0.200 22,222 37,607 -0.314 3 Styrax benzoin Dryand. 0.075 23,077 0.100 11,111 34,188 -0.302 4 Macaranga sp. 0.025 7,692 0.100 11,111 18,803 -0.222 5 Piper aduncum L. 0.025 7,692 0.100 11,111 18,803 -0.222 6 Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) 0.025 7,692 0.100 11,111 18,803 -0.222 S.Moore 0.325 100 0.9 100 200 0,747 Note: K = Density D = Dominance KR = Relative Density DR = Relative Dominance F = Frequency NP = Importance Value FR = Relative Frequency ID = Diversity Index 2.2.1.2 Fauna

1. Mammals

Based on the observation that have been carried out, it was recorded that there were ten species of mammals in the project areas. Four of the species were directly found during the observation, one species was identified from its voice that was heard, and two species were identified from the footprint and trace, meanwhile the other tree species were recorded based upon the information from the local people (see Table II-17). There of the species are protected species.

Table II-17 Recorded Species of Mammals in the Course of Field Observation in the Vicinity of Project Locations.

Status Indonesian No Scientific Name Government Note: Name Regulation CITES IUCN 07/1999 1 Callosciurus notatus Tupai LC L 2 Hystrix brachyura Landak LC J 3 Hylobates syndactylus Siamang D I EN S 4 Macaca fascicularis Karo II LC L 5 Macaca nemestrina Baruak II VU I 6 Panthera tigris Harimau D I EN I sumatraensis sumatera 7 Presbitys melalophos Simpai II EN L 8 Pteropus vampyrus Kaluang II NT L 9 Sus scrofa Babi hutan LC J 10 Tapirus indicus Tapir D I EN I Source: EIA Survey Result of PT. SEML June, 2013

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Note: - Government Regulation No. 07 of 1999: D = Protected - IUCN : EN = Endengered, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, LC = Least Concern - CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, III = Appendix III. - L = seeing; J = footprint; S = voice; I = information from local people

Sus scrofa footprint Presbytis melalophos

Figure II-8 The Footprint and Image of Mammals Encountered in the Vicinity of Project Locations

2. Aves

There were 49 bird species observed during the field observation activities. Fourteen of the species are protected species. From these fourteen species, nine of them are the species that are commonly found in several Sumatera Regions, meanwhile the species that is rarely found is Spizaetus nanus. Buceros rhinoceros, Anorhinus galeritus and Anthracoceros undulatus are species from hornbill family that need forest with big trees as their habitat, while the other species are the species that live in relative open areas. A complete list of bird species observed during field observation is listed in the following table.

Table II-18 Species of Birds Observed in the Course of Field Observation

Status Govern Observed No Scientific Name Indonesian Name ment Regulat CITES IUCN Frequency ion 07/1999 1 Aetophyga mystacalis Burung-madu jawa D LC 4 2 Aceros undulatus Julang emas D II LC 1 3 Anarhinus galeritus Enggang klihingan D II LC 1 4 Arachnothera longirostra Pijantung kecil D LC 1 5 Arachnothera robusta Pijantung besar D LC 1 6 Buceros rhinoceros Raangkong badak D II NT 2

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-34 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Status Govern Observed No Scientific Name Indonesian Name ment Regulat CITES IUCN Frequency ion 07/1999 7 Cacomanthis merulinus Wiwik kelabu LC 2 8 Cacomantis sp Wiwik 1 9 Centropus sinensis Bubut besar LC 1 10 Chloropsis cyanopogon Cica-daun kecil NT 3 11 Cinniris jugularis Burung-madu sriganti D 4 12 Collocalia esculenta Wallet sapi LC 5 13 Dendrocitta occipitalis Tangkar-uli sumatera LC 1 14 Dicaeum trigonostigma Cabai bunga-api LC 2 15 Dicrurus leucophaeus Srigunting kelabu LC 3 16 Eumyias indigo Sikatan ninon LC 1 17 Garulax mitratus Poksai genting LC 1 18 Halcyon smyrnensis Cekakak belukar D LC 1 19 Haliaeetus leucogaster Elang-laut perut-putih D II LC 1 20 Ictinaetus malayensis Elang hitam D II LC 1 21 Lanius schach Bentet coklat LC 2 22 Lonchura maja Bondol haji LC 3 23 Lonchura punctulata Bondol peking LC 1 24 Loriculus galgulus Serindit melayu D LC 1 25 Macropygia ruficeps Uncal kouran LC 5 26 Megalaima australis Takur tenggeret LC 1 27 Megalaima chrysopogon Takur gedang LC 4 28 Megalaima mystacophanos Takur warna-warni NT 1 29 Megalaima oorti Takur bukit LC 1 30 Microhierax fringilarius Alap-alap capung D II LC 3 31 Niltava sumatrana Niltava sumatera LC 1 32 Orthotomus ruficeps Cinenen kelabu LC 3 33 Passer montanus Burung gereja erasia LC 2 34 Pericrocotus flammeus Sepah hutan LC 3 35 Prinia atrogularis Perenjak gunung LC 3 36 Prinia familiaris Perenjak Jawa LC 2 37 Ptheruthius flaviscapis Ciu besar LC 1 38 Pycnonotus aurigaster Cucak kutilang LC 2 39 Pycnonotus bimaculatus Cucak gunung LC 2 40 Pycnonotus brunneus Merbah mata-merah LC 2 41 Pycnonotus goiavier Merbah cerukcuk LC 5 42 Pycnonotus leucogramicus Cucak kerinci LC 1 43 Pycnonotus melanicterus Cucak kuning LC 2 44 Sitta azurea Munguk loreng LC 1 45 Spilornis cheela Elang-ular bido D II LC 4 46 Spizaetus nanus Elang wallace D II VU 1 47 Streptopelia chinensis Tekukur biasa LC 2 48 Treron vernans Punai gading LC 1 49 Zoosterops palpebrosus Kacamata biasa LC 3 Source: EIA Survey Result of PT. SEML June, 2013 Note: - Government Regulation No. 07 of 1999: D = Protected - IUCN : EN = Endengered, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, LC = Least Concern - CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, III = Appendix III.

The table above shows that the birds are dominated by the species that like the forest fringe of the mountains. It is possible to happen since the project areas are located in the forest fringe

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of hilly areas. Based on the curve of species increment during the observation, it was recorded that the increment tended to be flat. It means that almost all of the bird species that exist in the project location had been recorded during the observation. Nevertheless, the species increment was possible to happened if the observation activity was carried out continuously and much longer. It is related to the migration activity (seasonal, altitudinal, and daily) by the birds. The curve of the observed species is displayed in the following chart.

60 50 40 30 20 10 The Number The species of 0 I II III IV V List of

Figure II-9 The Curve of the Observed Species Increment

Based on the taxonomy compositions (species and family) as well as guild level, the birds that were found can be categorized as good (scale 4). For the family level, the observation field was dominated by Pycnonotidae and Nectariniidae families, which are species of birds that like the forest fringe areas and open areas (Figure II-10). While, Bucerotidae family that needs tree vegetation was found in smaller numbers. On the guild level, it also shows the dominance of insectivore and frugivore (IF) as well as insectivore and nectarivore (IN), which can be an indicator of the mixture of exterior and interior species (Figure II-11).

20

15

10

5

0 Lanidae Lanidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Turdidae Turdidae Oriolidae Oriolidae Apodidae Apodidae Ploceidae Ploceidae Cuculidae Cuculidae Dicaeidae Dicaeidae dicruridae dicruridae Falconidae Falconidae Psittacidae Psittacidae Alcedinidae Alcedinidae Accipitridae Accipitridae Capitonidae Capitonidae Bucerotidae Bucerotidae Collumbidae Collumbidae Collumbidae Nectarinidae Nectarinidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae Chloropseidae Chloropseidae Zoosteropidae Zoosteropidae Muscicapidaae Muscicapidaae

Jenis Individu

Figure II-10 The Numbers of Individual and Species of Birds

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35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 AF C F FCI IC IF IN SE

Jenis Individu

Figure II-11 The Numbers of Species and Individual of Birds Based on the Food Types

3. Amphibians and Reptiles

Eight species of fauna classified as amphibian and reptile were recorded in the observation location.

Table II-19 The Identification Result of Amphibian and Reptile Encountered in the Vicinity of Project Locations

Status No Scientific Name Indonesian Name Government Regulation CITES IUCN 07/1999 1 Fajervaya cancrivora Katak sawah LC 2 Bufo melanostictos Kodok LC 3 Varanus salavator Biawak II LC 4 Mabuya multifasciata Kadal 5 Calotes cristatellus Bunglon 6 Dendrelaphis pictus Ular Lidih 7 Xenochropis trianguligerus Ular Aia LC 8 Ahaetulla prasina Ular pucuak LC Source: EIA Survey Result of PT. SEML June, 2013 Source: EIA Survey Result of PT. SEML June, 2013 Note: - Government Regulation No. 07 of 1999: D = Protected - IUCN : EN = Endengered, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, LC = Least Concern - CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, III = Appendix III.

2.2.2 Aquatic Biota

The aquatic biota observation was conducted in the same locations with the water sampling locations.

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2.2.2.1 Plankton

Phytoplankton is the primary producer and as the base of the food chain, while the structure and abundance of zooplanton is determined by the abundance of phytoplankton itself.

The observation result recorded 12 species from 3 phylum phytoplankton that were found in the fresh water in the vicinity of project locations, namely Cyanophyta (Blue Green Algae), Chrysophyta, and Chlorophyta (Green Algae). Chrysophyta is a phylum whose the highest numbers of species, which were 9 species encountered during survey. There were two species that have quite wide range of distribution. They are Tabellaria sp. and Surirella sp. (Chrysophyta). The both species were found in 5 observation locations. In addition to the wide range of distribution, Tabellaria sp was also recorded with the greatest number.

Zooplanton is phytoplankton eater, and this animal is heterotroph, which is the first level of aquatic food chain. The analysis result from the samples that were collected found 96 individuals from 22 species. Those species are included in 5 taxa, namely Arthropoda, Protozoa, Rizopoda, Flagelata dan Trochelminthes. Protozoa is a taxa with the greatest number of species.

Arcella discoides is a common species, and it was found with a wide range of distribution, meanwhile Ciliata (sp. 1) was the species found in the most abundant number (see Table II-20).

Table II-20 Types of Plankton in the Waters of River

NO INDIVIDUAL P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1. Phytoplankton CYANOPHYTA 1 1 2 1 Oscillaria sp. 1 2 1 2 Spirulina sp. CHRYSOPHYTA 3 Achnanthes sp. 3 1 1 4 Coscinodiscus sp. 2 1 5 Fragillaria sp. 3 2 2 6 Gomphonema sp. 1 1 1 7 Navicula sp. 2 1 2 1 8 Surirella sp. 1 1 1 2 1 9 Rhopalodia sp. 1 10 Synedra sp. 1 2 11 Tabellaria sp. 2 4 2 1 2 CHLOROPHYTA 12 Closterium sp. 1 Total of Taxa 4 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 Total of Abundance (Individual/L) 6 9 10 7 8 5 5 4 Species Diversity Index (H') 1.92 2.42 2.05 2.24 2.25 1.92 1.52 1.50 Species Evenness Index (E') 0.96 0.94 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 2. Zooplankton ARTHROPODA

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NO INDIVIDUAL P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 CRUSTACEAE 1 Copepoda (sp.1) 1 2 Copepoda (sp.2 nauplius) 1 PROTOZOA CILIATA 3 Colpoda sp. 2 4 2 2 3 4 Glaucoma sp. 2 3 5 Euplolidae 1 6 Lionotus sp. 2 7 Vorticella sp. 1 8 Ciliata (sp.1) 4 3 2 4 3 9 Ciliata (sp.2) 2 3 2 10 Ciliata (sp.3) 2 2 11 Ciliata (sp.4) 2 12 Ciliata (sp.5) 2 4 13 Ciliata (sp.6) 2 RHIZOPODA 14 Amoeba sp. 1 15 Arcella discoides 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 16 Centropyxis acureata 3 1 1 1 1 17 Euglypha sp.1 1 1 2 18 Euglypha sp.2 1 19 Euglypha sp.3 1 FLAGELLATA 20 Peranema sp. 2 TROCHELMINTHES ROTATORIA 21 Notholca sp. 1 2 1 1 22 Philodina sp. 1 Total Zooplankton 13 19 10 10 24 6 7 7 Total of Taxa 13 19 10 10 24 6 7 7 Total of Abundance (Individual/L) 8 8 5 5 12 4 4 4 Species Diversity Index (H') 2.78 2.84 2.25 2.12 3.41 1.92 1.95 1.84 Species Evenness Index (E') 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.92

1. Type of Abundance

The phytoplankton abundance or density in the observation stations ranged from 1.50 to 2.42 individual/L, meanwhile zooplanton ranged from 1.50 to 2.42 individual/L (see Figure II-12).

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12 10 8 6

(ind/L) 4 2 0 Phytoplankton Abundance Phytoplankton Abundance P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Phytoplankton 15

10

5

Phytoplankton Phytoplankton 0 Abundance Abundance (ind/L) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Zooplankton

Figure II-12 Plankton Abundance (Individual/Liter) in Observation Locations

2. Species Diversity Index

The species diversity index of phytoplankton in eighth observation locations ranged from 1.5 to 2.25, and for zooplankton, it ranged from 1.84 to 3.41. Based on the category from Lee et al., the diversity index of phytoplankton in the surrounding waters indicated that the waters of phytoplankton were categorized as medium community stability (1 > H < 3.0), while zooplanton showed low ecological pressure (H‟>3) (see Figure II-13).

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3

2,5

2

1,5 (H') 1

0,5 Phytoplankton Diversity Index (H')

0 Phytoplankton Diversity Index Diversity Phytoplankton P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Phytoplankton 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1

Zooplankton Diversity Index (H') 0,5 0

Zooplankton Diversity ZooplanktonDiversity Index (H') P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Zooplankton

Figure II-13 Plankton Diversity Index (H') in the Observation Locations

3. Species Diversity Index

The species diversity index of phytoplankton in the study areas ranged from 0.88 to 0.97, while zooplankton showed an index ranging from 0.91 to 0.98 (see Figure II-14). The index showed high evenness index, or in other words the distribution of phytoplankton during the observation was evenly, so it can be said that during the observation period, there was no species dominating the waters.

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0,98 0,96 0,94 0,92 0,9 0,88 0,86 0,84

Phytoplankton Diversity Diversity PhytoplanktonIndex (E') 0,82 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Phytoplankton 1 0,98 0,96

E') 0,94 0,92

Index ( Index 0,9 0,88 Zooplankton Evenness Evenness Zooplankton 0,86 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Observation Locations

Zooplankton

Figure II-14 Plankton Evenness Index (E') in the Observation Locations

2.2.2.2 Benthos

The analysis result of benthos community in 8 (eight) sampling locations shows that there were 8 (eight) species from 4 (four) taxa that were found, namely Diptera, Coleoptera, Olygochaeta, dan Nematoda. Diptera is a taxa with the greatest number of species Table II-21 lists the benthos species found in the rivers around observation locations.

Table II-21 Types of Benthos in the Waters of River

NO INDIVIDUAL B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 ARTHROPODA INSECTA DIPTERA 1 Chironomidae 1 1 1 2 Diptera (sp.1 pupa) 1 1 2 3 Diptera (sp.2 pupa) 1 2 1 COLEOPTERA

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NO INDIVIDUAL B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 4 Coleotera (sp.1 pupa) 2 2 1 1 1 5 Coleotera (sp.2 pupa) 1 1 1 ANMELIDA OLYGOCHAETA 6 Olygochaeta(sp.) 4 2 2 NEMATHELMINTHES NEMATODA 7 Nematoda (sp.) 2 2 4

Total of Taxa 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 Species abundance (Number of 3 7 4 3 5 3 4 8 Individual/Liter) Species Diversity Index (H') 0.92 1.38 1.5 1.58 1.52 0.92 1.5 1.75 H-max = Log2 S 1 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1 1.58 2 Species Evenness Index (E') 0.92 0.87 0.95 1 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.88

1. Species Abundance

Bottom substrat has influence on the composition, distribution, and abundance of benthos. Not only functioned for living place, but the bottom substrate is also functioned as source of food for most benthos (Hawkes, 1979). There were 3 to 8 individuals/samples that were found around the observation locations from the benthos abundance and density (Figure II-15).

10

8

6

4 abundance 2 Benthos species species Benthos (indvidual/sampel) 0

Species abundance (Individual/L) B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 Location

Figure II-15 Benthos Abundance (Individual/Liter) in the Observation Locations

2. Species Diversity Index

The species diversity index of benthos that was analyzed in the observation locations ranged from 0.88 – 1.75 (Figure II-16). B8 was recorded as the sampling location with the highest diversity index.

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2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 Diversity Diversity Index H' 0,2 0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 Location

Figure II-16 Benthos Species Diversity in the Observation Locations

Based on the classification of Lee et all (1978), the benthos water quality in the observation locations was categorized as biota community stability of moderate ecological pressure of (1

3. Species Evenness Index

Based on the sample analysis result, the benthos species evenness index in the observation location ranged from 0.88 to 1.00 (Figure II-17). It showed the species evenness around the river waters because there was no any benthos species dominating the waters. Krebs (1978) said that the similarity index which approaches 1 means that the individual distribution of each species is equitable.

1,05

1

0,95

0,9

0,85 Diversity Diversity Index (E') 0,8 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 Location

Figure II-17 Benthos Species Evenness Index in the Observation Locations

Based on the description above, the environment quality of the aquatic biota is in good condition (scale 4) and the importance of impact is categorized as more important (scale 4).

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2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURE, AND HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITIES

2.3.1 Socio-economic

2.3.1.1 Population

1. Total Population

Based on the Population Census data of 2010 (PC 2010), the number of population of Alam Pauh Duo Subdistrict in 2010 was 15,175 people or around 10.3% of the population of South Solok Regency (147,369 people). The population density of this district is almost the same with the population density of the regency, which is around 44 people per square kilometer (Table II-22).

Table II-22 The Number and Distribution of Population, Total Area and Population Density by Subdistrict in South Solok Regency, 2011

Population Population Total Area Subdistrict Density Total Percent Km2 Person/Km2 Sangir 39.034 26.5 632.99 62 Sangir Jujuan 11,833 8.0 278.06 43 Sangir Balai Janggo 16,055 10.9 686.94 23 Sangir Batang Hari 13,328 9.0 280.11 48 Sungai Pagu 28,884 19.6 596.00 48 Pauh Duo 15,175 10.3 348.10 44 Koto Parik Gadang Diateh 23,060 15.6 524.10 44 Total/Regency 147,369 100 3,346.30 44 Source: South Solok Regency in Numbers, 2012

Pauh Duo Subdistrict from four Nagari (Table II-22), with the greatest number of population is in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, which is 6,559 people (44,1%) in 2010. The population density was recorded 60 people per square kilometer and the highest of other three Nagari. Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is the site of the planned development activities of PLTP, which is possessed by PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (SEML).

Table II-23 Total Area, Distribution, Density and the Number of Population by Nagari in Pauh Duo Subdisrict

Total Distribution and the Number Population Density Nagari Area of Population (person per km2) (Km 2) Person Percentage Alam Pauh Duo 99.01 6,559 44.1 66 Pauh Duo Nan Batigo 66.70 2,700 18.2 40 Luak Kapau Alam Pauh Duo 90.81 3,207 21.6 35 Kapau Alam Pauh Duo 91.58 2,391 16.1 26 Total 348.10 14,857 100.0 43 Source: Population Census of 2010 in Pauh Duo Subdistrict in Number 2012

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Error! Reference source not found. shows that the number of population of Alam Pauh Duo is ,867 people. The table also shows that the Nagari Alam Pauh Duo consists of nine jorong. The eight jorong by the greatest number of population are as follows: (1,475), Pakan Salasa (1,147), Durian Tigo Capang (1,056), Kampung Baru-Pekonina (1,016), Simancuang (891), Taratak Tinggi (813), Ampalu (807), and Jorong Sapan Sari-Pekonina (662).

Table II-24 The Number of Population, Number of Head of the Family (HF), and the Average Household by Jorong in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011

The number of The Number The Average Jorong Population of Head of the Household (Person) Family Pakan Salasa 1,147 312 4 Durian Tigo Capang 1,056 226 5 Ampalu 807 166 5 Pekonina 1,475 389 4 Sapan Sari-Pekonina 662 175 4 Kampung Baru-Pekonina 1,016 246 4 Taratak Tinggi-Pekonina 813 215 4 Simancuang 891 203 4 Total 7,867 1,932 4 Source: Profile of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo in 2012

Table II-24 also shows the number of HF and the average number of family member per HF in each jorong. Overall, the number of HF in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is 1,932 HF. Jorong with the highest number of HF is Pekonina (389 HF) and the least number of HF is in Jorong Ampalu (166 HF). The average number of family member per HF is 4 people per HF. Based on the number of family member, the natural population growth in the project site is a little higher than the stable population. The number of the average HF indicates that the labor force growth in study area is a little bit higher than in the ideal condition.

1. Population Structure

There are several primary issues on population structure in study areas. First, regarding to fertility. There is an indication that the development and policy in the field of population and family planning have shown the result on the decrease of birthrate. As presented in Table II-25 there is an indication that the proportion of South Solok Regency population for the age < 5 years (toddler) is lesser than the proportion for the age 5 - 9 years, which is 11,2 % proportional to 11,4 %. The phenomenon of population proportion decrease for toddler (5 years) is more significant in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, as presented in Error! Reference source ot found., which is from 12.1% becomes 11.0%. Meanwhile in Sangir Subdistrict, the highest proportion is on the age group of 10-14 years (Table II-25).

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Table II-25 Population Distribution by Age and Sex Group in South Solok Regency, 2010 (%)

Total Age Group Male Female numbers of population 0 - 4 11.3 11.1 11.2 5 - 9 11.7 11.2 11.4 10 - 14 11.4 11 11.2 15 - 19 8.6 8.2 8.4 20 - 24 7.3 7.6 7.4 25 - 29 8.8 9.3 9.1 30 - 34 8.4 8.3 8.3 35 - 39 7.4 7.3 7.4 40 - 44 6.2 6 6.1 45 - 49 5.1 5.4 5.2 50 - 54 4.4 4.4 4.4 55 - 59 3.3 3.1 3.2 60 - 64 2.1 2.0 2.1 65 + 40 51 45 Total 100 100 100 (People) (74,117) (73,252) (147,369) Source: South Solok Regency in Numbers, 2012

Table II-26 Population Distribution by Age and Sex Group in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, 2010

Age Group Male Female Total

0 - 4 10.6 11.4 11.0 5 - 9 12.5 11.7 12.1 10 - 14 12.3 11.7 12.0 15 - 19 8.4 8.4 8.4 20 - 24 6.1 6.6 6.4 25 - 29 7.7 8.2 7.9 30 - 34 8.3 8.1 8.2 35 - 39 6.7 6.8 6.8 40 - 44 6.5 5.9 6.2 45 - 49 5.6 5.6 5.6 50 - 54 4.5 5.0 4.7 55 - 59 3.6 3.3 3.5 60 - 64 2.4 2.0 2.2 65 + 4.8 5.3 5.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 (7,376) (7,481) (14,857) Source: Pauh Duo Subdistrict in Numbers, 2012

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Table II-27 The Number of Population by Age Group in Sangir Subdistrict

Age Group Total Population

0-4 2,561 5-9 5,212 10-14 5,428 15-19 4,586 20-24 4,258 25-29 4,790 30-34 4,825 35-39 3,928 40-44 3,211 45-49 2,467 50-54 2,116 55-59 1,572 60-64 1,141 65 + 1,674 Total 47,769 Source: Sangir Subdistrict, 2012

Table II-28 Dependency Ratio in Pauh Duo Subdistrict and South Solok Regency

Pauh Duo South Solok Dependency Ratio Subdistrict Regency Dependency ratio of young age 0.59 0.55 Dependency ratio of elderly 0.08 0.07 Total dependency ratio 0.67 0.62

Second, regarding to the tendency of the increase of elderly population proportion. The proportion of the number of population for the age of 65 and older is 4.5% in South Solok Regency and 5.1% in Pauh Duo Subdistrict. While in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, the available data shows that the elderly population proportion, which is age of 61 years and older, is 9.6%. The highest elderly population proportion shows the lower death rate and the better health care services. But on the contrary, the increase of elderly population proportion will cause a higher dependency rate of working-age population.

The latest population issues reflected in the population structure analysis is the population mobility or migration. The population of the study areas who migrate is from the young age group. For South Solok Regency, the highest migration group is at the age of 20 - 24 (7,4%) and then at the age of 15 -19 (8,0%). Pauh Duo Subdistrict has the same pattern of migration group. The migration activity will reduce the pressure of the population on the limited job opportunities in the study areas.

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2. Employment

The percentage of population that is included in the workforce category or population of the age of 15 and older in study areas is 64.1% in Pauh Duo Subdistrict and 66.2% in South Solok Regency as a whole. Nevertheless, the young age population (0-14 years old) is higher in Pauh Duo Subdistrict than in South Solok Regency. It means that the labor force growth in the future is higher in the study areas than in South Solok Regency as a whole.

The ratio between the non-working-age population and working-age population generates the dependency ratio, which is the young age and elderly. Table II-29 shows the ratio of the dependency ratio by age in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, which is 0.67 or 67 people of non-working- age population per 100 people of working-age population. Meanwhile, the ratio of the dependency ratio for South Solok Regency as a whole is 62 people per 100 people of working- age population. The study area or Pauh Duo Subdistrict has a higher dependency ratio than South Solok Regency, either the young age dependency ratio or elderly dependency ratio.

Table II-29 The Population of South Solok Aged 15 and Older By Types of Activity and Sex, 2011

Total Types of Activity Male Female numbers of population Employment Force 40,684 25,058 65,742 Working 38,729 22,824 61,553 Unemployment 1,955 2,234 4,189 Non-Employment Force 7,201 24,721 31,922 School 3,728 5.615 9,343 Taking care of the household 523 16,479 17,002 Others 2,950 2,627 5,571 Total 47,885 49,779 97,664 Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) 85.0 50.3 67.3 Open Unemployment Rate 4.8 8.9 6.4 Source: Processed data of National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) South Solok Regency in Numbers, 2012

However, keep in mind that not all the workforce (working-age population) are included in the "labor force" category, which is the population that are active in working or seeking for a job. The reasons behind the inactive working-age population in the working market are school, taking care of household, and some other reasons (Table II-30). Overall, the labor force participation rate (TPAK) in South Solok Regency is around 67.3%. There is a huge difference between male TPAK and female TPAK, which is 85.0% proportional to 50,3%. This significant difference is caused by the female time allocation for non-market activities such as providing the husband's needs, taking care of children, cleaning house, and shopping to the market, preparing food for the family, and etc. (Becker, 1966).

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Table II-30 Population distribution by the Source of Livelihood in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011

Total Source of Livelihood People % Labor 1,325 21.4 Farmer 2,972 48.0 Trader 607 9.8 Civil Servant 57 0.9 Indonesian National Armed Force (TNI)/Indonesian 12 0.2 National Police (Polri) Driver 40 0.6 Motorcycle Taxi Driver 32 0.5 Contractor 10 0.2 Private entrepreneur 1,142 18.4 Total 6,197 100.0 Source: Profile of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo in 2011

The labor force that do not work is called as open unemployment. The unemployment rate in the study area is categorized as low, which is 6.4%. The female open unemployment rate is generally higher than the male one, and in this study, it is 8.8% proportional to 4.8% (Table II-30). Meanwhile, based on the profile data report of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo of 2011, the unemployment rate in this Nagari was 354 people or 11%.

Based on the in-depth interview conducted during the field study, it was revealed that there was underemployment in study area. The labor force that is included in the underemployment category is those who work less than 35 hours/week. The number of labor force included in the underemployment category in this study area is apparently very big. There are two reasons for this underemployment, which are the seasonal paddy planting and the relatively small piece of land that one has.

Most of the farmers who have land said that their land is lesser than 1 hectare (ha), which is equal with 25 patok. There are many farmers who do not have any land or have a small piece of land. It can be seen in Table II-31, in which the number of farmers in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is 2,972 people. Based on the Nagari profile data of 2012, these farmers cultivate the irrigated land fields of 1,600 Ha. Error! Reference source not found. also shows that there are 21.4% or ,325 people whose source of livelihood as laborer. Most of the labors in the study area work as hodge in the farmer's land and some of them work as hodge in the plantation company.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-50 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-31 Non-Farm Businesses in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011

Types of Business Total Craft embroidery 7 Mass-production brick manufacture 14 Snack business 13 Computer rental 3 Computer rental 3 Computer service 4 Seamstresses 9 Auto repair shop 12 Cellphone stall 22 Photo copy stall 3 Total 90 Source: Profile of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo in 2011

2.3.1.2 Job opportunities

Considering the high open unemployment and underemployment described above, it is concluded that the condition of environmental quality baseline regarding the job opportunity parameter is poor (scale 2), and the importance of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

2.3.1.3 Business Opportunities

Oshima (1983) revealed that the village economic transformation in Japan and in other parts of East Asia is indicated by the growth of off-farm employment and non-farm employment. The former is the farmers who also have a business or work in non-farm business, and the latter is the people whose all income come from non-farm business.

Table II-30 also shows that the dominant source of livelihood of the people is agriculture, which is 48%. In addition, the table shows that the number of people who work in the off-farm employment is quite big, which is 41.6%. Shand (1983) reported that the source of livelihood, which was off-farm employment, after World War II gave quite big contribution to the farmer income in the countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Since 1970s, the livelihood in off-farm sector, also grew rapidly in Thailand, Malaysia, and village areas in Java island.

In Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, the non-farm livelihood is dominated by trading (9.8%) and private entrepreneur (18.4%). Shand (1983) recorded that the growth of non-farm sector in this village is closely related to the strategic location of Jorong and the availability of better infrastructure. Therefore, it cannot deny that the non-farm sector in the study area is concentrated in several certain locations or Jorong, especially Pekan Selasa and Jorong along the arterial roads of Muara Labuh and Padang Aro. During the field study, it was also noticed that the source of non-farm livelihood is very scare in most Jorong of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo. The business

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-51 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

opportunities in those jorong are very limited because of the problems of infrastructure and accessibility as well as traffic density.

Based on the consideration above, it is concluded that the environmental quality baseline related to the business opportunity parameter in the study area is very poor and the importance of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

2.3.1.4 Community Income

Nagari Alam Pauh Duo with a relative large area, which is 8,500 hectare, is one of the richest areas in natural resources in South Solok Regency comprising geothermal energy, iron ore, forest, and hot Springs tourism potential, and etc. However, this natural resource has not been explored due to the limited capital, expertise, and technology.

The natural resources exploration efforts that are carried out by the people comprising paddy, horticultural plant and fruits, smallholder plantation, medicinal plants, smallholder animal husbandry and fisheries. This kind of agricultural system is generally to provide the substantial needs. Although the agricultural crops are commerced, the profit is used to provide the daily needs. The agricultural strategies carried out by the people is generally for providing the daily needs. The saving activity is usually carried out by the people in the forms of smallholder animal husbandry, such as goats, cows, and buffaloes.

The paddy planting is the dominant farming activity in the study area (48%). The income from the paddy planting is not enough as the source of livelihood because the average land ownership by the people is very little, which is 15 patok or 0.6 hectare per one farmer. Therefore, the farmer needs to have additional activity either in the farm or the non-farm sector or to be laborer in his/her own region or another region.

Regarding the wage rate, based on the in-depth interview with the main informant who revealed that the wage rate in the study area is very low, ranging from Rp. 6,000 to 8,000 per hour or around Rp. 50,000 per day for hodges, Rp. 80,000 per day for skilled laborer, and from Rp. 50,000 to Rp. 60,000 per day for assistant of skilled laborer. The wage in the plantation company around the planned activity locations is Rp. 25,000 per a half working day for female worker and contracted system for male worker. Thereby, the low wage implicitly reflects the labor surplus or the limited job opportunities in the study area.

Based on the analysis on the factors affecting the income of the people, it is concluded that the environmental quality baseline related to the business opportunity parameter in the study area is very poor (scale 2) and the importance of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-52 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.3.2 Socioculture

2.3.2.1 Social Values and Norms

The geothermal power plant development with the 250 MW capacity is located in Nagari Pauh Nan Duo, Pauh Duo Subdistrict, South Solok Regency, which has Minangkabaunese customs and cultural system. According to the talk of elderly that the name of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo was derived from the Tambo Adat Pauh Duo. It was started when there were three Niniak coming from Egypt with their entourages, namely:

 Inyiak Samiak (Dt. Samad Dirajo)

 Inyiak Samiak Aia(Dt. Rajo Lelo)

 Inyiak Sikok Sutan Majo Lelo

Furtherance, Inyiak Sikok Sutan Majo Lelo moved to Camin Talao (Nagari Lubuk Gadang and its environs). It was in this nagari that the both ninik established the nagari. They also fished, practiced, wondered in the forest, and constructed rice fields and artificial ditch (malatiah, merimbo, marayo membuek janjang sawah dan banda buatan). They developed Koto, which is furtherance called as "Koto Tuo", and now it is part of Nagari Pauh Duo Nan Batigo, while the word Alam means another customary region. This is the oldest nagari in Sungai Pagu, which was established by Inyiak Samiak and Inyiak Samilu Aia with their entourages.

Based on the history of social community development of Nagari Pauh Duo, Nini Mamak Nan Salapan came from Pagaruyung with his entourages and made a settlement in Banuaran (now it is part of Nagari Kapau Alam Pauh Duo). With the Inyiak Nan Salapan, as the leader, they agreed to established a nagari named Alam Pauh Duo. Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is a special region from Alam Surambi Sungai Pagu, which has its own region and its own leader named Rajo Cancang Latih.

Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is a region resulted from breaking Sungai Pagu Subdistrict up in 2002, which has 14 jorong with administrative boundaries as follows:

 The North Side: Nagari Koto Baru  The South Side: Nagari Lubuk Gadang  The West Side: South Solok Regency  The Eastern Side: Sawahlunto Sijunjung Regency

The social and customs-tradition of the communities around the project site are dominated by the people with Minangkabaunese ethnic group, thus the interaction and social relationship patterns are based on the Minangkabaunese values. The community structure in the study area are Jorong Ampalu, Pinang Awan, Sopan Sari, Pekonina, Liki, Kampung Baru and Taratak Tinggi. The cultural diversity is quite varied, which is consisted of Minangkabaunese, Javanese, Bataknese, and Nias. The dominant culture and language are Minang. Thereby, the validity of activity conducted around the site in this area (including the activity, which is

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-53 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

conducted by the non-Minangkabaunese community members) is always measured with Minangkabaunese cultural values. The social life of the Nagari Pauh Nan Duo communities is influenced by Minangese culture, which has ulayat land as the place or land for the children, grandchildren, and nephews to earn a living. The ulayat land is used for the welfare of the community and maintained as the identity of a ethnic group.

The development activities of geothermal power plant is located in Pauh Duo Subdistrict area, which has total area of 348.1 km² with the number of population of 14,871 people or 3,558 head of family. Based on the government regulation of West Sumatra Province, the lowest governmental system is Nagari, which is as a unity of customary government. In addition, Pauh Duo Subdistrict has 4 Nagari, which are Alam Pauh Duo, Pauh Duo Nan Batigo, Luak Kapau Alam Pauh Duo, and Nagari Kapau Alam Pauh Duo. While, the Nagari that becomes the study areas are Nagari Alam Pauh Duo and Nagari Pauh Duo Nan Batigo. The study area of PLTP development is located in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo with population of 7,867 people or with head of family of 1,972. The following table shows the composition of the population by Jorong in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo.

Table II-32 The Composition of Population by Jorong in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo

Sex The The Number of Number Jorong Total Male Female Head of the of Family People Pakan Selasa 579 568 1,147 312 1,147 Durian Tigo Capang 549 507 1,056 226 1,056 Ampalu 402 405 807 166 807 Pekonina 755 720 1,475 389 1,475 Sapan Sari 344 318 662 175 662 Kampung Baru 528 488 1,016 246 1,016 Taratak Tinggi 408 405 813 215 813 Simancung 452 439 891 203 891 Total 4,017 3,850 7,867 1,972 7,867 Source: Profile of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, 2011

Table II-32 shows that the greatest number of population is in Jorong Pekonina with the number of population of 1,475 people or 389 HF. The least number of population is in Jorong Ampalu, of which 807 people or 166 KK. In addition, Jorong Pinang Awan in nagari Pauh Nan Batigo and Jorong Liki in nagari South Lubuk Gadang, Sangir Subdistrict, are the social study areas of PLTP development, in which also have Minangese customs and tradition, with the number of their population is the same with those in nagari Alam Pauh Duo.

The kinship system of the community in the study area is connected by the marriages and based on the original region and descent in the form of ethnic group system. In general, the dominant ethnic groups in the study area are Minangese with the number around 90% and the other ethnic is Javanese, the second largest ethnic group that has been settled down for hundred years, since Dutch colonial, as tea plantation workers. The greatest Javanese ethnic

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-54 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

group is in Jorong Pekonina and Pinang Awan. They have socially interacted with the local people in the form of marriage. Other ethnic group that exist in study area are Sundanese, Batak, and Nias in a small number of population.

The social interaction and kinship relation of the community in the study area are based on the origin and marriages among the ethnic group. The ethnic groups that exist in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo and Nagari Pauh Duo Nan Batigo, which are the sites of PLTP development activities, are Melay, Koto Kaciak, Sikumbang, Tigo Lareh, Bariang Kampai, Panai, Durian, Tanjung, Chaniago, Piliang, and ethnic groups suku out of Minangese such as Javanese, Batak, and Nias.

The people in nagari Alam Pauh Duo and nagari Pauh Duo Nan Batigo interact socially and culturally as well as in customary law between them. The customary law community is a group of people who live, from generation to generation, in a certain geographical area because of the derivative ancestor, the strong relationship with environment, and the value that determines economic, politic, social and law institutions. Figure II-18 shows the length of time that people have lived in the study area, which is generally more than 10 years, even some people were born and grew up there for generations.

2; (3%) 4; (6%) 6; (8%) Lama tinggal di Jorong/Nagari 0 -1 tahun

Lama tinggal di Jorong/Nagari 2-4 tahun

Lama tinggal di Jorong/Nagari 5-10 tahun 58; (83%)

Figure II-18 Respondent’s Period of Living in Jorong/Nagari

In the sociocultural life, the people in the study area still practice the values and norms of mutual agreement in solving a problem. The following diagram shows the opinions of the people from different ethnic groups regarding the problem solving in neighborhood.

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Figure II-19 The Opinion of People on Decision Making

Figure II-19 shows the opinion of the people in solving the problems of social life and village development. The percentage of people who stated that the problem solving must be conducted by mutual agreement was 44 people (73%), by influential people was 9 people (15%), and by regional leaders was 6 people (10%). The social condition of the people reflected that the democratic system was conducted in according to the minangkabau customs and traditions.

Furtherance, the people in the study area still respect the Minang cultural values, which are based on the Islamic teachings. Thereby, phylosophy of the people is known with the term of no need/action should be in the conflict with adat and religion (Adat Basandi Sarak, sarak Basandi Kitabullah). In general, the people in the study area still work together in mutual corporation (gotong royong) like flowing the water into the rice-field by fixing the flow of ditch head, fixing the roads, building/repairing the small mosque (mushola), etc. Working together is also applied in solving several problems by having mutual agreement.

The other form of working agreement in the kinship system can be seen in the wedding and religious events (Maulud Nabi, Isra’ M’iraj, Shalawat Dulang). Working-together activity is also found in the wedding ceremony, feast on religious occasion (kenduri), and various customary events. The kinship system among the people also runs quite well, which is reflected from the gathering habit of inter-ethnic groups in order to strengthen the kinship bonds that is always held every Eid al-Fitr in the form of halal bihalal.

Based on the description above, sociocultural component of the community still fully and purely supports the local customs and tradition in general, thereby the environmental quality scale is categorized as a very good condition (scale 4), and the Importance of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

2.3.2.2 Education Level

The development of human resources quality is strongly determined by the level of education as one of indicators of human development index of a nation. The education level of the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-56 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

people in study area, Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, is relatively medium. It can be seen from the number of population with high school graduate level, which is 473 people.

In 2010, there were around 5.5% of the children of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo who have graduated from university. Most of the children of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo who have graduated from university did not live in the Nagari. They generally live in Padang, Pekanbaru, Medan, Java, and even in abroad like Malaysia, Singapore, etc.

The educational facilities in the study area of PLTP development are quite available for teaching and learning process. Table II-33 lists the number of educational facilities that are available in the study area, as follows:

Table II-33 Educational Facilities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo

Educational Institution Pauh Kinder Primary Junior Senior Jorong garten School High High School School Pakan Selasa 1 1 1 1 Durian Tigo Capang 1 1 1 1 Ampalu 1 1 1 1 Sapan Sari 1 Pekonina 2 1 1 2 Kampung Baru 1 Taratak Tinggi 1 Simancung 1 1 1 1 Total 6 5 8 5 1 Source: Office of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo in 2013

2.3.2.3 Religion and Belief

Almost 100% of the people who are directly related with the PLTP development activities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo and Pauh Duo Nan Batigo are Muslim. The people perform daily worshiping activities and other religious ritual smoothly with the support of places of worship. The people use mosques, mushola, and surau to perform congregational prayer (sholat berjemaah) and celebrate the religious days such as the Birthday of Prophet Muhammad SAW, Isra and Mi'raj, etc.

In addition, the mosques and mushola are also functioned as the place for religious activities, character building through the regular division of the Koran (wirid) as well as Al-Qur'an study and religious study by the children like TPA, MDA, TPQ, TPS. There are many religious facilities in the study areas. every Jorong has mosques and mushola. Table II-34 shows the number of mosques and mushola in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo.

Table II-34 The Number of Religious Facilities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-57 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Name of Jorong The Number of The Number of Mosques (Village) Mushola Pakan Selasa 1 3 Durian Tigo Capang 1 1 Ampalu 1 2 Pekonina 3 1 Sapan Sari 2 1 Kampung Baru 1 2 Taratak Tinggi 1 2 Simancung 1 2 Total 11 14

Source: Office of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo in 2013

The distribution of religious facilities are very helpful for the people in performing their worship, celebrating the Islamic holidays, and teaching the Islamic study/teachings to the children.

Based on the description above, the environmental quality scale from the religion and belief component is categorized as good or scale 4.

2.3.2.4 Institutions

There are several formal or informal institutions in the study areas, which are Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, Pauh Nan Batigo, and Lubuk Gadang Selatan Tinggi as the areas that are directly related with the Muara Laboh PLTP development activities by PT. SELM. The existence of these formal and informal institutions is very helpful for the people in managing the administration of residential affair, expressing their talent and hobby, as well as strengthening the community kinship system. The social interaction of the community that is held in the formal or informal institutions is a kind of social relationship that gives mutual contribution to one and another.

Nevertheless, the formal and informal institutions are not supported by the appropriate facilities in performing their roles and functions, especially the Nagari and Jorong governments. In general, the institutions that are available in the study areas are Minangkabaunese traditional institution (KAN), Nagari consultative institution (Bamus), Institute for Nagari Community Empowerment (LPMN), Farmer group, Village Unit Cooperatives (KUD), Youth Organization, Majelis Ta'lim, Qurnic study group (kelompok pengajian), mortalilty group, Yasinan group, PKK, and youth group.

2.3.2.5 Land Ownership and Tenure

The development of 250 MW PLTP is located in the former land of HGU, which is used to be owned by the tea plantation company, PT. Pekonina Baru. The land was the relic of duct colonial that had become the property of and owned by the government. In 1990, before the PLTP development, the land was used and cultivated by the communities from various regions such Muara Labuh, Ulu Liki, Alahan Panjang, Pakan Rabaa and other regions as the rice field

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-58 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

and garden. As a former tea plantation land, some community members claimed that the land was Ulayat land of the community.

The land ownership and land tenure proses was conducted by PT. SEML by providing proper compensation to all land tenants/tillers. The compensation mechanism regarding the land or crops of community that are affected by the PLTP development is carried out through the government as well as the local adat government, namely, head of subdistrict, Wali Nagari, Ninik Mamak and the land tenants. Based on the field survey result, all of the land of the people has been compensated by PT. SEML. Thereby, based on the description above, the land ownership and tenure are categorized as on medium condition (scale 3) and the importance of impact is categorized as more significant (scale 4).

2.3.2.6 Community Perception

The community perception regarding the planned PLTP development can be seen from the community social interaction with the PLTP development activities in the study areas. Perception is defined as understanding, opinion or respon of someone regarding an object that is usually different between one and another because of the tendency or experience. Perception is also defined as a process of which an individual organizes and interprets the sensory impressions in order to give a meaning to the environment (Robbins, 1996). Thereby, a perception can be regarding to the process of identification, description, and reindentification, and consideration of objects that are acquired through various information.

The community perception regarding the planned PLTP development in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, Nagari Pauh Duo and Pauh Duo Nan Batigo can create many kinds of interpretation over on activity. This study activity is carried out in order to see the response, attitude, and opinion of the communities regarding the PLTP development from the sociocultural aspect in the project sites, which are Jorong Kampung Baru, Ampalu, Pekonina, Pinang Awan, Liki, Taratak Tinggi, and Sapan Sari as the agricultural areas. The community perception can be found out from the labor recruitment, land acquisition, and the perception regarding the PTLP development activities.

Community perception is a reaction of the local community over the existence and activities of Muara Laboh PTLP development by PT SEML in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, Pauh Duo Subdistrict. That perception can be in the form of positive perception or negative perception. The general things that occur in the community is that the positive perception arises when the communities are not harmed and even get the benefits. It is on contrary for the negative perception. Therefore, the community perception will affect the dynamic and sustainability of PLTP development activities. The community perception will be found out from the pro and contras or positive and negative of PLTP development.

Based on the description above, the environmental quality from the negative community perception parameter is categorized as moderate condition (scale 3) and the importance of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

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Figure II-20 shows that the number of people in the study areas that agree with the planned activities is 45 people (45.64%) of the total number of interviewed respondents. The number of those who expressed strongly agree was 12 people (11.16%), disagree was 3 people (4.6%), and strongly disagree was 2 people (2.3%), while those expressed doubtful was 8 people (8.11%). Based on the data above, the PLTP development is strongly supported by the communities in the project sites.

2; 3% 4; 6%

11; 16% 8; 11% Sgt tidak setuju tidak setuju ragu-ragu 45; 64% setuju sangat setuju

Figure II-20 Community Perception Regarding the PLTP Development Activities

The figure above shows the community perception regarding the PLTP development. Those who expressed agree was 45 people (64%), strongly agree was 11 people (16%), disagree was 4 people (6%), strongly disagree was 2 people, while those who are doubtful was 8 people (11%). The figure above shows that majority of the community agree with the PLTP development.

Figure II-21 Community Perception Regarding the Environmental Issues Caused by the PLTP Development

Figure II-21 shows that the issues faced by the communities regarding the PLTP development in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, which is generally the water in their rice-fields. From the opinion of the respondents, there were 48 people (48.68%) who stated the water shortage in paddy-fields caused by the geothermal activities. The complain on the water shortage was also found in

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-60 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

jorongs that become the study areas. 13 people (19%) stated that there were environmental pollution such as river water turbidity, flood, and erosion as well as the odor of sulfur fumes during the drilling process. The people also worry that the Lapindo mud disaster, which causes misery to the people around the mining locations, will also occur in their areas.

2.3.3 Public Health

The planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities are located in the working area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa Government-mandated community health clinics (Puskesmas). The top ten diseases in both puskesmas working areas are dominated by Upper respiratory tract infections (ISPA) and Diarrhea, which are environmental diseases) (see Table II-35).

Table II-35 The Greatest Number of Dieases in the Working Area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas

Number of Number of No Name of Disease No Name of Disease Case Case Pakan Selasa Puskesmas, Pauh Duo Sangir Puskesmas, Sangir Subdistrict Subdistrict 1. Upper respiratory tract 4,604 1. Upper respiratory tract 739 infections (ISPA) infections (ISPA) 2. Gastritis 1,618 2. Hypertension 506 3. Diarrhea 1,414 3. Gastritis 422 4. Hypertension ,1145 4. Febris 351 5. Rheumatic 1094 5. Rheumatic 273 6. Accident 901 6. Tronsilo 236 7. Typhoid 877 7. Common co 184 8. Scabies 427 8. Diarrhea 214 9. Asthma 314 9. Allergic 146 10. Et cetera 224 10. Accident 142 Source: Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas in 2012

According to the study areas, the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities are located in 2 (two) Subdistricts, which are Pauh Duo Subdistrict with Jorong Kampung Baru, Taratak Tinggi, Ampalu, Pinang Awan, Sapan Sari and Pekonina, and Sangir Subdistrict with Jorong Liki. The public health status in the study areas (jorong) based upon the primary data collection on 70 household is described as follows.

2.3.3.1 Disease Patterns

Diseases caused by the environmental condition are still the biggest issues faced by the communities. It shows from the high number of patients of the environmental disease who visited the health care services. The high number of patients is caused by the poor condition of sanitation, especially the clean water. The result of primary data collection shows the environmental diseases around the project sites of Muara Laboh Geothermal Development Activities that consist of 7 (seven) jorong as follows:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-61 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

%; Scabies; 0,66

%; Tipus; 2,3 diare ISPA %; Malaria; 1,97 Kulit Malaria %; Kulit; 4,93 Tipus

%; ISPA;Scabies 14,5

%; diare; 11,5

Figure II-22 Environmental Diseases in the Study Areas

The Figure II-22 above shows the environmental diseases are dominated by ISPA 14.5% and diarrhea 11.5%.

2.3.3.2 Access to the Public Health Care Services

Health Care Services are the needs of the communities for curative, promotive, and rehabilitation activities. Health care service is an indicator of the public health. The availability of health care services around the project locations will make people easier to get access when they have health problems.

There are 2 (two) puskesmas in the PLTP development locations, which are Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas. Sangir Puskesmas has 8 assistant puskesmas, 5 village midwife clinics (Polindes), 2 mobile puskesmas, 5 general practitioners, 4 mid wives, 58 toddler integrated service post (Posyandu), and 4 elderly posyandu. Pakan Selasa Puskesmas has 7 assistant puskesmas anda 10 polindes. In addition, there are also private clinics providing heal care services to the communities.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-62 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

puskesmas rumah sakit bidan desa pengobatan alternatif/dukun

Series1; Series1; pengobatan puskesmas; 20; alternatif/dukun 20% ; 11,4; 12%

Series1; rumah sakit; 4,3; 4%

Series1; bidan desa; 64,3; 64%

Figure II-23 Access to the Public Health Care Services

Based on figure above, there are many alternatives of health care service for the local people. They can get health care services not only from puskesmas but also from the mid-wife and other paramedic services. Thereby, those health care facilities can reduce the tendency of the people to get non-medical or traditional health care services. The health care service that mostly used by the communities is village mid-wife (64%), however there are still some people who like to get another alternative service, which is traditional healer (dukun).

2.3.3.3 Basic Sanitation Facilities

Basic sanitation is an optimal environmental condition, which has a positive influence in manifesting an optimum health status. There are some indicators that can be used in order to see the impacts of environmental health, which are the ownership of clean water facility, the use of defecation facilities, and the disposal of garbage. Based on the available secondary data, the environmental health facilities in the working area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa puskesmas are as follows:

Table II-36 Types of Basic Sanitation Facilities in Working Area of Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas

Total Types of sanitation Total No Types of sanitation facilities No facilities

Pakan Selasa Puskesmas, Pauh Duo Sangir Puskesmas, Sangir Subdistrict Subdistrict 1. Clean water facility 3,060 1. Clean water facility 8,912

2. Family toilet 1,109 2. Family toilet 2,748

3. Waste Water Drainage (SPAL) 2,517 3.

4. Garbage Disposal Station 2,760 4. Source: Sangir and Pakan Selasa Puskesmas in 2012

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-63 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Since the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities are located in two working areas of puskesmas, which are Puskesmas Pakan Selasa that is covering Jorong Kampung Baru, Taratak Tinggi, Ampalu, Pinang Awan, Sapan Sari and Pekonina, and Puskesmas Sangir that is covering Jorong Liki, the scope of sanitation facilities that are used by the community around the planned project locations will be focused as follows:

PMA/Pansimas ; 1; 48,6

sumur gali; 1; 40

sungai; 1; 11,4

sungai sumur gali PMA/Pansimas

Figure II-24 The Percentage of Clean Water Sources of the Community in the vicinity of Project

Figure II-24 shows that the clean water of the communities is sourced from the community- based drinking water and sanitation provision program (Pansimas), which is especially for the community in jorong Sapan Sari, Kampung Baru and Taratak Tinggi, the digging wells for the community in jorong Ampalu and Pinang Awan, and then the river plus pipeline networks, which are generally for the community in Jorong Liki.

Jamban/WC MCK umum Sungai

Jamban/WC MCK umum Sungai Sarana BAB 41,4 4,3 54,3

Figure II-25 The Percentage of Defecation Facilities of the Communities in Study Areas

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The figure above shows that the communities generally use rivers as places for defecation (54.3%). This happens because there are many rivers that flow the study areas, where most people live.

sungai jalan, halaman, kebun saluran terbuka lubang galian

% sungai 35,7 jalan, halaman, kebun 37,1 saluran terbuka 22,9 lubang galian 4,3

Figure II-26 The Presentage of Waste Water Drainage of the Communities

Based on Figure II-26, it shows that the pattern of waste water drainage of the communities is not managed very well. The communities flow their waste water to the rivers, gardens, and backyard.

Series1; dibakar; Series1; dibuang 95,7; 96% sembarangan; 4,3; 4%

dibuang sembarangan dibakar

Figure II-27 The Percentage of Garbage Disposal Pattern of the Communities in the Study Areas

The figure above shows the pattern of garbage disposal. The communities do not have a temporary garbage disposal station around the study areas, and they manage the garbage by burning or throwing them to the bushes.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-65 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure II-28 The Percentage of Healthy House of the Communities in the Study Areas

Based on the healthy house requirements, it is showed from the Figure II-28 that the healthy houses of communities in the study areas are poor, which is caused by the lack of home ventilation and light in the house as the windows are seldom opened.

Considering the community health condition, which can be seen from the environmental disease, the utilization of health care facilities, and the environmental health, thus it is concluded that the scale of environmental baseline quality is moderate (scale 3) and the importance of impact is more significant (scale 4).

2.3.4 Transportation

2.3.4.1 Road and Transportation Facilities in the Study Areas

South Solok Regency, with Padang Aro as its capital city, has a strategic position since it connects West Sumatra Province with Jambi Province. The distance form Padang Aro to Padang is 200 km. The length of time to reach this location is around 3-4 hours by using 4- wheel vehicles. The road that connects Padang City -South Solok Regency is one of the primary roads, which is a provincial road.

Table II-37 Shows the length of various types of roads in South Solok Regency. The total length of the roads in South Solok Regency in 2011 increased significantly to 1,941.96 km. Nevertheless, the increase in number of the roads was not followed by the improvement of road quality. If it is seen from the surface of the roads, the length of roads that have been layered with asphalt is only 88.53 km, gravel 310.50 km, ground 972.50 km, and others 262.18 km.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-66 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table II-37 The Length of Road by Its Surface (km) and the Authorized Governmental Status in South Solok Regency, in 2012

The Authorized Governmental Status Classification National Province Regency Total

Asphalt - 135.25 88.53 223.78

Gravel - 43.00 310.50 353.50

Ground - 170.00 972.50 1,142.50

Others - - 262.18 262.18

Total - 348.25 1,633.71 1,981.96

Source: Public Work Agency of South Solok Regency, in 2012.

The highway stretching between the two provinces is the economic artery, thus the good condition of road will smoothen the traffic flow and increase the economy transaction. Some of roads connecting Padang Aro City with Muara Labuh are in good condition and others are found broken. Based on the data acquired from the Public Work Agency of South Solok Regency, it was recorded that there were still many roads in poor conditions and heavily damaged, which are respectively 387,90 km and 1089,45 km. While the length of the roads in good condition is 275,62 km and in fair condition is 228,99 km.

To reach Maura Laboh PLTP location, which is located in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, you will pass Muara Laboh city, then pass throught the 10 km asphalt-winding road for about 30 minutes. You will enter Nagari Pekonina and pass through the 8 meter-wide pavement road. The road connects several well pad locations as well as Muara Laboh PLTP location.

The number of bridges and roads listed by their length is listed on the Table II-38, which is sourced from the Profile of Alam Pauh Duo and Sangir Subdistricts of 2012.

Table II-38 The Number of Bridges and Roads Listed by Their Length

Subdistrict Pauh Duo Subdistrict Sangir Description Total (Unit) Length (Meter) Total (Unit) Length (Meter)

Bridge 15 310.00 29 886.50

Roads 50 159.50 98 321.42

Source: Profile of Alam Pauh Duo, 2012 and Sangir Subdisrict, 2012

The number of bridges in Sangir Subdisrict reached 29 unit, with the length of 886.50 meter and in Pauh Duo Subdistrict reached 15 unit, with the lengthe of 310meter, while the length of roads in Sangir Subdistrict reached 205.00 km and in Pauh Duo reached 159.50 km.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-67 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

The Table II-39 lists the length of roads by their pavement, in Pauh Duo Subdistrict the length of roads with asphalt pavement reached 41.20 km, gravel pavement reached 33.60 km, ground pavement reached 82.40 km, while the concrete pavement was not available. In Sangir Subdistrict, the asphalt pavement reached 27.52 km, concrete pavement reached 3.5 km, gravel pavement reached 85.40 km and ground pavement reached 205 km.

Table II-39 The Length of Roads (km) by the Types of Road Surface

Subdistrict Pauh Description Subdistrict Sangir Duo Asphalt Roads 41.20 27.52

Concrete - 3.50

Gravel Roads 33.60 85.40

Ground Roads 82.40 205

Other Types of Roads 2.30 -

Total 159.50 321.42 Source: Profile of Alam Pauh Duo, 2012 and Sangir Subdisrict, 2012

2.3.4.2 Road Safety Facility for Rod Users

Road mirrors and traffic signs have been installed in some accident-prone places/areas. Based on the observation result conducted in South Solok Regency, there was no any public transportation (angkot) serving the transportation, especially in center of South Solok Regency, Padang Aro.

From the observation, the use of vehicles as mode of transportation that can mobilize people from one place to another was dominated by two-wheel vehicle (motorcycles). South Solok Regency only has village-scaled bus station. The public transportation is currently still serviced by the village transport, which is servicing from one market to another market. Meanwhile, the transportation to another regency is served by the regular bus and informal mini-bus (mobil travel), which serve the routes of Padang-Padang Aro, Padang-Muara Labuh, Solok-Padang Aro and Solok-Muara Labuh.

Based on the data from Transportation Agency of South Solok Regency in Pauh Duo Subdistrict, the accident-prone areas are in Pekonina and Pakan Selasa, while in Sungai Pagu Subdistrict, the accident prone areas are in Kampung Tarandam and Bariang Rao-Rao.

There are some temporary markets in South Solok Regency, such as Sungai Kalu market for every Friday, Pakan Selasa market for every Tuesday, Pakan Rabaa for every Wednesday, and Padang Aro for every Wednesday and Saturday. Thereby, traffic management is extremely needed in those markets.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-68 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2.3.4.3 Lack of Awareness of Traffic Rules

Based on the information from Polres South Solok Selatan, the lack of awareness on traffic rules and inadequate supporting infrastructure and facility are the main cause of traffic accident in South Solok. Public transportation is still lacking in this area, therefore, people (student) use motorcycles to support their activity. The victims of traffic accident in South Solok (60%) are working-age people who ride motorcycles.

To reduce the number of traffic accident, Polres South Solok have intensively socialized the traffic regulations to students. The victim data of traffic accident in 2011 showed 35 cases of 15 dead victims, 11 severe injury, and 37 slightly injury. The accident prone areas comprise Padang Aro, Timbulun, and Bariang Sangir, which are in Sangir Subdistrict, Lalu Pulakek, which is in Sungai Pagu Subdistrict, and Pekonina, which is in Pauh Duo Subdistrict.

Table II-40 The Number of Vehicles Passing Through Pekonina

The Number of Vehicle (unit) Time Vehicle TR -1 (Block O TR -2 (Mosque Junction) Junction) 08.00-10.00 wib Bus 4 - (Indonesia Western Truck 32 10 Time) Public Transport - - Private Car 108 18 Motorcycle 420 70 13.00-15.00 wib Bus 5 1 (Indonesia Western Truck 25 5 Time) Public Transport - - Private Car 128 25 Motorcycle 390 58 15.00-17.00 wib Bus 3 1 (Indonesia Western Truck 16 3 Time) Public Transport - - Private Car 115 15 Motorcycle 210 50 Source: Analysis Result of Data Survey, 2013

Figure II-29 Percentage of the Number of Vehicles Passing the Study Locations

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-69 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Based on Figure II-29, the number of two-wheel vehicle (motorcycle) was very dominant in the study areas, which were in TR-1 reaching 70% while in TR-2 reaching 69%.

2.4 OTHER ACTIVITIES IN VICINITY OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES

In general, locations of the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development are the ex-HGU land and Non-Forest Land (APL). The land use in the activity locations is occupying the areas of former tea, coffee, and cinchona plantation of Pekonina (state property) and people's land (settlement and agricultural areas), that the permits of which have been acquired from the Central Government and the Government of South Solok Regency.

The other main activities performed around the locations of the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities in South Solok Regency are:

 Settlement, rice-fields, and plantation activities

 Kerinci Seblat National Park (TNKS),

 Micro Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTM) of Pinang Awan,

 Hot Spring Tourism Park in Sapan Maluluang.

The sampling locations for all environmental components can be seen in Map II-6.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-70 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Map II-6 Sampling Locations of Environmental Components

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh II-71

CHAPTER III PREDICTED SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS

Exploration activity plan was performed based on the Environmental Management Efforts (UKL) - Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UPL) of Muara Laboh geothermal exploration. The survey study of ANDAL was conducted along with the Feasibility Study (FS) Muara Laboh geothermal development, that the availability of ANDAL data is limited to FS. If FS and ANDAL conclude that when a project technically, economically and environmentally feasible, it will be continued to the engineering stage. Based on the result of Terms of Reference, KA-ANDAL scoping, the plan of Muara Laboh PLTP activities may generate significant impact.

In chapter three it will be described and proven whether or not that hypothetical significant impacts in Terms and Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment (KA-ANDAL) is significant impact or insignificant impact. In this case estimation of significant impact is to estimate the magnitude of impact and to describe the important of impact to determine the significant value of each significant impact of hypothetical mentioned. Thus, the value of impact of each impact, which classified as significant impact and which is categorized as insignificant impact, impact which has to be managed and which impact that does not need to be managed any further.

Each impacts has 2 (two) measurements: a measurement that expresses magnitude of impact (magnitude with M notation) and a measurement that states significant nature of impact (Important with l notation). Magnitude of significant impact (M) can be determined mathematically, analogy with similar activities, by professional judgment method or other more appropriate method. Furthermore, two method to apply for predicting the significant nature of impact (I) are based on laws and regulations and based on 6 (six) criteria of significant impact.

Laws and regulations as the basic for determining the important nature of impact are as follows: Act No. 32 of 2009 on Protection and Environmental Management, No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning and provisions related to the environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Degradation Standards. Further, the determination of important impact by implementing 6 (six) criteria of significant impact are by considering the criteria as follows:

1. Number of people who will be affected 2. Total area of impact distribution 3. Duration/intensity of impact 4. Numbers of other environmental components affected 5. Cumulative nature of impact 6. Reversible or irreversible impact

Based on prediction of magnitude of impact (M), total areal of impact distribution will be identified, how long the impact lasts, how high is the intensity of impact, how many components in other environment which will be affected and cumulative impact and reversible

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-1 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

or irreversible impact that can be used as the basic of determining the significant nature of impact (I). Furthermore, based on laws and regulations and based on 6 (six) criteria of significant impact, the Important nature of impact will be identified. By this, each impacts (M) is known by identifying the measurement of the magnitude of impact and the important nature of impact (l) is by giving measurement scale and important impact scale raging 5 scale each.

Magnitude of impact scale (M) Important of impact scale (I) . Scale 1 (very low) . Scale 1 (unimportant) . Scale 2 (low) . Scale 2 (moderately important) . Scale 3 (moderate) . Scale 3 (important) . Scale 4 (high) . Scale 4 (more important) . Scale 5 (very high) . Scale 5 (very important)

For instance, if the impact magnitude in scale 5 from a very low scale to a very big and the important nature of impact also in scale 5 of unimportant scale up to very important, each impact can be noted as follows:

M = Magnitude = magnitude impact M I = Important = Important nature of impact I

If all scaled impacts as the above notation is compiled, a matrix can be drawn, which is known as Modified Leopold Matrix. By applying his method, each impact will be identified whether it is categorized as significant or insignificant impact. Furthermore, each impact may be compared to hypothetical significant impacts, which one is proved as significant and insignificant impacts. Significant impact requires further management in the Environmental Management Plan (RKL).

However, there is insignificant impact, but it needs to be managed otherwise it may turn out to significant impact. Therefore, justification of significant or insignificant impact whether it needs to be managed or not can only be determined by professional judgment based on the experience of the compiler team of ANDAL.

Activity plan and activity component in the pre-construction stage, construction, operation, and post-operation as the sources of significant impact on chemical-physic environment component, biology and culture-economic-social components as follows:

It is predicted that activity plan and activity components of Muara Laboh PLTP Development may cause significant impact on chemical-physical environment component, biology and culture-economic-social components in construction, operation and post-operation phases. Exploration activity plan has been discussed in detail in the Environmental Management Effort (UKL) and Environmental Monitoring Effort (UPL) which is also as an activity in pre-

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-2 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

construction stage of ANDAL. Therefore, Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL) will only focus on discussing significant impact prediction in construction, operation and post-operation stages.

3.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

3.1.1 Socio-economic and Culture Components

3.1.1.1 Land Ownership and Tenure

3.1.1.1.1 Land Acquisition

The existence of the Muara Laboh PLTP development in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo which was the area of tea plantation managed by PT Pekonina Baru. Then, the plantation used and utilized by the community across South Solok Regency to be cultivated as paddy field and fields/plantation. The ownership of the land was in the form of Right of Cultivation (HGU) of PT Pekonina Baru which is handed over to the local government. Through the government of South Solok Regency, this land is handed over to PT SEML for Muara Laboh PLTP construction plan.

The Land acquisition process for PLTP development which is carried out by paying compensation to the communities who cultivate un-irrigated fields and paddy fields, based on the provisions and regulations of South Solok Regency. However, still there are communities around the location of PLTP development who claimed they are as land owners. Based on land survey result, lands cultivated by the communities have been compensated by PT SEML is facilitated by the local government through the head of district, Nagari government and custom. Based on land ownership and tenure towards land acquisition activity, problems still exist and these need to be addressed by the founder and local government, for the environment quality on land ownership and tenure can be categorize as poor (scale 2) with impact nature categorized as more significant (4).

3.1.1.2 Community Perception

3.1.1.2.1 Land Acquisition

Perception and attitude of the communities on the land acquisition in the area of geothermal power plant development. Perception and attitude of the communities on activity site related to social culture factors especially cognitive structure and physic and social environment. A good and right perception is required as the basis of attitude building which will continue to behavior. People perception of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo and Pauh Duo Nan Batigo on geothermal power plant development by PT SEML and the land acquisition showed positive response because all lands used as business location for geothermal business by PT SEML have been compensated.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-3 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Based on the social culture system, Minang community has joint-owned land that frequently called as ulayat land. The ownership of the land and the location of the PLTP construction is under the Right of Cultivation of tea plantation which owned by the government that has never been maintained, that the land is used by the communities from across South Solok, worse it is claimed as ulayat land Based on the perception and the attitude of the communities the land acquisition for environment quality can be categorized as poor (scale 2) with nature of impact which categorized more significant (scale 4).

3.2 CONSTRUCTION STAGE

3.2.1 Physical-Chemical Components

3.2.1.1 Air Quality

Geothermal wettability steam contains some NCG (Non Condensable Gas), comprises of mixed geothermal steam. On the wet steam production test with maximum amount of released

34 kg/second to atmosphere. In this case during the production test, it generates H2S dan CO2 emission gas mixed with air steam. Thus, the planned activities of the exploitation of well production test caused impact on the air quality and sound, H2S and CO2 emission gas.

The magnitude of impact and the important of impact of production testing of air quality ambient, especially H2S gas can be predicted as follows.

1. Prediction of H2S emission on the production test.

Geothermal steam discharges from the well head in the average temperatures of 200oC. On the assumption that some of the fluid composed of steam, fluid specific volume is 0.0422 m3/kg. If the average capacity for each production well is 17 MW and the requirement of steam per MW is 2 kg/second, the flow rate of fluid for each tested production well is 34 kg/second.

With not more than 2% of NCG and less than 2% H2S in it, the flow rate of H2S fluid during production test is 0.0136 gram/second. While the fluid flow rate of well head is 34 kg/second with fluid specific volume of 0.0422 m3/kg, fluid flow rate can be expressed equivalent to 1.4348 m3 /second (specific volume data of wet steam can be seen in the Steam Table- "Engineering & Chemical Thermodynamics", John Wiley & Son or "Chemical Engineering Hand Book", Perry).

H2S gas emission from rock muffler during production test is equal to flow rate of H2S gas divided with flow rate fluid released from rock muffler. Thus, the flow rate of H2S gas emission is = 0.0136 x 1000/14348 = 9.5 mg/Nm3.

Interpretation of Nm3 (normal meter cubic) is that water vapor measured at the temperature of 25 oC on the atmospheric pressure of 1, thus all units are converted to the temperature and

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-4 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

pressure. If the result of flashing on the rock muffler is 50% of fluid is melted, H2S emission gas will increase to 19 mg/Nm3. Based on Regulation of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Numb. 21 of 2008 Appendix V - Standard Quality Source for PLTP that can be used for production test is 35mg/Nm3. With the flow rate of 9.5 - 19 mg/Nm3, H2S emission gas on the production test can be controlled under emission standard qualities.

2. Prediction of H2S gas distribution in the air ambient during production test

Gas emission discharged from rock muffler will spread in the atmosphere depends on the direction and the speed of the wind at the moment. Pattern of gas distribution and particulate in the atmosphere can be determined based on the mathematic algorithm, such as the choice of model using Box model, Gaussian model, Eulerian model and Lagrangian model. Here, pattern of gas distribution from rock muffler emission uses Gauss formula.

Rock muffler actually has a function as noise reducer and stack gas dispersion as well. Thereby, the height and diameter of stack rock muffler design is highly determined by natural draft for there is quite high differences in steam pressure and ambient atmosphere pressure. To calculate maximum gas dispersion, the level of the stack rock muffler must be calculated equivalent to physic stack plus imaginer stack level.

The level of the physic stack (Hphysic)is a measurable stack level physically, meanwhile the stack imaginer height (∆H) is additional plume level which determined by the flow rate of flue gas discharges from stack (plume rise velocity). The imaginer stack level can be determined by numbers of formulas, one of them is by Davidson & Bryant formula.

Thus, the imaginer stack level is influenced by the rate of gas discharged from stack(VS), wind speed (u), gas temperatures discharges from stack (TS)and the ambient air temperature (T). With 10 meters height of stack rock muffler and stack diameter of 2.7 m, imaginer stack can be higher than physic stack.

Based on H2S gas emission exposed during production test, gas distribution in the atmosphere will adjust to Gaussian Dispersion Model. Pattern of gas H2S dispersion in the air ambient according to Gauss formula can be presented in the chart as follows:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-5 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

10 3 Environmen

/Nm tal Quality g μ 8 Standards

6 Maximum S ambien, ambien, S 2 4

Kadar H Kadar Normal 2

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Distance Dispersion of H2 S from rock muffler stack,m

Figure III-1 Distribution Pattern of H2S Gas Ambient During Production Test

Wet steam discharged from the well head has NCG level of more or less 2% and from the

NCG, 2% of it is H2S gas. Thus, for normal production test with 2% of H2S level, smell spread is far below the determined Treshold Limit Value (TLV). If H2S content increases by 5 % from

NCG, H2S smell distribution is far below quality standards. Thus, during the production test does not cause any H2S gas smell because H2S gas is perfectly dispersed in the atmosphere.

Along the pipe line route there are some points to install CDP (Condensate Drain Pot) to drain condensate water along the pipe line. When condensate water is drained, part of the steam and H2S will be discharged in the atmosphere, that this caused smell around the CDP in radius of 10 m only.

H2S gas may cause sulfide iron corrosion / Ferrous sulfide (FeS) on the iron, especially at > 1.400 µg/Nm3 the FeS is phyroporic, which, if it reacts with oxygen in the air, it will produce 3 heat. By dispersion level of 181 µg/ Nm , the nature of corrosive gas of H2S gas on the houses' roofs of the population is categorized as very low.

Based on the Regulations of Minister of Environment Numb 21 of 2008, H2S emission Standard Quality is 35 mg/Nm3 , thus the magnitude of impact during the production well testing on air quality can be presented in the impact scale as follows:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-6 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Magnitude impact scale (M)

Magnitude impact (M) H 2S emission gas Scale This is

3 H 2S gas emission at the production test > 35 mg/Nm 1 Very poor 3 is 9.5 mg/Nm3 , so that the magnitude 25 – 35 mg/Nm 2 Poor 3 of impact is equivalent to scale 4 15 – 25 mg/Nm 3 Medium 3 5 – 15 mg/Nm 4 Good < 5 mg/Nm3 5 Very good

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The settlement area is far from well pad location, so that it will be easier to conduct production test without disturbing the convenience of the people. Laws and regulation that implemented as boundary factor is the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 50 of 1996 on : Odor Quality Standards. It stipulates the Odor Quality Standard of H2S, which is 28 µg/Nm3 as the maximum threshold. Then, the stipulated minimum threshold is 0.0005 ppm or 1 µg/Nm3. Then, based on the margin mentioned, the important of impact of significant impact is stated in 5 scale of significant impact, the result is as presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Drilling operator (2) Total area of impact distribution Well pad area (3) Duration of impact 10 days (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact No impact (7) Reversible or irreversible No impact

Important of impact Ambient Scale Value 3 The dispersion of H2S gas in the normal < 1 µg/Nm 1 Not important 3 3 ambient air is < 4 µg/Nm and the maximum 1 – 10 µg/Nm 2 moderate is < 8 µg/Nm3 , which is far below its quality important 3 3 standard of 28 µg/Nm . The distribution in 10 – 19 µg/Nm 3 Important 3 the working areas is equivalent to scale 2 19 – 28 µg/Nm 4 More important > 28 µg/Nm3 5 Very important

In the production test wells planned activities, the impact of H2S gas is only scattered in the project boundary at the well pad areas and does not extend to residential areas. Thus, the spread of H2S gas impact is in the work environment so that the internal flag is in effect in the work environment. Thus, production test plan of production wells generates impact in good

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-7 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

condition (scale 4) and the importance of of impact is categorized as moderate important (scale 2)

3. Prediction of CO2 emission load

NCG consists of CO2 and H2S, thus, it causes H2S emission and CO2 emission as well. CO2 gas is not directly affected to the environment, but it is to the global climate. In other words, CO2 emission is not an environmental parameters which categorized as important, that in

ANDAL, it is enough to consider the CO2 emission load and its contribution nationally. However, because of global environmental issue on the anxiety of the world over the occurrence of global warming resulted from the high of glass houses emission, (CO2, CH4,

N2O and HFC) from industrial countries, all countries is obliged to minimize the CO2 emission load.

Based on the prediction from domestic and international resources, CO2 emission in

Indonesia is approximately 400 - 500 ton of CO2 per year. There are many institutions performing a study to predict the CO2 emission in Indonesia, but the most realistic value is the result of New Straits Times (1995) study, which is presented in the following table:

Table III-1 Projection of CO2 emission in Indonesia

CO emission in Year 2 million ton/year 1988 111 1995 172 2000 220 2005 301 2010 382 2015 533 2020 684

During production test, NCG released in the atmosphere is 2% from the total flow rate of wet steam with 90% of which is CO2 gas. With the flow rate of wet steam of 334 kg/s and the 10 days length of production well testing, CO2 emission load discharged in the atmosphere is as follows:

 Flow rate of wet steam is 34 kg/s  NCG content is 2 %

 Content of CO2 in the NCG 90 %  Duration of production test is 10 days  Numbers of production test is 27

 CO2 emission is equivalent to 14,3 ton/year  National contribution is 0 % (trace)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-8 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

CO2 emission during production test on 27 production wells will contribute to the national CO2 emission load of 0% (trace) because of the small emission load of CO2. The result of a research on tropical rain forest showed that the primary forest can absorb CO2 18.35 metric ton/acre/year. Thereby, CO2 emission of 14.3ton/year can be absorbed by primary forest of 25.8 acre. While the area of protected forest in South Solok Regency more or less 84,079 acre, more than dispersion of the CO2 has.

3.2.1.2 Noise

During production test, wells may cause high noise levels which reach 124 - 134 dB (A) because of steam blow off, therefore to reduce the level, noise is silenced in the rock muffler during production test. In the rock muffler, high pressure water steam and temperatures is reduced drastically (flashing) that the noise will be fainted and part of water vapor will change to fluid phase. Level of noise in the rock muffler can be fainted to approximately 85 - 100 dB (A). The same event can take place when there is sudden excessive pressure, such as when there is turbine disturbance that the water vapor must be discharged to the atmosphere as soon as possible through rock muffler. If there is sudden pressure, at a glance high level of noise occurs in relieve valve separator. Then, the water vapor is flowed to rock muffler that causes the noise if fainted at once. Thereby, the noise propagation pattern during production test when compared to drilling time can be described as follows:

125,00 115,00 Environm 105,00 ental

95,00

85,00 Production 75,00

65,00

55,00 Bising drilling & uji produksi, dB(A)produksi, uji & drilling Bising

45,00

35,00 Drilling 25,00 1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Jarak rambatan bising dari wellpad, m

Figure III-2 Propagation Pattern During Drilling and Production Tests

During drilling, propagation of the noise reaches noise levels standard of 55 dB (A) in the distance of 100 m from rig tower (see Figure III-2). High scale noise occurs during the development of well production test. Without rock muffler as noise silencer, noise propagation during production can be heard up to 1 km from well pad. Thus, the existence of rock muffler

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-9 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

as silencer is becoming important so that noise propagation can be fainted up to maximum 250 m from the rock muffler to reach the quality standard.

Based on the impact prediction of drilling and production test on noise, the magnitude and the importance nature of impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude impact scale (M) The magnitude of impact refers to the noise limits which considered safe for health and convenience to the environment, based on the provision of SE Minister of Manpower No. SE.01/MEN/1978, Regulations of Minister of Health No. 718 of 1987 and Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : Based on the decree mentioned above, tolerated noise level is 55 - 85 dB (A), based on this, magnitude impact scale can be drawn as in the following table:

Magnitude impact (M) Interval Scale Value

Upon drilling, 10 m distance noise away > 100 dB(A) 1 Very poor from noise source is 74 dB (A), while 85 – 100 dB(A 2 Poor during the production test, it can reach 98 70 – 85 dB(A 3 Medium dB(A). Therefore the magnitude scale of 55 – 70 dB(A 4 Good production test impact is 2. < 55 dB(A) 5 Very good

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important of impact of impact is stated in scale 5 significant impact which refers to the decree of ISO (International Standardization Organisation) and the Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : In accordance ISO, threshold of normal hearing is < 25 dB(A), while according to the Decree of Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996, residential convenience if noise level is < 55 dB(A). Based on the limit mentioned, intervals of noise level is between 25 dB (A) up to the worse of 60 dB (A) as significant impact. Important of impact scale of noise impact can be presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Drilling operator (2) Total area of impact distribution Working environment of 250 m (3) Duration of Impact Noise baseline, 3 months (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact NA (7) Reversible or irreversible NA

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-10 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Important of impact Interval Scale Value Noise is affected to the drilling operator < 25 dB(A) 1 Not important only and none of the communities 25 – 40 dB(A 2 moderate affected by the noise impact, thus the important impact scale = 1 40 – 55 dB(A 3 Important 55 – 70 dB(A 4 More important > 70 dB(A) 5 Very important

Without rock muffler noise propagation on the production test is reaching 1,000 m, but with rock muffler silencer noise propagation reaching only radius of 250 m. At a radius of 250 m, there is no residential area, while the nearest residential area to the wells in the area of Well Pad C is Kampung Baru which is about 500 m away. Thus, Radius of 250 m is a working environment area and not residential area, so the noise at the residential is equivalent to noise baseline. Therefore it is predicted that drilling activity plan and production test may cause quite significant impact on the convenience and health of Kampung Baru community who live at more or less 1,000 m from the location of Well Pad. Based on the above description, it is stated that the level of noise is in poor condition (scale 2) and the importance of impact is categorized as less significant (scale 1).

3.2.1.3 Erosion and Sedimentation

Project area which has 25 - 50% slope needs protection to serve as protection zone for area underneath. The earthwork on the sloping area are concerned to cause an open space, which is possibly prone to erosion. Thus, significant impact on erosion derived from planned activities of land clearing in the area which has a steep slope for project site during construction.

Most of the activities has been performed in the stage of exploration pursuant to UKL-UPL document, such access road construction to the steam field and partly the area of well pad. Therefore within this ANDAL only part of the earthwork which is not completed, some access roads and PLTP well pad area.

Most of project area is a dry agricultural land area and the rest is small part of paddy field and bushes. Thus, dry agricultural land area and bushes with tens of acres is open area that prone to erosion compared to the total area of tens of acres gradually. PLTP area is a dry agricultural land area while well pad area and access roads most of them are bushes. The prediction of soil erosion rate volume in the activities of land clearing at project site which prone to erosion can be presented in the following table:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-11 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-2 Erosion Rate and Sediment Load

Open Area Erosion Critical endangered Location acre (ton/acre/year) (ton/acre/year) PLTP Area 7.5 27.8 9

Well pad area 4 21.6 9

Roads 3 20.1 9 Erosion critical threshold PP No. 150 of 2000

Project area of PLTP construction categorized as prone to erosion, although the activities of the project land clearing categorized as mild erosion. Based on the prediction of the impacts of land clearing of project sites on erosion, surface water runoff and sediment charge, thus the magnitude and important impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude impact scale (M): The magnitude of erosion rate refers to the Provision of Government No. 150 of 2000 on erosion critical threshold. Project Sites with soil thickness more than 150 cm, erosion critical endangered <9 ton/acre/year. Further based on the definition of erosion critical threshold big erosion scale impact can be presented in the following table:

Critical Magnitude impact (M) endangered Scale This is (ton/acre/year) Rates of soil erosion of project > 15 1 Very poor site is approximately 20.1 - 27.8 12 - 15 2 Poor ton/acre/year that the significant 6 - 9 3 Medium impact is categorized poor, with 3 - 6 4 Good scale 5 < 3 5 Very good

According to the definition, the magnitude of the erosion is considered moderate (big enough) if the erosion rate is < 9 ton/acre/year and categorize huge if the erosion rate is > 15 ton/acre/year.

Further determination of important impact refers to the laws and regulations and 7 (seven) criteria of significant impact. Important impact stated in scale 5 significant impact which refers to provisions of classification of rates of soil erosion according to the Decree of Directorate General of Reboisation & Rehabilitation of Ministry of Forestry No. 041/Kpts/V/1998, as presented in the table following table:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-12 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-3 Classification of Erosion Rate

No. Soil erosion rate (ton/acre/year) Erosion Class

1 < 15 Normal 2 15 - 60 low erosion 3 60 - 180 Moderate 4 180 - 480 High 5 > 480 Huge Further based on the rates of soil erosion classification scale of important impact of erosion can be made which can be presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people NA (2) Total area of impact distribution Well pad, roads, and PLTP area (3) Duration of Impact During soils operating (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components Chemical-Physic (6) Cumulative impact Non cumulative (6) Reversible or irreversible Irreversible

Soil erosion rate Important of impact Scale Value (ton/acre/year) Rates of soil erosion approximately 20.1 < 15 1 Not important - 27.8 ton/acre/year is categorized as 15 - 60 2 moderate light erosion, that the impact is important important enough, with scale 2 60 - 180 3 Important 180 - 480 4 More important > 480 5 Very important

The provision within the Government Regulation No. 150 of 2000 is strict, that erosion rate >15 ton/acre/year stated important enough impact. PLTP project only open relatively narrow land, that the erosion is not categorized as significant impact, but required further management. Further the impact of land clearing on erosion and sedimentation is in very poor condition (scale 5) and important impact is categorized quite important (scale 2).

3.2.1.4 Surface Water Quality

Surface water runoff rate can bring sediment load flowing to the river that may cause the next impacts on physic-chemical and river biology river quality lower. If there is erosion, the sediment load may be flowed by the runoff water and entering the river, which can cause turbidity and riverine air quality disturbance (physical-chemical-biological), as well as the possibility to cause sedimentation on the river bed. The river upstream that across the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-13 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

protected forest through project area considered as relatively good river because water quality change is little, such as with river water turbidity it can cause significant impact. Therefore to anticipate the occurence of erosion along the roads access and well pad area runoff water drainage is constructed which it ends at catch pond to catch sediment charge, that prevent the turbidity of river water.

The prediction of earthwork impact during construction on river water quality is presented in the following table:

1. Without erosion and sediment load management

Without good erosion management sediment charge that fitted into the river can reach maximum of 388 mg/L, which means far over this sediment charge can cause significant impact on the river water quality. Burden of sediment charge prior to the management can be presented in the following table:

Table III-4 Pre-managed Sediment Load

Sediment charge, Environmental Open Run Off Location of Erosion mg/L Standard Area Debit activities (ton/acre/year) Quality acre (m3/s) Minimum Maximum (mg/L)

PLTP Plan 7.5 27.8 0.17 97 388 50

Well pad area 4 21.6 0.12 59 234 50

Roads 3 20.1 0.10 50 198 50

1. Without erosion and sediment load management If erosion is not well managed then sediment charge fitted into the river far over the quality standards, which is varies between 50 - 388 mg/L. Therefore it needs an erosion management so that the sediment charge fitted into the river <50 mg/L. The biggest sediment charge burden is derived from PLTP area, however after it is managed there is still residue of sediment charge of 78 mg/L. Subsequent to the ground work, sediment charge will decreased to <50 mg/L. The prediction of sediment charge after being managed it is presented in Table III-5 Post-managed Sediment Load.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-14 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-5 Post-managed Sediment Load

Sediment charge, mg/L Sediment charge, mg/L Impact Quality Location of Prior to be managed After being managed residue Standard activities Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum (mg/L) (mg/L)

PLTP Plan 97 388 <50 78 28 50

Well pad area 59 234 <50 47 0 50

Roads 50 198 <50 40 0 50

Based on the prediction of the impacts of land clearing of project sites on erosion, surface water runoff and sediment charge, thus the magnitude and important impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude impact scale (M): The magnitude of surface water runoff which contains of sediment erosion refers to the provision of Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 on water quality criteria class-1 and class-2, thus Quality Standard of TSS in the river bank is determined 50 mg/L. Further sediment charge burden or effluent water is permitted up to 200 mg/L. In other word mining effluent water is permitted fitted into the river with <200 mg/L TSS grade. Accordingly as impoundment factor of scale the magnitude of impact is:

 Minimum limit is < 50 mg/L

 Minimum limit is < 200 mg/L

The magnitude of impact of sediment charge burden can be make in the scale of impacts magnitude, which is presented in the following table:

Sediment charge, Magnitude impact (M) Scale This is mg/L After it is being managed, the > 500 1 Very poor sediment charge, maximum of 350 - 500 2 Poor 78 mg/L, the magnitude of 200 - 350 3 Medium impacts is catagorized good, 50 - 200 4 Good scale 4 < 50 5 Very good

Further when the sediment charge fitted into the river, will affected to the quality of chemical- physic and biology of the river. The most simple phenomenon, distribution of TSS in the river if the waste water expenditure from catch pond with the grade of TSS > 50 mg/L directly blend with the river water and in a glance the blending capability takes place at the cross sectional of the river.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-15 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

This phenomenon can occur in steady state condition, which means that both debit and concentration is no more depending on the time. this phenomenon can occur in the downstream of the river subsequent to the mixing zone with the last TSS concentration in the river is Co. Mixing zone area is TSS distribution impact areal which predicted as far as 50 m from outfall position. Based on that formula, the steady state condition has achieved at TSS grade = 4,8 mg/L while baseline of TSS at the Liki river is 4mg/L. The river is shallow relatively, so that the dispersion factor is quite big that the total area of distribution of TSS is predicted only approximately 200 m from the outlet position. However because the TSS baseline is low thus erosion management required to be performed and the sediment treatment is more tight which will be deliberated in detail in RKL.

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important impact is stated also in scale 5 of significant impact which refers to the condition of TSS baseline and the water quality criteria class-1 and class-2 which determined 50 mg/L.

As limiting factor it is determined:

 TSS baseline = 4 mg/L as the limit of minimum scale  Quality Standard = 50 mg/L as maximum scale limit

By this important impact of land clearing on the quality of chemical-physic river is presented in the following impact scale:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people NA (2) Total area of impact distribution Approximately 50 m from outfall (3) Duration of Impact 4,8 mg/L during the ground work (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components Chemical-physic and biology (6) Cumulative impact Non cumulative (7) Reversible or irreversible Reversible

Important of impact TSS content (mg/L) Scale This is TSS dispersion at the river in steady < 4 1 Not important state condition is 4.8 mg/L, therefore it is 4 - 50 2 moderate categorized as impact with scale 2 important important enough. 50 - 95 3 Important 95 - 140 4 More important > 140 5 Very important

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-16 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Without good management, the magnitude of impact is quite big that reach scale 2, but important impact remain in the scale 2. The corporation has had the policy for managing the project that will not affected (mitigated impact). However the land clearing activities after it is being well managed still causing important impact on the river water quality. Further, the impact of land clearing on river water quality is good (scale 4) and the important of impact is categorized as moderately important (scale 2). Meanwhile the quality of river waters is decreasing because of production wells drilling, injection, production well testing, and well maintaining can change the environmental to be in good condition (scale 4) and the important impact categorized quite important (scale 2).

3.2.1.5 Surface Water Run-off Rate

Earthwork to clear the project site land activities, apart from causing impact on erosion, it will also impact the surface water runoff. Each of total area of well pad is 4 acre and the PLTP area is 7.5 acre as well as access roads is 3 acre is too small compared to the catchment area. But how little is the surface water runoff can bring the sediment charge flowing to the river that can cause the turbidity of the river and sedimentation on the riverbed. Planned activities of Land clearing of project sites predicted can generate the increase of impact of surface water runoff which probably in the future can affect the decrease of the river waters quality. The magnitude of impact can be calculated by comparing the surface water runoff (Q) prior and post land clearing during earthwork.

The impact of earthwork during construction on surface water runoff can be predicted as follows:

The rain water that falls on earth fitted into the ground named infiltration water, and some other which is not fitted into the earth and due to the flowing on the lower surface of the earth to the river, pond and sea it is named surface water runoff. There is also rain water that has fitted into the earth, mainly on the earth which is almost or has been saturated, that water exiting to soil surface, and flowing to the lower part named water runoff. The first rainfall fulfill the water requirement for evaporation, interception, infiltration and to fill the new soil basin, and then the runoff water keep flowing when the rainfall is over the infiltration rate to the soil. This process may be occur if the rainfall reached the peak flow.

Runoff coefficient (C) every block of catchment area is influenced by class of slope, types of soil and types of vegetation/cover.

Based on that rational formula, prediction of the magnitude of surface water runoff which brings sediment charge of erosion at the project sites can be expressed in the following table:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-17 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-6 Surface Water Runoff

Run Off Debit Impact on Debit

Location Open air (acre) Baseline Open (m3/second) % (m3/second) (m3/second) PLTP Area 7.5 0.1684 0.1725 0.0040 2.4

Well pad area 4 0.1059 0.1187 0.0128 12.1

Roads 3 0.0882 0.0096 10.9

Based on the prediction of impact of the land clearing of project sites on erosion, surface water runoff and sediment charge, thus the magnitude of impact and the important of impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude impact scale (M): The magnitude of surface water runoff can be determined by comparing the surface water runoff before and after earthwork, which is expressed in percentage of impact from 0 - 100%. Further, the interval is used to make the magnitude of impact scale on surface water runoff, presented as follows:

Magnitude of impact (M) % impact Scale This is

The magnitude of impact on > 80 1 Very poor debit 2.4 - 12.1 %, that the 60 - 80 2 Poor magnitude of impact is very 40 - 60 3 Medium good, scale 5. 20 - 40 4 Good < 20 5 Very good

The magnitude of impact is expressed in the increased of surface water runoff debit which is only approximately between 2.4 - 12.1% of the condition of baseline. But this debit mentioned is capable to bring the sediment charge fitted into the river, that required controlling on the sediment charge, both by controlling erosion and runoff.

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important impact is also expressed in scale 5 of significant impact which refers to the provisions of general mining which states that surface water runoff can be named mining waste, allowed to bring sediment charge <200 mg/L. While, pursuant to the provisions of the Government Regulation No. 87 of 2001 it is designated that TSS Quality Standard is 50 mg/L. Therefore as boundary factor of sediment charge which allowed to be brought by surface water runoff is as follows: - Minimum limit is < 50 mg/L - Minimum limit is <200 mg/L

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-18 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

By this important impact of land clearing on the quality of chemical-physic river is presented in the following impact scale:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people NA (2) Total area of impact distribution Project limit (3) Duration of Impact During soils operating (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components Chemical-Physic (6) Cumulative impact Cumulative (7) Reversible or irreversible Reversible

Sediment charge Important of impact Scale This is (mg/L) Without being well managed, surface < 50 1 Not important water runoff capable to bring maximum 50 - 200 2 moderate sediment charge 198 - 388 mg/L that the important impact is scale 4. 200 - 350 3 Important 350 - 500 4 More important > 500 5 Very important

Thus, land clearing activities generates significant impact on the increasing of surface water runoff due to surface water runoff capable to bring sediment charge > 200 mg/L. Further the impact of land clearing on surface water runoff may change the environmental condition to very good (scale 5) and the important of impact is categorized as moderately important (scale 2).

3.2.2 Biology Components

3.2.2.1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

Planned Geothermal Development Activities for Muara Laboh PLTP in South Solok Regency is predicted affecting flora/vegetation at project sites. The impact occurs on flora is in the form of vegetation lost and the occurrence of structure and composition alterations and decreasing of diversity. Changing of structure and vegetation composition as a result of plan and/or activities which is predicted occur at construction stage, comprises of land clearing, cut & fill and the availability of main building, support, roads, and base camp structure.

In relation to the Planned Geothermal Development Activities, this predicted that the structure and composition of species basically change and in fact lose that decreasing quality of environment from scale 3 (moderate) to 2 (poor). Having lost of flora and vegetation occurs due to the land clearing activities to construct infra structure. Apart from that it is also

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-19 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

influencing the life of all types of fauna available in the location of activities. In this case vegetation in forming a community may play the role as habitats, as food provider, and resting and from the predator and enemy attack.

Important of impact of fauna/vegetations as follows:

1. Number of human affected (scale 3, significant). The negative impact of flora is predicted directly affecting the communities in the neighborhood due to the lost of conservation of mixture garden and paddy fields.

2. Total area of impact distribution (scale 2, moderately significant)

3. The length of impact takes place (scale 3, significant)

4. Intensity of impact (scale 2, quite significant)

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected (scale 3, significant)

6. Cumulative impact (scale 3, moderate)

7. Reversible or irriversible of impact (reversible, scale 3, significant)

Based on description mentioned above thus the rehabilitation of impact/land of revegation can change the environmental quality to poor (scale 2) and importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

3.2.2.2 Aquatic Biota

3.2.2.2.1 Land Clearing

Impact in the form of plankton and benthos abundance basically is the continuation of impact from decreasing the river water quality due to the increase of sedimentation content (TSS) and turbidity of water due to land preparation such land clearing and land cleaning which will be utilized for PLTP location and also supporting tools. The more sediment content (TSS) and turbidity increase, thus the activity of photo synthesis of aquatic biota (phytoplankton in particular) that will decrease the abundance of plankton and benthos

Significant impacts on fauna/vegetations as follows:

1. Number of people affected Activities of land preparation on aquatic biota will not directly affected to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. The total area of impact spread This activities is predicted will utilize more or less 4 acre of land. Several lands have no vegetation such existing well pads. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place The length of impact take place which is during construction stage, therefore based on the observation of the length of impact takes place may be categorizes as insignificant negative impacts.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-20 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Impact that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, thus, categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts Changing of aquatic biota habitats will recover after the construction stage is finished. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

From the environmental importance scale it is categorized in (scale 1) less significant. Thereby, it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception to be poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as non-significant (scale 1).

3.2.2.2.2 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

The more sediment content (TSS) and turbidity increase, thus the activity of photo synthesis of biota waters (phytoplankton in particular) that will decrease the abundance of plankton and benthos. This predicted will decrease the environmental quality from scale 3 (moderate) to 2 (poor).

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected. Activities of land preparation on aquatic biota will not directly affected to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. The total area of impact spread This activities is predicted will utilize more or less 4 acre of land. Several lands have no vegetation such existing well pads. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place The length of impact take place which is during construction stage, therefore based on the observation of the length of impact takes place may be categorizes as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected. Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Impact that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, thus, categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-21 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Changing of aquatic biota habitats will recover after the construction stage is finished. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

From the environmental importance scale it is categorized in (scale 1) less important. Consequently this environment condition due to this activities turns out to be poor (scale 2) and the important impact is categorized as less important (scale 1).

3.2.3 Socio-Economic and Culture Components

3.2.3.1 Job opportunities

3.2.3.1.1 Labor recruitment

The requirement of manpower on construction of PLTP activities is fluctuate from time to time, both quantity and quality of skill, according to the project development stage. Work activities at the construction stage will be performed by the contractor meets every competency and field, including the manpower that perform the works mentioned. Therefore, the activities of Muara Laboh PLTP will absorb workforce both as director PT SEML worker and hired by contractor.

Overall the construction of Muara Laboh PLTP is predicted will absorb 2,000 = 2,500 workforces with varies of knowledges and qualifications and most of them will be recruited from the location of activities nearby. The absorption of this workforce will affect to the expansion of employment opportunities in the area of study about one unit that the environmental quality increased from scale 2 to scale 3 (moderate).

From the point of view of the important of impact, the affected population due to the activities of PLTP construction are numerous, impact distribution is huge, length of impact takes place approximately 2 - 3 years, other affected environment components is small, cumulative impact or effect impact, and impact will reversible during the manpower layoff. By this, it can be concluded that the employment opportunities is categorized moderate (scale 3) with the category important of impact as more significant (scale 4).

3.2.3.1.2 Manpower Layoff

The activities of manpower layoff due to the termination of construction stage will decrease the quality of environment from scale 3 to scale 2 (poor). From the point of importance of impact, there are numerous affected inhabitant and spread all over and takes time, but other affected environment components is little, not cumulative and irreversible. Consequently level of the important of impact is categorized as important (scale3). Thus the manpower lay off activities during construction can change the environment to poor (scale 2) and the importance of impact is categorized as significant (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-22 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.2.3.2 Business Opportunities

3.2.3.2.1 Labor recruitment

Planned Activities of recruitment during construction stage will open new business opportunities or grow the available business for the communities residing at project site. Business opportunities of trading and restaurant to meet the need of the workers. The magnitude impact of business opportunities generated is as much as much as units or environmental quality will increase from very poor (scale 1) turns to be poor (scale 2). There are many affected people, the impact will spread, the length of impact is moderate, many other components affected a lot, cumulative impact is low and impact will reversible. Thus, level of the important of impact is categorized as important or scale 3. Thereby, it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward community perception to poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale 3).

3.2.3.2.2 Manpower Layoff

The activities of manpower layoff on the construction stage will decrease the quality of environment from scale 2 to scale 1 (poor). From the point of view of the important of impact, number of people affected is numerous, spread and endurance, other affected environmental component is numerous. That impact is not cumulative as well as irreversible. Thus, level of the important of impact including more important category or scale 4. Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward community perception is poor (scale 1) and the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale 4).

3.2.3.3 Income of Community

3.2.3.3.1 Labor recruitment

The condition of local incomes which is included in low category at the initial baseline is predicted will increase at the construction stage of Muara Laboh PLTP construction project. Source of local incomes improvement is derived from man power recruitment activities at the construction stage, both by PT SEML as initiator and executor, about 2,000 to 2,500 people with varies of qualifications related to the construction activities stage. The amount of this income improvement is predicted 1 (one) unit that the quality of the income of communities increased from scale 2 (poor) to scale 3 (moderate).

From the point of view of the important of impact, number of affected inhabitant is numerous and the impact will spread and will take place in moderate period of time, which is during construction stage. Other affected environmental component is numerous, such as lack of inhabitant economic activities pressure on forest area, the improvement of socio status of the inhabitant, and so forth. Impact will accumulated through multiplier effects and will reversible. Consequently, level of the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale3). Thereby, the activities of labor recruitment during construction can change the environmental quality to poor (scale 3) and the important of impact is categorized as highly significant (scale 5).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-23 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.2.3.3.2 Manpower Layoff

At the end of construction stage, the quality of community income is predicted will decrease due contractor will perform manpower layoff. By this the quality of communities income scale will change from moderate (scale 3) to poor (scale 2).

It is predicted that the public who are affected from the declining of the communities income is numerous and spreading. Yet, the impact will no longer take place because the work is going to be continued by PLTP operating stage. Other environmental components that affected are many which comprises of physic and social. This impact will going to be even worse if there is no interval between construction stage and operating stage longer. The decreasing of impacts on income is non cumulative and irreversible if it is not followed with proper environmental management. Thus, scale of significance of impact on income decrease due to the termination of construction stage is highly significant (scale 5). Thereby, it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception to be poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale 5).

3.2.3.4 Social Values and Norms

3.2.3.4.1 Labor recruitment

The activities of recruiting manpower at the stage of construction of PLTP construction from outside South of Solok even West Sumatra Province. Recruitment of man power that have dedicated ability and expertise generally comes from out of PLTP construction area which have different value and customs. Meanwhile the manpower without skill of mining derived from local population who know the condition of local social and culture. Recruiting manpower from community out side the area of PLTP certainly brings an exclusive culture value which can be understood by the communities because they are coming from east, make the adaption proses with local environment, because of value differences of cultures and social norm universally almost the same because they come from Indonesia. Based on the perception and the attitude of the communities the land acquisition for environment quality can be categorized as bad (scale 3) with nature of impact which categorized more significant (scale 3).

3.2.3.4.2 Manpower Layoff

The manpower layoff or employment termination at the construction stage of Muara Laboh PLTP construction activities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo is not influencing the value and local communities norm system. This condition is due to the interaction process local socio communities with geothermal workers relatively not intensive, even rarely, due to the workers live far from the communities settlement area except the local worker interact often with the workers from who live far from study area. This is a process of manpower layoff with the alterations of value and social norm of communities is not yet influencing the social order of communities. From above description manpower layoff toward the change of value and social order of communities gives less influence, that the value of culture and norm can be maintained in good category (scale 4) with significant of impact (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-24 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.2.3.5 Community Perception

3.2.3.5.1 Labor recruitment

Labor recruitment at the stage of PLTP construction generates varies of perceptions and attitude of community . Perceptions and attitude of the community on man power recruitment generates varies of community interpretations on an activity. In this study activities it is observed the communities response, attitude and opinions on man power recruitment tends to think negative. This condition has generated varies of demonstrations in relation to man power recruitment. This has been disseminated that there are many local workforces such as Muara Labuh, Hulu Suliti, Pakan Rabaa dan other regions recruited to work through the recommendation from certain parties. Jobs from the communities of PLTP activities project sites such as Jorong, Pekonina, Sapan Sari, Kampung Baru, Pinang Awan, Taratak Tinggi, Liki dan Jorong Ampalu very rarely and difficult to be recruited. Apart from that some groups of communities think that the process of man power recruitment which is not transparent and not give any respect for the selection process well performed.

This impact becoming important due to the perception and attitude of the communities on man power recruitment at construction stage. During the activities process, in case of the issues that they have receive, understand, think and feel and wish not the way they want it to be at the initial stage of PLTP construction, tends to be negative and if this is not well tackled will spread across the communities levels. In that kind of situation, the good impact in the beginning will turn to moderate (scale 3) to poor (scale 2).

Thereby, it is concluded that this activity can change the environmental quality toward communities perception to poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale 3).

1.1.1.1.1 Manpower Layoff

The activities of manpower layoff due to the termination of construction stage will decrease the quality of environment from scale 3 to scale 2 (poor). From the point of importance of impact, there are numerous affected inhabitant and spread all over and takes time, but other affected environment components is little, not cumulative and irreversible. Consequently level of the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale3). Thereby, it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception to poor (scale 2) and the significance of impact categorized as significant (scale 3).

3.2.3.5.2 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

The changing of perception of the communities is derivative impact from noise level on the production well test activities at construction stage. In that kind of situation, the good impact in the beginning will turn to moderate (scale 3) to poor (scale 2).

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-25 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1. Number of people affected. The impact of activities of drilling and production test generates direct impact to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

2. The total area of impact spread This activity is predicted only on affected area around the location of activities location. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

3. The length of impact takes place This activities only takes place less than one month, therefore based on the observation of the length of impact takes place this may be categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected. Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Impact that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, thus, categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. The alterations of environmental conditions will recover after the termination of construction stage. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

From the environmental importance scale it is categorized in (scale 1) less important.

3.2.3.5.3 Manpower Layoff

The activities of manpower layoff due to the termination of construction stage will decrease the quality of environment from scale 3 to scale 2 (poor). From the point of importance of impact, there are numerous affected inhabitant and spread all over and takes time, but other affected environment components is little, not cumulative and irreversible. Consequently level of the important of impact is categorized as significant (scale3).

3.2.4 Public Health Components

The activities of Muara Laboh PLTP construction is predicted will affect to the public health. Changing pattern of disease is an indirect impact due to the decrease of surface water quality (river), and dust/air gas around the project locations. At the construction stage which sourced from the production wells drilling, injection, and production well testing. Due to geothermal production wells drilling this will resulting gas mixture which dominated by CO2 and H2S as well as effluents as drilling result. The gas distribution impact is depending on the direction and speed of the wind as well as distance of the location of the settlement. This activity potentially to decrease the public health of community in the area around the project sites.

Hydrogen Sulfide released from the source especially as gas and distribute in the air at low layer, close to human. Hydrogen Sulfide can alterate the sulphur dioxide (SO2). Yet, H2S is

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-26 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

dangerous gas that can cause headache, coughing. Gas that inhaled in human body can cause absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption from inhalation expose especially due to small particle H2S can reach the respiratory tract that hidrogen sulfide can be absorbed. Particles in small size penetrate the sacus alveolaris which partly by macrophage and the other part will be absorbed in the blood. Digestive tract is a minimum path of H2S exposure absorption, because solubility in the water is small and easily evaporate and without any report from the scientist that the people have got diarhea.

Due to the PLTP activities Muara Laboh can cause the number of respiratory infection increased. The impact of the disease worsen with unhealty house of the communities especially lack of information on how to live clean and healthy and house ventilation <5% of total area of the floor, as well as shortage of health facility around the project sites. Overtime with the improvement of the disease, certainly will affect the health service and the paramedic. Based on prediction of significant impact it is concluded that the quality of the environment is poor (2).

The decrease of community health status is derivative impact of activities/project and is negative. This impact is derived from the production well drilling activities, injection wells, production well testing at the construction test. Due to the decrease of status of community health it is predicted that number of human affected relatively numerous which is important as it has a wide impact distribution. Intensity and impact with long duration (important). Affected environmental components not limited to the community health will influence the other environmental components. However non cumulative impact can be recovered (unimportant). Irreversible impact that impact becomes unimportant

Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception to be poor (scale 2) and the significance of impact is categorized as more significant (scale 4).

3.3 OPERATION STAGE

3.3.1 Physical-Chemical Components

3.3.1.1 Air Quality

3.3.1.1.1 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

Activities derived from production wells drilling, injection wells, production well testing and maintenance relatively equal during construction.

The significant impact potency can occur at exploitation production well testing, at operation stage. The magnitude of impact and the important of impact of production testing of air quality ambient, especially H2S gas can be predicted as follows.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-27 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1. Estimation of H2S emission on the production test

Wet geothermal steam expenditure from the well head of well at temperature of 200oC, with the assumptions that the biggest part of fluid comprises of steam thus fluid specific volume is 0,0422 m3/kg. In the case of average capacity ob each production well is 17 MW and the requirement of steam per MW is 2 kg/second, the flow rate of fluid for each of the tested production well is 34 kg/second.

With not more than 2% of NCG and grade of H2S gas in it less from 2%, flow rate H2S gas upon test production is 0,0136 gram/second. Meanwhile fluid flow rate of well head is 34kg/s with specific volume 0.0422m3/kg, thus fluid flow rate can be stated as 1.4348 m3/s.

H2S gas emission from rock muffler during production test is equal to flow rate of H2S gas divided with flow rate fluid released from rock muffler. Thus, H2S gas flow rate = 0,0136 X 1000/14348 = 9,5 mg/Nm3

Interpretation of Nm3 (normal meter cubic) is that water vapor measured at the temperature of 25 oC on the atmospheric pressure of 1, thus all units are converted to the temperature and pressure. If the result of flashing on the rock muffler is 50% of fluid is melted, H2S emission gas will increase to 19 mg/Nm3. 21 of 2008 Appendix V - Standard Quality Source for PLTP that can be issued for production test is 35mg/Nm3. With the flow rate of 9.5 - 19 mg/Nm3 the

H2S emission gas on the production test can be controlled under standard quality of emission.

2. Prediction of H2S gas distribution in the air ambient during production test

Gas emission discharged from rock muffler will spread in the atmosphere depends on the direction and the speed of the wind at the moment. Pattern of gas distribution and particulate in the atmosphere can be determined based on the mathematic algorithm, such as the choice of model used Box model, Box model, Gaussian model, Eulerian model and Lagrangian model. Here, pattern of gas distribution from rock muffler emission is using the Gauss formula.

Rock muffler actually has a function as noise reducer and stack gas dispersion as well. Because it is highly designed and diameter of stack rock muffler is determined by natural draft because of the difference of steam pressure and ambient atmosphere pressure is high. In calculating the maximum gas dispersion, the height of the stack rock muffler must be calculated equal with physic stack plus imaginer stack height.

The level of the physic stack (Hphysic)is a measurable stack level physically, meanwhile the stack imaginer height (∆H) is additional plume level which determined by the flow rate of flue gas discharges from stack (plume rise velocity). The imaginer stack level can be determined by numbers of formulas, one of them is by Davidson & Bryant formula.

Thus, the imaginer stack height is influenced by the stack velocity (VS), wind velocity (u), temperatures of effluent (TS) and the temperatures of ambient air (T). With 10 meter height of stack rock muffler and stack diameter stack 2,7 m, thus imaginer stack can be higher than the physic stack.

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Based on H2S gas emission exposed during production test, gas distribution in the atmosphere will adjust to Gaussian Dispersion Model. Pattern of gas H2S dispersion in the air ambient according to Gauss formula can be presented in the chart as follows:

10 3 Environmen

/Nm tal Quality g μ 8 Standards

6 Maximum S ambien, ambien, S 2 4

Kadar H Kadar Normal 2

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Jarak dispersi H2S dari Rock maffler stack, m

Figure III-3 Distribution Pattern Of Ambient H2S Gas During Production Testing

Wet steam discharged from the well head has NCG level of more or less 2% and from the

NCG, 2% of it is H2S gas. Thus, for normal production test with 2% of H2S odor spread is far below the determined Cut off Grade (CoG). If percentage of H2S is increase by 5 % NCG, H2S odor distribution far below quality standard. Thus, during the production test does not cause any H2S gas smell because H2S gas is perfectly dispersed in the atmosphere.

Along the pipe line route there are some points to install CDP (Condensate Drain Pot) to drain condensate water along the pipe line. When condensate water is drained, part of the steam and H2S will be discharged in the atmosphere, that this caused smell around the CDP in radius of 10 m only.

H2S gas also can cause the sulfide iron corossion/Ferrous sulfide (FeS) on iron, especially > 1.400 µg/ Nm3. The FeS is phyroporic, which is if it is reacted with oxygen in the air will 3 generate heat. By dispersion level of 181 µg/ Nm , the nature of corrosive gas of H2S gas on the houses' roofs of the population is categorized as very low.

Based on the Regulations of Minister of Environment No 21 of 2008, H2S emission Standard Quality is 35 mg/Nm3 thus the magnitude of impact on the production well testing on air quality, can be presented in the impact scale as follows:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-29 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Magnitude of impact scale (M)

Magnitude of impact (M) H S gas emission 2 Scale Value

3 H 2S gas emission at the production > 35 mg/Nm 1 Very poor 3 test is 9.5 mg/Nm3 , so that the 25 – 35 mg/Nm 2 Poor 3 magnitude of impact is equivalent 15 – 25 mg/Nm 3 Medium 3 to scale 4 5 – 15 mg/Nm 4 Good < 5 mg/Nm3 5 Very good

Furthermore, the determination of important impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The settlement area is far from well pad location, so that it will be easier to conduct production test without disturbing the convenience of the people. Laws and regulation that is implemented as the restriction factor is the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 50 of 1996 on : Odor Quality standards. It is stipulated that the quality 3 standards of H2S is 28 µg/Nm as maximum limit. Then, for the minimum threshold, it is stipulated to be 0,0005 ppm or 1 µg/Nm3. Based on the margin mentioned, the important impact is stated in 5 scale of significant impact. The result is presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Drilling operator (2) The total area of impact distribution Well pad area (3) Duration of Impact Baseline, for 10 days (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact No impact (7) Reversible or irreversible No impact

Important of impact Ambient Scale Value 3 The dispersion of H2S gas in the normal < 1 µg/Nm 1 Not important 3 3 ambient air is < 4 µg/Nm and the maximum 1 – 10 µg/Nm 2 Moderately is < 8 µg/Nm3 , which is far below its quality important 3 3 standard of 28 µg/Nm . The distribution in 10 – 19 µg/Nm 3 Important 3 the working areas is equivalent to scale 2 19 – 28 µg/Nm 4 More important > 28 µg/Nm3 5 Very important

At the production well test of the planned activities, the impact of H2S gas only scattered inside the project boundary, which is at the well pad areas, and it does not extend to residential areas. Thus, the distribution of H2S gas impact is in the working areas, so that the threshold value is applicable in the working areas. By this, the well production test of the planned activities cause insignificant impact on the ambient air quality in the well pad area and its

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-30 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

environs. Thereby, this activity can change the environmental quality to be good (scale 4) and the significance of impact is categorized as moderately significant (scale 2).

3. Predicting CO2 emission load

NCG consists of CO2 and H2S , thus it not only cause H2S emission but also CO2 emission.

CO2 gas does not have direct impact to the environment, but does to the global climate. In another word, CO2 emission is not an environmental parameter that is categorized as important, therefore in this ANDAL study, the things that needs to consider are the CO2 emission load and its national contribution. Nevertheless, because of the global environmental issue on the world's concern about the global warming as a result of the high emission of a glasshouse (CO2, CH4, N2O dan HFC) from the developed countries, consequently all countries is obliged to minimize the CO2 emission load.

Based on the prediction from domestic and international resources, CO2 emission in

Indonesia is ranging from 400 to 500 million tons of CO2 per year. There are many institutions conducting a study to predict the CO2 emission in Indonesia, but the result of the study considered the most realistic is the study result of New Straits Times (1995), which is listed in the following table:

Table III-7 The Projection of CO2 Emission in Indonesia

CO 2 emission in Year million ton/year 1988 111 1995 172 2000 220 2005 301 2010 382 2015 533 2020 684

At the time of production test, the NCG released to the atmosphere was 2% of the total wet steam flow rate and 90% of which is in the form of CO2. With the flow rate of wet steam of 334 kg/s and the duration of well production testing for 10 days, thus the CO2 emission load emitted to the atmosphere is as follows:

 Flow rate of wet steam : 34kg/s  Content of NCG : 2%

 Content of CO2 in NCG : 90%  The duration of production test : 10 days  Number of production wells : 27 wells

 Equivalent CO2 emission : 14.3 ton/year

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-31 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 National contribution : 0 % (trace)

Thereby, the CO2 emission at the production test on 27 production wells will contribute to the national CO2 emission load as much as 0% (trace) as the result of the small amount of CO2 emission load. A research result on primary tropical rain forest showed that the primary forest can absorb CO2 as much as 18.35 ton/ha/year. Therefore, the CO2 emission as much as 14.3ton/year can be absorbed by the primary forest of 25.8 hectare. While, the total area of protection forest in South Solok Regency is more or less 84,079 hectare, which is more than enough to absorb the dispersion and emission of the CO2.

3.3.1.1.2 Commissioning

Commissioning performed at first on turbine operating will increase the air quality level. These activities will comprise equipment operating test, functional test, protection and interlock test, and so forth. All authorized parties will be involved during the commissioning.

Geothermal fluid in Muara Laboh is categorized as wet steam, thereby the suitable planned PLTP operation activity is by using single flash steam cycle technology. The PLTP operation activity is predicted to cause impact on the ambient air quality, which is sourced from H2S and

CO2 emission. From this commissioning test, the distribution of impact covers the areas in the vicinity of PLTP location and takes place during the operational equipment testing.

Magnitude of impact scale (M)

Magnitude of impact (M) H 2S gas emission Scale Value

3 The maximum H2S gas emission at the > 35 mg/Nm 1 Very poor 3 3 commissioning test is 21,4 mg/Nm , 25 – 35 mg/Nm 2 Poor 3 thereby the magnitude of impact is equal 15 – 25 mg/Nm 3 Medium 3 with scale 3 5 – 15 mg/Nm 4 Good < 5 mg/Nm3 5 Very good

Furthermore, the determination of important impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. Laws and regulation used as restriction factor is the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 50 of 1996 on : Odor Quality Standards. It stipulates the Odor Quality Standard of H2S, which is 28 µg/Nm3 as the maximum threshold. Then, the stipulated minimum threshold is 0.0005 ppm or 1 µg/Nm3. Next based on the margin mentioned, important impact is stated in 5 scale of significant impact, resulting as presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Residential area (2) The total area of impact distribution 1,750 - 2,700 m from PLTP (3) Duration of Impact During 30 years operation

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-32 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components Air Quality and convenience (6) Cumulative impact Non cumulative (67) Reversible or irreversible Reversible

Important of impact Ambient Scale Value The dispersion of gas in the ambient air in < 1 µg/Nm3 1 Not important 3 the radius of distribution is bigger than its 1 – 10 µg/Nm 2 Moderately quality standard, which is 28 µg/Nm3, thus it important 3 is equal with scale 5. 10 – 19 µg/Nm 3 Important 3 19 – 28 µg/Nm 4 More important > 28 µg/Nm3 5 Very important

During the planned activities of PLTP operation, the distribution of H2S impact will reach the residential areas of Kampung Baru, Pekonina, dan Liki. Thus, the planned activities of PLTP operation cause significant impact on the ambient air quality, which becomes moderate (scale 3). The significance of impact is categorized as highly significant (scale 5).

3.3.1.1.3 Turbine and Condenser Operation

Geothermal fluid in Muara Laboh is categorized as wet steam, thereby the suitable planned PLTP operation activity is by using single flash steam cycle technology. The PLTP operation activity is predicted to cause impact on the ambient air quality, which is sourced from H2S and

CO2 emission. The high NCG emission makes the distribution of H2S wider, covering the areas around PLTP location. Other than NCG emission, PLTP activities can cause noise, which is sourced from the operational equipments. Once in a year, the Cooling Tower needs to be cleaned. The mud collected in the Cooling Tower will be mixed with the condensate water to be returned to the reservoir through the injection wells. Based on the choice of PLTP operation technology, the impacts caused by PLTP can be briefly presented in Table III-8.

Table III-8 Types of Operational PLTP Impact

No Source of impact Impact that is caused

1 Non Condensable Gas (NCB) H 2S + CO2 emission gas through the Cooling Tower fan. 2 Salty produced water from Returned to the reservoir through the Condenser injection wells 3 Sludge Cooling Tower containing Mixed with condensate and returned to the oxidized sulphur, as much as 1 – reservoir through the injection wells 2.5 m3 per year 4 Noise from Steam Turbine Steam Turbine andTransformer are places equipments, Transformer, in the closed building to isolate the noise Circulating water pump, Cooling Tower fan

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-33 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

The planned activities of PLTP operation will cause impacts on chemical-physic environment components, especially on the quality of air and noise. Based on the characteristics of PLTP operation, the magnitude of impact of the H2S emission and dispersion, which are caused by the PLTP activity components, can be predicted as follows:

Theoretically, it shows that the changing of steam energy to be turbine mechanical energy takes place at the fixed entropy (isentropic process). Turbine will only accept feed from dry steam, which further the temperatures and the steam pressure decrease drastically after leaving the turbine. Afterward, 2 phases of fluid (steam and 80% water) are formed. The fluid that comes out of turbine is the two-phase fluid, which small part of it is in the form of steam fraction that technically will be difficult to be returned to the reservoir. Therefore, the 2-phase fluid need to be condensed first in the condenser to be saturated water, so that it will easy to be pumped or flowed by gravitation to injection wells. Condenser operates at vacuum pressure. The alterations of steam specific volume to water in very short period of time will create a vacuum pressure in condenser. The next issue is that in 2-phase fluid, there is also

NCG (Non Condensable Gas) that comprises of H2S and CO2. Therefore, in order to remove the NCG from the condenser, the NCG needs to be sucked by using a vacuum device named steam ejector, and then NCG is separated, afterward released to the atmosphere through Cooling Tower stack. The release of H2S gas emission to the atmosphere can surely cause environmental impacts.

Furtherance, the magnitude and total area of H2S gas dispersion sourced from the Stack Cooling Tower can be predicted as follows:

1. The Predicted H2S Gas Emission from Cooling Tower

The H2S and CO2 that have been separated from the steam are released to the atmosphere through Cooling Tower Stack that causes H2S gas emission. As the basis for the calculation of emissions, then it takes a rough calculation of the size of the maximum Cooling Tower As the reference for Cooling Tower calculation is by understanding the Cooling Tower scheme as follows:  Cooling Tower is used to cool the condenser, water inter cooler and the other hot water.  The NCG that has been separated and sourced from the steam ejector will be discharged to the atmosphere through the Cooling Tower stack, which causes CO2 and H2S emissions from the Cooling Tower stack.  NCG is discharged evenly to all Cooling Tower fans/Stacks, so that the amount of H2S gas emissions will be depended on the number of Cooling Tower fans/stacks.  The Design of Cooling Tower water capacity refers to the design of the Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Plant Cooling Tower  The air flow will be adjusted with the needs of the warm water, but in order to simplify the calculation, then L/G is set to equal to 1.

That assumption will be the base for rough calculation of Cooling Tower, which is subsequently the base estimation of H2S gas emission.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-34 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Then, the NCG dispersion is highly deepened on the number of Cooling Tower fans. The number of Cooling Tower fans may be 4 or 8 fans, which is technically determined at the time of BED (Basic Engineering Design) later.

It is estimated that the height of Cooling Tower stack is 15 m, which can be as the reference for the gas dispersion calculation. Furthermore, In order to calculate the CO2 and H2S emissions, then the Cooling Tower design uses the approach described in the following data:

Table III-9 Cooling Tower Data for H2S Emission Calculation

Data description Unit Value British Value PLTP capacity MW 250 MW 250 Water flow rate design kg/s 11350 gpm 179921 Temperature of incoming water oC 35 oF 95 Temperature of water of exit oC 28 oF 82.4 Temperature of wet bulb oC 23.9 oF 75 Temperature of air of exit oC 31.5 oF 88.7

Enthalpy of satured air of exit (h2) Btu/lb da 51.8

Enthalpyi of wet bulb (h1) Btu/lb da 38.6

Flow rate of H2S gas g/s 200 Minimum air flow rate Nm3/s 8500 Minimum air flow rate Nm3/s 8884

3 Minimum H2S emission gas mg/Nm 20.5 3 H 2S emission gas mg/Nm 21.4 3 Emission Standard Quality of H2S mg/Nm 35

So, the flow rate of air exiting from Cooling Tower is ranging from 8.500 to 8.884 Nm3/dtk. Technically, the air flow rate is added 10%, so that the air exiting the Cooling Tower can reach 3 the wet bulb temperature, then the air flow rate will be 9,350 – 9,773 Nm /second.

Thus, the H2S emission exiting Cooling Tower stack is approximately ranging from 20.5 to 3 21.4 mg/Nm , while the H2S emission standard quality pursuant to the limit set by the Regulation of Minister of Environment No. 21 of 2008 is 35 mg/Nm3.

2. The Predicted H2S gas dispersion in the atmosphere

The H2S and CO2 gases that have been separated from the steam, will be out of Steam ejectors and then discharged to the atmosphere through the Cooling Tower stack. The amount of H2S gas emission in each stack is as follows:

 H2S gas emission is 6.3 g/s when using 4 Cooling Towers

 H2S gas emission is 12.5 g/s when using 2 Cooling Towers

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-35 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Each Cooling Tower generally consists of 8 (eight) fans, and the discharge of H2S gas is distributed to all fans of the Cooling Tower. Subsequently, the gas emission exiting the Cooling Tower stack will be spread to the atmosphere depending on the wing direction and velocity at that moment. The gas and particulate distribution pattern in the atmosphere can be determined based on the algorithm mathematic, which is by using the box model, Gaussian model, Eulerian model, and Lagrangian model. Here, the particulate distribution emission from stack emission is using the Gauss formula.

The height and diameter design of the stack is determined by the mechanical draft IDF and the desired limit from the range of gas dispersion distribution. Therefore, in order to calculate the maximum gas dispersion, then the stack height is the height of the physical stack plus the imaginary stack .

The height of the physical Stack (Hphysic) is a physically measurable stack height, meanwhile the imaginer stack height (∆H) is additional plume height, which is determined by flue gas flow rate exiting the stack (plume rise velocity). This imaginary stack height can be determined by formula Davidson & Bryant as follows:

1 4.  Vs   T h =   d 1 +   u   Ts 

Thus, the imaginer stack height is influenced by the stack velocity (VS), wind velocity (u), temperatures of effluent (TS) and the temperatures of ambient air (T). With the stack height of 15 m and diameter of 8 m, then the average wind velocity in the project locations is 2.1 m/second, and wind direction is dominant to the west, thus the H2S gas dispersion in the ambient air can be estimated.

The gas dispersion in the ambient air is cumulative, whether the dispersion that is from one Cooling Tower to another Cooling Tower. By the gas and particulate dispersion impact, then the Ambient Air Quality (KUA) will change as follows:

Ambient Air Quality = Baseline + Gas Dispersion Impact

The changing of the ambient air quality will change the environmental support capacity. Changes in the carrying capacity of the environment is the difference between the Environmental Quality Standard and the environmental quality estimation.

The absolute environmental support can be used by the local government, as a hint in the lay out design in relation to the land use for each potential activities affect to the air quality. The gas dispersion pattern in the ambient air, which sourced from the Cooling Tower stack is predicted as follows:

Based on the Gauss formula, the gas and particulate concentrations at ground level can be estimated using mathematical models as follows :

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-36 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

where : C = concentration of the contaminant at ground level , g/m3 Q = emission of contaminant material , g / s U = average wind velocity, m / s σy = standard deviation of the horizontal plume , m σz = standard deviation of the vertical plume , m H = effective stack height , m x = distance in the direction of the distribution of the x-axis stack , m y = distance distribution perpendicular centerline , m e = number of nature = 2.71828

The stack height and diameter is determined by the mechanical draft IDF and the desired limit from the range of gas dispersion distribution. Therefore, to calculate the maximum gas dispersion, then the stack height is the height of the physical stack height plus the imaginary stack.

Hstack = (Hphysic) + ∆H

The height of the physic stack (Hphysic) is a the physical measurable stack height, meanwhile the stack imaginer height (∆H) is the additional plume height, which is determined by flue gas flow rate exiting from stack (plume rise velocity). This imaginary stack height can be determined by formula Davidson & Bryant as follows:

Vs 1.4 ∆Ts ∆H = ( ) ( 1 + ) u T

Thus, the imaginer stack height is influenced by the stack velocity (VS), wind velocity (u), temperatures of effluent (TS) and the temperatures of ambient air (T). With the stack height of 15 m and diameter of 8 m, then the average wind velocity in the project locations is 2.1 m/second, and wind direction is dominant to the west, thus the H2S gas dispersion in the ambient air can be estimated.

The gas dispersion in the ambient air is cumulative, whether the dispersion that is from one Cooling Tower to another Cooling Tower. By the gas and particulate dispersion impact, then the Ambient Air Quality (KUA) will change as follows:

Ambient Air Quality = Baseline + Gas Dispersion Impact

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-37 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

The changing of the ambient air quality will change the environmental support capacity. The changes of environmental support capacity is the difference between the Environmental Standard Quality and the environmental quality estimation on relative environmental support capacity in percentage (%) can be stated with formulas as follows:

DT ─ DR DLR = x 100% DR where :

DT = Environmental Support Capacity of Post Project = Ambient Air Quality – Quality Standard

DR = Initial Environmental Support Capacity = Baseline Ambient Air Quality – Quality Standard

Then, the absolute environmental support capacity (DLA) in percentage (%) can be stated with the equation as follows:

K D = UA 1 x 100% LA Quality Standards

The absolute environmental support can be used by the local government, as a reference in the lay out design in relation to the land use for each potential activity, which affects the air quality. The gas dispersion pattern in the ambient air, which sourced from the Cooling Tower stack is predicted as follows:

1800 3

1600 H 2S odor BML 3

g/Nm 28 µg/Nm μ 1400 2 Cooling Tower 1200 1000 S ambien, ambien, S 2 800 The distribution of H2S odor up to 1,700 - 2,700 m from the Cooling Tower 600 Kadar H Kadar 400 200 4 Cooling Tower 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1.000 1.100

Jarak dispersi H2S dari Cooling Tower, m

Figure III-4 The H2S Gas Distribution Pattern from the Cooling Tower

3 H2S gas odor can be detected with a device at 28 µg/Nm , while it is only can be detected by 3 human sense of smell at 181 µg/ Nm . In general, the H2S gas odor level can be listed in the following table:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-38 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table III-10 H2S Gas Odor Level

3 ppm µg /Nm H 2S odor level 0.02 28 Quality Standard of Odor Level 0.13 181 Starting to indicate the odor of gas

0.77 1,071 Indicate H2S emission gas

4.60 6,396 Strongly smell of H2S gas 27.00 37,544 Strongly smell and hazardous

Thereby, the total area distribution of H2S gas is highly determined by the tolerance level of

H2S gas odor. The ambient quality standard of H2S gas is determined based on the ability of device to detect the odor of H2S gas, then the total area of impact distribution can reach 1,700

- 2,700 m, but if the ambient quality standard of H2S gas is determined by the ability of human sense of smell in detecting the smell, then the total area of odor distribution of H2S gas is only ranging from 400 to 600 m. However, the strong smell of H2S only occur in the area of PLTP, which is as far as 75 m from the Cooling Tower location. The H2S gas odor level can be briefly presented in Table III-11.

Table III-11 The Total Area of H2S Gas Odor Distribution

3 Buffer Zone (meter) Benchmark H 2S Contain (µg /Nm ) Minimum Maximum Quality Standard of 28 1,700 2,700 Odor Level Starting to smell gas 181 400 600 odor Strong smell of gas 1,071 0 75

The H2S gas odor affects the convenience of the environment, but it does not affect the human health. Therefore, the most rational condition is that the benchmark of H2S gas odor is determined by the ability of human sense of smell to detect the H2S gas odor, which is 181 3 µg/Nm or in total area of distribution 400 – 600 m.

Based on that understanding, if the total area of PLTP is 7.5 hectare, then the required total area of buffer zone of H2S gas odor is 100 - 300 m from PLTP fence border. Buffer zone is an area that can be utilized for agricultural land, but it is prohibited for residential area.

Cooling Tower design in details will be determined at the stage of BED (Basic Engineering

Design). Yet, by using minimum of 2 Cooling Towers, theoretically the distribution of H2S gas odor will be detected as far as 600 m from the Cooling Towers. When using 4 Cooling Towers, the odor dispersion will reach the distance of 400 m, in which its direction depends on the wind direction and speed.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-39 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3 At the ambient content lesser than 1.000 µg/ Nm , the H2S gas odor only affects the convenience of environment, but it does not affect the human health. The impact of H2S gas on human health may occur in high content, which is far over 1.000 µg/ Nm3. The characteristic of H2S gas exposure in the ambient air that gives impact to the human health is as follows:

Table III-12 H2S characteristics on human health

H 2S gas content Unit The impacts on health 15,000 µg/Nm3 Irritation to eyes and throat 70,000 µg/Nm3 Eyes irritation and blurred sight 225,000 µg/Nm3 Faint and unconscious 400,000 µg/Nm3 Short breath or difficult to breath 800,000 µg/Nm3 Die in 30 minutes 1,400,000 µg/Nm3 Die suddenly

3 For the content of 225.000 µg/Nm the H2S gas odor can not be longer detected by human sense of smell, but it has deadly impact. The H2S gas content from PLTP in the maximum ambient air is 1,75 µg/Nm3, which only cause unpleasant smell like rotten egg in the area of PLTP, so that it only disturbs the convenience environment of the PLTP employees, but it does not affect to the health. Therefore, the area of buffer zone needs to be determined, which is only for the agriculture activities but for the area of settlement. The buffer area of H2S gas is determined 300 m from the border of factory fence. It means that in that area some time the smell of H2S can be sensed when the direction of the wind blows to the area.

Based on the predicted impacts of the PLTP operational activity on the air quality, thus the magnitude and important of impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

The magnitude of H2S emission is determined based on the health approach and standard quality of emission, which is the limit that is pursuant to the Regulations of Minister of 3 Environment No. 21 of 2008 Standard Quality of H2S. It is 35 mg/Nm as the maximum limit of magnitude of impact scale. Then, the magnitude scale of impact can be made. It is presented in the following table:

Magnitude of impact scale (M)

Magnitude of impact (M) H 2S gas emission Scale Value

The H2S gas emission at the maximum > 35 mg/Nm3 1 Very poor 3 3 commissioning test is 21,4 mg/Nm , 25 – 35 mg/Nm 2 Poor 3 thereby the magnitude of impact is equal 15 – 25 mg/Nm 3 Medium 3 to scale 3 5 – 15 mg/Nm 4 Good < 5 mg/Nm3 5 Very good

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-40 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Furthermore, the determination of the important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. Laws and regulation used as restriction factor is the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 50 of 1996 on : Odor quality standard that 3 determines the of H2S odor quality standard, which is 28 µg/Nm as maximum threshold. Then, the stipulated minimum threshold is 0.0005 ppm or 1 µg/Nm3. Based on, the threshold mentioned, the important of impact is stated in 5 scale of significant impact, which is presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Residential area (2) The total area of impact distribution 1,750 - 2,700 m from PLTP (3) Duration of Impact During 30 years operation (4) Intensity of impact High (5) Number of environmental components Air Quality and convenience (6) Cumulative impact Non cumulative (7) Reversible or irreversible Reversible

Important of impact Ambient Scale Value The gas dispersion in the ambient air in the < 1 µg/Nm3 1 Not important 3 radius of distribution is bigger than its 1 – 10 µg/Nm 2 Moderately quality standard, which is 28 µg/Nm3, thus it important 3 is equal with scale 5. 10 – 19 µg/Nm 3 Important 3 19 – 28 µg/Nm 4 More important > 28 µg/Nm3 5 Very important

At the planned PLTP operation activities, the impact of H2S gas reaches as far as 1,750 m and can extend up to 2,700 m. So, the impact distribution of H2S gas can reach the residential areas of Kampung Baru, Pekonina dan Liki. Thus, the planned PLTP operation activities cause significant impact to the ambient air quality to moderate (scale 3) and the importance of impact categorized as very important (scale 5).

3. Predicting CO2 gas emission load

CO2 gas is not an environmental parameter, so that the estimated CO2 emission load is only to find out the contribution of CO2 emissions to the national emission load. For the 250 MW capacity of PLTP, the geothermal steam of 500 kg/s will be needed. With the 2% maximum content of CNG (Non Condensable Gas), thus the CO2 emission from PLTP is as much as 9.5 kg/s or equal to 273.600 tonnes of CO2 per year. If the primary tropical forests are able to absorb CO2 as much as 18.35 tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year, then the CO2 emissions from the PLTP is equal to 14,900 ha of primary forest. While the area of protection forest in South Solok Regency more or less is 84,079 acre, which is more than enough to absorb dispersion of the CO2 emission.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-41 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

The CO2 emission from PLTP is equal to the14,900 hectare of primary forest and

The CO2 emission contribution from PLTP = 0.07% of national CO2 emission.

The increase in CO2 emission and deforestation of world's forest are considered to be the cause of degradation of the earth climate, which is causing the current global warming. Forests are considered as the engine for cooling the heat of the Earth's climate because the forest is able to absorb and reduce the CO2 gas dispersion in the atmosphere. The primary tropical rainforest (Amazon) can absorb 5,000 kg of carbon per hectare per year, or equivalent to

18,350 kg of CO2 per hectare per year. Had geothermal development project raises CO2 emission as much as 3,670 tonnes of CO2 per year, then the ability of forests to absorb CO2 is for an area of 200 ha.

According to the result of research of McPherson (1995) in Dahlan (2004), CO2 in some plant species ranges from 0.32 to 0.49 kg/m2. If the result of this study can be a reference, which is representing the primary forest and the Amazon forest, then they could be a reference of CO2 absorbsion of primary forest. By this, it means that the percentage of primary forest in Indonesia ranges from 43.6 to 65.5%. The result of another study on forest cover in the secondary forest shows the average cover percentage of secondary forest about 34.1%. The result of the study can be used as a reference to the level of success of revegetation former mining area.

At the time of revegetation, the former area will be planted with various types of local plants.

Based on the results of research on several species of local plants, the average CO2 uptake by plants is 85.3 g/tree/hour ( Naidoo, 2005). With a spacing of 5m x 5m , then in 1 ha of revegetation area there will be 250 trees, so that the CO2 absorption capacity in re-vegetation area is ranging from 187 to 548 kg per hectare per year . So the results of revegetation is expected to produce CO2 absorption capability between 5-15 % of the CO2 absorption capacity in primary forest , equivalent to 15-44 % of the CO2 absorption capacity in secondary forest

.duce CO2 absorption between 5-15 % of the CO2 absorption capacity in primary forest , equivalent to 15-44 % of the CO2 absorption capacity in secondary forest . In order to improve the absorption of CO2 in revegetation areas , it is necessary to choose the type of local crops that have a high ability to absorb CO2 , such as tamarind tree and cassia tree (cinnamon) .

Current rate of deforestation in Indonesia is 1.1 million hectares per year , equivalent to the loss of 20.2 million tonnes per year, CO2 uptake . CO2 absorption loss is equivalent to 4 % of national CO2 emissions , which currently amounts to about 500 million tonnes of CO2 per year.

Excessive CO2 emissions can contribute to the load of greenhouse gases that trigger global warming .

The atmosphere is composed of 78 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen , which is both gas plays an important role in the life of the earth , but does not play a direct role in regulating climate . Global climate change is determined by a specific gas species in a very small amount of the remaining 1% of the gas in the atmosphere , the so-called ' greenhouse gases ' or greenhouse

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-42 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

gases. Greenhouse gases capable in absorbing and hold the heat from the sun radiation in the atmosphere that causing greenhouse effect.

The sun shine consists of energy of ultraviolet and infrared. Ultraviolet energy play the role of heating the earth surface, while infrared energy reradiated to the atmosphere. The existence of greenhouse gases will absorb infrared energy so that only a portion of the infrared energy to heat back into space and most of the heat trapped in the lower atmosphere, so as a result the earth is warming. Several types of gas are classified as greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and halocarbon (carbon halogen).

Earth life is largely determined by the sunlight. As many as 30% of sunlight hitting the earth's surface will be reflected back to the outside atmosphere and scattered back into space. With the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, the greater the heat trapped in the atmosphere and the less heat back into space as a result the earth is getting warmer. Increase in heat in the atmosphere can cause global climate change, weather patterns, the length of the season, rising sea levels and frequent high winds or storms.

Global warming is a disaster to human kind on earth, that all countries try to minimize the greenhouse gases emission, including Indonesia.

3.3.1.2 Noise

3.3.1.2.1 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

Prediction of noise impact of well drilling activities, injection wells, and Production Well Test and Maintenance potentially have the same affect on the coonstruction stage.

During the production well testing can cause high noise levels, that reach the noise level of 124 - 134 dB(A) because of the steam blow off. Accordingly to minimize the noise levels, on the production test, the noise is damped in the rock muffler. With rock muffler, high pressure water vapor and temperatures, the pressure is lowered drastically (flashing) that the noise will be silenced and some of water vapor will going to change as fluid phase. Level of noise at the rock muffler can be silenced to approximately 85 - 100 dB (A). The same event can take place when there is sudden abandon pressure, such as when turbine is disturb that the water vapor must be released to the atmosphere as soon as possible through rock muffler. If there is sudden pressure, at a glance high level of noise occur in separator relieve valve separator. Then the noise propagation patterns when compared to the current production test drilling can be described as follows:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-43 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

125,00

115,00 Environmen tal Quality 105,00 Standards 95,00

85,00 Production 75,00

65,00

55,00 Bising drilling & uji produksi, dB(A)produksi, uji & drilling Bising

45,00

35,00 Drilling

25,00 1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Jarak rambatan bising dari wellpad, m

Figure III-5 Propagation Pattern during drilling and Production Testing

During drilling, noise propagate reaches Noise level standard of 55 dB (A) in the distance around 100 m from rig. High scale noise occurs during the development of well production testing. Without rock muffler as noise silencer, noise propagation during production can be heard up to 1 km distance from well pad position. Thus the existence of rock muffler as silencer is becoming important so that noise propagation can be muted as far as maximum 250 m from the rock muffler position to reach the quality standard.

Based on the prediction of the impacts of land clearing of project sites on erosion, surface water runoff and sediment charge, thus the magnitude and important impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude of impact scale (M) The magnitude of impact refers to the noise limits which considered safe for health and convenience to the environment, based on the provision of SE Minister of Manpower No. SE.01/MEN/1978, Regulations of Minister of Health No. 718 of 1987 and Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : Based on the decree mentioned above, thus level of noise which can be tolerated is 55 - 85 dB (A), from here the magnitude impact scale is as in the following table:

Magnitude of impact (M) Interval Scale Value

Upon drilling, 10 m distance noise away > 100 dB(A) 1 Very poor from noise source is 74 dB (A), while 85 – 100 dB(A 2 Poor during the production test, it can reach 98 70 – 85 dB(A 3 Medium dB(A). Therefore the magnitude scale of 55 – 70 dB(A 4 Good production test impact is 2. < 55 dB(A) 5 Very good

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-44 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important of impact of impact is stated in scale 5 significant impact which refers to the decree of ISO (International Standardization Organisation) and the Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : In accordance ISO, threshold of normal hearing is < 25 dB(A), while according to the Decree of Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 residential convenience if level of noise < 55 dB(A). Based on the definition mentioned above interval level of noise is between 25 dB (A) up to the worse boundary is 60 dB (A) as significant impact. Scale of important impact of noise can be presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No 6 Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people Drilling operator (2) Total area of impact distribution Working environment of 250 m (3) Duration of Impact Noise baseline, 3 months (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact NA (7) Reversible or irreversible NA

Important of impact Interval Scale This is Noise is affected to the drilling operator < 25 dB(A) 1 Not important only and none of the communities 25 – 40 dB(A 2 moderate affected by the noise impact, thus the important impact scale = 1 40 – 55 dB(A 3 Important 55 – 70 dB(A 4 More important > 70 dB(A) 5 Very important

Without rock muffler noise propagation on the production test is reaching 1,000 m, but with rock muffler silencer noise propagation reaching only radius of 250 m. At a radius of 250 m there is no local settlements, while the nearest settlement to the wells in the area of Well Pad C is Kampung Baru which is about 500 m. Thus, radius of 250 m is a working environment area and not residential area, so the noise at the residential is equivalent to noise baseline. Therefore drilling planned activities and production test is predicted will causing important enough impact for the convenience and health of Kampung Baru communities who residing at more or less 1,000 m from Well Pad C location.

The drilling impact and production test can change level of noise to poor (scale 2) and the signficance of impact is categorized as non-significant (scale 1).

3.3.1.2.2 Commissioning

Commissioning performed at first on turbine operating will affect the increasing of noise levels. This activities will comprising equipments operating test, functional test, protection test and interlock, and so forth. All authorized parties will going to be involve during the testing.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-45 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Magnitude of impact scale (M) The magnitude of impact refers to the noise limits which considered safe for health and convenience to the environment, based on the provision of SE Minister of Manpower No. SE.01/MEN/1978, Regulations of Minister of Health No. 718 of 1987 and Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : Based on the decree mentioned above, thus level of noise which can be tolerated is 55 - 85 dB (A), from here the magnitude impact scale is as in the following table:

Magnitude of impact (M) Interval Scale Value

In the distance of 10 m from source of the > 100 dB(A) 1 Very poor noise levels PLTP device ranging between 85 – 100 dB(A 2 Poor 80 - 91 dB (A), that catagorized in 70 – 85 dB(A 3 Medium significant impact scale, equal scale 2 55 – 70 dB(A 4 Good < 55 dB(A) 5 Very good

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important of impact of impact is stated in scale 5 significant impact which refers to the decree of ISO (International Standardization Organisation) and the Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : In accordance ISO, threshold of normal hearing is < 25 dB(A), while according to the Decree of Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 residential convenience if level of noise < 55 dB(A). Based on the definition mentioned above interval level of noise is between 25 dB (A) up to the worse boundary is 60 dB (A) as significant impact. Scale of important impact of noise can be presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people PLTP operator (2) Total area of impact distribution 500 - 1,000 m from PLTP (3) Duration of Impact Noise baseline, during project life (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact NA (7) Reversible or irreversible NA

Important of impact Hearing threshold Scale Value At the operation of noise normal heard < 25 dB(A) 1 Not important up to 500 m and closest residential 25 – 40 dB(A 2 moderate areas is as far as more than 1 km, important impact scale = 1 40 – 55 dB(A 3 Important 55 – 70 dB(A 4 More important

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-46 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Important of impact Hearing threshold Scale Value > 70 dB(A) 5 Very important

And so the PLTP operation does not generate noise at closest residential areas and only affected to the PLTP operator. By this the planned activities of PLTP operation is predicted generating unimportant impact on the convenience and health of communities environmental who reside around PLTP location. Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception turn out to be poor (scale 2) and the significance of impact is categorized as non-significant (scale 1).

3.3.1.2.3 Turbine and Condenser Operational

Literally noise canbe interpreted as hearing sensation that can be sensed by human ear, while physically noise is a pressurized gradien that can be dispersed from the source of the noise. Noise propagates through media where the particle in the air vibrates and causing changing in air pressure, therefore its intensity is stated as sound pressure. Level of sound pressure is equally A weighted and continue (Leq) used for measuring sound levels as noise energy measurement and stated in decibel scale (dB). Noise level is a measurement of equal sound energy and continue (Leq) which is expressed in dB (A) scale.

Frequency of sound that can be heard by human ear is limited, it is between 20 Hertz up to 20,000 Hertz. This frequency is called audiosonik area. The human ear is most sensitive to frequencies around 3,000 Hertz , meaning that at this frequency , the sound pressure is very weak though still can be heard by the human ear . Limit the intensity of sound at a frequency of 1,000 Hertz is 10-16 Watt/cm2 and the highest sound intensity limit before cause pain in the ear is 1014 times the limit of the weakest intensity Watt/cm2 10-2 . Thus the noisy measurements can be used as a tool to Determine the impact of noise on Humans. Noise monitoring is done by measuring the noise level dB ( A ) which aimed to determine the effects of noise on human health and environmental comfort .

Besides NCG emissions, geothermal power plants operating equipment also cause cumulative noise should be considered in the preparation of BED ( basic engineering design ) geothermal power plant The relationship between noise level and distance from the sound source can be a simple basic formula to predict noise propagation from a source of noise to the environment . Many geothermal equipment is a source of noise , but among the most geothermal power equipment potential noise impacts include the equipment as shown in the following table :

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Table III-13 Equipment Noise Propagation PLTP

Noise level Equipment location Sources of noise dB(A) In Out Steam turbine - Generator 105 √ Condenser unit 102 √ Cooling Tower fans 114 √ Circulating water pump 82 √

Steam turbine and generator in the building so that the building can reduce noise heard outside the building. While Cooling Tower is located outside the building so that the direct exposure to a noisy environment. Therefore noise is heard from geothermal power plants of the generator is noisy and Cooling Tower Fan, meaning round that's caused a lot of fan noise. While round Steam Turbine-Generator is noisy lower as muffled inside the building. So geothermal equipment as potential source of noise is the steam turbine and Cooling Tower. The propagation of noise from each of the major equipment can be presented in the following figure:

PLTP noise can be heard from a distance of 500 m from the location of geothermal power plants, so that based on the noisy approach of the distance from the nearest residential geothermal location is 500 m. In other words 500m area designated as buffer zone for noisy PLTP. Based on the prediction of the impacts of land clearing of project sites on erosion, surface water runoff and sediment charge, thus the magnitude and important impact can be presented in the following impact scale.

Magnitude of impact scale (M) The magnitude of impact refers to the noise limits which considered safe for health and convenience to the environment, based on the provision of SE Minister of Manpower No. SE.01/MEN/1978, Regulations of Minister of Health No. 718 of 1987 and Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : Based on the decree mentioned above, thus level of noise which can be tolerated is 55 - 85 dB (A), from here the magnitude impact scale is as in the following table:

Magnitude of impact (M) Interval Scale This is

In the distance of 10 m from source of the > 100 dB(A) 1 Very poor noise levels PLTP device ranging between 85 – 100 dB(A 2 Poor 80 - 91 dB (A), that catagorized in 70 – 85 dB(A 3 Medium significant impact scale, equal scale 2 55 – 70 dB(A 4 Good < 55 dB(A) 5 Very good

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-48 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Further determination of important of impact refers to the laws and regulations and 6 (six) criteria of significant impact. The important of impact of impact is stated in scale 5 significant impact which refers to the decree of ISO (International Standardization Organisation) and the Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 on : In accordance ISO, threshold of normal hearing is < 25 dB(A), while according to the Decree of Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 residential convenience if level of noise < 55 dB(A). Based on the definition mentioned above interval level of noise is between 25 dB (A) up to the worse boundary is 60 dB (A) as significant impact. Scale of important impact of noise can be presented in the following table:

Important of impact scale (I)

No 6 Significant impact criteria Important of impact scale (I) (1) Number of affected people PLTP operator (2) Total area of impact distribution 500 - 1,000 m from PLTP (3) Duration of Impact Noise baseline, during project life (4) Intensity of impact Low (5) Number of environmental components NA (6) Cumulative impact NA (7) Reversible or irreversible NA

Important of impact Hearing threshold Scale Value At the operation of noise normal heard < 25 dB(A) 1 Not important up to 500 m and closest residential 25 – 40 dB(A 2 moderate areas is as far as more than 1 km, important impact scale = 1 40 – 55 dB(A 3 Important 55 – 70 dB(A 4 More important > 70 dB(A) 5 Very important

And so the PLTP operation does not generate noise at closest residential areas and only affected to the PLTP operator. By this the planned activities of PLTP operation is predicted generating unimportant impact on the convenience and health of communities environmental who reside around PLTP location. Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception turn out to be poor (scale 2) and the significance of impact is categorized as non-significant (scale 1).

3.3.1.3 Surface Water Quality

3.3.1.3.1 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

Activities of hot water and brine injection could potentially increase the pH value of surface water in the vicinity of the drilling, which means the water becomes more alkaline (pH> 7).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-49 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Laboratory analysis indicates that the current value of the river water pH still meet water quality standards class II (Government Regulation 82 of 2001) which ranges from 6.05 - 8.2.

With the runoff and infiltration hot water and brine, then the pH value of the water of rivers are expected to be higher. This increase is due to the addition of new material that is more alkaline derived from the runoff and infiltration. But the increase in the pH value will not exceed the threshold of water quality standards which is 9.

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected Impacts of geothermal operations against the pH value does not impact directly on humans . Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. Number of people who will be affected Injection of hot water and brine will be carried out in production wells and injection so that the affected area is very narrow. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place The impact does not occur continuously but rather instantaneous (accidental) that if there is a leak in the ponds at the injection activity. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Increase in the pH value in the location of the river water injection wells is not expected large that can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

5. Many other environmental components affected Increase in the pH value also will not impact the derivative as a low intensity so it can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

6. Cumulative impact The impact does not occur continuously so as not to be cumulative. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. An increase in the pH value of water bodies will recover naturally so it can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

Based on the description above is known that the quality of the environment is on a scale of 3 (moderate) to poor (scale 2), the important of impact from important (scale 3) to moderately important (scale 2).

3.3.1.3.2 Turbine and Condenser Operational

Activities of hot water and brine injection could potentially increase the pH value of surface water in the vicinity of the drilling, which means the water becomes more alkaline (pH> 7). Laboratory analysis indicates that the current value of the river water pH still meet water quality standards class II (Government Regulation 82 of 2001) which ranges from 6.05 - 8.2.

With the runoff and infiltration hot water and brine, then the pH value of the water of rivers are expected to be higher. This increase is due to the addition of new material that is more alkaline

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-50 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

derived from the runoff and infiltration. But the increase in the pH value will not exceed the threshold of water quality standards which is 9.

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected Impacts of geothermal operations against the pH value does not impact directly on humans . Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. Number of people who will be affected Injection of hot water and brine will be carried out in production wells and injection so that the affected area is very narrow. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place The impact does not occur continuously but rather instantaneous (accidental) that if there is a leak in the ponds at the injection activity. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Increase in the pH value in the location of the river water injection wells is not expected large that can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

5. Many other environmental components affected Increase in the pH value also will not impact the derivative as a low intensity so it can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

6. Cumulative impact The impact does not occur continuously so as not to be cumulative. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversible or irreversble of the impact. Increase in the pH value of water bodies will recover naturally so it can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

Based on the description above is known that the quality of the environment is on a scale 3 (moderate) to poor (scale 2), with the important of impact from scale 3 (important) to moderately important (scale 2).

3.3.2 Biology Components

3.3.2.1 Aquatic Biota

3.3.2.1.1 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

The more sediment content (TSS) and turbidity increase, thus the activity of photo synthesis of biota waters (phytoplankton in particular) that will decrease the abundance of plankton and benthos. This predicted will decrease the environmental quality from scale 3 (moderate) to 2 (poor).

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-51 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

1. Number of people affected. Activities of land preparation on aquatic biota will not directly affected to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. The total area of impact spread This activities is predicted will utilize more or less 4 acre of land. Several lands have no vegetation such existing well pads. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place The length of impact take place which is during construction stage, therefore based on the observation of the length of impact takes place may be categorizes as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected. Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact The impact predicted does not constantly occur is non cumulative, it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Changing of aquatic biota habitats will recover after the construction stage is finished. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

From the environmental importance scale it is categorized in (scale 1) less important. Thereby, it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality to poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as unimportant (scale 1).

3.3.3 Socio-Economic and Culture Components

3.3.3.1 Job opportunities

3.3.3.1.1 Labor recruitment

At this stage of the operation, labor recruited by PT SEML must have the competence and / or certificate which appropriates to the field. Number of workers that will be recruited is about 200 to 240 people from various fields of expertise. Recruitment activities will widened job opportunity in the area of study, so as to increase the environmental quality back to moderate (scale 3). At this stage the impact will last for very long time, accumulated and irreversible, the people affected is numerous, and the impact will spread, that the level of the significance of impact is categorized highly significant (scale of 5).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-52 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.3.3.2 Business Opportunities

3.3.3.2.1 Labor recruitment

At this stage of operation, number of workers that will be recruited is about 200 to 240 people from various fields of expertise. They were recruited to be the permanent workforce and therefore will have an impact on the increasing of business opportunities from scale 1 to scale 2.

At this stage people affected, numerous, impact will spread and last a very long time, other affected environmental components numerous, the effects are accumulated and irreversible, thus the important of impact is categorized as very important (scale of 5).

3.3.3.3 Income of Community

3.3.3.3.1 Labor recruitment

The condition of local incomes whic is included in low category at the initial baseline is predicted will increase at the construction stage of Muara Laboh PLTP construction project. Increase of source of income is derived from the recruitment activities for the operation of geothermal power plants. As already mentioned in socialization activities at Muara Ummi Kalsum Labuh that this geothermal power operations will largely recruited from the study area.

Therefore, acceptance of the operational workforce is expected to increase incomes of scale 2 (poor) to 3 scale (medium).

From point of view of the important of impact, number of affected inhabitant is numerous and the impact will spread and take long period of time, during construction stage. Other affected environmental components is numerous, such as lack of inhabitant economic activities pressure on forest area, the improvement of socio status of the inhabitant, and so forth. Impact will accumulate through multiplier effects and will reversible. Consequently level of the important of impact is categorized as very important (scale 5).

3.3.3.4 Social Values and Norms

3.3.3.4.1 Labor recruitment

The activities of recruiting manpower at the stage of construction of PLTP construction from outside South of Solok even West Sumatra Province. Recruitment of man power that have dedicated ability and expertise skill generally comes from out of PLTP construction area which have different value and customs. Meanwhile the manpower without skill of mining derived from local population who know the condition of local social and culture. Recruiting manpower from community out side the area of PLTP certainly brings an exclusive culture value which can be understood by the communities because they are coming from east, make the adaption proses with local environment, because of value differences of cultures and social norm

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-53 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

universally almost the same. Because coming from Indonesia. Based on the perception and the attitude of the communities the land acquisition for environment quality can be categorized as bad (scale 3) with nature of impact which categorized more significant (scale 3).

3.3.3.5 Community Perception

3.3.3.5.1 Labor recruitment

Recruitment stage geothermal development operations in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo may lead to different perceptions and attitudes. Perceptions and attitudes towards recruitment development of geothermal concession in Pauh Duo sub in Nagari Nagari Alam Pauh Duo and Duo Nan Batigo Pauh.

This impact becoming important due to the perception and attitude of the communities on man power recruitment at construction stage. During the activities process, in case of the issues that they have receive, understand, think and feel and wish not the way they want it to be at the initial stage of PLTP construction, tends to be negative and if this is not well tackled will spread across the communities levels. In that kind of situation, the good impact in the beginning will turn to moderate (scale 3) to poor (scale 2).

Based on the recruitment of manpower against the perception of communities for environmental quality it can be categorized as poor (scale 3) with the important of impact important (scale 3).

3.3.3.5.2 Production Well, Injection Wells, and Production Well Testing Drilling and Maintenance

Changing of impact of the perception of communities is derivative impact which derived from level of noise at the production well test activities at the construction stage. In that kind of situation, the beginning good will turn to medium (scale 3) to poor (scale 2).

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected. The impact of activities of drilling and production test generates direct impact to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

2. The total area of impact spread This activity is predicted only on affected area around the location of activities location. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

3. The length of impact takes place This activities only takes place less than one month, therefore based on the observation of the length of impact this may be categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-54 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected. Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Impact that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, thus, categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Changing of aquatic biota habitats will recover after the construction stage is finished. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

Based on the recruitment of the manpower the alteration of perception and the attitude of the communities of the environment quality can be categorized as poor (scale 3) with important of impact category unimportant (scale 1).

3.3.4 Public Health Components

During operations drilling of new wells also well pads may be performed. It is intended to anticipate the declining of production wells and injection wells quality that already exist. Surely concentration of CO2 and H2S in the air and liquid wastes will increase. Geothermal plants are plants that are environmentally friendly, as the waste generated from the process of generating only a warm water (+ / - 50 ◦ C) and water vapor and CO2 gas a bit, mostly H2S directly channeled back into the ground to keep the fluid supply has been utilized. With this method the potential of environmental contamination from generating waste is very little effect to the environment . Although the residual liquid waste drilling mud contained in the pond and the pond water will be channeled back into the earth through injection wells when not used for drilling . Domestic wastewater will be treated gray water in a liquid waste management system ( waste water treatment ) in order to meet quality standards , while the black waste water will be discharged to a septic tank . But from interviews with community adjacent to the project site, especially High Taratak Jorong community , where people are still bothered by the smell of sulfur around pemikiman society , it is more pronounced in the rain . It can be predicted environmental impacts during the operational phase of the activity on the ugly scale environmental quality ( scale 2 ) . It can be predicted environmental impacts during the operational phase of the activity on the ugly scale environmental quality (scale 2).

The decrease of community health status is derivative impact of activities/project and is negative. This impact is derived from the production well drilling activities, injection wells, production well testing at the construction test. Due to the decrease of status of community health it is perdicted that number of human affected relatively numerous which is important as it has a wide impact distribution. Affected environmental components not limitted to the community health will influence the other environmental components. However non cumulative impact can be recovered (unimportant). Impact can not be turned around so that the impact is not significant to the degree of the impact is more significant interests (scale 4)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-55 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.4 POST OPERATION STAGE

3.4.1 Physical-Chemical Components

3.4.1.1 Erosion and Sedimentation

Activities rehabilitation / revegetation is to restore function and use of land to the functionality and usability prior to the activity. Once the plants grow well, then it will reduce the rate of runoff that affect the progression of the decline in the rate of erosion is estimated at 20.1 to 27.8 tons /acre/year were classified as mild erosion. Expected rate of erosion and sedimentation can be decreased from condition (scale 5) into (scale 2). While based on the importance scale erosion and sedimentation impacts would be the scale of human interests affected the number does not exist, the total area.

The project is expected to use about 4 ha of land. However, there is not all land will be rehabilitated, This means, rehabilitation does not reduce the potential for erosion in large numbers. Therefore, the impact arose is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people who will be affected Number of settlements within a radius of 500 meters from the activity which is inhabited by five families. The average house is inhabited by 4 people. Thus it is estimated there are 20 people who most enjoy decrease erosion potential. The number of people affected is relatively small. Therefore, number of people affected is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. The total area of impact spread This project is expected to use about 4 ha of land. However, there is not all land will be rehabilitated, Lands will be rehabilitated is the land area of geothermal power plants and the well pad and road. This means, rehabilitation does not reduce the potential for erosion in large numbers. Therefore, the impact arose is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

3. The length of impact takes place The area which will be cleared is not rehabilitated at the same time. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Many other environmental components affected It is concluded that there is no derivative impacts from the land rehabilitation activities. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Erosion od soil is incumulative. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Soil erosion resulting in loss of surface soil layer (top soil) are relatively fertile, but the surface layer will return to normal after doing rehab.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-56 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Therefore the nature of irreversible of the impact of erosion categorized as positive unimportant.

Concluded, rehabilitation impacts on soil erosion categorized as better (scale of 4) and interests are categorized more important impact (scale of 4).

3.4.1.2 Surface Water Quality

Land rehabilitation after the operation is also done planting vegetation. After the plants grow well, thus they will increase the flow of infiltration which will be influence to the decrease of surface flows. After the rehabilitation will be changes that will affect the runoff coefficient values decrease surface water flow rate thus improving the quality of surface water

The main purpose of land reclamation and rehabilitation is to restore the function and use of land in the function prior to the project activity, as well as covering all project facilities in a way that does not damage the surrounding environment. Soil layer (top soil) will be spread evenly on the surface so the coating is able to support the growth and development of plants optimally.

In the beginning, impact and the wide distribution of estimated reclamation activities similar to the effects and impacts of the broad distribution of land preparation. This will continue until the vegetation began to grow in the former project area.

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected. Surface water flowing into streams will be reduced after the rehabilitation activities. However, the number of people affected on this are those who occupy the catchment areas of the river. Because it can be said that the number of such persons is limited, then the effects are categorized as positive impact was not significant.

2. The total area of impact spread This project is expected to use about 4 ha of land. However, there is not all land will be rehabilitated, This means, rehabilitation does not reduce the potential of improving the quality of surface water to a high level. Therefore, the impact arose is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

3. The length of impact takes place The area which will be cleared is not rehabilitated at the same time. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Many other environmental components affected It is concluded that there is no derivative impacts from the land rehabilitation activities. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant positive impacts.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-57 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

6. Cumulative impact Surface water quality is not cumulative. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Changes in hydrology will return to normal after rehabilitation. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

Further the impact of land clearing on erosion and sedimentation is in very poor condition (scale 4) and important impact is categorized quite important (scale 1).

3.4.1.3 Surface Water Run-off Rate

Land rehabilitation after the operation is also done planting vegetation. After the plants grow well, thus they will increase the flow of infiltration which will be influence to the decrease of surface flows. After the rehabilitation, runoff coefficient will occur that influences the value of surface water flow rate decrease.

The main purpose of therland reclamation and rehabilitation is to restore the function and use of land in the function prior to the project activity, as well as cover all project facilities in a way that does not damage the surrounding environment. Soil layer (top soil) will be spread evenly on the surface so the coating is able to support the growth and development of plants optimally.

In the beginning, impact and the wide distribution of estimated reclamation activities similar to the effects and impacts of the broad distribution of land preparation. This will continue until the vegetation began to grow in the former project area.

The determination of impacts significance is based on the following significant impacts criteria:

1. Number of people affected. Surface water flowing into streams will be reduced after the rehabilitation activities. However, the number of people affected on this are those who occupy the catchment areas of the river. Because it can be said that the number of such persons is limited, then the effects are categorized as positive impact was not significant.

2. The total area of impact spread This project is expected to use about 4 ha of land. However, there is not all land will be rehabilitated, This means, rehabilitation activities does not reduce the potential for erosion in large numbers. Therefore, the impact arose is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

3. The length of impact takes place The area which will be cleared is not rehabilitated at the same time. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant positive impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Many other environmental components affected It is concluded that there is no derivative impacts from the land rehabilitation activities. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant positive impacts.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-58 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

6. Cumulative impact Surface water quality is not cumulative. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. Changes in hydrology will return to normal after rehabilitation. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

Further, the impact of land clearing on erosion and sedimentation is in very poor condition (scale 4) and important impact is categorized quite important (scale 1).

3.4.2 Biology Components

3.4.2.1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

3.4.2.1.1 Rehabilitation/Revegetation

When the result of the PLTP production is not economic due to resources, the operation of facility will be stopped All wells at steam field, and generation station and other buildings will be reconstructed or closured. Post-operational activities/post mining will refer to the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.18 of 2008 on Plan of Reclamation and mine closure. By performing rehabilitation/revegatation at mined areas/ post operation will increase the land cover and flora diversity. Further by increasing flora/vegetation of flora/vegetation will give positive impact especially food providing and conservation of the fauna and the stability of ecosystem.

The nature/level of important impact of land rehabilitation/revegetation is as follows

1. Number of human affected (scale 3, important)

2. Total area of impact distribution (scale 2, quite important)

3. The length of impact takes place (scale 3, important)

4. Intensity of impact (scale 2, quite important)

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected (scale 3, important)

6. Cumulative impact (scale 3, moderate)

7. Reversible or irriversible of impact (reversible, scale 3, important)

Based on description above thus the impacts of land rehabilitation/revegation is categorized as positive important (scale 3). Based on level of importancy of impact as a whole has the quality of environmental importancy including important (scale 3) with the moderate magnitude (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-59 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

3.4.2.2 AquaticBiota

3.4.2.2.1 Rehabilitation/Revegetation

Impacts on surface water quality improvement (decreasing of TSS and turbidity content) is a result of decrease of further impact on erosion rate due to the land rehabilitation activities post operation. Based on the affected components, water quality impacts will further impact on aquatic biota life.

This predicted will decrease the environmental quality from scale 3 (moderate) to 4 (poor).

Determination of significant impact based on significant impact criteria is described as follows:

1. Number of people affected. Activities of land preparation on aquatic biota will not directly affected to human. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

2. The total area of impact spread This activity is expected to be small merevegetasi / rehabilitate albeit with a narrow width. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

3. The length of impact takes place Activities revegetation / rehabilitation will take place not too long. Therefore, the raised impact is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

4. Intensity of impact Due to affected people and total area it is categorized as unimportant, thus its intensity concluded as unimportant negative.

5. Numbers of other moderate environment components affected. Impact does not occur does not have derivative impact due to its small intensity and the duration is short. Thus it is categorized as insignificant negative impacts.

6. Cumulative impact Impact that does not constantly occur is non cumulative, it is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

7. Reversibility or irreversibility of impacts. The changing of aquatic biota habitats will recover after the construction stage is finished. Therefore, based on the ability of reversible impact, it is categorized as insignificant negative impact.

From the environmental importance scale it is categorized in (scale 3) less important. Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental quality toward communities perception turn out to be good (scale 4) and important impact is categorized as important (scale 1).

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3.4.3 Socio Economics, Culture and Public Health Components

3.4.3.1 Job opportunities

3.4.3.1.1 Manpower Layoff

Manpower Layoff in the operation phase will reduce employment in the study area so that the quality of the environment fall into the ugly (scale 2). Many affected people and spread, the impact will last long as the labor needed adjustment to the new environment, and narrowing of employment may result in damage to other environmental components, such as forests. The impact will accumulate and irreversible. It can be concluded that the impact of interest rate release labor activities at the operating stage is very important category (scale of 5).

3.4.3.2 Business Opportunities

3.4.3.2.1 Manpower Layoff

Man power layoff activities in the operational phase will of course generate derivative impact on business opportunities. The impact of labor in the form of the release of as many as 200 to 240 people will reduce the demand for traded goods. It can reduce the opportunity or business opportunity. However, because most of the workers are local workers released, the quality of business opportunities is not expected to change significantly or remain on a scale of 2.

In terms of the impact of interest rate, the number of people affected by a lot, the impact does not last long and the spread, other environmental components affected there because it will put pressure on forests, the impact is not reversed but accumulate because of the labor released will seek new business opportunities. Consequently level of important impact is categorized as very important (scale3). Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environmental for business opportunity turns to be poor (scale 2) and the importance impact is categorized as important (scale 5).

3.4.3.3 The Income of Community

3.4.3.3.1 Manpower Layoff

Man power layoff activities in the operational phase will of course generate derivative impact on business opportunities. Quality of people's income dropped from scale 3 to scale 2.

Number of people affected is pretty much expected and predicted impacts spread distribution. Nevertheless, the impact of the revenue decline is not expected to last long because people are estimated to have a higher ability to make adjustments. This capability in the form of capital, experience and expertise, as well as the soft skills that they acquired during the operational phase. Other environmental components affected negatively due to a decline in income exist, for example in the form of decreased social status. Nature of the impacts accumulate, in the sense that the decline in revenue due to release labor does not make the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-61 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

situation worse. With the reason as those mentioned above, the negative impact is predicted will reversible. By this, it is concluded that the level of important of impact of income decrease, is including the important of impact is categorized as important (scale 3). Thereby it is concluded that this activities can change the environment quality toward communities perception to poor (scale 2) and the important of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

3.4.3.4 Social Values and Norms

3.4.3.4.1 Manpower Layoff

The manpower lay off or termination of employment at the construction stage of geothermal development activities in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo will not affect the system of values and norms of the local community. This condition is due to the interaction process of local socio communities with geothermal workers relatively less intensive, even rarely, due to the workers live far from the communities settlement area except the local worker interact often with the workers from who live far from study area. This is a process of manpower layoff with the alterations of value and social norm of communities is not yet influencing the social order of communities. From above description manpower layoff toward the change of value and social order of communities gives less influence, that the value of culture and norm can be maintained in good category (scale 4) with important of impact (scale 3).

3.4.3.5 Community Perception

3.4.3.5.1 Manpower Layoff

The activities of manpower layoff due to the termination of the construction stage will going to decrease the quality of environment from scale 3 to scale 2 (poor). From the stand point of important of impact, the manpower layoff during operating stage will only influence the manpower but potentially who work at the company can cause the perception of communities related to losing income after corporation is no longer exist, the people who are affected is slightly, non cumulative and reversible. Consequently, level of important impact is categorized as important (scale3). Thereby it may be concluded that this activities will change the environmental quality toward communities perception turns out to be poor (scale 2) and important impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh III-62

CHAPTER IV EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS

Evaluation methods of significant impact are carried out holistically to determine environmental feasibility or infeasibility, with or without any requirements for environmental management. Holistic significant impact evaluation is the totality study on various significant impacts, whether positive or negative, that are examined as a single unit, which is interconnected and mutually affecting. Thus, it will be easy to find out the extent to which the consideration of significant impacts will be positive or be negative . The holistic study is aimed at the environmental component that is predicted to experience a fundamental change, by applying the evaluation method of significant impacts commonly used in ANDAL.

The evaluation method of significant impacts commonly used in ANDAL is Method of Significant Impact Network Chart. Based on the Significant Impact Network Chart, it can be known which one direct impact is and which one indirect impact is. The significant impact resulted from the holistic significant impact evaluation is the significant impact that must be further managed. Then, the purpose of significant impact evaluation is to assist in concluding the ANDAL study for the purpose of making decisions regarding the feasibility and guidelines for composing the environmental management and environmental monitoring programs (RKL- RPL). Accordingly, it is important to pay attention to the study on significant impact and guidelines as a basis for impact management in evaluating the significant impact.

4.1 IMPACT EVALUATION

4.1.1 Physical-chemical Components

4.1.1.1 Ambient Air Quality

The impacts of ambient air quality decrease due to an increase in the content of the ambient air parameters comes from well drilling activities, injection, commissioning well and operational of the turbine. The impacts arose are negative impacts due to the ambient air quality decrease.

The ambient air quality at the environmental baseline condition was moderate (scale 3) and with the presence of Muara Laboh PLTP development activities, it has decreased poorly (scale 2). It means there is environmental quality decrease by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. It means there is environmental quality decrease by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In terms of percentage change was -10% of the initial condition of 48% to 38%. In connection to the decrease of ambient air quality, it is necessary to do the management and monitoring to determine the effectiveness of the management that is carried out.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-1 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4.1.1.2 Noise

An increase in the intensity of noise is derived from well drilling, injection, well commissioning and operational of the turbine activities. The impacts arose are negative impacts due to the greater intensity of the noise.

The condition of the noise at the environmental baseline condition was very good (scale 4), and the presence of PLTP (geothermal) development activities of Muara Laboh has decreased it moderately (scale 3). It means there is environmental quality decrease by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In terms of percentage change was -20% of the initial condition of 36% to 16%. In connection with the increase in noise, it is necessary to do the management and monitoring to determine the effectiveness of the management conducted.

4.1.1.3 Erosion and Sedimentation

The emergence of erosion and its derivative impact, which is sedimentation, are sourced from the land clearing and revegetation. Land clearing is potential to cause erosion and sedimentation, and the associated impacts are negative impacts. Meanwhile, by carrying out revegetation instead will decrease the erosion and sedimentation, thus impacts that occur are positive.

Erosion level and river sedimentation based on calculation results on the conditions prior to the construction of Muara Laboh PLTP (Geothermal Power Plant) activity is quite good (scale 4) and in the presence of Muara Laboh PLTP development development activity is decreasing to be moderate (scale 3). It means there is a decrease in the quality of the environment by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In connection to the occurrence of erosion and sedimentation, management is needed to reduce the level of erosion and sedimentation in the streams.

4.1.1.4 Surface Water Run-off Rate

The opening of land can increase the rate of surface water runoff, as the impact source comes from land clearing and revegetation. On one hand, conducting land clearing during land clearing greatly affect the rate of surface water runoff and the associated impacts are negative. On the other hand, land revegetation even will affect the decrease of surface water runoff rate and this is a positive impact.

Rate of surface water runoff based on vegetation condition on the conditions prior to the construction of Muara Laboh PLTP (Geothermal Power Plant) activity is quite good (scale 4) and in the presence of Muara Laboh PLTP development development activity is decreasing to be moderate (scale 3). It means there is a decrease in the quality of the environment by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. With the rate occurrence of surface water runoff, management is needed to reduce the level of erosion and sedimentation in the streams.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-2 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4.1.1.5 Surface Water Quality

The decrease of riverine water quality (surface water) due to an increase in the content of some of the river water parameters caused by the development of Muara Laboh PLTP activities. Component activities that are the sources of impact on the decrease of riverine water quality come from land clearing, wells drilling, and turbine operation. Meanwhile, revegetation activities on cleared land will improve the quality of riverine water.

The quality of riverine water found around the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities prior to the activity was categorized as good (scale 4) and in the presence of Muara Laboh PLTP development activity is decreasing to be moderate (scale 3). It means there is a decrease in the environmental quality by the existence of the activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. As a result of the decrease in the water quality of streams, which are located around the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities, management is a necessary to address the quality standards of the riverine water, related to its classification.

4.1.2 Social-Economic-Cultural Components

4.1.2.1 Job opportunities

The emergence of job opportunities for the development of Muara Laboh PLTP activities comes from the labor recruitment and manpower layoff for the construction and operation stages. The labor recruitment has a positive impact, but manpower layoff has a negative impact. As the communities have been working, at the time of manpower layoff, the communities are expected to be able to create jobs to improve the welfare in the future.

At the initial condition, job opportunities in the community is classified as poor (scale 2). By the presence of the development of Muara Laboh PLTP activities, it is increased to moderate (scale 3). It means, there is an increase in the environmental quality by the presence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. Accordingly, the management of job opportunities impacts needs to be done optimally.

4.1.2.2 Business Opportunities

The businesses opportunities during the Muara Laboh PLTP development activities occur at the same stages with the job opportunities, which are during the labor recruitment and manpower layoff for the construction and operation stages. Due to the presence of the working communities or other labours will stimulate the surrounding community to open a business, like business of daily needs. The impact on the business opportunity is a positive impact. However, if this activity is no longer operating, it will cause a decrease of business opportunity, so the impact turns out to be negative.

At the initial condition, job opportunities in the community nearby is classified as very poor (scale 1). By the presence of the development of Muara Laboh PLTP activities, it is increasing

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-3 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

to poor (scale 2). It means, there is an increase in the environmental quality by the presence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In connection to business opportunities, the increase is very small. So, it is necessary to try to manage the impact of the opportunity to be more optimal.

4.1.2.3 Income of Community

The activity of Muara Laboh PLTP development will cause an increase in the income of the community related to the presence of community who works during the construction and operation stages as well as the emergence of businesses opportunity in the surrounding community. The impact on the income of community tends to be positive. However, if the people are no longer working or no more job opportunities, the level of the income of community will be rather decreasing.

If it is viewed from the initial condition, the level of the income of community is relatively poor (scale 2). The existence of activity of the Muara Laboh PLTP development makes the level increasing to moderate (scale 3). It means, there is an increase in the environmental quality by the presence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In that respect, it is necessary to manage the impact of job opportunities that provide derivative impacts on the income of community.

4.1.2.4 Social Values and Norms

Changes of social norms and values of the community relating to the Muara Laboh PLTP development activities are predicted to be originated from the labor recruitment activities during both construction and operation. This impact is likely to be a negative impact because it will change social values and norms of the local community as a result of the presence of workforce from other regions.

At the initial condition, the social norms and values of the community is classified as good (scale 4). By the presence of the activity of Muara Laboh PLTP development, the classification increases to moderate (scale 3). It means, there is a decrease in social norms and values of the community during the activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale or it is negative impact. With respect to the changes in social norms and values of the community, the management of the impact is needed to minimize the impact.

4.1.2.5 Land Ownership and Tenure

Changes of land ownership and tenure are environmental components that will occur during the activity of Muara Laboh PLTP development. This is because there will be some of the community land that to be acquired for the location of activities. As a result of the land acquisition, the the number of community land that can be be used both for plantation and paddy fields will decrease. In connection to that matter, the land to be acquired will receive compensation in accordance with the applicable regulations.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-4 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

On the initial condition, land ownership and tenure conditions are classified as moderate (scale 3). The existence of activity of the Muara Laboh PLTP development, especially land acquisition makes the level decrease to poor (scale 2). It means, there is the decrease in the land ownership and tenure by the community during the activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale or it is negative impact.

4.1.2.6 Community Perception

The emergence of community perception due to the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities is derived from land acquisition activity and manpower layoff during the construction and operation. As a result of the land acquisition, there will be the emergence of the community perception on the indemnity value, which is not appropriate, while the manpower layoff may cause the emergence of perception that the income of the community would be reduced.

The condition of community perception in the beginning is categorized as moderate (scale 3). The existence of the Muara Laboh PLTP development activity, especially land acquisition makes it fell to poor (scale 2). It means, there is a decrease in the land ownership and tenure by the community during the activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale or it is negative impact.

4.1.3 Biological Components

4.1.3.1 Diversity of the Flora-Fauna

The impact on environmental components of terrestrial flora fauna comes from land clearing during construction and revegetation during the post operation takes place. During the land clearing, there will be the decrease of the quality of flora-fauna environment. However, after carrying out the revegetation, it will experience the restoration. Although the recovery will not be the same as the baseline condition or prior to the activity.

On the initial condition, the environment condition of flora-fauna is categorized as good (scale 4), but by the presence of Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) construction, it is decreasing to poor (scale 2). This means there is a decrease in the environmental quality by the presence of this activity as much as 2 (two) unit scale. Accordingly, a good management on the flora-fauna impact is necessary to conduct both during the construction as well as during the post operation.

4.1.3.2 Diversity of Aquatic Biota

The decrease of the riverine water quality (surface water) may have an impact on the diversity of aquatic biota in the the water river. The source of decrease impact on in the diversity of the river water comes from the same activity as the decrease of riverine water quality.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-5 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Land clearing, wells drilling and the turbine operation will cause the decrease of aquatic biota diversity in the riverine water. Meanwhile, revegetation activity on cleared land will even increase the diversity of the aquatic biota in the river.

The quality of riverine water around the planned activity of Muara Laboh PLTP development prior to the activity is classified as good (scale 4), and by the presence activity of Muara Laboh PLTP development, it is decreasing to be moderate (scale 3). It means there is a decrease in the quality of the environment by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. As a result to the decrease of aquatic biota diversity around the planned activities of Muara Laboh PLTP development, the management is needed so that the riverine water quality stays in good condition.

4.1.4 Public Health Components

Activities that may arise impacts on the public health are the production wells drilling, injection for production well testing, well maintenance, as well as the PLTP operation. Production well testing is carried out during the construction and operation stages, but the production well maintenance is carried out during the operation stage. Impact arose from both activities to the public health components is the decrease in the level of public health.

At the initial condition, the level of public health is categorized as moderate (scale 3). By the presence activity of Muara Laboh PLTP construction, it is decreased to poor (scale 2). It means there is a decrease in the quality of the environment by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. Accordingly, it is necessary to manage the impacts of public health in order to minimize these impacts.

Alterations pattern of disease occurs in the construction and operational stages of the planned Geothermal Development Activities for the Muara Laboh PLTP. The environment at the beginning, the disease condition was at the moderate scale and nature of the impact was more important. In the baseline condition, the state of public health was categorized as moderate (scale 3). But it will experience slight alterations due to the activities around the location changed into poor condition (scale 2), then there is a decline in the quality of the environment with the negative 1 quantity.

Based on the holistic evaluation results, the planned Muara Laboh PLTP development activities caused the decrease of the environmental quality to 19.51%. Based on the scale of environmental quality, the scale decrease in environmental component of 4 before the activity to 3 after the activity or 1 unit scale. Meanwhile, the average change of environmental quality was -0.71 or the impact occurred is categorized as low.

Table impact evaluation using a modified method of Leopold can be found in Table IV-1. Whereas the analysis summary of the impact can be found in Table IV-1.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-6 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table IV-1 Matrix Impact Evaluation Using Leopold Modified Method on the Development of Geothermal Development Activities for Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-7 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Table IV-2 Impact Analysis Summary

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline

Stage of Pre-Construction

1 Land ownership and PLTP is located in the Land acquisition process The initial land ownership tenure changes former Right-to- from the local people is and tenure condition is Cultivation land of tea carried out by paying classified as moderate

plantations of PT New compensation in (scale 3). The existence of Pekonina, which is now compliance with the activity of the Muara Laboh owned and controlled by regulations Regional PLTP development, the Government. Government of South especially land acquisition Solok Regency. makes the level fell to poor The process of land (scale 2). ownership and tenure by Based on the survey, all of PT Supreme Energy the cultivated land was It means, there is a Muara Laboh is by compensated by PT decrease in the land paying adequate SEML. However, there are ownership and tenure by compensation to all land remaining issues that need the community during the owners/tenants. to be addressed by the activity as much as 1 (one) proponent and local unit scale or it is a negative Restitution mechanism government. impact. for community land and plant affected by the The environment quality development of on land acquisition is Geothermal categorized as poor (scale Development Activities is 2), the importance of carried out by the local impact is categorized as government and more important (scale 4). indigenous stakeholders,

namely subdistrict head, Wali Nagari, Niniak Mamak, and landowners.

2 Community Community perception Local people perceptions The condition of community Perception will affect the dynamics on the Muara Laboh PLTP perception in the beginning and the continuation of development by PT SEML is categorized as moderate the PLTP development. showed positive (scale 3). The existence of activities. responses since all lands the Muara Laboh PLTP of community have been development activity, In the study area, compensated. especially land acquisition community who agree makes it fell to poor (scale with the planned Based on the people 2). activities were 45 people perceptions, the (45.64%) of the total environment quality is It means, there is a respondents interviewed. categorized as poor (scale decrease in the land The number of those 2), the importance of ownership and tenure by who were strongly agree impact is categorized as the community during the was 12 people (11.16%), more important (scale 4). activity as much as 1 (one) disagree was 3 people unit scale or it is negative (4.6%), and strongly impact. disagree was 2 people

(2.3%), while those who

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-8 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline are doubtful was 8 people (8.11%). Based on the data above, the PLTP development is strongly supported by the communities in the project sites.

Stage of Construction

1 Open job and The open unemployment PLTP development will At the initial condition, job business and disguised absorb as much as 2,000- opportunities in the opportunities unemployment rates are 2,500 labourers and many community is classified as categorized as high. of them will come from poor (scale 2). By the

around the activity site, presence of the A dominant livelihood of thereby the impact will be development of Muara the community is on the expansion of job Laboh PLTP activities, it agriculture (48%). Non- opportunities, which increases to moderate agricultural livelihoods decreases the quality of (scale 3). are also fairly high, at the environment to scale 3 41.6%, and is dominated It means, there is an (moderate). by trading (9.8%) and the increase in the self-employed (18.4%). In terms of the importance environmental quality by the of impact, the opening of presence of this activity as

job opportunities is much as 1 (one) unit scale. categorized as moderate (scale 3) with the importance of impact is more important (scale 4). There will be an increase in business opportunities such as trading business and restaurants, so there will be an decrease of the quality of the environment to be poor (scale 2), with the importance level of impact is important (scale 3).

2 The increase in the Wage rates in the study It is predicted that the When it is viewed from the income of community area are very lower at income of community will initial condition, the level of around Rp 50,000/day increase, which will the income of community is for farm workers, Rp derived from the labor relatively poor (scale 2). 80,000/day for builders, recruitment in the The existence of activity of and Rp 50,000- construction stage. Thus, the Muara Laboh PLTP 60,000/day for skilled the quality is increasing to development makes the laborer (tukang). Low medium scale (scale 3) level increasing to moderate wage rates imply a lack and the importance of (scale 3). of jobs in the study area. impact is very important It means, there is an (scale of 5). increase in the environmental quality by the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-9 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline presence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale.

3 Changes of social Social conditions and Labor recruitment from At the initial condition, the values and norms structure of social the off-site activities will social norms and values of customs around the site lead to the entry of outside the community is activity is influenced by cultures that can affect the categorized as good (scale the Minangkabau local culture. Under these 4). By the presence of the customs, so that patterns conditions, changes in activity of Muara Laboh of interactions and social social norms and values of PLTP development, they relations is based on society are categorized as increase to moderate (scale Minangkabau values. moderate (scale 3) with 3). The communities among the importance of impact is It means, there is a villages (nagari) still moderate (scale 3). decrease in social norms interact. People are also and values of the still running the mutual community during the consensus in solving activity as much as 1 (one) issues. Kinship system unit scale or it is negative among community impact. members is still running well.

4 Changes of the In general, the society Community responses, The condition of community community agrees with PLTP attitudes and perceptions perception in the beginning perception development on the of the labor recruitment is categorized as moderate activity sites. In addition, tend to be negative as (scale 3). The existence of many people have the shown by the the Muara Laboh PLTP perception that demonstrations related to development activity, geothermal exploitation the difficulty of labor especially land acquisition activities will lead to recruitment at the site of makes it fell to poor (scale water shortages on PLTP activity. 2). paddy fields (48.68%) The discrepancy between and environmental the perception in the early pollution (13.19%) as the PLTP development with river water opacities, which actually happens flood, erosion, and the will change people's odor of sulphur fumes perception to be negative, while drilling. so the impact of which originally good turns out to be moderate (scale 3) to poor (scale 2) with the importance of impact is classified as important (scale 3).

5 The increase of dust Results showed that the Without rock muffler, noise Ambient air quality at the content and noise in air quality at area of propagation at production baseline of a very the location of land study still meets the test can reach 1,000 m; moderate environmental clearing applicable quality but with a rock silencer condition (scale 3) and standards. Thereby, it is muffler, noise propagation the presence of PLTP

categorized as good. only reach at a radius of (geothermal) 250 m. At a radius of 250 development activities of Noise levels range from

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-10 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline 32.2 to 58.4 dBA, far m there is no settlement Muara Laboh has below the quality areas, while the nearest decreased badly (scale standard, thereby the residence to the WP-C is 2). It means there is a noise is categorized as Kampung Baru which is decrease in the quality of good. about 500 m. In that the environment by the respect, radius 250 m is existence of this activity the working area, not as much as 1 (one) unit settlement areas. Thereby, scale. It means there is a the noisy at the residence decrease in the quality of is the same as noisy the environment by the baseline. By this, the existence of this activity driling plan and production as much as 1 (one) unit test is estimated to cause scale. In terms of a quite significant impact percentage change was - on the convenience and 10% of the initial environmental health for condition of 48% to 38%. the community living in Kampung Baru at approximately 1,000 m radius from the location of Well Pad WP-C. Based on the description above it can be expressed that the noisy level is in the poor condition (scale 2) and the importance of impact is categorized as less important (scale 1).

6 The increase of Project area is at a Plan for land clearing Erosion level and river erosion and location with levels activities in areas with sedimentation based on sedimentation, which classification of erosion sharp gradients can form a calculation results on the causes the surface hazard is very mild and little open area that can be conditions prior to the runoff that will affect moderate. Severe and prone to erosion. By construction of Muara the surface water very severe zones are at referring to the Laboh PLTP (Geothermal quality and outside the boundaries of Government Regulation Power Plant) activity is furthermore affect the project locations. Area is No. 150 in 2000, soil categorized as good (scale existence of aquatic used for agriculture and erosion site of project area 4) and by the presence of biota in the water has a quite incline slope, ranged from 20.1 to 27.8 Muara Laboh PLTP column thereby the quality of the tons/ha/year so that the development activity, it is environment for erosion magnitude of the impact is decreasing to be moderate

and sedimentation are in categorized as very poor (scale 3). It means there is good condition. Drainage (scale 5). Essential nature a decrease in the quality of coefficient values in the of the impact, with respect the environment by the project area ranged from to decision of the existence of this activity as 0.25 to 0.30, so it is Directorate General of much as 1 (one) unit scale. categorized as good. Reforestation and In connection to the Rehabilitation of the occurrence of erosion and Ministry of Forestry No. sedimentation, 041/Kpts/V/1998, is management is needed to categorized as mild reduce the level of erosion

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-11 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline erosion, so the impact is and sedimentation in the quite significant (scale 2). streams. Land clearing can also increase the rate of surface water runoff, with the impact on the flow of 2.4-12.1% of the baseline condition that is categorized as very good (scale 5). If there is no management, surface water runoff will carry sediment loads of 198-388 mg/L, thereby the impact is classified as scale 4.

7 The loss of flora and Project location covers It is estimated that On the initial condition, the fauna species caused protection forest area changes in vegetation environment condition of by the activities of and adjacent to the area structure and composition flora-fauna is categorized land clearing of Kerinci Seblat National due to the plan and/or as good (scale 4), but by Park. Activity location activities occurs in the the presence of Muara comprises several construction stage, which Laboh Geothermal Power ecosystem and includes land clearing, Plant (PLTP) construction, vegetation as forest, land maturation and the it is decreasing to poor mixture garden, young existence of the main (scale 2). This means there brushwood, and area building, supporting, is a decrease in the paddy field areas. roads, and construction of environmental quality by the the base camp, which presence of this activity as

could reduce the quality of much as 2 (two) unit scale. Whereas fauna, there the environment to be poor are 10 species of (scale 2) with the mammals, 49 species of importance of impact is birds and 8 species of considered as significant amphibians and reptiles. (scale 3).

8 The decrease of air Air quality measurements In the plan of production Ambient air quality at the quality at the initial conditions well testing activity, the baseline of a very moderate include S02, N02, O3, CO, impact of H2S gas only environmental condition

PM10, Pb and dust (TSP). scattered throughout the (scale 3) and the presence Results showed that the project boundaries at the of PLTP (geothermal) air quality in the study well pad areas and did not development activities of area is under the extend to residential Muara Laboh has applicable quality areas. So, the spread of decreased badly (scale 2). standards. Thereby, it is the impact of H2S gas is in It means there is a categorized as good. in the working decrease in the quality of environment, thereby NAB the environment by the (Threshold Value) of work existence of this activity as environment is in effect. much as 1 (one) unit scale. By this, the plan of It means there is a production well testing decrease in the quality of activity has an impact on the environment by the good condition (scale 4) existence of this activity as

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-12 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline and the importance of much as 1 (one) unit scale. impact is categorized as In terms of percentage fairly significant (scale 2). change was -10% of the initial condition of 48% to

38%.

9 The increase of noise Noise levels range from An increase in noise when The condition of the noise 32.2 to 58.4 dBA, far production well testing at the baseline of a very

below the quality becomes 124-134 dB (A). good environmental standard, thereby the rock muffleriis needed as a condition (scale 4) and the noise is categorized as reliever, thereby it meets presence of PLTP good. the quality standards of (geothermal) development noise pursuant to Circular activities of Muara Laboh Letter of Minister of Health has decreased moderately No.SE.01/MEN/1978, (scale 3). It means there is Regulation of Minister of environmental quality Health No. 718 of 1987 decrease by the existence and the Decree of the of this activity as much as 1 Minister of Environment (one) unit scale. In terms of No. 48 in 1996, thus the percentage change was - impact magnitude scale is 20% of the initial condition 2 with the significant of 36% to be 16%. nature is on scale 1.

11 Changes of the The measurement of If erosion occurs, sediment The riverine water quality quality of surface surface water quality is can be carried over run-off found around the planned water based on physical, to the river and this may activity of the development chemical and lead to turbidity and a of Muara Laboh PLTP prior microbiological decrease in surface water to the activity is classified parameters. The entire quality (physical-chemical- as good (scale 4) and in the value of the parameters microbiological) and presence of Muara Laboh is under the quality sedimentation may occur. PLTP development standard (Government Without management of development activity is Regulation No. 82 of erosion, sediment entering decreasing to be moderate 2001). Thereby, it can be the river may reach 388 (scale 3). It means there is concluded that the mg/L, exceeded the quality the decrease in the surface water quality at standard (50 mg/L). With environmental quality by the the project location is the management of existence of the activity as good. erosion, sediment much as 1 (one) unit scale. remaining payload is equal to 78 mg/L. Therefore, the magnitude of the impact is categorized as good (scale 4), with the significant nature of scale 2.

12 Changes of aquatic There are 12 from 3 The decrease in the The riverine water quality biota phyla of phytoplankton abundance of plankton found around the planned found in the fresh water and benthos is the activity of Muara Laboh nearby the activity continuing impact of PLTP development prior to location. There are 96 surface water quality the activity is classified as

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-13 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline individuals of 22 decrease due to erosion good (scale 4) and by the zooplankton species. and land clearing. Based presence activity of Muara The abundance of on environmental Laboh PLTP development, phytoplankton and conditions, the impact is it is decreasing to be zooplankton is in the categorized as quite poor moderate (scale 3). It range of 1.50 to 2.42 (scale 2) with the means there is a decrease individuals/L, with a importance of the impact is in the quality of the diversity of 1.5 to 2.25 for less significant (scale 1). environment by the phytoplankton and 1.84 existence of this activity as Drilling activities will also to 3.41 for zooplankton. much as 1 (one) unit scale. reduce the abundance of plankton and benthos due to the rise in TSS and turbidity of surface water so as to disturb the photosynthesis of aquatic biota. The impact is categorized as quite poor (scale 2) with the significance nature is less significant (scale 1).

13 Disturbances of Environmental illness is Change in the pattern of Based on the holistic Public Health still the largest health the disease in community evaluation results, the problems in the is the indirect impact of the planned activities of Muara community which decline in the quality of Laboh Geothermal Power reflected in the high rate surface water and Plant (PLTP) construction of disease morbidity- dust/gas in the air around caused decrease in the based environment that the project site. H2S gas environmental quality to is caused by the poor may lead to dizziness and 19.59%. Based on the scale condition of basic stones in humans and may of environmental quality, the sanitation especially attack the respiratory and scale decrease in clean water and digestive tract. PLTP environmental component sanitation. The disease is activity will also increase of 4 before the activity to 3 dominated by upper the number of patients after the activity or 1 unit respiratory tract with respiratory infection, scale. infections (URTI) and which is compounded by Diarrhea. the non-fulfilment of the requirements of healthy home of the community and limitations of health facilities around the project site. Based on this, we can conclude that the quality of the environment turned into poor (scale 2) and the impact of significance is categorized as more significant (scale 4).

Operation Stage

1 The decrease of air Initial condition The spread of H2S gas Ambient air quality at the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-14 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline quality measurements of air while production test is baseline of a very moderate quality include the estimated at 19 mg/Nm3 environmental condition

measurements of S02, and is below the quality (scale 3) and the presence N02, O3, CO, PM10, Pb standards (35 mg/Nm3). of PLTP (geothermal) and dust (TSP). Results development activities of H2S gas may also cause showed that the air Muara Laboh has H2S gas can also cause quality in the study area decreased poorly (scale 2). rust iron sulfide/Ferrous is under the applicable It means there is a sulfide (FeS) on ferrous quality standards that it is decrease in the quality of metals, particularly at categorized as good. the environment by the levels >1,400 μg/Nm3. existence of this activity as H2S gas dispersion in much as 1 (one) unit scale. normal ambient air ranged It means there is a from 4-8 µg/Nm3, thereby decrease in the quality of it is equivalent to the the environment by the impact of scale 2. existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In terms of percentage change was -10% of the initial condition of 48% to be 38%.

2 The increase of noise Noise levels range from Increase in noise caused The condition of the noise 32.2 to 58.4 dBA, far by drilling production wells, at the baseline of a very below quality standards, injection wells and good environmental thereby the noise production well test, condition (scale 4) and the condition is classified as testing, and operation of presence of PLTP good. the turbine and condenser. (geothermal) development activities of Muara Laboh has decreased moderately (scale 3). It means there is environmental quality decrease by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In terms of percentage change was - 20% of the initial condition of 36% to be 16%.

4 Changes of the The measurement of Activities injection of hot The riverine water quality quality of surface surface water quality is water and brine from found around the planned water based on physical, production wells, injection activity of the development chemical and wells, as well as from of Muara Laboh PLTP prior microbiological operational turbines and to the activity is classified parameters. The entire condensers potentially as good (scale 4) and in the value of the parameters increase the pH value of presence of Muara Laboh is under the quality the river water due to the PLTP development standard (Government increment of new material development activity is Regulation No. 82 of from the alkaline runoff. decreasing to be moderate 2001). Thereby, it can be However, it is estimated (scale 3). It means there is concluded that the that the increase in pH the decrease in the surface water quality at does not exceed the environmental quality by the the project location is existence of the activity as

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-15 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline good. quality standards. much as 1 (one) unit scale. Environmental quality is estimated to be poor (scale 2), with the significance of impact turns to be quite significant (scale 2).

5 Changes of aquatic There are 12 from 3 Drilling activities will have The riverine water quality biota phyla of phytoplankton a derivative impact on found around the planned found in the fresh water aquatic biota due to the activity of Muara Laboh nearby the activity increase in sediment PLTP development prior to location. There are 96 (TSS) and turbidity of the the activity is classified as individuals of 22 water, thereby reducing good (scale 4) and by the zooplankton species. the quality of the presence activity of Muara The abundance of environment to be poor Laboh PLTP development, phytoplankton and (scale 2). it is decreasing to be zooplankton is in the moderate (scale 3). It range of 1.50 to 2.42 means there is a decrease individuals/L, with a in the quality of the diversity of 1.5 to 2.25 for environment by the phytoplankton and 1.84 existence of this activity as to 3.41 for zooplankton. much as 1 (one) unit scale.

6 Disturbances of Environmental illness is Drilling new wells and Based on the holistic Public Health still the largest health manufacturing new wells evaluation results, the problems in the may increase the planned activities of Muara community which concentration of CO2 and Laboh Geothermal Power reflected in the high rate H2S in the air as well as an Plant (PLTP) construction of disease morbidity- increase in effluents. The caused decrease in the based environment that odor of sulphur may environmental quality to is caused by the poor potentially arise during 19.59%. Based on the scale condition of basic exploitation as well as of environmental quality, the sanitation especially exploitation and scale decrease in clean water and maintenance of production environmental component sanitation. The disease is wells. It is estimated that of 4 before the activity to 3 dominated by upper the environmental impact after the activity or 1 unit respiratory tract is poor (scale 2), with the scale. infections (URTI) and significance of impact is Diarrhea. more significant (scale 4).

7 Emission and Results of air quality The spread of H2S gas Ambient air quality at the dispersion of H2S in measurements showed while production test is baseline of a very moderate the air in the ambient that air quality around the estimated at 19 mg/Nm3 environmental condition air as well as the site of study in general is and is below the quality (scale 3) and the presence impacts of CO2 to still very good and all of standards (35 mg/Nm3). of PLTP (geothermal) the micro climate and air quality parameters development activities of H2S gas may also cause global warming showed values far below Muara Laboh has H2S gas can also cause the quality standards decreased poorly (scale 2). rust iron sulfide/Ferrous required under the It means there is a sulfide (FeS) on ferrous Government Regulation decrease in the quality of metals, particularly at of RI No. 41 of 1999. the environment by the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-16 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline

levels >1,400 μg/Nm3. existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. H2S gas dispersion in It means there is a normal ambient air ranged decrease in the quality of from 4-8 µg/Nm3, thereby the environment by the it is equivalent to the existence of this activity as impact of scale 2. much as 1 (one) unit scale. CO2 emissions during In terms of percentage production testing on 27 change was -10% of the production wells contribute initial condition of 48% to be to the burden of national 38%. CO2 emissions by 0% (trace) because the small burden of CO2 emissions can be absorbed by a Protection Forest in the South Solok Regency.

8 Noise impacts to the Noise levels in several During production well The condition of the noise environment measurement locations testing, the noise may at the baseline of a very convenience range from 32,2 - 58,4 reached 124-134 dBA. If good environmental dBA. The measurement rock muffler is not used as condition (scale 4) and the results show that the a silencer, noise presence of PLTP overall condition of the propagation may reach a (geothermal) development noise is below the quality radius of 1,000 m, while activities of Muara Laboh standards required under the nearest settlement has decreased moderately Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996, areas are at a radius of (scale 3). It means there is both for industrial 500 m, thereby drilling and environmental quality activities (outdoor) as production testing decrease by the existence well as quality standards activities will affect the of this activity as much as 1 for settlement areas. convenience and health of (one) unit scale. In terms of The observation at Well the public. percentage change was - Pad A location is high for 20% of the initial condition when observations were of 36% to be 16%. carried out, it was in the process of production test.

Post Operation Stage

1 The decrease of Project area is at a Activities Erosion level and river erosion and location with levels rehabilitation/revegetation sedimentation based on sedimentation classification of erosion is to restore function and calculation results on the hazard is low and use of land to the the conditions prior to the

medium. Severe and function and use prior to construction of Muara very severe zones are at the activity. Once the Laboh PLTP (Geothermal outside the boundaries of plants grow well, it will Power Plant) activity is quite project locations. Area is reduce the rate of runoff good (scale 4) and in the used for agriculture and that affects the presence of Muara Laboh has a quite incline slope, progression of the decline PLTP development thereby the quality of the in the rate of erosion development activity is environment for erosion estimated at 20.1 - 27.8 decreasing to be moderate and sedimentation are in tons/ha/yr which is (scale 3). It means there is

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-17 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline good condition. Drainage classified as mild erosion. a decrease in the quality of coefficient values in the the environment by the It is expected that the rate project area ranged from existence of this activity as of erosion and 0.25 to 0.30, so it is much as 1 (one) unit scale. sedimentation can be categorized as good. In connection to the decreased from condition occurrence of erosion and (scale 5) into (scale 2). sedimentation, While based on the scale management is needed to of importance of scale reduce the level of erosion erosion and sedimentation and sedimentation in the impacts will become the streams. importance scale of the number of people affected by the impact does not exist, the total area. The project is expected to use about 4 ha of land. However, there is not all land will be rehabilitated, This means, rehabilitation does not reduce the potential for erosion in large numbers. Therefore, the impact arose is categorized as insignificant positive impact.

2 The decrease of Erosion is defined as the To conclude, land Erosion level and river surface water runoff movement of soil or parts rehabilitation impacts on sedimentation based on rate of soil from one place to surface water runoff rate calculation results on the another place that is will experience a change conditions prior to the

caused by natural to be good (scale 4) and construction of Muara factors. The the importance of impact is Laboh PLTP (Geothermal measurement using categorized as Power Plant) activity is quite model will provide the unimportant (scale 1). good (scale 4) and in the erosion hazard level. presence of Muara Laboh

Generally, the project PLTP development has erosion hazard level development activity is from very low to decreasing to be moderate moderate. (scale 3). It means there is a decrease in the quality of

the environment by the existence of this activity as much as 1 (one) unit scale. In connection to the occurrence of erosion and sedimentation, management is needed to reduce the level of erosion and sedimentation in the streams.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-18 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline

3 The increase of the The measurement of To conclude, land The riverine water quality quality of surface surface water quality is rehabilitation impacts on found around the planned water based on physical, surface water run off rate activity of the development chemical and will experience a change of Muara Laboh PLTP prior microbiological to be good (scale 4) and to the activity is classified parameters. The entire the importance of impact is as good (scale 4) and in the value of the parameters categorized as presence of Muara Laboh is under the quality unimportant (scale 1). PLTP development standard (Government development activity is Regulation No. 82 of decreasing to be moderate 2001). Thereby, it can be (scale 3). It means there is concluded that the the decrease in the surface water quality at environmental quality by the the project location is existence of the activity as good. much as 1 (one) unit scale.

4 The increase of Project location covers Based on the above On the initial condition, the terrestrial flora and protection forest area statement, land environment condition of fauna and adjacent to the area rehabilitation/revegetation flora-fauna is categorized of Kerinci Seblat National is categorized as positive as good (scale 4), but by

Park. Activity location significant (scale 3). Based the presence of Muara comprises several on the overall importance Laboh Geothermal Power ecosystem and of impact, the scale of Plant (PLTP) construction, vegetation as forest, environmental importance it is decreasing to poor mixture garden, young quality is categorized as (scale 2). This means there brushwood, and area important (scale 3) with is a decrease in the paddy field areas. the magnitude of impact is environmental quality by the moderate (scale 3). presence of this activity as Whereas fauna, there much as 2 (two) unit scale. are 10 species of mammals, 49 species of birds and 8 species of amphibians and reptiles.

5 The increase of There were 12 from 3 By scale environmental The riverine water quality aquatic biota phyla of phytoplankton importance, it is found around the planned found in the fresh water categorized in (scale 3) activity of Muara Laboh nearby the activity important. Therefore, we PLTP development prior to location. There were 96 can conclude this activity the activity is classified as individuals of 22 will be able to change the good (scale 4) and by the zooplankton species. environment quality into presence activity of Muara The abundance of good (scale 4) and the Laboh PLTP development, phytoplankton and importance of impact is it is decreasing to be zooplankton is in the categorized as moderate (scale 3). It range of 1.50 to 2.42 unimportant (scale 1). means there is a decrease individuals/L, with the in the quality of the diversity of 1.5 to 2.25 for environment by the phytoplankton and 1.84 existence of this activity as to 3.41 for zooplankton. much as 1 (one) unit scale.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-19 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline

6 Losing work and The open unemployment Workforce termination in At the initial condition, job business and disguised the operation stage will opportunities in the opportunities unemployment rates are reduce the job opportunity community is classified as categorized as high. A at the study area, thereby poor (scale 2). By the dominant livelihood of the environmental quality presence of the the community is fall to poor (scale 2). development of Muara agriculture (48%). Non- Laboh PLTP activities, it is The impact affects many agricultural livelihoods increased to moderate people and it spreads. The are also fairly high, at (scale 3). impact will last long as the 41.6%, and is dominated workforce needs to adapt It means, there is an by trading (9.8%) and the to a new environment, and increase in the self-employed (18.4%). less job opportunity may environmental quality by the result in damage to other presence of this activity as environment as forest. The much as 1 (one) unit scale. impact will accumulate and not be back again. It can be concluded that the importance of impact level from the activity of manpower layoff at the operating stage is categorized as very important (scale 5).

7 Changes of the In general, the society In terms of the importance The condition of community community agrees with PLTP of impact level, the perception in the beginning perception development on the manpower layoff during is categorized as moderate activity sites. In addition, the operational stage will (scale 3). The existence of many people have the only affect the workers the Muara Laboh PLTP perception that who work in the company development activity, geothermal exploitation but has the potential to especially land acquisition activities will lead to cause community makes it fell to poor (scale water shortages in paddy perception related to the 2). fields (48.68%) and loss of income after the environmental pollution company does not (13.19%) such as the operate, the affected turbidity or riverine water, population may be plenty, flood, erosion, and the spread and last longer, but odor of sulphur fumes the other neighbourhood while drilling. components affected by the impact is less, not accumulate and not be back/turn around. Therefore, the importance of impact level is categorized as important (scale 3). Therefore, we can conclude this activity will be able to change the environment quality to the

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-20 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Environmental No DPH Impact Prediction Result Impact Evaluation Result Baseline community perception into poor (scale 2) and the importance of impact is categorized as important (scale 3).

4.2 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT

Sociocultural components estimated to affect are ownership and control in the pre-construction stage of land acquisition activity. There are still groups of people perceive that Muara Laboh PLTP development area is located on communal land villages (nagari). Land which is used for PLTP has been already cultivated with plants of mixed farms and paddy fields by people in Nagari Alam Pauh Duo.

Land ownership and tenure as HGU owned by the government submitted to the PT. SEML for PLTP development in the Pauh Duo district, thereby the ownership of land by PT. SEML relatively vast in the ex-HGU is limited to the use of land. In order not to cause a variety of misconceptions, the management to carry out is as follows:

Causal relations (causative) between planned activities and the environmental baseline with positive and negative effects it causes.

The characteristics and nature of significant impacts, both positive and negative significant impact will last continuously until the time limit of the activity.

There will be groups of people who will be affected negative impact and those who will be affected positive impact, identification of gaps between the desired changes and changes that may occur due to business or construction activities.

The possibility of how the area will be affected by this significant impact whether the impact will only be felt locally or can be expanded in a regional or national scale.

Evaluation of the impact is directed to fully understand the causal relationship between the planned activity and environmental components that affected by significant impact. Accordingly, it can be known that the impact source to cause negative significant impact on the environment components, as well as the nature of impact whether it is direct impact or indirect impact. Causal relationship can be described in a flow chart of significant impacts from which source of impact and the resulting significant impact can be known and which environmental components more affected by the significant impact. Significant impacts arising in the ANDAL are described in the flowchart significant impact, while the impact of a relatively less significant impact is not included in this figure. Flow chart of significant impact as a base for significant impact evaluation can be presented in Figure IV-1 and Figure IV-2.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-21 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Furthermore, based on causal relationships as can be seen in the flow chart of significant impacts, we may determine the direction of the management and monitoring of each significant impacts that need to be managed further, as well as a basis for preparing the RKL- RPL.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-22 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure IV-1 Flow Chart of Significant Impact of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP on Pre-construction and Construction Stages

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-23 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Figure IV-2 Flow Chart of Significant Impact of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP on Pre-construction and Construction Stages

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-24 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4.2.1 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Pre-construction Stage

4.2.1.1 Land Acquisition Activity

1. Directional Management of Land Ownership and Tenure

Socio-cultural components estimated to affect are ownership and control in the pre- construction stage of land acquisition activity. There are groups of people perceive that the geothermal area of geothermal for power house of 250 MW capacity is located in the land of communal villages. Land which is used as the geothermal area was cultivated with a mixture of garden plants and paddy fields of the community of Nagari Alam Pauh Duo.

Land ownership and tenure as HGU owned by the government submitted to the PT. SEML for geothermal construction is located in the Pauh Duo district, thereby the ownership of land by PT. SEML relatively vast is limited to the use of land. In order not to raises various misconceptions and prevent or mitigate the impact of that may happen, an institutional approach is applied, including:

Performing socialization of land acquisition plan by referring to the Presidential Regulation No. 36 in 2005.

Undertaking land acquisition wisely and fairly in accordance with the applicable regulations, especially the process of land indemnity and productive plant owned by the community.

Considering the aspirations of indigenous peoples related to land acquisition from landowners, district government, Nagari and KAN as well as Nini Mamak.

2. Directional Management of Public Perception

Land acquisition activities may have an impact on the perceptions and attitudes of local community as a result of indemnification may not be in accordance with the applicable regulations. Social and cultural issues need to be assessed as objective as possible, so as not to interfere with social and cultural impacts. Basic management of socio-cultural impacts are:

Performing identification of land ownership to be acquired.

Undertaking land acquisition directly to the land owner through a process of negotiation by paying the compensation of wages for paddy fields work and gardens/fields known by Jorong Wali, Wali Nagari, Ninik Mamak, KAN Alam Pauh Duo or Duo Nan Batigo Pauh.

Following up the the aspirations of indigenous peoples related to land acquisition.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-25 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

4.2.2 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Construction Stage

4.2.2.1 Civil Construction Activities

Scope of work includes the construction of earthworks, civil works, concrete building structures, steel structures as well as mechanical & electrical (ME) works in the area of geothermal steamfield and PLTP area. Earthworks on erosion-prone areas can lead to erosion and the increase of surface water runoff carrying sediment loads which then entered into the river thereby it has an affect on water quality in the rivers. Furthermore, during construction requires construction materials, thereby the mobility of trucks construction materials vehicles may have an impact on air quality and noise. Guidelines for the direction of impact management of civil construction that could be a reference for RKL-RPL is as follows:

1. Directional Management of Earthworks During Construction

Project areas that have slopes 25 – 40 % needs to be protected in order to provide benefits as a protected area under it. It is feared that earthworks on the slope region could lead to the formation of small open areas that are likely to be prone to erosion. Construction of access roads, well pad area and geothermal area in erosion-prone areas may cause erosion, the increase in surface water runoff and ending with the increasing quality of the river water. Erosion can not be prevented completely because it is a natural process, thereby erosion precautionary is just an effort to control the erosion to avoid disaster. Soil erosion management plans to minimize the burden of the incoming sediment load to the river are as follows: a) Controlling surface water runoff coming from the rain.

Management to carry out to control surface water runoff from rain is as follows:

 Making bunds and waterways parallel to contour lines that aims to stop the flow of surface water.

 Making trenches to drain and direct the water toward the catch pond in erosion-prone areas, namely on the edge of the access road, in the area of the well pad and in the area of PLTP.

 Building a catch pond that aims to stop the flow of water through the trenches so that the soil materials results from erosion contained in the stream and precipitated in the catch pond. At one point catch pond will experience sedimentation, so it needs to drag the soil on catch pond base. b) Controlling erosion technically and vegetatively

Management to do to control erosion in technical and vegetative manner that also for pickling or conservation of land is as follows:

 Tillage and organic fertilizer are to improve soil permeability to be more friable so rainwater will easily seep into the ground.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-26 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Planting perennials (trees) are in an incised perpendicular way to the flow direction (strip cropping).

 Planting perennials in an incised way parallel to contour lines (contour strip cropping). This way of planting aims to reduce or withhold water runoff and hold soil particles carried by the flow of rain water.

 The closing of open land that has a steep slope with perennials (buffering).

 With the management of erosion and surface water runoff, the impact on the water quality of the river can be minimized. c) Managing Flora and Fauna

The impact on the biological component is disturbances on the diversity and population of flora as well as protected flora. The changes occur in natural forest ecosystems will affect the stability of ecological functions. Directions of environmental management in reducing the impact are as follows:

 Maintaining flora/vegetation at locations that are not used for the PLTP development.

 Land clearing activities of vegetation cover should be carried out in stages correspond to the action plan.

 Enriching the vegetation in the forest that is opened as a replacement of lost floras/vegetations as a result of the activities.

 Re-vegetating an empty areas (no vegetation cover) that not used for the purposes of the activity.

4.2.2.2 Drilling and Production Test Activities.

The drilling process may cause waste water water resulting from drilling, sludge resulting from drilling and drill dust. Then, during production test can lead to noise and emissions of H2S and

CO2 gas. Without proper management of the drilling process and production test may result in environment loss. Therefore, to minimize the possibility of significant impact, it is necessary to manage the direction impact properly. Guidelines for the direction of impact management of drilling and production test that could be a reference for RKL-RPL are as follows:

1. Directional management of drilling water residue

Residual water from washing drilling equipments and drilling derrick floor (rig) during drilling activities are expected to last about 45 days at 45 x 32.4 m3/day or equivalent to ± 1,458 m3. Level of residual water of the drilling has high TDS and TSS, therefore, it should not be discharged directly into the environment. Therefore, based on technical and economic approaches, the water produced with brine will be returned to the bowels of the earth through injection wells, thereby there is no negative impact caused by residual water drilling. Handling of the remaining water from drilling is is actually the impact of the management planned (mitigated impact).

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-27 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

2. Directional management of drilling mud residue

Drilling mud residue is the useless mud because it does not fulfil technical specifications as drilling mud. Drill mud residue can yield CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 oxides and heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr. Besides, the drill mud has high level of TSS, thereby it becomes dangerous when dumped into the river. Hence, drill mud residue needs to be managed further. If there is lost in 10% circulation during drilling, drill mud residue on the activity of drilling development wells is ± 970 m3. Drill mud management can be carried out as follows.

 Using a water-based mud and environmentally friendly.

 Planning the use of drilling mud residue if permission for the use of waste has been obtained

 Management of residual waste drilling mud complies B3 waste management.

 The residual shale drilling is returned to the earth through injection wells

 Handling of the residual drilling mud is actually the impact of the management planned (mitigated impact).

3. Direction of domestic waste water management

Domestic waste management attempt (MCK biological waste) from settlement activities and employment activities will be accommodated in a septic tank (1.5 m x 2 m x 2 m). Decomposition process takes place in the septic tank is anaerobic, whereas the water runoff contained BOD will be absorbed in land filled with perennials. Thus, BOD runoff water can be absorbed by the plant, so it does not seep into the ground water. In contrast, to the plants becomes lush because the waste water is also contained materials of potassium, phosphor and organic nitrogen that serves as fertilizer for plants.

4. Waste directional management from workforce activities

Solid waste resulted from workforce activities in the form of wrappers/biodegradable packing materials such as packing food, beverages, bags of mud, packing bags of cement and packing wood/cardboard will be collected and burned in a trash bin (0.75 m x 0.75 m x 1 m ). Then the non-biodegradable materials such as plastic drums and plastic wrap will be collected and stockpiled temporarily in the TPS (Temporary Disposal Station). Furthermore, the non- biodegradable trash wrappers is transported and disposed of in the TPA (landfills site) nearest to the project site.

5. H2S gas emissions management direction while drilling

H2S gas coming out of the water formation with drilling mud during drilling activities will be managed as follows:

 H2S gas contained in the drilling mud is dissolved in a suspension of calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) 2] in a tub of mud thereby sulphide salt is formed.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-28 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 For the unpredicted emission of Free H2S gas, one of the actions to do is is to suspend drilling activities if H2S gas emissions exceed safety requirements.

 Critical situation during drilling occurs when there is an accumulation of free H2S gas exposed to illegal drilling wells in high level. Therefore, prevention efforts to do to detect the presence of free H2S gas as early as possible is as follows:

 Completing the installation of the drilling tool with a large air blower (fan) in line with the wind direction.

 Installing H2S gas sensor in certain places such as: shale shaker, mud tank and drill floor.

 Adjusting the concentration of H2S gas sensor that may endanger human life at threshold H2S = 10 ppm. At the threshold, searing stench will arise which further result in irritation to the eyes, nose and throat (indication: eye hurts).

 The availability of Breathing Apparatus (BA) and personal detector for H2S gas at the drilling location for human safety. At levels of 160 ppm, H2S gas is odorless, but it can lead to fainting or loss of consciousness in a few moments.

6. Directional Management of H2S gas emissions during production test

Prior to production test, it needs to measure H2S levels in the geothermal steam. If the level of

H2S is relatively stable at levels of less than 2%, production test is carried out. In contrast, if the H2S concentration is too high, for instance, far above 5%; production test can be performed with special treatment as by installing a higher stack, multiply H2S detector and all employees use protective masks from H2S and standby evacuation if H2S gas exceeds the threshold of occupational safety. H2S gas at a level of 2% or at a maximum level of 5% of NCG may rise less important impacts and there is no risk to the safety, occupational health, so there is no barrier in production test.

7. Directional Management of noise during production test

Production test may lead to high noise, so the noise should be reduced in the noise suppression tool called rock muffler. Installation of silencers as noise suppression is not suitable for wet steam, but only suitable for dry steam. By installing rock muffler, noise can be controlled within the project boundaries or work environment that does not have an impact in settlement areas closest to the project site.

4.2.3 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Operational Stage

Operation of PLTP may cause high noise from the operation of the equipment that comes from the steam turbine and Cooling Tower. During normal operation, propagation noise 55 dB (A) can be heard up to 500 m, but it can be heard up to 1 km when there is turbine disturbances. Besides, PLTP operation may also cause NCG (Non Condensable Gas) emissions consisting of H2S and CO2 gas emissions which are discharged to atmosphere through Stack Cooling

Tower. H2S emissions from Stack Cooling Tower ranged from 20.5 to 21.4 mg/Nm3 which is still under its Quality Standards of 35 mg/Nm3. Therefore, the management direction

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-29 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

management and noise emissions of H2S and noise during PLTP operation can be performed as follows:

1. Directional Management of H2S Gas Emissions during the Operation of PLTP

Dry steam power coming out of the separator will rotate the turbine blades coupled to a generator that may produce electricity.

Fluid that has come out of the turbine will then enter the condenser with the vapor fraction of about 80% and in a moment the steam will condense into water. Extreme changes in the specific volume of vapor into water in a short time will create a vacuum chamber in the condenser. The existence of NCG in the condenser may lead to vacuum conditions in condenser that can not be achieved optimally, resulting in further decline in the performance of the PLTP. So in order to maintain the vacuum condition in the condenser, NCG must be removed continuously through the gas extraction system called steam ejector. Then, NCG which is separated from Steam ejectors discharged into the ambient air through the Cooling

Tower chimney in the form of CO2 dan H2S gas emissions mixed with water vapour (evaporation losses). Condensation process in the condenser is by flowing cold fluid (ambient temperatures) intothe condenser thereby cold fluid will absorb some of the heat from two- phase fluid so that all the fluid changes phase into saturated water So, fluid coming out of the condenser is saturated water, but the fluid temperature remained relatively unchanged against the initial temperature entering the condenser, because the process of heat release (latent heat) is only enough to change the phase, but not to absorb the heat (sensible heat) to lower the temperature. In order to get the liquid fluid that can be used to cool the condenser, hot fluid coming out from the condenser first have to be cooled in the cooling tower to near room temperature, after which it can be recirculated into the condenser. Therefore, it can save the use of cooling water (fresh water). In this case, the use of cooling water (fresh water) is only as an additional water (make up water) for Cooling Tower. After comprehending NCG extraction process and condenser cooling systemand Cooling Tower, then the management direction of

H 2S gas emissions is as follows:

 To flow H2S gas to several stack cooling tower

Based on the approach of technology, H2S gas emissions can be reduced up to 0-8 mg/Nm3, which is far below the Quality Standards H2S emissions, which is 35 mg/Nm3. But from an economic point, the cost of technology to reduce emissions of H2S is very expensive.

Therefore, based on the economic approach, reducing emissions of H2S gas is as follows:

 With the capacity of 250 MW, the PLTP is expected to require 2 – 4 Cooling Tower Fan each of which has 4 – 8 units.

 H2S gas is discharged through each of Stack Cooling Tower so the gas will be equal in each Stack Cooling Tower or Fan Cooling Tower.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-30 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

By applying the economic approach, the H2S gas emissions ranged from 20.5 to 21.4 mg/Nm3 which is still under its Quality Standards of 35 mg/Nm3. In this way, the H2S gas emissions can meet the technical, economic and environmental requirements.

2. Directional Management of H2S Gas Dispersion during the Operation of PLTP

H 2S gas emissions will be dispersed into the atmosphere through each Stack Cooling Tower. Stack Cooling Tower height commonly used in power plants geothermal activity is approximately 15 m as a height reference stack for predicting dispersion of H2S gas in the ambient air. Dispersion of H2S gas in the ambient air is determined by the flow rate (flow rate)

H 2S gas coming out from Stack Cooling Tower. Thus, the greater number of Cooling Tower

Stack, the smaller flow rate, so that the radius of H2S gas dispersion will also become narrower and vice versa.

Accordingly, it is necessary defined that the buffer zone area is vacant land or farmland, but not as a settlement area residents because the area will be exposed to H2S gas stench when the wind leads to the area. The range of buffer zone depends on the benchmarks of H2S gas odor.

3  With standard benchmarks of odor level of H2S by 28 µg/Nm then, the buffer zone is at 1.750 – 2.700 m

3  With the benchmarks: odor level of H2S can be smelled at 181 µg/Nm then, the buffer zone is at 400 – 600 m

3  With the benchmarks: strong odor of H2S gas at 1.071 µg/Nm then it does not need the buffer zone for the distribution of the gas is in the PLTP area

3. Directional Management of noise during PLTP Operation

The loudest noise sources of PLTP are Steam turbine and generator units located in a confined space so as to reduce noise. The next source of noise is the Cooling Tower located in an open area. Attempts to overcome the noise are as follows:

 During normal operation

Set the noise buffer zone that the area is a an empty area and free from settlement areas.

 During the Turbine Disturbances

During disturbances turbines, there will be a sudden extreme increase in steam pressure, so the pressure release valve will automatically open and the opening valve will lead to high frequency noise. Therefore, the propagation of noise at the time of turbine disturbances may reach a radius of 1,000 m. Discharging the pressure through the release valve of PLTP and discharging steam flow from the Separator in the Steamfield area into the atmosphere through the rock muffler, then closing head of the well are to overcome this noise. Another option is a 1,000 m radius is set as buffer zone of noise that is free from settlement areas, but can be used for agricultural areas.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-31 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Thus the determination of buffer zone area of noise is the most realistic option compared to muffle the noise on each of PLTP equipments that requires a high cost.

 Buffer zone area is a vacant area or agricultural land, but in which there are no settlement areas. Therefore, PLTP needs to have a certain distance from settlement areas.

4. Directional Management of Cooling Tower Sludge

Cooling Tower Water needs to be treated so as not to form crust and moss in the Cooling Tower. Therefore, to treat Cooling Tower periodically it needs to inject corrosion inhibitor and phosphate-based inhibitors scaling. In addition, injection of biocide from triazine type or phosponium until residual chlorine is ranged between 0.3 - 0.5 ppm. Then the pH is maintained from 7.8 – 8.2 and SiO2 level should not be more than 150 ppm. Nevertheless, the bottom of Cooling Tower has always formed deposit of sludge. Once every year, tubs Cooling Tower needs to be cleaned of the sludge deposits. Sludge deposits is composed of particles of dust and dissolved H2S gas which oxidized to form sulphide deposits, while phosphate and chlorine remain dissolve in the water of Cooling Tower. Once a year sludge Cooling Tower will 3 accumulate from 1.0 – 2.5 m . The sludge volume is very small so it does not bother the management. Sludge can be mixed with water condensate, and then flowed into the bowels of the earth through injection wells. Thus the sludge of Cooling Tower does not have environmental impacts.

5. Directional Management of Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects

The referrals of environmental management to social, economic and cultural aspects as well as public health listed below:

 Performing communication between companies and communities that are not limited to the matters of land, but providing information about job opportunities in a transparent manner, the amount of labor, required qualifications and the selection process as well.

 This kind of efforts may foster a positive community perception of the project because the community may get direct benefits from the presence of geothermal energy business in the area. With the existence of the project, the community expects their incomes will rise. Therefore, in labor recruitment, companies needs to give priority to local people, for in accordance with the required qualifications and workforce can meet the criteria established by PT SEML and contractors.

 Conducting efforts to assist communities in improving their income is not only to increase the chances of people getting jobs at the project site, but also to help in developing trade and services. Community needs to get development and training in business groups together in order to improve their lots.

 PT SEML fully supports community development programs (community-based development), especially in the effort to empower local economy. CSR fund (Corporate Social Responsibility) can be used for the community development programs. Management of CSR is undrtaken by stakeholders (PT SEML, communities and local governments ) with the principle of consultation and mutual assistance. The use CSR on

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-32 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

community development programs is focused on four areas, namely: health, education, economic empowerment and environmental conservation.

4.2.4 Guidelines and Directional Impact Management on Post-Operation Stage

Under the provisions of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 18 in 2008 concerning Reclamation and Closure of Mining, Initiators is obliged to draw up Documents of Reclamation and Closure of Mining. The preparation of these documents should also involve the role of government companies, societies and academics. Indeed, the guidelines of impact management direction on the post-operative stage can be described as follows:

1. Directional management of manpower layoff

Before closing, business of geothermal Company needs to provide specialized skills to the workforce so that they can still work in the community even after retirement. With such preparation workers is expected to sustain life so it does not have a negative impact upon the manpower layoff.

2. Directional Management of post-exploitation of geothermal

As corporate social responsibility towards the community, the company will involve affected communities in plans formulation of closing the geothermal concession. Thus, people who have been integrated with geothermal exploitation activities do not feel lost something of the geothermal concession though it has been closed forever.

3. Directional management of rehabilitation/revegetation

Rehabilitation/revegetation at closure geothermal exploitation includes the rehabilitation and revegetation of the area to ensure the landscape of post-exploitation of geothermal remains safe and stable from the physical, chemical, geochemical and ecological points of view. Then, land use plan post sustainable geothermal exploitation should be drawn up, agreed and explained satisfactorily to the government (Central and Local ) as well as communities affected by the closure of geothermal exploitation. Thus the the land post-reclamation can be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.

4. Directional Management of the residual waste and chemical.

Just before the close of geothermal exploitation, the Company will manage the residual waste and chemical residue to minimize the residual impact. Since proposed building, it has been decided that the project as far as possible to not use chemicals that are categorized as B3 to facilitate the handling of chemical residue post-exploitation of geothermal.

5. Directional management of the used project assets

The sale or transfer of the used project assets will be managed by the following methods:

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-33 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

 Sales agreement in advance through public tender or auction. The company sells all the used items assets include machines, buildings and equipments with a contract system to a third party.

 Giving used furniture and equipments, fences or water wells that may be useful to the community so that companies does not need to demolish the infrastructure.

 Governments may request access roads and other buildings not to be demolished because they can be useful to the Regional Government.

 At the time of mine closure and the termination of, all land assets are returned to the local government that acts for and on behalf of the State with the task of use the land as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.

 The management is to ensure that the assets can be clearly transferred to the needy without causing additional obligation for the company.

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY

Under baseline conditions of each components of the environment and prediction of the impact on the environment component based on any source of impact or activity as the cause of the impact effects, assessment is carried out by using a modified Leopold method, which indicates that Muara Laboh PLTP development may have positive or negative impacts. Management on positive impact arose needs to carry out to be better, while negative impacts can be managed to be minimized.

Based on the result of study and research on the Muara Laboh PLTP development both referring to ANDAL terms of reference (KA ANDAL) and document of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), AMDAL document of geothermal exploitation for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP PT Sumpreme Energy Muara Laboh can be stated as feasible environmental life. Factors expressing the activity is feasible are

Geothermal Business Activity Plan for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP is in compliance with the Regional Spatial Plan for South Solok Regency.

Policy in the field of protection and management of environment and natural resources (PPLH & PSDA) for the Geothermal Business Activity of the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP is in compliance with the regulations.

Accurate prediction on the quantity and nature of significant impact viewing prom biophysical chemistry, social, economic, cultural, spatial, and public health aspects at pre-development, development, operation, and post-operation stages of Geothermal Business Activity for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP is between 1 up to 2 units of scale or impact occurred is small.

Assessment results in a holistic manner of all significant impacts as a unity of interrelated and inter-influenced so that the balance of positive and negative significant impacts of Geothermal Business Activity for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP is -0.71 or impact occurred is categorized as small.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-34 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

Initiator capability as the Responsible Person in the activity can mobilize a significant negative impacts that will occur from the business and/or activities planned by using technological, social and institutional approaches.

Social values or views of community due Geothermal Business Activity plans for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP, management can be done, so that the impact can be minimized.

Impact on ecological entities disturbance of key species , the value of ecological importance , the value of economic importance and and the scientific importance due to the plan of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP can be managed.

Geothermal Business Activity Plan for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP does not cause disruption to the business and/or activities that already exist around the Geothermal Business Activity plans for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP.

Carrying capacity and environmental reserve of a site plan of the Geothermal Business Activity for the 250 MW Muara Laboh PLTP, after the management in accordance with management directives.

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-35

CHAPTER V BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-1 ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

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PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-2

TABLE OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Revision on the account of the input/suggestion/feedback of the Commission Team

Appendix 2 Revision on the account of the input/suggestion/feedback of the Technical Team

Appendix 3 Decision Letter of the Preparation of AMDAL Documents of PT Supreme Energy

Appendix 4 Letter of Approval on the Agreement of KA-ANDAL

Appendix 5 Assigning Preliminary Geothermal Survey to PT Supreme Energy

Appendix 6 Determining the Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh and Its Alteration

Appendix 7 Geothermal Exploration Site License

Appendix 8 Geothermal Mining Business Permit (IUP) and Its Modifications

Appendix 9 Cooperation Contracts on the Utilization of the Drilling Cutting Wastes with PT Semen Padang

Appendix 10 Drilling Cutting Waste Transportation Licenses by PT. Intisumber Nusarezeki

Appendix 11 Surface Water Use Permit (SIPA)

Appendix 12 Forestry Recommendations for the Land Certification Process of PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

Appendix 13 Letter of Confirmation on the Former Land of the Right to Cultivate (HGU) from National Land Affair Agency (BPN)

Appendix 14 Application for Environmental Permits

Appendix 15 Laboratory Analysis Results

Appendix 16 Summary of the Basic Theories on Predicting and Evaluating Environmental Impacts

Appendix 17 Official Reports on the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh South Solok Regency No. 660/188/TT.AMDAL/KLH/VIII-2013 dated on August 20, 2013 and Correction Minutes

Appendix 18 Official Reports of the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh

ANDAL Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant

South Solok Regency No. 660/199/KPA/KLH/IX-2013 dated on September 3, 2013 and Correction Minutes

Appendix 19 Approval of the Document of Environmental Management Efforts/Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL/UPL)

PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh IV-2

A p p e n d i x 1 Re vis ed tabulation of inputs/suggestions/feedbacks of AMDAL Commission

Appendix 2

Revised tabulation of inputs/suggestions/feedbacks of AMDAL Technical Team

Appendix 3

Decision Letter of the Composition of AMDAL Documents of PT Supreme Energ y

Appendix 4

Letter of Approval on the Agreement of KA- AN D AL

A p p e n d i x 5

Assigning Preliminary Geothermal Survey to PT Supreme Energy

Appendix 6

Determining the Geothermal Mining Working Area (WKP) Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh and Its Alteration

Appendix 7

Geothermal Exploration Site License

Appendix 8

Geothermal Mining Business Permit (IUP) and Its Modifications

A p p e n d i x 9

Cooperation Contracts on the Utilization of the Drilling Cutting wastes with PT Semen Padang

A p p e n d i x 10

Drilling Cutting Waste Transportation Licenses by PT Intisumber Nusarezeki

A p p e n d i x 11

Surface Water Use Permit (SIPA)

A p p e n d i x 12

Forestry Recommendations for the Land Certification Process of PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

A p p e n d i x 13

Letter of Confirmation on the Former Land of Right to Cultivate (HGU) from National Land Affair Agency (BPN)

A p p e n d i x 14

Application for Environmental Permit

A p p e n d i x 15

Laboratory Analysis Results

A p p e n d i x 16

Summary of the Basic Theories on Predicting and Evaluating Environmental Impacts

A p p e n d i x 17

Official Reports on the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh South Solok Regency No. 660/188/TT.AMDAL/KLH/VIII-2013 dated on August 20, 2013 and Correction Minutes

A p p e n d i x 18

Official Reports of the Assessment of the Documents of Environmental Impact Assessment (ANDAL), Environmental Management Plan (RPL) of Geothermal Development Activities for the 250 MW Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh in WKP Liki Pinangawan Muara Laboh South Solok Regency No 660/199/KPA/KLH/IX-2013 dated on September 3, 2013 and Correction Minutes

A p p e n d i x 19

Approval of the Document of Environmental Management Efforts/Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL/UPL)