Methionine As an Additive to Cassava Based Diets In

IDRC-095e CASSAVA AS ANIMAL FEED Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Guelph, 18-20 April1977 Editors: Barry N estel and Michael Graham Cosponsored by the International Development Research Centre and the University of Guelph © 1977 International Development Research Centre Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9 Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa Neste!, B. Graham,M. IDRC University of Guelph IDRC-095e Cassava as animal feed: proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Guelph, 18-20 April 1977. Ottawa, IDRC, 1977. 147p. tables. /IDRC pub CRDI/. Compilation of workshop papers on the use of I cassava/-based I feed/ s-discusses methionine I amino acid/ supple mentation of cassava diets; metabolic pathways and their significance in I animal nutrition/; single-cell I protein/ production (use of I bacteria/ to convert cassava into microbial protein); I animal feeding/ systems for I swine/, I poultry I and I cattle/; I feed production/ techniques such as pelleting. I List of participants/, I statistical data/. UDC: 636.085 ISBN: 0-88936-142-8 Microfiche Edition $1 Contents 5 Foreword 7 Participants 9 Methionine as an additive to cassava-based diets A. A. Adegbola 18 Additives other than methionine in cassava diets R.I. Hutagalung 33 Physiological and biochemical responses of rats given potassium cyanide or linamarin D. C. Hill 43 Cassava in the nutrition of broilers J. J. Montilla 51 Cassava in the nutrition of layers T. A. Omole 56 Cassava in the nutrition of swine S. Khajarern, J. M. Khajarern, N. Kitpanit, and Z. 0. Miiller 65 Life-cycle swine feeding systems with cassava G. Gomez 72 Cassava as a substrate for single-cell protein production: microbiological aspects K. F. Gregory 79 Fermentor performance in microbial protein production from cassava A. G. Meiering and F. A. Azi 85 Laboratory animal nutrition with fungi grown on cassava J. C. Alexander 91 Pilot plant for single-cell protein production J. Santos N. and G. Gomez 95 Whole plant utilization of cassava for animal feed A. Montaldo 107 Cassava as a feed source for ruminants C. Devendra 120 Improving the quality of cassava root and leaf product technology Z. Miiller 127 Discussion conclusions 131 Bibliography 3 Methionine as an Additive to Cassava-Based Diets A. A. Adegbola 1 Methionine is required by animals for the synthesis of proteins, as a major source of methyl groups, and in cassava-based rations, it serves as a source of sulfate ions for the purpose of detoxication. It shares this role with other sulfur-donors such as cystine, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur. The amino acid patterns of cassava leaf meal and cassava root meal show a deficiency of methionine. Added methionine may be required to improve the quality and utilization of dietary protein. In a properly· balanced diet, additional methionine may be required primarily for the detoxication of prussic acid released in the hydrolysis of linamarin and lotaustralin. Levels of 0.2-0.3% methionine, for poultry, and 0.2% methionine for pigs have been used in rations for these species and positive responses in terms of growth perform ance have been obtained in most cases. Attention is drawn to the need to relate responses to added methionine in rations to the levels of protein in the diet as well as to the physical nature and palatability of the feed. There is a need to relate the results of added methi onine to the levels of cysteine plus methionine in order to further explain the contradictory observations on urinary thiocynanate, particularly in swine. Methionine is an essential amino acid, and down of homocysteine, serine and/ or glycine like other amino acids its primary role in nutri are required to form cystathionine, which then tion is for the synthesis of proteins. Animals breaks down irreversibly to cysteine and are dependent on their food for their supply of cystine, the other sulfur containing amino methionine. Body requirements for methionine, acids. The final oxidation of these latter acids like other amino acids, can be influenced by results in the production of sulfate ion, pyru other dietary factors such as level of protein, vate, and ammonia. energy, vitamin B12, folate, and the levels of If the main rational for supplementing cas certain other amino acids. In this regard, the sava diets with methionine is as a source of level of cystine and/ or cysteine in animal diets sulfate ions for the purpose of detoxication is of importance and the usual consideration of the cyanide present in food, then from the appears to be for a combined requirement of purely biochemical point of view, this role of the sulfur-containing amino acids, a proportion detoxication cannot be a property of methio of which must be methionine in animal diets. nine alone but of all sulfur containing amino A consideration of the metabolism of acids. Olson et al. ( 1969) 2 obtained results that methionine indicates its other role in nutrition demonstrated that supplementation of cassava as that of a major source of methyl groups in chick diets with 0.2% methionine gave equal the body. In its active form of S-adenosyl performance to 0.4 or 0.8% cystine addition methionine, methyl groups can be transferred to the diet. Methionine may, however, be pre for example to guanidoacetic acid to form ferred as an additive because it is an essential creatine or to nicotinamide to form N-methyl amino acid and when metabolized it yields nicotinamide or to phosphadidyl-ethanolamine cystine and cysteine and can thus be a source to form lecithine and to a number of other of these sulfur-containing amino acids where substrates to form other products required for these are deficient. Generally, livestock rations various body processes. The residue of these based on cassava roots and leaves have used methylation reactions is usually S-adenosyho soybean meal and groundnut cake as sources mocysteine, which is then cleaved to adenosine of protein. These two protein concentrates are and homocysteine. For the complete break- 2AJJ references in this monograph have been !Department of Animal Science, University of combined to form a comprehensive literature re Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. view (seep. 131). 9 10 CASSAVA AS ANIMAL FEED deficient in methionine. Added methionine stimulate growth even when supplemented with therefore helps to improve the protein quality lysine, methionine, and threonine. Further, of the rations. Pecknik and Guimaraes ( 1963) prepared meals from sweet cassava leaves dried at room temperature (25 oc) and in a refrigerator Protein Quality of Cassava (5 oc). They concluded that the diet contain To understand the effect of adding amino ing material dried at 5 oc proved to be supe acids to cassava-based rations, it is useful to rior, except when supplemented with lysine examine the quality of the protein in cassava and histidine. The best growth response was roots and leaves. Rao et al. (1951) analyzed produced with diets supplemented with purified tapioca protein with an ash content methionine alone and the minimal amount re of 1.03% for nitrogen ( 10.5% ) and for amino quired to produce optimal feed efficiency was acids (calculated on g/16 g N basis) . The ap 0.3%. proximate composition was arginine 8.2, his Eggum (1970) fed rats diets in which all the tidine 3.5, tyrosine 1.3, tryptophan 1. 7, cystine N was derived from the protein of leaves of 2.6; the sample contained no methionine. Simi three cassava cultivars and reported an average larly, FAO in 1970 noted that cassava meal true digestibility of 72.97%, a low biological contained only 22 mg/1 00 g of methionine value of 53.37%, a much lower net protein (compared with 182 mg/1 00 g for maize) and utilization of 38.93%, and utilizable nitrogen that cassava was generally deficient in the sul of 2.17%. fur amino acids. Amino acid profiles of cassava leaves by The effect of heat treatment on the pro Eggum (1970) and Rogers and Milner (1963) tein quality of cassava leaves was investigated indicate a low content of methionine and by Pechnik and Guimaraes ( 1962). Meals pre cystine in the leaf protein (Table 1 ) . Ross and pared from leaves dried at room temperature Enrique ( 1969) also estimated the level of promoted growth of Wistar rats at a slow, sub methionine in cassava leaf meal to range be normal rate, while meal obtained from leaves tween 0.25 and 0.32% and that of cystine as dried at 70-80 oc for 24 h produced no growth 0.18-0.23% as fed. The content of other essen response unless the diet was supplemented with tial amino acids appears to be adequate, es methionine and lysine. When the meal was pecially that of lysine for chick diets. prepared with cassava leaves dried at 70- When 50% of the nitrogen was supplied by 80 oc for 24 h. boiled, and redried, it did not dried cod fish and 50% by cassava leaf, the Table 1. Amino acid profiles (%) for cassava leaf protein dry matter (Rogers and Milner 1963; Eggum 1970). Average for NRC Jamaican Brazilian Nigerian all samples requirements samples samples , samples (as fed) for chicks (average) (average) (average) 20% of diet (0-6 wks) Arginine 5.54 6.49 5.89 1.18 1.2 Glycine 5.66 5.64 5.55 1.10 1.0 and/or Serine 5.42 4.88 5.31 0.27 Histidine 2.34 2.71 2.60 0.50 0.4 Isoleucine 5.26 5.13 5.04 1.01 0.75 Leucine 9.33 9.38 9.29 1.83 1.4 Lysine 7.56 6.71 6.64 1.37 1.1 Methionine 1.73 1.81 2.13 0.37 0.75(or0.40) Cystine 1.44 1.10 1.65 0.27 0.35 Phenylalanine 6.11 5.86 5.64 1.15 1.3 (or 0.

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